SERVICE LEVEL

BENCHMARK IN URBAN
TRANSPORT
By Megha Gupta, 1
Urban Transport Planner, IUT
 Present Scenario – Indian Cities

1. Cities are 5. Supply Side Focus

Sprawling 6. Poor Enforcement
2. Environmental 7. Multiple
Degradation Institutions
3. Declining PT & 8. Poor Traffic Sense
NMT in People
4. Low Investments
2
• From 2001 to 2011, the annual growth of population 1.6%, but motor vehicles
increased by almost 10%
• Focus on improving mobility for car users
Challenges of our cities

• Limited “right
of way”
• No footpaths
• Heterogeneity
of vehicles
• Very limited
public transport
• Lack of trained
manpower
• Inadequate
resources
3
Need for Improved Mobility

1. Improved economic
potential of the city
2. Improved Quality of Life4
3. Livable Cities
 Sustainable Urban Transport

Manage
Demand

Manage
Supply
5

Aim to provide affordable, accessible, equitable, comfortable, secure, and

environment-friendly transport services.
Major components of sustainable
transport
Promoting
Priority to
Public
NMT
Transport

Land Use
Transport Environment
Integration

Freight Traffic
Safety
Management

6
Parking
Management
Need to benchmark components of
Sustainable urban transport

7
Definition & Objectives
• A measurement of the quality of facilities in urban
transport and its comparison with the standards with
respect to the facility.

The objectives of benchmarking are:

1. To determine what and where improvements are

required

2. To analyze how to achieve high performance levels

8
3. To use this information to improve performance
Benefits
Help to assess the
impact of
investment made
in UT Help in identifying
general short
comings in
Help GoI in infrastructure and
ensuring optimum service delivery
allocation of
resources and their
utilization by the
cities. SLB
Guide in
State/City formulating a
authority can use general policy for
to set and track future
their performance interventions and 10
improvement investment
requirements in UT
 1. Public
Transport
facilities
10. Financial 2. Pedestrian
Sustainability Infrastructure
of PT by Bus facilities

9. Integrated
Land Use 3. NMT
Transport facilities
System
10 Benchmarks
8. Pollution Areas of Interventions
levels 4. Level of
Usage of ITS
facilities

5. Travel
7. Road Safety speed along
major
6. Availability corridors 11
of Parking
Spaces
Cycle tracks of Jaipur Pedestrian facilities - Median on roads-
Jammu Jammu

Indicators of Benchmarking

13
Railway Station- Katra
 1. Public Transport Facilities

Presence of
Extent of Supply – Service Coverage
Organised Public
Availability of of Public Transport
Transport System
public Transport in the city
in Urban Area

Average waiting % of Fleet as per

Level of Comfort in
time for Public Urban Bus
Public Transport
Transport users Specifications

14
 2. Pedestrian Infrastructure facilities

% of City Covered
Signalised Street Lighting
with footpaths
Intersection Delay (Lux)
(wider than 1.2m.)

3. Non-Motorized Transport

Encroachment on NMT Parking

% of network
NMT roads by facilities at
covered
Vehicle Parking Interchange
15
 4. Level of Usage of Intelligent Transport
System (ITS) facilities

Global Positioning
System (GPS) / Passenger
Availability of Traffic
General Packet Information System
Surveillance
Radio Service (PIS)
(GPRS)

Integrated Ticketing Signal

System Synchronization

16
5. Travel speed (Motorized and Mass
Transit) along major corridors

Average Travel speed Average Travel speed

of Personal vehicles of Public transport

6. Availability of Parking Spaces

Availability of on street Ratio of Maximum and

paid public parking Minimum Parking Fee in
spaces the City
17
7. Road Safety

Fatality rate for

Fatality rate per
pedestrian and
lakh population
NMT

8. Pollution levels

Oxides of
SO2 SPM
Nitrogen

RSPM (Size less 18

than 10 microns)
9. Integrated Land Use Transport System

Mixed Land-use on
Intensity of
Population Density Major Transit
Development –
– Gross Corridors /
City wide (FSI)
Network

Intensity of Road Netwrok

development Pattern and % of area under
along transit Completeness of Roads
corridor the network

% age network
having exclusive
ROW for Transit 19
network
10. Financial Sustainability of Public
Transport (Bus)

Extent of Non fare

Staff /bus ratio Operating Ratio
Revenue

20
 Methodology
Establishment of
Collection of
Detailed analysis of LOS for indicators
Primary and
data under each
Secondary data
benchmark

Annual Compilation of Calculation of

Monitoring Report card overall LOS

21

Stakeholder Consultation at all stages

Following Steps are involved:

1. Study Area Delineation

 Marking the administrative

units of city limits like
municipal corporation or
continuous development area
etc.

 Marking the public transport

routes covering the urban and
sub-urban network.

 Preparation of base maps in

22
GIS /VISSUM software

JMC Limits - 410.96 Sq. Km

 2. Data Collection - Secondary Data
Sl. Development Municipal STU/ Traffic
Data RTO PCB
No. Authority Corporation SPV Police

1 Area and population √ √

2 Road Network Characteristics √ √
3 Public Transport Characteristics √ √
√
4 Pedestrian facilitates √ √

5 Non Motorized transport √ √

6 Parking locations and fee √ √ √
Intelligent Transport System
7 √ √ √
facilities
8 Intermediate Public Transport √ √ √
9 Road Safety √ √ √
10 Pollution 23
√
11 Integrated land use transport √ √
12 Financial Sustainability √ √ √
 2. Data Collection – Primary Data through Surveys
Sl. No. Service level benchmarks Primary surveys

Boarding Alighting Survey

1 Public Transport Characteristics
2 Pedestrian facilitates
3 Non Motorized transport
4 Parking locations and fee
Intelligent Transport System
5 Intersection Survey & Interchange Survey
Bus Stop Headway Count Survey
Bus Occupancy Survey
Road inventory survey
-Availability of footpaths
-Encroachment on foot paths
-Lux Survey
Bicycle parking survey at Interchanges
--Availability of cycle parking facility within
250m radius of at major bus stops/ Terminals
Road inventory Survey
24
-Parking provision in the city
2. Data Collection : A. Primary

Sl. No. Service level benchmarks Primary surveys

Speed and Delay survey along major arterials

Travel speed along major corridors
6 -Travel speed of personal vehicles and public
transport along Arterial roads
7 Road Safety Not required
8 Pollution Not required

Land use and Intensity of development survey

along Proposed PT corridor
9 Integrated land use transport
Mixed land use zoning (% area under non
residential use)

10 Financial Sustainability Not required

25
C. Sampling
S. No. Primary Survey Cities with < 1 Cities with 1 - 4 Cities with > 4
million
million Population million Population
Population
1 Road network details along 100% 60-70% 20-25%
the Arterial roads / Sub arterial
roads / Key public transport
corridors
2 Passenger count on identified 100% 70-80% 25-35%
routes
3 Headway count at identified All Bus Stops 25% 10%
major bus stops
4 Phasing plan of signalized All signalized 70-80% 50-60%
intersections along the intersection
identified Roads
5 Lighting on footpaths along 100% 60-70% 20-25%
along identified roads
(Lux)
6 Measurement of 100% 70-80% 20-25%
encroachment on NMT
network 26
C. Sampling

S. No. Primary Survey Cities with < 1 Cities with 1 - 4 Cities with > 4
million
million Population million Population
Population
7 Identification of NMT All Interchanges and 25% 10%
facilities at Interchanges and terminals
Bus stops
8 PIS/CCTV at major bus stops, 100% of all 60-70% of all 20-25% of all the all
terminals, signalized interchanges interchanges interchanges
intersections and metro
stations
9 Speed delay along the 100% 60-70% 20-25%
identified roads
10 Speed delay the identified 100% 60-70% 25-35%
roads
11 On street parking along the 100% 60-70% 20-25%
identified roads
12 Land Use Observation Survey 100% 60-70% 25-35% 27
along identified corridors
3. Detailed Analysis of Data % of footpaths present in
Jaipur
A. Preliminary data analysis
Travel speed along PT
B. Calculation of Level of corridors -Vijayawada

Services (LoS)

C. Preparation of Report Card

4 . Monitoring of LoS
Report card preparation
A. Annual monitoring of level
of services

5. Stakeholders
Consultation
-All stages 28
Case Study - Jaipur

29
1. Public Transport Facilities

L1 – Presence of Organized Public Transport System in Urban Area (%)

L2 – Availability of Public Transport
L3 – Service Coverage of Public Transport in the City
L4 – Average Waiting Time for Public Transport Users
L5 – Level of Comfort in Public Transport
L6 – % of Fleet as per Urban Bus Specifications

Calculated LoS = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 30
1. Public Transport Facilities
A. Organized Public Transport System In Urban Area B. Availability of Public Transport
Parameter Input Source Parameter Input Source
Number of Buses
Total Number of Buses in the JCTSL
City RTO operating in a city 255
2288
on any day
Total Population of Census
Total Number of Buses Under 30,73,350
300 JCTSL the City (2011)
the ownership of STU/SPV
Availability of
Presence of Public Transport
13.11%
{b/a}*100 Public transport [a / b]
0.08
System in Urban Area(%)
/1000 population

LOS Presence of organized Public Transport LOS Availability of Public

System in Urban Area Transport (‘000 population)
1 >= 60 1 >= 0.6

2 40 - 60 2 0.4 – 0.6

3 20 - 40 3 0.2 – 0.4

4 <20 4 <0.2 31
Calculation LOS Calculation LOS

13.11% 4 0.08 4
1. Public Transport Facilities
C. Service Coverage of Public Transport in the city
Parameter Input Source

Total length in road Kms

of the corridors on 255
JCTSL
which public transport KMS
system ply in the city
Area of the Urban limits Master
410.96
of the city in Sq. Km. Plan, 2025
Service Coverage [a / b]

255/410.96 = 0.62
LOS Service Coverage of Public
Transport in the city
1 >= 1
2 0.7 – 1.0
3 0.3 – 0.7
4 <0.3 32
Calculation LOS
0.55 3
1. Public Transport Facilities
D. Average waiting time for public transport users

Avg. waiting time for each route during Peak Hr.:

- By sorting route name, time, bus stop and direction

Formatted Data for the Analysis

STOP ROUTE BUS AC/
DIRECTION PEAK TIME ROUTE NAME VIA
NAME NO TYPE NAC
transport mali khoti to todi
transpor
nagar to ghat am 8:34:00 15 mod harmada 1 NAC
t nagar
ki ghunee mod
transport jagat pura(kachi
transpor
nagar to ghat am 8:34:00 6 basti) to gandhi 1 NAC
t nagar
ki ghunee nagar

LOS 4. Average Waiting Time for Public Bus stops having frequency of 5mins 34 sec
Transport Users (Minutes)
1 <= 4 Source Calculation LOS
2 4–6 Primary
5 mins 34 sec 2
3 6 – 10 Survey 33
4 >10
Primary Survey Required: Headway count survey at identified bus stops
Secondary Data- STU/SPV ,Transport department, private operators if available. for list of bus stops in city
1. Public Transport Facilities
E. Level of Comfort in Public Transport
Mapping of each PT corridor on GIS
platform
Primary Survey Required: Passenger Count Survey inside
buses along identified routes
Secondary Data- STU/SPV ,Transport department, private
operators if available. for list of all public transit routes

Bus Occupancy Survey on – 23 Bus

Routes

Formatting Data for Analysis

Level of comfort of PT for peak hour :

- Passengers on board/available
Level of Comfort in Public Transport is 1.34
seats; calculated at each bus stop
for each route.

LOS Level of Comfort in Public

Transport
1 <= 1.5
Calculation LOS
2 1.5 – 2.0 34
1.34 1
3 2.0 – 2.5
4 >2.5
1. Public Transport Facilities
F. % of Fleet as per Urban Bus Specification
Parameter Input Source
Total Number of Buses in
2288 RTO
City
Total Number of Buses as JCTCL,
per Urban Bus 300 Primary
Specifications Survey
% of Fleet as per Urban Calculate=
Bus Specifications [b / a] *
100

% of Fleet as per Urban Bus Specifications is 13.11%

LOS % of Fleet as per Urban Bus
Specification Calculation LOS
1 75 - 100
13.11% 4
2 50 - 75
35
3 25 - 50

4 <= 25
Overall LoS - Public Transport Facilities
Overall LoS= L1+L2+L3+L4+L5+L6=4+4+3+2+1+4 = 18
Overal Calculate
Comments
l LoS d LoS
The City has a good public transport system which is wide spread
1 < 12 and easily available to the citizens. The system provided is
comfortable.
The City has public transport system which may need considerable
improvements in terms of supply of buses/ coaches and coverage as
2 12 - 16 many parts of the city are not served by it. The frequency of the
services available may need improvements. The system provided is
comfortable.
The City has a public transport system which may need considerable
improvements in terms of supply of buses / coaches and coverage as
3 17 - 20 most parts of the city are not served by it. The frequency of the
services available needs improvements. The system provided is not
comfortable as there is considerable over loading.
36
4 21-24 The city has very poor/no organized public transport system

Over all LoS = 3

Preparation of Report Card
S.
S. No.
No. Service
Service Level
Level LoS Actually
LoS Actually LoS Targeted
LoS Targeted Action
Action Plan
Plan to Achieve the
to Achieve Target
the Target
Benchmark
Benchmark Achieved
Achieved for
for Next
Next Year
Year
 Construct
Control growth dedicated NMT track This
along
S. No. Service Level LoS Actually LoS Targeted Action Planintoparking
Achieve demand.
the Target
Non Motorized couldmajor arterial/
be done by: sub-arterial roads - at
Benchmark Achieved for Next Year
S. No.
3 Service Level
Transport LoS Actually
4 LoS Targeted
3 Action
least 75Plan
km. to Achieve the Target
Availability of 
6 Benchmark
(NMT)facilities Achieved
4 for Next
3 Year  Introducing
Improve the extent
Construct NMTpaidparking
parking
of supply in and
spaceswalled
on city,
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Parking Spaces around
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Ensure interchanges and along
done
 keycommercial
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Develop area
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transit to integrate
corridors encourage the
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Incremental parking charges
91
Public Transport
Integrated Land Use
Level of usage of 3 2  planned
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use,
250 – and
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CCTVs density
standard forbuses
police
Reduce road fatalities.toThis
surveillance, can be done
facilities System
Transport
Integrated Transport (as per Urbanetc.
development. manage
Bus Specification). urban
4 4 3 by: Construct

System (ITS)  traffic at key
Subsequently, locations
dedicated
increase asfrequency
public well.
transport and
 Add
 network CCTVs in buses
– at least
Identifytransport
public black-spots. –
50Also
service 2 per
kmcoveragebus.
assess the
facilities
 Central
The control
public transport
reasons for these room
system to be
accidents setup,
needs to more
7 Road Safety 4 3  connected
financially
Construct
Introducing totraffic
sustainable. GPS in
footpath buses.
This
(width
calming could be donein
=>1.8m)
measures
Improve
by: along the
accident peak
majorprone hour
arterial/
areastraffic
– e.g.flow
sub-arterial
speedat key
Financial locations, e.g. around the
roads
humps, - at least
chicanes, km.railway
80curb extensions,station
10 Sustainability of 3 2  Identifying alternative revenue
and walledstreets,
 Installing
living city.
pedestrian
etc. e.g. signals on at least
Travel speed
Pedestrian
Public Transport generation sources, advertising
(Motorized and  25
This and signalized
Enforcement
could be value
land done intersections
ofcapture.
traffic regulations
by:
2
5 Infrastructure 3
2 2
2  Street lights should
Introduction cleanbefuel
of incentivise installed
(e.g.: in all
Mass Transit) along
facilities  Encourage and its usage in
 major
Trafficarterial/
Compressed management measures
sub-arterial
Natural Gas) for PTsuch
roads, to as
and
major corridors the low occupancy corridors 37
8 Pollution levels 3 2 on-street
improve
IPT vehicles. parking
the control,
lux levels alongetc. the

 Synchronising
Increasing the signals
footpath share offorpublicbetter traffic
flow for the
transport and peak
NMT movement.
 MoUD Initiative

• MoUD has undertaken the research study on SLB in

12 cities as follows:

Delhi, Jaipur, Nanded, Vijayawada, Jammu-Katra,

& Patna - IUT

Hubli-Dharwad, Mysore, Ahmadabad, Surat,

Kohima & Bhubaneswar – CEPT
41
Thank You!

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