Foundational Perspectives of Education

Notebook Activities for Course

Create notes in a notebook and/or make flashcards to review this content on a regular basis.

Module 1: Historical and Current Impact of Educational Philosophies

Notebook Activity 1

Philosopher: write the name of the philosopher (e.g., B.F. Skinner). and write his/her philosophy and contribution to education
(e.g., B.F. Skinner: Behavioral Theory).

Name of the Philosopher Contribution to Education

B.F. Skinner Behavioral Theory- learning is a function to change behavior

Lev Vygotsky Social Development Theory- interaction= cognitive development
Robert Havighurst Believes children must master specific developmental tasks to develop normally
Jean Piaget Cognitive Development
Jerome Bruner Believes children encounter a series of developmental stages as they mature
Benjamin Bloom Predict learning outcomes
Frederick Douglass Improved vocational education
Booker T. Washington Influenced African American students
Maria Montessori Developed theory and methods for educating young children
Ella Flagg Young First female president of the National Education Association
John Dewey Progressivism

Notebook Activity 2

Answer the following:

Explain the education system in the Northern colony
The education system in the Northern Colony was heavily
based around religion. Children were taught to read and write
so that they could worship and read the Bible. School was
open to whoever wanted an education but the curriculum and
how the curriculum was taught differed by area. Girls were
given an education at Dame schools which taught the basics
of reading and writing along with homemaking skills. Boys
were taught beyond that of a dame school, they attended Latin
Grammar Schools that had a classical curriculum with Latin
and Greek texts.

Explain the impact of the Old Deluder Satan Act law It shifted the burden of education from the parents to that of
the community. The parents could band together to pay a
schoolteacher in order to ensure that their children received a
quality education.

Explain how Horace Mann was important to education. He was the father of American education. He wanted to offer a
universal education system that was available to all children in
the country. He wanted to tach a common set of beliefs and
morals to promote harmony amongst different groups.

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Notebook Activity 3
Create notes for the educational philosophies presented in this module.

Teacher Centered-Philosophies
Student-Centered Philosophies
Educational Notes
Philosophies
Essentialism Students should learn the basic facts regarding the social and physical world.
Includes core information that educated people should know, hard work and
mental discipline, teacher centered instructions. It draws from idealism and
realism and focuses mainly on developing basic skills not seeking truths.
Behaviorism Includes B.F Skinner (Father), behavior is determined by environment not
heredity, is a response to external stimuli, related to realism and linked to the
environment.
Positivism Includes focus on observable, measurable information, rejects belief about
mind, sprit, and consciousness. Reality is explained by the laws of matter and
motion. Knowledge is based on sense perceptions and objective reality.
Humanism Includes education should enhance innate goodness, the student should be at
the forefront of all school decisions, education should develop free self-
actualizing people, and education should start with the individual self.
Constructivism Includes developing personal meaning through hands-on activity. Students
are provided opportunity to construct meaning through critical thinking and
“big ideas”. There is the freedom to infer and discover their own answers.
Teaching involves a variety of learning activities.
Progressivism Includes ideas verified through experiment, learners initiate the questions.
Human experience is the basis for knowledge, not authority figures. Scientific
methods of teaching and learning are utilized. There is an emphasis on how to
think, not what to think.

Notebook Activity 4
Create notes for Socrates, Erasmus, Frederich Froebel, and John Locke, noting their contributions.

Philosopher Contributions Additional Notes

Socrates Created the Socratic method of teaching- “Knowledge is virtue”
(centers around the use of questions by
the teacher to lead students to a certain
conclusion.)
Erasmus Formed the humanistic theory
Frederich Froebel Establishment of first kindergarten
John Locke Teachers needed to create a
nonthreatening environment
Dutch humanist, one of the most famous
humanist educators, wrote in pure Latin
style
Recognized that children have unique
needs and capabilities, said that young
women ae best suited to teach young
children
Viewed a young child mind as a blank slate
which education could be imprinted

Module 2: Current Trends in Education and Educational Reform

Notebook Activity 5

Create notes for the milestones in education.

Milestone in Education Notes

GI Bill This bill provides for the education of veterans.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Federal legislation protecting the rights of students with

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 disabilities to receive a free, appropriate education that meets
their needs

National Defense Education Act (NDEA) Provided federal money to improve science, math, engineering,
and language programs in schools.
1st Amendment Provides for freedom of speech, religion, and of the press
10th Amendment Grants each state the power to provide public education.
14th Amendment Ensures equal educational opportunity
Section 504 A civil rights act that addresses equal treatment, appropriate
education, and people with disabilities

Affirmative Action Policies and procedures designed to compensate for past

Response to Intervention (RTI)
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
discrimination against women and members of minority groups.
A multi-tiered approach to the early identification and support of
students with learning and behavioral needs.
 1st tier- Whole group instruction
 2nd tier- Small group instruction
 3rd tier- One-on-One instruction
Federal legislation protecting the rights of children and adults
with disabilities in society at large, rather than only in educational
settings.

Eight-Year Study A study in the period of the 1930s that compared the progressive
approach to education with the traditional approach and found
that the progressive approach produced more intellectual
curiosity and drive and higher levels of critical thinking and
judgment.

Notebook Activity 6
Answer the following:

Explain what National Board Certification is.

National Board Certification

Teachers are eligible for National Board certification if they have a bachelor’s degree and have successfully completed three
years of teaching in a public or private school. Those who volunteer to be assessed for NBPTS certification prepare a portfolio
based on analyses of videotaped segments of teaching and take a test of content knowledge for the area in which they seek to be
certified. Once obtained, board certification is good for 10 years. The NBPTS offers certification in 25 areas of specialization in
PK–12 teaching, including special education.

Explain what the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is.

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Notes

National Reform  accountability for results
Goals (based on  more choices for parents
what four principles)  greater local control and flexibility
 an emphasis on doing what works based on scientific
research

Highly Qualified Provides funding for teachers to become better teachers. NCLB
Teachers also mandates that all teachers should be licensed to teach, hold
at least a bachelor’s degree, and be highly qualified in the subject
they are teaching.

Adequate Yearly  The minimum benchmark that each student and district should
Progress (AYP) meet. Schools that meet their AYP goals are rewarded, and
schools that do not make their AYP goals 2 years in a row are
labeled "in need of improvement."
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Explain what Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is.

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

This bipartisan measure reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national
education law and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity for all students.
The new law builds on key areas of progress in recent years, made possible by the efforts of educators, communities, parents,
and students across the country.

Notebook Activity 7

Answer the following:

Explain how zero tolerance policies complicate due process.
Notes
Zero tolerance policies have complicated local schools’ abilities
to balance students’ rights to due process and serving students’
educational needs. Procedural due process (procedural
protection against unjustified deprivation of substantive rights) is
scrutinized especially in cases of suspension and expulsion.
These cases most often result from disciplinary action taken by
the school, which may or may not have violated a pupil’s
substantive (protection against the deprivation of constitutional
rights such as freedom of expression) constitutional rights

Explain dress code and corporal punishment related to students’ Many stats have banned corporal punishments. Those schools
rights and responsibilities. with dress codes have to be careful not to infringe upon the
students first amendment right of free speech. Corporal
punishment in the classroom could disrupt the learning
environment and make the student not feel safe. A
nonthreatening learning environment is the best environment for
the student to learn in.

Notebook Activity 8

Answer the following:

What are the different types of social media used today?
Explain how social media and the law are related
Explain some ways students are cheating with technology.
Explain ways teachers are using technology.
Notes
YouTube, Facebook, Social Networking sites
Although technology can be very useful in the classroom.
Teacher have to be careful in using it, whether it be posting of
Facebook to sending an email. We also have to keep an eye out
for cheating and have a plan for it.
They can use Facebook, digital photos, text messaging to cheat.
They can track their students learning. They can use the
software tools (test generators), Drill- and- practice software,
web-collaboration (blogs, wikis,)

Notebook Activity 9

Answer the following:

Notes
Explain critical thinking and how it is important to Critical Thinking/ Problem Solving skill set, which helps employees use
workforce readiness. knowledge, facts, and data to solve problems

Explain what Twenty-First Century Knowledge and The Framework presents a view of 21st century teaching and learning
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Skills Framework is. that combines a discrete focus on 21st century student outcomes (a
blending of specific skills, content knowledge, expertise and literacies).

Explain how National Education Association (NEA) and The partnership developed the framework for teaching and learning that
American Association of School Librarians (AASL) were stretches from preschool through graduate school. It identified the
involved in the creation of the 21st Century Knowledge knowledge, skills, and expertise that they believe students should master
and Skills Framework. to be successful in this century.

Notebook Activity 10

Answer the following:

Explain analysis of teaching and teacher Notes

effectiveness.
Analysis of Teaching Procedures used to enable teachers to critique their own performance in the
classroom. The change in focus from studies of teacher characteristics to analyses of
what actually occurs in classrooms has offered educators insights into teaching and
learning

Teacher Effectiveness Teacher effectiveness is a movement to improve teaching performance.

Explain national curriculum.

A centralized curriculum at the national level, so that teachers implement the same curriculum in every school all over the country.
A concern is if all states adopt the Common Core State Standards then we will move to a national curriculum.

Explain how we use technology to track student learning.

Technology can help teachers track student learning and share their assessments with students and families. Teachers can keep
track of students’ grades electronically and use technology in other ways to increase their professional productivity.

Notebook Activity 11

Create notes for each of the government and non-government agencies.

Government and Non-Government Agencies Notes

A government agency created to help states establish effective
Department of Education
school systems

National Science Foundation A government agency created to promote the progress of science, to
advance the national health, prosperity and welfare, to secure the
national defense and for other purposes.

A government agency that manages and finances many of the

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
schools on Native American reservations. 25 of these schools have
become what are called contract schools in which the tribe
determines the program and staff. But the Bureau of Indian Affairs
supports the schools financially.

A government agency responsible for the military academy at West

Department of Defense (DOD)
Point, the naval academy at Annapolis, the coast guard academy at
New London, and the Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs. The
Department of Defense also operates a school system called
the Department of Defense Education Activity for the children of
military staff wherever members are stationed.

A government agency that has the educational responsibility for

Department of the Interior
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 children of national park employees, for Samoa, and for the Trust
Territories of the Pacific, such as the Caroline and Marshall Islands.
Department of the Interior oversees the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

The federal government funds a set of ten regional education

Regional Education Laboratories
laboratories which provide curriculum development, technical
assistance and evaluation services to school districts and states.

A non-government agency that grants professional accreditation in

National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
teacher education to the school, college or Department of Education
(NCATE)*
that is responsible for preparing teachers and other educators.

A non-government agency that offers accreditation to teacher

Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC)*
education programs. TEAC is newer than MK and is also dedicated
to helping improve degree programs for professional educators.

A non-government agency decorated a set of ten standards that

Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support
describe what teachers should know and be able to do.
Consortium (InTASC)
a non-government agency. The NEA is a teacher union and is by far,
National Education Association (NEA)
the largest teacher's organization. The NEA is committed to
advancing public education and improving working conditions. The
NEA also provides resources to teachers, such as handbooks on a
variety of topics.
a non-government agency and is the second-largest teachers' union.
American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
The AFT has stressed that organized labor was an important force in
establishing our system of free public school and that it has actively
supported school improvement programs.

These are non-government organizations that grant accreditation on

Regional Accreditation
a university's financial status, student services and general studies
curriculum. There are six regional agencies that are named based on
the general region they are in. For example, the North Central
Association of Colleges and Schools covers states in the upper
central part of the US.

*NCATE and TEAC have now been combined to form CAEP

Notebook Activity 12

Create notes for each of the federal programs in education.

Federal Programs in Education Notes

GI BILL This bill provides for the education of veterans.

Title 1 provided direct funding for schools with high populations of students from low-income
families in the form of additional personnel, materials, and professional development for
teachers.

Head Start the prominent community-based early childhood program. Head Start was based on the
concept that the earlier the intervention in the lives of children living in poverty, the better
their chances for success in school and as adults in society. Federally funded program for
three- to five- year old children from low-income families to provide educational services
and emotional, social, health, nutritional, and psychological support that will prepare them
to enter kindergarten.

Provided federal money to improve science, math, engineering, and language programs in
NDEA
schools.
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 A major piece of federal legislation that provides federal direction to education and federal
NCLB (ESEA)
funds for schools, first passed in 1965.

The landmark legislation prohibiting discrimination in several areas including housing,

Civil Rights Act
employment, and education

Module 3: Social Issues and Influences on Education:

Notebook Activity 13

Create notes for the outcomes from A Nation at Risk presented in the video Presentation.

Notes
A Nation at Risk Findings The commission made 38 recommendations divided across five major
categories. The categories are content, standards and expectations, time,
teaching, leadership, and fiscal support. Standards provide the
framework for what students should know, and be able to do, to be
academically proficient. These standards were developed to help
students become successful in college and careers. STEM is an acronym
referring to the academic disciplines of science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics. Many people are worried that not enough high-tech
professionals are being produced by high schools. STEM education was
created to meet these needs in the four disciplines. The framework for
21st century learning, is for today's students to master the basic core
subjects and develop global awareness. Global awareness includes civic,
health, financial, economic, business and entrepreneurial literacy.

Outcomes There were four outcomes of a nation at risk. The first one, stronger
admission standards for higher education. Second, stronger standards for
academic achievement, the third, preparing students for a global
economy, and the fourth outcome preparing qualified math and science
teachers.

Notebook Activity 14
Create notes for the different school options and the social issues presented in the video Presentation.

Social issues School Options Notes

Public Schools Magnet Schools Public schools that focus on a specific curriculum, like
mathematics, science, the arts. And thus, students choose, or
parents choose that school based on that curriculum focus. The
point of these schools is really to try to attract a diverse population
of students from across the state or district. It's offering an
alternative for students from different backgrounds.

Charter Schools Created through a charter or contract with the state or district.
And these are usually created by teachers, parents or sometimes
nonprofit organizations. The focus of charter schools is really to
improve academic performance. Some of these types of schools
include Montessori, Edison Schools, experiential learning, and
Knowledge is Power Program or KIPP academies.

Virtual Schools Offered online, offered to those who can’t go to an in-person

course or for credit recovery, tuition free public charter schools
Private Schools Parochial Schools A type of private school supported by a religious affiliation. A
higher rate of academic achievement for those in religious
institutions.
Home Schools Offer learning in home usually taught by parents.  an option for
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 parents who really reported wanting that freedom of instruction as
far as either moral, religious, that type of instructional freedom.

Notebook Activity 15

Explain the following:

Notes
Head Start Federally funded program for three- to five- year old children
from low-income families to provide educational services and
emotional, social, health, nutritional, and psychological support
that will prepare them to enter kindergarten.

Montessori Schools An educational program originally designed for three to six-year

old that is well organized into subject- based work centers where
children interact with the classroom materials. It includes little or
no large group instruction. Uses uninterrupted extended work
period so students can explore their environment.  Mastery of
observable skills is recorded by the teacher

High Scope Approach Based on the belief that children are active learners and on the
child development theories of Jean Piaget. Lessons are
designed to relate to students’ lives and environment. Uses
developmental checklists. Students design portfolios to
showcase their work

Reggio Emilia Approach Ensures children, their families, their teachers, and the entire
community take an active role in the education of each child.
Project-based curriculum built on student interests.

Notebook Activity 16

Create notes for the student engagement information listed in the video Presentation.

Notes
Student Engagement Ninth grade is a critical period in which students decide to leave
school. Only three in four students who enter ninth grade
graduate with a regular diploma at the end of twelfth grade.
Students from low-income families drop out of high school at
higher rates than students from middle and high-income families.
A greater percentage of females finish high school than males,
leading to concerns about fewer men attending and completing
college. Only 57% of students with disabilities complete high
school. Only 22% of people with disabilities, who are 16 years
and older, are in the workforce

Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic status plays a role in testing performance.

Ethnically diverse and low-income students have greater chance
of hunger, exposure to environmental hazards, substitute
teachers, and high teacher turn-over, and limited participation in
summer educational enrichment programs. Teachers need to
have high expectations for academic performance. Student
assessment, differentiated instruction, and connections to real-
world experiences will assist low- income students in higher-level
achievement. Allowing students to create and compete projects
of personal interest may also encourage their involvements.
Access to Technology Technology provides valuable tools for helping students learn. At
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 risk students may not have access to technology outside of
school. 1 in 3 teachers report their schools do not have up- to-
date technology. Teachers in low income schools tend to use
technology to support the learning of basic skills. Students may
use the internet to research nearly any subject, yet teachers
need to be aware that not all students have access at home and
should adjust their homework accordingly. To encourage
completion of assignments and projects, schools may loan
computers to students.

Notebook Activity 17

Create notes for the parent involvement information listed in the video Presentation.

Notes
Communicating with Families Establish open lines of communication regarding student
progress. Have translators available to ensure understanding.
Inform families and student’s strengths and needs. Realize the
value and usefulness of sending home paper notes. Send letters
or speak with families face- to- face to encourage involvement in
class field trips.
Engaging Families Teachers and families with common backgrounds seem to
communicate better than those from differing backgrounds.
Teachers who are involved in the community seem more
accessible to families. Parents and teachers need to be partners
in the students’ academic and social development. Parents in
high- needs schools are less involved that those in other
schools.

Notebook Activity 18

Explain how culture plays a role in schools.

Notes
How does culture play Teachers who respect their students’ cultural strengths, life experiences, and community resources, and
a role in schools? are able to draw on this knowledge to strengthen connections to their students and families and to anchor
the curriculum are better positioned to meet their students’ needs. When teachers legitimize their
students’ life experiences and see them as essential to the success of the educational process, they
increase their students’ opportunities for educational achievement and future success

School culture is Refers to the beliefs, perceptions, relationships, attitudes, and written and unwritten rules that shape and
influence every aspect of how a school functions, but the term also encompasses more concrete issues
such as the physical and emotional safety of students, the orderliness of classrooms and public spaces, or
the degree to which a school embraces and celebrates racial, ethnic, linguistic, or cultural diversity.

Enculturation is The process by which an individual learns the culture that they are surrounded by. It enables them to
function as members of that society. Enculturation teaches, amongst other things, moral values,
behaviors, expectations, rituals and–the focus of this article–language. This helps unify people to create
functional societies

Notebook Activity 19

Discuss at least 3 ways how you as a teacher could support LGBTQ students.

Ways to Support Notes

LGBTQ students

1Support the anti-bullying policy at your school.

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 2Designate your classroom as a safe place.
3Respond to anti LGBTQ language.
Additional ways Listen to your students.
teachers can
support LGBTQ
students

Notebook Activity 20

Describe the different types of family structures and how you as a teacher will build positive relationships with these differing
types.

Describe the different types of Family Structures As a teacher, to build positive relationships with diverse
family structures, I will:
Single Parent Household be sensitive to—and equally comfortable with—every type of
Grand Parent Household family with which they may come into contact
Married Household be careful not to make assumptions about the resources families
Non-Parent Household provide for their children.
Gay/Lesbian Household
Foster Care
Homeless

Notebook Activity 21

Answer the following:

How will you as a teacher ensure all students are valued as individuals?

Notes
Valuing Differences A teacher who respects his or her students and takes their concerns seriously will, over time, make it a goal
to become increasingly comfortable engaging in a discussion of these issues, as challenging and as difficult
as it might seem.

Define prejudice and discrimination. Discuss 3 strategies for keeping prejudice and discrimination out of your classroom.

Notes
Prejudice Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the
individual’s membership of a social group.
Discrimination Discrimination is the behavior or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially
on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc.

3 Strategies for keeping prejudice and discrimination out of your classroom

1. use of multicultural literature
2. Teach lessons directly that actively contribute to affirming diversity and reducing prejudice and bias
3. work toward transforming schools so that equity is achieved throughout the school as an organization and society at large

Notebook Activity 22

Answer the following:

Create notes for the following types of ELL instruction:

Types of ELL Instruction Notes

Content is designed to provide second language learners instruction in
content and language.

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Pull-out ESL Remove students from mainstream classrooms for a portion of the
day in order to give them specialized instruction in English
Sheltered English Instruction An instructional approach used to make instruction in English
understandable to ELL students. In the sheltered classroom,
teachers use physical activities, visual aids, and the environment to
teach vocabulary for concept development in subjects.
Structured English Immersion This program is designed so that the ELL student can succeed in an
English-only mainstream classroom. All instruction in an immersion
strategy program is in English. Teachers have specialized training in
meeting the needs of ELL students.
Bilingual An educational strategy that uses English and the native language of
students in classroom instruction.
Two-way Immersion An educational program that provides instruction in English and a
second language
Newcomer Program Newcomer programs are separate, relatively self-contained
educational interventions designed to meet the academic and
transitional needs of students new to American schools
Opportunity-to-Learn Standards Means that ELL students have to be provided with appropriate
accommodations to support their learning as outlined in the
standards.

Discuss 5 strategies for supporting ELL students.

5 Strategies for supporting ELL students

1. Incorporate language objectives in lessons.
2. Give students more time on tests
3. Incorporate cognitive strategies
4. Incorporate social strategies.
5. Treat ELL students the same as other students. Do not discriminate against the ELL students in your classroom.

Notebook Activity 23

Create notes for the different domestic issues and dangers students face based on the information presented in the video
Presentation.

Domestic Issues and Dangers Students Face Notes

Homelessness Families with low incomes often temporarily end up homeless.
Children that are homeless can attend school. However, they may
not be able to focus effectively on academics. Schools must provide
a high-quality education to students.
Children left home alone With family structures today many students are left home alone after
school. When a child is left alone more injuries and accidents occur.
They are also at risk for behavior problems, lower social competence
and poorer academic performance. They are apt to smoke, drink
alcohol, and do drugs. As a teacher, you will want to be sensitive to
these realties
Child Abuse Students who are abused may arrive to school hungry, bruised, and
depressed. They arrive early/ stay late as school becomes a
sanctuary from the abuse. As a teacher you will need to report
suspected abuse to your supervisor and then make sure your
supervisor and then make sure your supervisor followed up with the
appropriate agency. Schools can be proactive and provide parents
workshop on parenting skills
Bullying Bullying is a huge issue in our schools today. Bullying is defined as
behavior of students who establishes dominance over another
student through physical or verbal harassment that is perpetuated
over time on the victim. Bullying can take place in person or
electronically. Bullying electronically is called cyber bullying. With
cyber bullying, a victim may not know who is doing the bullying. As a
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 teacher you cannot ignore bullying in school. One way you can help
decrease bullying is by modeling appropriate behaviors.

Substance Abuse Teenagers will question whether or not to experiment with cigarettes,
alcohol or drugs. Alcohol is the number one choice of drug among
teenagers.

Racism, Sexism, and Ableism Racism, the conscious or unconscious belief that racial differences
make one group superior to others. Sexism is based on sex or
gender. Especially against women and girls. Sexism can be a belief
that one sex is superior to, or more valuable than another sex. And
ableism, the unconscious belief that persons with disabilities are
inferior to person's without disabilities. The last challenge we are
going to discuss is engagement in school.

Engagement in School Three in four students who enter ninth grade will graduate with a
regular diploma

Module 4: Education and Federal and State Law

Notebook Activity 24

Create notes for the organizational structures within a typical school. This is a list of structures, in no particular order. Include the
role, relationship, and/or placement of the hierarchy.

Organizational Role in the school Relationship to the School and/or Notes

Structure Placement of the Hierarchy
School District or Local policies set by Schools are controlled by a school board  A term used to describe the local school
Local Education these boards are made up of community members who are district.
Agency (LEA) carried out by the either elected or appointed to their
superintendent of positions, with an average of between five
schools and seven board members

Superintendent an education the chief education professional in a school the superintendent hires the district-level
professional who is district. superintendents carry out the local instructional staff (e.g., directors of
hired by and serves school board’s policies curriculum or special education), the
at the pleasure of the administrative staff (e.g., head of human
local school board resources), and building principals. set the
overall tone of a district and communicate
their vision to both the teachers and public.

Local Board of Powers and Duties of a school board can view its role mainly as
Education School Boards: setting broad policy, leaving the
professional decision making to the
Obtain revenue  superintendent, whose influence then
Maintain schools  predominates
Purchase sites and
build buildings 
Purchase materials
and supplies 
Organize and provide
programs of study 
Employ necessary
workers and regulate
their services 
Admit and assign
pupils to schools and
control their conduct.
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Central Office Staff The superintendent of schools works with a
staff to carry out the district’s program of
education.

Principals Duties of Principals: an individual, often a male, who define the patterns of communication and
instructional authoritatively makes decisions on behalf interaction that exist in the school. They
leadership, of teachers and asks teachers to create organizational cultures within their
community implement them schools that either enable teachers to
relationships, participate in decision making or require
supervision of staff, them merely to follow through on decisions
teacher performance made at the top. Principals can also foster
and selection, a climate of professional collaboration or,
students, building alternatively, a climate that inhibits such
and grounds, interaction.
provisions,
administration of the
attendance office,
and all budgets.

Assistant Principals Shares the tasks of the principal.

Department Heads Communication and coordination role for

and Team Leaders their grade level or team.  Meet with the
principal from time to time and bring
information back to their departments.

Teachers
School Support Staff These include the Secretary and
custodians

Instructional The master teachers who are specialists.

Specialists
Innovations in School
Organizations
State Board of Regulatory
Education Functions: the state
board has the
authority to establish
rules and regulations
that limit and permit
action.

Advisory Functions:
the state board can
only offer
suggestions and
indicate preference
for action.

State Department of
Education/State
education agency
(SEA)
State Legislature State legislatures are generally responsible
for creating, operating, managing, and
maintaining state school systems. The
legislators are the state policy makers for
education.

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Governor Governors can veto school legislation.

Notebook Activity 25

Create notes for school funding.

Equity and Adequacy

The Equity Question Does each school across the states have the same amount of funding?
The Adequacy Question Is there enough funding so that students can achieve?
Kentucky Education Reform Act Every child in the state had the right to an adequate education.
(KERA)

Funding: What three questions have to be addressed for funding?

1. How much will each source pay?
2. Is there equity in distribution?
3. Are the resources adequate so that all students can achieve the identified outcomes?

While taxes from a variety of local, state, and federal sources provide funding, the 3 main sources of funding come from
or the Primary Sources of Funding are:

1. Property taxes ( limitations and advantages)

2. Sales or use taxes
3. Income taxes

State Funding Sources: Provide an Equal Education Opportunity for students.

List the 4 categories
1. Sales and gross receipt taxes
2. Income taxes
3. Licenses
4. Miscellaneous

New Funding Sources Being Explored: with the legal issues arising from funding, new sources are being explored:

1. Advertising
2. More student fees
3. More fund- raising schemes
4. Taxation of marijuana
5. State foundation programs

Notebook Activity 26

Answer the following:

Explain how each amendment relates to Education:

1st Amendment the establishment clause “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,”
the free speech clause direct implications for teacher and student rights. (Clause of the First
Amendment to the Constitution stating that the U.S. Congress cannot make laws
that abridge freedom of speech.)

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10th Amendment implies state control of education
14th Amendment Equal educational opportunity ( Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution stating that
each citizen must have due process of the law.)

Explain the Child Benefit Theory and related secular services.

Addresses use of public funds Transportation- Textbooks- Testing, diagnostic, therapeutic, and remedial
for secular services
Services must benefit Student, not school or religion

Notebook Activity 27

Answer the following:

What are 3 Notes

negative
implications for
misuse of social
media?
1Social Networking- Content that is personal or sexual in nature can become basis for dismissal
2Sexting- The use of social media to send sexually explicit photos and information.
3Cheating- Students using technology to cheat. Cell phone use during tests-students can take picture of
questions and text someone to get answer. Plagiarism on papers. Websites offer services to buy papers.
Teachers must be aware that students can cheat with technology

Additional negative Email- Your school email account can be monitored. School district owns it and can read it. Courts can view
implications for emails
misuse of social
media

Notebook Activity 28

Create notes for students’ rights and related court cases.

Students’ Rights Notes

Students’ Right to an Education
Alien and Homeless Children have a
Right to Go to School
In the United States children have a right to an education; this right is ensured in many
state constitutions. All children have equal opportunity to pursue education.
In 1987 with passage of the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, which
requires that “ each State educational agency shall assure that each child of a homeless
individual and each homeless youth have access to a free, appropriate public
education.” Services for homeless students include finishing the school year in the
school they were in before they lost their housing, provide transportation to school, and
tutoring. Schools must provide high quality education.

Students’ Right to Sue
Students’ Right to Due Process
Procedural Due Process
Substantive Due Process
The U. S. Supreme Court has affirmed that students may sue if the school is guilty of
intentionally depriving students of their constitutional rights.
Due process is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The equal protection clause
states, “ nor shall any state . . . deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.” Due process of law means following those rules and principles
that have been established for enforcing and protecting the rights of the accuse
Procedural due process has to do with whether the procedures used in disciplinary
cases are fair.
Substantive due process is concerned with whether the school authorities have
deprived a student of basic substantive constitutional rights such as personal liberty,
property, or privacy

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Family Educational Rights and Privacy
Act (FERPA)
Dress Code and Grooming
Corporal Punishment
Sex Discrimination
Marriage and Pregnancy
Child Abuse and Neglect
Student Publication
Rights of Students with Disabilities
Student and Locker Searches
Peer Sexual Harassment
Court Cases Related to Student Rights Topic
Bethel School District, No.403 v. Fraser
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
Ingraham v. Wright
Notebook Activity 29
Create notes for special education laws.
Special Education Laws Notes
Section 504 of the A civil rights act that addresses equal treatment, appropriate education, and people with disabilities
Rehabilitation Act
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (also known as the Buckley
Amendment) enacted by Congress in 1974, which governs who may see school records
and under what conditions.
If a student’s dress and grooming does not cause disruptive behavior, health, and/or a
safety problem, the court ruling is likely to support the student
The use of corporal punishment is on the decline. However, the United States does not
ban corporal punishment in the schools.
In 1972 the Ninety- Second Congress enacted Title IX of the Education Amendments
Act to remove sex discrimination against students and employees in federally assisted
programs. The key provision in Title IX states, “ No person in the United States shall, on
the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal
financial assistance.”
Schools cannot stop a student from attending school because he or she is married. This
position is based on the above- mentioned Title IX and on the notion that every child
has a right to attend school. Schools enroll pregnant students. Title IX prohibits their
exclusion from school.
Teachers have the ethical obligation and legal obligation to protect the well-being of
children.
The First Amendment guarantees the right of free expression. In relationship to this
right, however, schools also have the responsibility to maintain an orderly school
environment. The standard for students’ free expression allows schools to restrict such
expression if there is reasonable cause that the action will disrupt the school
In the early 1970s, court decisions established the position that students with disabilities
were entitled to an “ appropriate” education and to procedural protections against
arbitrary treatment.
As a teacher, are you allowed to search your students’ backpacks or desks if you
suspect that a student has cigarettes, drugs, alcohol, or weapons? A random search of
students’ lockers is permissible because they are under the shared control of the school
and the student.
Title IX prohibits sex discrimination, and this includes students’ harassing other
students. All allegations must be investigated promptly, and schools must take
immediate action in cases in which harassment behaviors have been confirmed.
Decision
Can lewd language be used in a Lewd or vulgar speech can be curbed in a
school speech nominating a student school setting; a balance must be achieved
for office? between freedom of expression and the school’s
role in establishing the boundaries of what is
socially acceptable.
Can the school censor articles in the Censorship is allowed when school officials
school newspaper? have reasons related to legitimate issues of
education.
Power of states to authorize corporal Court ruled that states may constitutionally
punishment without consent of the authorize corporal punishment.
student’s parent.
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Public Law 94-142 This law, also known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) first passed by
Congress in 1975, has been amended over the years into today’s Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act (IDEA)
Individuals with Federal legislation protecting the rights of students with disabilities to receive a free, appropriate
Disabilities Education Act education that meets their needs
(IDEA)
Response to Intervention A multi-tiered approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavioral
(RTI) needs.
1st Tier -Whole group instruction
2nd Tier Small group instruction
3rd Tier One-on-One instruction

Notebook Activity 30

Answer the following:

Explain how you will apply the teacher dispositions in your future classroom.
Have enthusiasm for teaching • Continuous learning • Believe all children can learn

Explain teacher negligence, educational malpractice, and teacher liability.

Teacher negligence
Educational malpractice
Liability
Notes
a failure to exercise or practice due care.
Culpable neglect by a teacher in the performance of his or her duties
Responsibility for the failure to use reasonable care when such failure results in injury to another.

Explain what enabling and administrative laws are.

Notes
Laws that come from the constitution that make it possible for educators to do certain things.
Enabling Law
Rules and regulations created by executive branch. Impacts educators through the US
Administrative Laws
Department of Education.
emerge from federal and state court cases.
Case Law

Notebook Activity 31

Answer the following:

Discuss the positive and negative aspects of teacher accountability.

Define Notes
Accountability A school’s obligation to take responsibility for The value added to academic achievement by effective
what students learn. teachers has led to movements for greater
accountability of educators for student learning.
Value Added System Teacher evaluation is often measured by the
academic progress students make. Value-
added systems connect the teacher and the
students’ test scores.

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Concerns with accountability include Rewards with accountability include
Students are not taught by the same teacher Focused evaluation
Student performance is influenced by many factors Financial rewards
Teachers need to find ways to increase test scores Training programs

Explain how this will impact you in your future teaching? Student opinion.

Module 5: Standards-Based Curriculum

Notebook Activity 32

Answer the following:

What are the educational standards and what purpose do they serve?
Formal, public statements of what students should know and be able to do in each of the content areas at various
points in their PK–12 education.

Notebook Activity 33

Create notes for the standards and assessment information presented in the video Presentation.

Notes
List the many things implied in education. Evaluation grades, tests, performances, reflection, criteria, rubrics, and more
Connection to standards What students should know and be able to do, and used to evaluate teachers and
principals
Formative assessment Progress Monitoring
Summative assessment Comes at the end of instruction to see what the student has learned overall
Diagnostic diagnostic is whenever you're trying to see where there is a discrepancy in the
student. As far as what they're able to achieve. These can be physical they can
be mental, if you have a student that is having reading disabilities, you can do a
diagnostic test to see where that discrepancy is between what the student knows
and what they're having trouble with.

Norm-referenced Norm-referenced assessments are where you have a norm as far as students
that are at a similar place, grade and type, as the students taking the
assessment. And you're referencing what the results are against those students.

Criterion being referenced against criteria that's required for students to know. One is
against other students, one is against a specific set of requirements.

Capstone/Summative culminating assessment a type of culminating assessment to see what students know. So while many
assessments are multiple choice or that kind of standardized approach,
especially summative assessments.

Authentic Assessments Authentic assessments really focus on you showing what you can do, in a
practical and real world application
Project Rubric  rubric gets specific requirements and their graded based on that rubric.

Notebook Activity 34

Answer the following:

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Locate the per-pupil expenditure for Do you feel this amount will support your future students?
your state in the textbook.
$7759 I do not think that it will be able to support my future students especially if I have
students in more rural areas.

Define per-pupil expenditure

The average total amount of money that is spent per pupil each year, which varies greatly from state to state.

List and define the following reform models

Reform Model Define

Professional Learning Communities Teams of teachers who work together to improve student learning. They
developing common goals, determining ways to meet goals, implement different
approaches, collecting data to determine if the approaches have met their goals

School Improvement Process An approach for gradual improvement of school curricula.  Team of principal,
teachers, team leads, department chairs, and parents.  Hold meetings to
determine how well students are performing.  They identify specific targets that
everyone will work on in the next year.

Success for All Was developed around the core assumption that every child can read. 
Structured approach to the curriculum and support for children.  Includes
specific reading books, use of reading tutors, and eight-week reading
assessments.  Teachers use prescribed strategy.

School Development Program
is a research- based, comprehensive K– 12 education reform program grounded
in the principles of child, adolescent, and adult development  the teams are
guided by three principles: decision making, problem solving, and collaboration.
 creation of an environment that promotes the adult– student interactions
necessary for good student development and academic learning in school.

STEM The focus is on developing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

curriculum.
Essential Schools Students need to master a common core of information and skills  Promotes a
vision of schooling in which students engage in in- depth and rigorous learning. 
Principles of essential schools include: Using the mind with a focus on essential
learning goals. An attempt to apply these goals to all students  Personalized
teaching and learning Student performance on real tasks with multiple forms of
evidence

Notebook Activity 35

Answer the following:

Describe the Common Core State Standards

A set of standards that describe knowledge and skills that students need for success in college and careers.

What are the points of debate concerning the Common Core State Standards? (list at least 2)
Standards will expand until they becomes a national curriculum.
Available to all states-but adoption is voluntary

Additional points of debate concerning CCSS: With so many states adopting the Common Core State Standards. All of this could

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be leading to a national curriculum. Others believe that a national curriculum already exists and that national requirements are
appropriate

Go to your state’s Department of Education Website to seek information about your adoption of the Common Core State
Standards. Record your findings.
Florida has not adopted Common Core Standards

How do you think the movement towards a national curriculum affects you? Student opinion.

Consider the many influences on curriculum. Which do you feel has the most influence? Student opinion.

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