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Ischemic = Clot
(makes up approximately
87% of all strokes)
Embolic Thrombotic
Hemorrhagic = Bleed
- Bleeding around brain
- Bleeding into brain
THREE STROKE TYPES
Focal Brain Dysfunction
85% 10% 5%
Thrombotic Emboli
<4,5j >4,5j >4,5j
Alteplase Anti Antikoagulan
platelet
Alteplase
Thrombectomy
Thrombectomy
Manajemen Ischemic Stroke
• Datang 3-4,5jam paska serangan: mechanical
Thrombectomy di dahului alteplase
• Aspirin setelah 24 jam post alteplase
• Antikoagulan pada stroke emboli
• Insulin short acting s.c. bila hiperglikemia
• Antihipertensi bila TD>220/110, kecuali akan
dapat alteplase/thrombectomi TD
<185/110mmHg
PROBLEM MEDIK UMUM
1. Munculnya komplikasi neurologis menyulitkan
penatalaksanaan
In patients presenting with minor (NIHSS ≤3) non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke who did not
receive IV tPA, treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) started
within 24 hours after symptom onset and continued for 21 days is effective in reducing
recurrent ischemic stroke for a period of up to 90 days from symptom onset.
Blood Pressure – ASA Guidelines
• High or Low may affect stroke outcome
• Early stage – systolic BP 150-170 is optimal
• More aggressive Tx with malignant HTN
Myocardial Ischemia, Aortic Dissection, post
TPA
• LBP – often Hypovolemia & Tx with Fluids,
pressors PRN
Antihipertensi
• Penurunan tekanan darah lebih jauh akan
berguna terhadap outcome stroke namun
harus dilaksanakan secara perlahan-lahan
sehingga tidak mengganggu perfusi darah ke
otak.
• Farmakoterapi yang dipilih adalah diuretik,
ACE inhibitor, Ca antagonis golongan
dihydropiridin (Nifedipin, Nimodipin,
nicardipin), diltiazem.
INFEKSI NOSOKOMIAL
• Bakteri Nosokomial: Enterobacter, Staphylococcus sp,
Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter sp, Pseudomonas,
E. Coli, (ESKAPE)
• Infeksi yang umum pada stroke: HAP, ISK, Pressure ulcer
(Dekubitus)
• Dekubitus belum tentu butuh AB, tetapi butuh antiseptic
utk rawat luka.
• Untuk klebsiella, pseudomonas: AB+ aminoglikosida
• AB: Cefalosporin Gen III, IV, Carbapenem, Fluoro Quinolon
generasi terbaru
• Aminoglikosida: amikasin, dibekacin, Gentamicin,
Netilmycin. Berikan loading dose bila sepsis, infeksi berat
dan dosis maintenance once daily.
Anti Kejang
• Agen: Carbamazepin, Phenytoin, Fosphenytoin,
Levetiracetam, Luminal
• ADR: semua antikejang memberikan ADR ke liver hanya
berbeda frekuensi kejadian dan jenis gangguan livernya
kecuali Luminal
• Jaundice: Diazepam, CBZ
• Peningkatan SGOT/SGPT: CBZ, Phenytoin
• Hepatitis: CBZ
• Strategi:Pilih yg less hepatotoxic pada CH, awasi
SGOT/SGPT/Bil, bila terjadi peningkatan stop terapi.
SECONDARY STROKE PREVENTION:
ANTIPLATELET AGENTS FOR ARTERIAL DISEASE
• Aspirin
– Prevents MI & stroke
– Stroke rec 50-365 mg/d, but MI rec 75-162 mg/d
– Low dose with less side effects, > 1200 mg/d ineffective
– Enteric coating, NSAIDs may lessen efficacy
• Clopidogrel 75 mg per day
– Prevents MI and stroke
– Routine combination with aspirin not indicated in stroke pts, though
not resolved for subset of pts with large-artery athero
– PPIs lessen efficacy
• Aspirin / dipyridamole XR 25/200 twice daily
– Data regarding MI prophylaxis lacking
– Headache common side effect of dipyridamole
– Not superior to clopidogrel…with more bleeding side effects
SECONDARY STROKE PREVENTION:
ANTITHROMBOTIC RX BASED ON CAUSE
Platelets are like Velcro Clotting factors are like dissolved powdered gelatin
sticking to bumpy walls that forms clumps of Jello when liquid is static