Composition of Mixtures LECTURE 1

23-Oct-20
LECTURE 1
Composition of mixtures
Molecular Weight & Mole and the Conversion between
Mass & Moles
Mass & Mole Fraction, Conversion from a Composition by

Mass to Molar Composition
Concentration
Composition of Mixtures
Topics we will be covering in this lecture are:
• Molecular Weight and Moles

• Conversion between Mass & Moles
• Mass and Mole Fractions
• Average Molecular Weight
• Concentration
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23-Oct-20
Introduction
- Most materials encountered in nature and in chemical process

systems are mixtures of various species.
- The physical property of mixture depends strongly on the mixture

composition.
- Here we will review different ways to express mixture compositions.
Molecular Weight & Moles

- The molecular weight of the compound is the sum of the atomic weights of
the atoms that constitute a molecule of the compound
OR
- Molecular weight is a measure of the sum of the atomic weight values
of the atoms in a molecule.
- A gram-mole (g-mole or mol in SI units) of a species is the amount of that

species whose mass in grams is numerically equal to its molecular weight
- Molecular weight thus be used as a conversion factor that relates the mass
and the number of moles of a quantity of the substance
23-Oct-20
Molecular weight is used in chemistry to determine stoichiometry in chemical

reactions and equations.
Example:
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
1 mole of CO = 28 g;
1 lb-mole 1 ton-mole
= 28 lb = 28 tons
… and so on!
- If the molecular weight of a substance is M, then there are M kg/kmol,

M g/mol, and M lb/lb-mole of this substance.
- The molecular weight thus maybe used as a conversion factor that

relates the mass and the number of moles of a quantity of the
substance
- One gram-mole of any species contains approximately

6.023𝑥1023 (𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜′𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) molecules of that species
23-Oct-20
Dimensional Equation
- A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any units having the appropriate
dimension.
Velocity
ft/s miles/h cm/yr

… or any other ratio of a length unit over time unit.
- To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to its equivalent in

terms of another unit, multiply the given quantity by conversion factor (new
unit / old unit). For example; convert 36 mg in g.
1𝑔
36 𝑚𝑔 𝑥 = 0.036 𝑔
1000 𝑚𝑔
- An alternative way to write this equation is to use a vertical line instead of the
multiplication symbol:
36 mg 1g
= 0.036 g
1000 mg
23-Oct-20
Conversion between Mass & Moles

Example 3.3-1 (Felder)
How many of each of the following are contained in 100 g of 𝐶𝑂2 (MW=44.01)?
a. mol 𝐶𝑂2
b. lb-moles 𝐶𝑂2
c. mol C
d. mol O
e. mol 𝑂2
f. gO
g. 𝑔 𝑂2
h. molecules of 𝐶𝑂2
Solution:
mass of 𝐶𝑂2 = 100 𝑔
MW of 𝐶𝑂2 = 44.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
a. 100 g 𝐶𝑂2 1 mol 𝐶𝑂2 = 2.273 mol 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 =
𝑴𝑾
44.01 g 𝐶𝑂2
100 g 𝐶𝑂2 1 mol 𝐶𝑂2 1 lb-mol −𝟑

b. = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝟏𝟎 lb-mol 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝟏 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒎𝒐𝒍 = 𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍
44.01 g 𝐶𝑂2 453.6 mol
23-Oct-20
Solution
one atom of C
Each molecule of 𝐶𝑂2 one molecule of 𝑶𝟐

or
two atoms of 𝑶𝟐
Each 6.023 𝑥 1023molecule of 𝐶𝑂2 (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙) 1 mol C
1 mol 𝑶𝟐
or
2 mol O
Solution
c. 2.273 mol 𝐶𝑂2 1 mol 𝐶 = 2.273 mol 𝑪
1 mol 𝐶𝑂2
d. 2.273 mol 𝐶𝑂2 2 mol 𝑂 = 4.546 mol 𝑶

1 mol 𝐶𝑂2
e. 2.273 mol 𝐶𝑂2 1 mol 𝑂2 = 2.273 mol 𝑶𝟐

1 mol 𝐶𝑂2
23-Oct-20
Solution
f. 4.456 mol 𝑂 16 g O = 72.7 g O 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒙 𝑴𝑾

1 mol 𝑂
g. 2.73 mol 𝑂2 32 g 𝑂2 = 72.7 g 𝑶𝟐

1 mol 𝑂2
h. 2.73 mol C𝑂2 6.02𝑥1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 molecules

1 mol 𝐶
Mass and Mole Fractions

The following terms may be used to define the composition of mixture of
substances, including a species A,
Mass Fraction Mixture

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝑔 𝐴 𝑔𝐴 𝑙𝑏 𝐴 A, B, C
𝑥𝐴 = ( 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 )
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Total mass
: A+B+C
Mole Fraction
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐴
Total moles
𝑦𝐴 = ( 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 )
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 : A+B+C
If we want to know the percent of any species we will multiply it by 100

The percent mass of A is 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝑨 and the mole percent of A is 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒚𝑨
3
23-Oct-20
Problem 3.3-2: Conversion using Mass and Mole

Fractions
A solution contains 15% A by mass (𝑥𝐴 = 0.15) and 20 mole% B (𝑦𝐵 = 0.20).
Solution :175 kg
1. Calculate the mass of A in 175 kg of the solution.
Solution:
175 kg solution 0.15 kg A A 15% mass
= 26 kg A B 20 mole%
1 kg solution
Flow rate :𝟓𝟑 𝒍𝒃𝒎/𝒉
2. Calculate the mass flow rate of A in a stream of solution flowing at a rate

of 53 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑕.
53 𝑙𝑏𝑚 0.15 𝑙𝑏𝑚 A
= 8 𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝑨
h 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝒉
Solution
3. Calculate the molar flow rate of B in a stream flowing at a rate of 1000
mol/min.
Solution:
1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.2 mol B
= 200 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑩 A 15% mass
𝒎𝒊𝒏 B 20 mole%
min mol
Stream molar flow

𝒎𝒐𝒍
rate : 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒊𝒏
23-Oct-20
Solution
4. Calculate the total solution flow rate that corresponds to a molar flow rate
of 28 kmol B/s.
Solution:
𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 A 15% mass
28 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵 1 kmol solution
= 140 𝒔
B 20 mole%
s 0.2 k𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵
molar flow rate :
𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑩/𝒔
Total solution (kmol/s) x 20% = B kmol/s

Total solution (kmol/s) x 20% = 28 kmol/s
Solution
5. Calculate the mass of the solution that contains 300 𝑙𝑏𝑚 of A.
300 𝑙𝑏𝑚 A 1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= 2000 𝒍𝒃𝒎 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Solution:
0.15 𝑙𝑏𝑚A
A 15% mass
B 20 mole%
Mass of A :300 𝒍𝒃𝒎
23-Oct-20
- The numerical value of a mass or a mole fraction does not depend on the mass units
in the numerator and denominator as long as these units are same
- If the mass of benzene (𝐶6𝐻6) in a mixture is 0.25, then 𝑥𝐶6𝐻6 equals 0.25 kg
𝐶6𝐻6/kg total, 0.25 g 𝐶6𝐻6/g total, 0.25 lb 𝐶6𝐻6/lb total.
Example 3.3-3: Conversion from a Composition by

Mass to a Molar Composition.
A mixture of gases has the following composition by mass:
𝑂2= 16% (𝑥 𝑂2 = 0.16𝑔𝑂2)

𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎
𝑙
𝐶𝑂 = 4%
𝐶𝑂2 = 17%
𝑁2 = 63%
What is the molar mass?
Excel file
23-Oct-20
Average Molecular Weight (kg/kmol, lb/lb-mol)

- It’s the ratio of the mass of the sample of the mixture to the number of moles
of all species in the sample
- If 𝑦𝑖 is the mole fraction of the ith component of the mixture and 𝑀𝑖 is the
molecular weight of the component, then,
𝑀 = 𝑦1𝑀1 + 𝑦2𝑀2 + ⋯ = 𝑦𝑖𝑀𝑖
𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Similarly for average molar mass,
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑖
= + +⋯=
𝑀 𝑀1 𝑀2 𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑀𝑖
23-Oct-20
Example 3.3-4
Calculate the average molar weight of air
1) From its approximate molar composition of 79%𝑁2, 21%𝑂2.

𝑀 = 𝑦1𝑀1 + 𝑦2𝑀2 + ⋯ = 𝑦𝑖 𝑀 𝑖
𝑎𝑙𝑙
= 0.79 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 28 kg 𝑁2
+ 0.21 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 32 kg 𝑂2
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝟐 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐
= 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟔. 𝟕𝟐
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
= 28.84 ≅ 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒌𝒈
Solution
2) From its approximate composition by mass of 76.7%𝑁2, 23.3%𝑂2 .
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑖
= + +⋯ =
𝑀 𝑀1 𝑀2 𝑀𝑖
𝑎𝑙𝑙
1 0.767 𝑔𝑁2/𝑔 0.233 𝑔 𝑂2/𝑔

= +
𝑀 28 𝑔 𝑁2/𝑚𝑜𝑙 32 𝑔 𝑂2/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.035 𝑚 𝑜𝑙
𝑔
1
=
0.035 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒈
= 28.8 ≅ 𝟐𝟗
𝒎𝒐𝒍
23-Oct-20
Concentration
- Mass Concentration : 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3, lb/𝑓𝑡3, k𝑔/𝑖𝑛3
- Molar Concentration: kmol/𝑚3, lb-moles/𝑓𝑡3
- Molarity of a solution is the value of the molar concentration of the solute

expressed in gram-moles solute/liter solution (e.g., a 2-molar solution of
A contains 𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑨/ 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.)
Example 3.3-5
A 0.5 molar aq. solution of sulfuric acid flows into a process unit at a rate of
1.25 𝑚3/𝑚𝑖𝑛. The specific gravity of the solution is 1.03. Calculate:
1. Mass concentration of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 in 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.
2. Mass flow rate of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 in kg/s
23-Oct-20
Solution:
1. Mass concentration of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 in 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
= 0.5 mol 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 98 𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔 1𝐿

L 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝑔 10−3 𝑚3
= 𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐𝟑𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝒎
Solution
2. Mass flow rate of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 in kg/s.
1.25 𝑚3 49 𝑘𝑔𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 𝑚3
min 60 s
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
=1
𝑠
23-Oct-20
Example 3.3-5
3. Calculate the mass fraction of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4.
To calculate 𝑥𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 , we need to calculate the total mass of the solution first. From the
given data we know the total volumetric flow rate= 1.25 𝑚3/𝑚𝑖𝑛. Now we need to
convert this volumetric flow rate into mass flow rate using,
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝜌
But we don’t know the solution density,
𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙 𝑢 𝑡 𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑆. 𝐺. 𝑥 𝜌𝑤 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒𝑟
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1.03 1000 3
𝑚
𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1030 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
1.25 𝑚3 1030 𝑘𝑔 1 min
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 60 s
Solution
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 21.46
𝑠
Now calculating mass fraction of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4,

𝑚𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
𝑥𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 =
𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1.0 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4/𝑠
𝑥𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 =
21.46 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑠
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝒙𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖
𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
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Composition of Mixtures LECTURE 1

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23-Oct-20

Mass & Mole Fraction, Conversion from a Composition by

Topics we will be covering in this lecture are:

• Molecular Weight and Moles

• Get Notifications of Limited Time Free Udemy Courses & Coupons.

- Most materials encountered in nature and in chemical process

- The physical property of mixture depends strongly on the mixture

- Here we will review different ways to express mixture compositions.

Molecular Weight & Moles

- A gram-mole (g-mole or mol in SI units) of a species is the amount of that

Molecular weight is used in chemistry to determine stoichiometry in chemical

- If the molecular weight of a substance is M, then there are M kg/kmol,

- The molecular weight thus maybe used as a conversion factor that

- One gram-mole of any species contains approximately

ft/s miles/h cm/yr

- To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to its equivalent in

Conversion between Mass & Moles

100 g 𝐶𝑂2 1 mol 𝐶𝑂2 1 lb-mol −𝟑

Each molecule of 𝐶𝑂2 one molecule of 𝑶𝟐

Each 6.023 𝑥 1023molecule of 𝐶𝑂2 (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙) 1 mol C

d. 2.273 mol 𝐶𝑂2 2 mol 𝑂 = 4.546 mol 𝑶

e. 2.273 mol 𝐶𝑂2 1 mol 𝑂2 = 2.273 mol 𝑶𝟐

f. 4.456 mol 𝑂 16 g O = 72.7 g O 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒙 𝑴𝑾

g. 2.73 mol 𝑂2 32 g 𝑂2 = 72.7 g 𝑶𝟐

h. 2.73 mol C𝑂2 6.02𝑥1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 molecules

Mass and Mole Fractions

Mass Fraction Mixture

If we want to know the percent of any species we will multiply it by 100

Problem 3.3-2: Conversion using Mass and Mole

2. Calculate the mass flow rate of A in a stream of solution flowing at a rate

Stream molar flow

Total solution (kmol/s) x 20% = B kmol/s

300 𝑙𝑏𝑚 A 1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Mass of A :300 𝒍𝒃𝒎

Example 3.3-3: Conversion from a Composition by

𝑂2= 16% (𝑥 𝑂2 = 0.16𝑔𝑂2)

What is the molar mass?

Average Molecular Weight (kg/kmol, lb/lb-mol)

Calculate the average molar weight of air

1) From its approximate molar composition of 79%𝑁2, 21%𝑂2.

1 0.767 𝑔𝑁2/𝑔 0.233 𝑔 𝑂2/𝑔

- Molar Concentration: kmol/𝑚3, lb-moles/𝑓𝑡3

- Molarity of a solution is the value of the molar concentration of the solute

1. Mass concentration of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 in 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.

2. Mass flow rate of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 in kg/s

= 0.5 mol 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 98 𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔 1𝐿

1.25 𝑚3 49 𝑘𝑔𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Now calculating mass fraction of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4,

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