Dundamentals of Material Balance - 2 LECTURE 4

11-Nov-20
LECTURE 4
Fundamentals of Material
Balances (Part 2)
Different processes to perform Material Balance
Material Balance Calculation
Few problems
.. cont. Lecture 4
• Topics we will be covering:
- Different processes to perform Material Balance

- Material Balance Calculation
- Few problems
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11-Nov-20
Different processes to
perform material balance
1. ABSORPTION
Lets say we want to

purify gas A from B
while using solvent C,
where C dissolves in
B and not in A
Then we use a
chemical process
known as Absorption.

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2) STRIPPING
The stripping process is

exactly the opposite of the
absorption process, where
we have liquid mixture of C
and B and we will use gas A
to help purify liquid C from B.
Liquid mixture of B and C will
enter the stripper process
from the top tower and
leaves purified from the
bottom of the tower. Were
purify gas A enters from the
bottom and leaves mixed
with element B from the top
of the tower.
3) EXTRACTION PROCESS
Lets say we have a liquid mixture of A and B and we want to purify liquid A
from trace (slight or bit) of B. Where we will use liquid C to purify A from B.
Liquid C and A are immiscible (not forming a homogeneous mixture when
added together). In the extraction process both the liquid mixture and
solvent C will enter the extractor together in two different streams. While
leaving the extractor A will be purified and liquid C will leave with element
B.

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4) LEACHING PROCESS
We have liquid (B) in solid (A) and we want to extract (remove) liquid (B)
from (A). In the leaching process we will use liquid (C) to remove liquid (B)
from solid (A). The mixture (A+B) and liquid (C) will enter the leaching
process each in a different streams; where (C) and (B) will leave together
in one stream and solid (A) will leave alone another stream.
(Example: corn oil from corn by using hexane)
 MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATIONS
1. Flow Charts
a. When you are given a process and asked you to determine something in
the process , it is important to organize the information in a way that is
handy for later calculations
b. The best way to draw a flowchart of the process, using boxes which is
another symbol to represent process units (reactors, mixers, separation
units, etc.) and with lines with arrows to represent inputs and outputs
c. The flowchart of a process can help get material balance calculations
started and keep them moving
d. The chart must be fully labeled when it is first drawn, with values of
known process variables and symbols for unknown variables being
written for each input and output stream

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Example on how to draw a Flowchart:
Suppose a gas containing 𝑁2 and 𝑂2 is combined with propane in a batch

combustion chamber in which some (but not all) of the 𝑂2 and 𝐶3𝐻8 react to
form 𝐶𝑂2 and 𝐻2𝑂, and the product is then cooled, condensing the water.
We should have two boxes; one to represent the combustion chamber

process and the other to represent the condensing process
1.1 Flow Chart Streams
Write the values and units of all known stream variables at the
locations of the streams (input or output) on the chart.
For example, a stream containing 21 mole% O2 and 79% N2 at 320°C and

1.4 atm flowing at a rate of 400 mol/h:

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• The information on the stream can be written in two ways :

a) As the total amount or flow rate of the stream and the fractions (mass or
mole) of each component
b) Directly as the amount or flow rate of each component:
 Algebraic symbols to unknowns
Assign algebraic symbols to unknown stream variables and write these

variable names and their associated units on the chart.
1. 𝒎(kg solution/min) for mas flow-rate; 𝒏(kmol solution/min) for mole flow-rate.
2. x(lbm (i) /lbm) for mass fraction; y(mol (i) /mol ) for mole fraction.
3. n(kmol(i)) for moles ; m(kg(i)) for mass.
4. V(𝑚3(i) ) for volume or 𝑽(𝑚3(i)/min) for volume flow-rate.

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Let say we had a stream containing 21 mole% O2 and 79% N2 at 320°C and 1.4
atm :
If you don’t know why we used mole flow-rate not mass flow-rate because
they gave us moles fraction so its not possible to put mass flow-rate with
mole fraction or the opposite.
If we had a stream containing air with a rate of 400 mol/h and at 320°C and 1.4 atm :
- If you are given that mass of stream 1 is half that of stream 2, label the masses of
these streams as m and 2m rather than 𝑚1 and 𝑚2.
- If you know that there is three times as much as 𝑁2 (by mass) in a stream as 𝑂2,
label the mass fractions as:
𝑂2 𝒚(g O2/g) 𝑁2 𝟑𝒚(g N2/g)
rather than 𝑦1 and 𝑦2.

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Example 4.3-1
An experiment on the growth rate of certain organisms requires an

environment of humid air enriched in oxygen. Three input streams are fed
into an evaporation chamber to produce an output stream with the desired
composition.
A: Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0 𝑐𝑚3/𝑚𝑖𝑛

B: Air (21mole% O2 the balance N2)
C: Pure oxygen, with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow rate of
stream B
The output gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5 mole% water. Draw
and label a flowchart of the process, and calculate all unknown stream
variables.
𝟏
𝒏 𝟏 (𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐/𝒎𝒊𝒏)
𝟓
𝒏𝟑 (𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝒊𝒏)
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐 𝑶/𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒏𝟏 (𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒂𝒊𝒓/𝒎𝒊𝒏)
𝒚 (𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐/𝒎𝒐𝒍)
𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐 /𝒎𝒐𝒍
(𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟓 − 𝒚) (𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝟐 /𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝟐 /𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍)/𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒏𝟐(𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐𝑶/𝒎𝒊𝒏)

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If they gave us in the question volume flow-rate for any stream we have to
change it to mass flow-rate or mole flow-rate:
Make sure that all the stream are in mass or mole we cant have both in one
flow chart its not possible in the calculations.
In this question they gave us the volume flow-rate for stream A :
A: Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0 𝒄𝒎𝟑/𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑛= =
𝑀𝑜𝑙. 𝑊𝑡. 𝑀𝑜𝑙. 𝑊𝑡
𝑛2 = 20𝑐𝑚3 𝐻2𝑂 1 𝑔 𝐻2𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

min 𝑐𝑚3 18 𝑔
𝑛2 = 1.11 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛
The three remaining unknowns (𝑛2, 𝑛3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ) may be determined from

balances, all of which have the simple form input = output for this non-
reactive ss process. The balances are written by referring to the flowchart.

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 𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙 mol 𝐻2𝑂
𝑛2 = 𝑛3 x 0.015
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 mol 𝐻2𝑂

⇒ 1.11 = 𝑛3 x 0.015
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙
⇒ 𝒏𝟑 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝒊𝒏
 Total Mole Balance:
0.2 𝑛1 + 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 = 𝑛3
𝑛2 = 1.11 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑛3 = 74.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛
So,
𝒏𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒎𝒊𝒏

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 𝑵𝟐 Balance
𝑛1 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 0.79 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 = 𝑛3 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 0.985 − 𝑦 (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2)

𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.79 𝑛1 = 𝑛3(0.985 − 𝑦)
𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐 /𝒎𝒐𝒍
1.2 Flowchart Scaling and Basis of Calculation
Suppose we have a kg of benzene mixed with a kg of toluene. The output

from this simple process is obviously 2 kg of a mixture that is 50% benzene
by mass.
1 kg 𝑪𝟔𝑯𝟔
2 kg
1 kg 𝑪𝟕𝑯𝟖
0.5 kg 𝑪𝟔𝑯𝟔/kg
0.5 kg 𝑪𝟕𝑯𝟖/kg

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Scaling Up and Scaling Down
• Suppose we have a process that is balanced (where we know all the flow-
rates and compositions that are in and out ) observe in the process that the
masses (but not the mass fractions) of all streams could be multiplied by a
common factor and the process would remain balanced.
• Stream masses could be changed to mass flow rates, and the mass units of
all stream variables (including the mass fractions) could be changed from kg
to g or lbm or any other mass unit, and the process would still be balanced.
• The process of changing the values of all stream amounts or flow rates by a
proportional (related) amount while leaving the stream compositions
unchanged is referred to as scaling the flow-chart.

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There are two types of Scaling:
1) Scaling up : The final stream quantities (amounts or numbers) are

larger than the original quantities.
2) Scaling down: The final stream quantities are smaller than the original
quantities.
Example 4.3-2
A 60-40 mixture (by moles) of A and B is separated into two fractions. A
flowchart of the process is shown here.
50 mol
0.95 mol A/mol
0.05 mol B/mol
100 mol
0.60 mol A/mol
0.40 mol B/mol 50 mol
12.5 mol A
37.5 mol B
It is desired to achieve the same separation with a continuous feed of 1250 lb-
moles/h. Scale the flowchart accordingly.

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The scale factor is:

1250 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑕 = 12.5 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑕
100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
The masses of all streams in the batch process are converted to flow rates as follows:
Feed: 100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 12.5 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑕 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

= 1250
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑕
Top product stream: (50.0)(12.5) = 625 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑕
Bottom product stream: (12.5)(12.5) = 156 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐴/𝑕
(37.5)(12.5) = 469 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐵/𝑕
625 lb-moles/h
0.95 lb-mol A/lb-mol
0.05 lb-mol B/lb-mol
1250 lb-moles/h
0.60 lb-moles A/lb-mol

0.40 lb-moles B/lb-mol 625 lb-moles/h
156 lb-moles A/h
469 lb-moles B/h

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Basis of calculation:
The basis of calculation is an amount (mass or moles) or flow rate (mass or molar) of
one stream or stream component in a process.
The first step in balancing a process is to choose a basis of calculation; all

unknown variables are then determined to be consistent with this basis.
1. If a stream amount or flow-rate is given in a problem statement then we will

usually use this quantity as a basis of calculation
2. If mass fractions are known, choose a total mass or mass flow-rate (100 kg or
100 kg/h) of that stream as basis and the same thing with moles if mole fractions
are known, choose a total number of moles or a molar flow rate.
Test Yourself
The process shown below were balanced using the indicate bases of
calculation. Scale as directed and draw flowcharts for the scale processes.
a) Mix 𝐶2𝐻6 with air. Basis of calculation 100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶2𝐻6.
100 mol 𝐶2𝐻6

2100 mol
2000 mol air 0.0476 mol 𝐶2𝐻6 /mol

0.200 mol 𝑶𝟐/mol
0.21 mol 𝑶𝟐/mol 0.752 mol 𝑵𝟐/mol
0.79 mol 𝑵𝟐/mol
Scale up to a feed of 1000 kmol 𝐶2𝐻6 /h.

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Balancing a Process
Example 4.3-3
An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide contains 20% NaOH by mass. It is
desired to produce an 8% NaOH solution by diluting a stream of the 20%
solution with a stream of pure water. Calculate the ratios (liters H2O/kg feed
solution) and (kg product solution/kg feed solution)
Basis: 100 kg of the feed
100 kg 𝒎𝟐 (kg)
0.20 kg NaOH/kg 0.080 kg NaOH/kg

0.80 kg H2O/kg 0.920 kg H2O/kg
𝒎𝟏 (kg 𝑯𝟐𝑶)
𝑽𝟏 (liters 𝑯𝟐𝑶)
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
• NaOH Balance:
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.2 100 𝑘𝑔 = 0.08 𝑥 𝑚2
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
⇒ 𝑚2 = 250 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
• Total Mass Balance:

100 𝑘𝑔 + 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
⇒ 100 𝑘𝑔 + 𝑚1 = 250 𝑘𝑔
⇒ 𝑚1 = 150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑂

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• Diluent Water Volume:

𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐿
⇒ 𝑉1= 150 𝑘𝑔 1 = 150 𝐿
𝑘𝑔
• Ratios:
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐻2𝑂
i. = 150 = 1.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐻2𝑂
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 100 𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ii. = 250 = 2.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 100 𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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What you will Learn in This Video Course
• Learn the common processes in Chemical Engineering industry and process
variables and how to calculate them.
• Will Understand about Pressure (Fluid Pressure and Hydrostatic head) and
types of pressure and way to measure Fluid Pressure Measurement by
Monometer.
• Get the knowledge about Ideal Gas and the Laws of Gases.
• Able to understand Law of Conservation of mass and know how to apply it
on Different Systems.
• Will Understand about Pressure and Pressure Scales and the Conversion
Factor and the Measurement of Pressure.
• Learn what system energy is and perform energy balance calculation.
• Know how to Use Differential & Integral Balances for Material Balance.
• Learn how to perform material balance and energy balance on Reactive
Processes.
• Know how to use Flow Chart Streams and Flow Chart Scaling for the
Calculation of Material Balance.
• Extent of Reaction and the Calculation of Extent of Reaction for Multiple
Reactions.
• Calculation of Balances on Molecular & Atomic Species
• Understand about the Energy Balance on Open & Closed Systems
• On completion of the course, students will be able to apply mass balance
equation for different systems and can solve numerical based on mass
transfer.
• On completion of the course, students will be able to apply thermal energy
balance equation for different systems and can solve numerical on Energy
Transfer
• On completion of the course, students will be able to calculate fluid pressure.

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11-Nov-20

Different processes to perform Material Balance

Material Balance Calculation

- Different processes to perform Material Balance

Understand the Complete Course

• Get Notifications of Limited Time Free Udemy Courses & Coupons.

Lets say we want to

Understand the Complete Course

The stripping process is

Understand the Complete Course

(Example: corn oil from corn by using hexane)

 MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATIONS

Understand the Complete Course

Example on how to draw a Flowchart:

Suppose a gas containing 𝑁2 and 𝑂2 is combined with propane in a batch

We should have two boxes; one to represent the combustion chamber

1.1 Flow Chart Streams

For example, a stream containing 21 mole% O2 and 79% N2 at 320°C and

Understand the Complete Course

• The information on the stream can be written in two ways :

b) Directly as the amount or flow rate of each component:

 Algebraic symbols to unknowns

Assign algebraic symbols to unknown stream variables and write these

3. n(kmol(i)) for moles ; m(kg(i)) for mass.

4. V(𝑚3(i) ) for volume or 𝑽(𝑚3(i)/min) for volume flow-rate.

Understand the Complete Course

Understand the Complete Course

An experiment on the growth rate of certain organisms requires an

A: Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0 𝑐𝑚3/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Understand the Complete Course

In this question they gave us the volume flow-rate for stream A :

A: Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0 𝒄𝒎𝟑/𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑛2 = 20𝑐𝑚3 𝐻2𝑂 1 𝑔 𝐻2𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

The three remaining unknowns (𝑛2, 𝑛3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ) may be determined from

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𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 mol 𝐻2𝑂

 Total Mole Balance:

𝑛2 = 1.11 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑛3 = 74.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛

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𝑛1 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 0.79 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 = 𝑛3 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 0.985 − 𝑦 (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2)

𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐 /𝒎𝒐𝒍

1.2 Flowchart Scaling and Basis of Calculation

Suppose we have a kg of benzene mixed with a kg of toluene. The output

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Scaling Up and Scaling Down

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There are two types of Scaling:

1) Scaling up : The final stream quantities (amounts or numbers) are

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The scale factor is:

Feed: 100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 12.5 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑕 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

0.60 lb-moles A/lb-mol

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The first step in balancing a process is to choose a basis of calculation; all

1. If a stream amount or flow-rate is given in a problem statement then we will

a) Mix 𝐶2𝐻6 with air. Basis of calculation 100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶2𝐻6.

100 mol 𝐶2𝐻6

2000 mol air 0.0476 mol 𝐶2𝐻6 /mol

Scale up to a feed of 1000 kmol 𝐶2𝐻6 /h.

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Basis: 100 kg of the feed

0.20 kg NaOH/kg 0.080 kg NaOH/kg