Urban Transportation

-Urban transportation is
the collection of means
we use to transport
passengers and goods
into, out of, and within
city limits.
 Transportation planning is the
Transportation process of regulating and
Planning controlling the provision of
transport to facilitate the efficient
operation of the economic, social
and political life of the country at
the lowest social cost.
 Purpose of Transportation Planning
 Identifying multiple options for transportation
 Identifying outlying problems to a transportation system
 Identifying solutions to those identified problems
 Recalling the purpose of the construction design
 Optimization of existing transportation systems and
structural design
Goals of Transportation Planning
Transportation Planning Process
Transportation
Surveys
Data
Analysis

Transportation
Model

Future Land
Use
Alternative
Forecasts
Policy
Strategies

Policy
Evaluation
 This includes all types of literature and
data (both government and non-
Transportation government) available on transportation,
Survey and Data journey behaviour patterns, nature and
Collection intensity of traffic, freight structure, cost
and benefits, i.e., income, employment
estimates, etc
 The second stage of the transportation
planning process is to use the collected data
to build up a transportation model. This
Transportation model is the key to predicting future travel
Model demands and network needs and is derived
in four recognized stages, i.e., trip
generation, trip distribution, traffic
assignment and model split.
 Trips are made for a variety of
purposes and for various land uses.
For convenience, trips are often
Trip Generation split into two groups:
A. Home – based trips
B. Non-home based trips
 It is the function of trip distribution to
calculate the number of trips between one
zone and another, given the previously
Trip Distribution deter­mined numbers of trip ends in each
zone together with further information on
the transport facilities available between
these zones.
 The aim is to stimulate route choice through a
defined transport network. Traffic assignment may be
considered in two parts.

First, it is necessary to define the transport

Traffic Assignment
network and determine criteria for route choice
through the network.

Second, using the inter-zonal trip matrix as the

input data, trips are assigned to this network.
 The main purpose of the model-
split stage is to determine the trip
Model Split
shares of public, as against private,
transport.
 The forecasting of future land use inputs is a
hazardous task, for two important reasons.
Future Land Use A. Transport planners have to rely on the
and Travel Demand judgment of to the types of planner for most
of their land use forecasts.
Forecasting
B. Long-term forecasting is affected with
many statistical problems.
 The evaluation stage is probably the
most important of all, yet has received
only limited research attention. An
Policy Evaluation economic evaluation of transport
proposals is necessary because vehicle-
km and road space are commodities,
which are not directly bought and sold.
 The nature of transport policy
Transport varies with time and space. In
formulating transport policy, one
Policy should take into consideration the
‘coordination’ and ‘competition’.
 Transport Demand Management in the
USA
Transportation demand management (TDM) describes programs and
projects that aim to provide more competitive transportation options to
driving alone, reduce trips and improve traffic congestion without building
more roads. . It may be categorised according to whether it mainly affects
trip generation, trip distribution, and model choice or route selection.
USA Department of
Transportation
 Netherlands’s Policy for ‘Sustainable
Development
National Environmental Policy Plan or NEPP of Netherland is an
example of environ­mental protection as well as policy for the control of
pollution created by transport. The NEPP recognises that safeguarding
environmental quality on behalf of what it calls ‘sustainable development’
will be a process that will last for several decades.
The objectives of the NEPP are:

1. Vehicles must be as clean, quiet, safe, and economical as possible;

2. The choice or mode for passenger transport must result in the lowest
possible energy consumption and the least possible pollution; and

3. The locations where people live, shop, work and spend their leisure time
will be coordinated in such a way that the need to travel is minimized.
 Transport Policy in UK

1945-51: The genesis of nationalised transport sector, with

increasing regulation in order to restrict competition, coordination
of transport services was envisioned through state (i.e., common)
ownership.
 Transport Policy in UK

1951-68: A gradual relaxation of regulation and control, with the

aim of allowing natural tendencies to determine the direction of
transport policy.

1968-77: Coordination through competition remains foremost,

but more resources have been allocated to propping up and
rationalizing an ailing public transport sector.
The notable points of UK’s transport policy (1970) are:

1. The transport infrastructure and services must be

modernised. Since total resources are limited, this means
planning investment as a whole, increasing productivity and
developing better criteria to assist choice.

2. The problem of traffic conditions in towns must be given

greater priority,
The notable points of UK’s transport policy (1970) are:

3. The transport system must take account of the

social as well as economic needs of the country.

4. Public transport must play a key role in solving the

transport problems.
Five areas of concern are also identified:

1. There is still no proper framework for the effective coordi­

nation of transport policy,

2. The social problem of ensuring adequate public transport for

those without cars is becoming more pressing.

3. Concern for the environment and the quality of life has

increased dramatically in recent years.
Five areas of concern are also identified:

4. The energy crisis of 1973 has necessitated a revision of

car ownership forecasts.

5. Overshadowing all the above developments is the need

for public expenditure restrictions.
European Union (EU):

For transport to be sustainable, it must satisfy three basic conditions:

(1) Its rates of use of renewable resources do not exceed their rates of
regeneration;
(2) Its rates of use for non-renewable resources do not exceed the rate at
which sustainable renewable substitutes are developed; and
(3) Its rates of pollution emission do not exceed the assimilative capacity of
the environment.
Issues of Urban Transportation
Issues of Urban Transportation
1. Urban Transportation at the Crossroads
2. Automobile Dependency
3. Congestion
4. Mitigating Urban Congestion
5. The Urban Transit Challenge
 A. Traffic congestion and parking difficulties
Traffic congestion occurs when urban
transport networks are no longer
capable of accommodating the
volume of movements that use them.

Congestion and parking are also

interrelated since street parking
consumes transport capacity,
removing one or two lanes for
circulation along urban roads.
B. Longer Commuting

People are taking longer commutes

between their homes and places of
employment, which is comparable
to traffic congestion. The
affordability of housing is a
significant factor influencing this
development.
C. Public Transport Inadequacy

Many public transit systems, or segments of them, are

either over or underused since the demand for public transit
is subject to periods of peaks and trenches.
 D. Difficulties for non-
motorized transport
These difficulties are either the
outcome of intense traffic, where the
mobility of pedestrians, bicycles, and
other non-motorized vehicles is
impaired, but also because of a blatant
lack of consideration for pedestrians and
bicycles in the physical design of
infrastructures and facilities.
E. Loss of Public Space

Most roads are publicly owned and free

of access. Increased traffic negatively
affects once-popular public events
including markets, public squares,
parades and processions, games, and
relationships between neighbors. These
have progressively vanished and been
replaced by cars.
F. High
infrastructure
maintenance costs
Cities with old
transportation systems
are under pressure to
update to more up-to-
date infrastructure and
must shoulder rising
maintenance
expenditures.
 G. Environmental impacts
and energy consumption

Urban residents' quality of life and

even health are being impacted by
pollution, which includes noise from
transportation. The amount of energy
consumed for urban transportation has
increased along with the dependence
on petroleum.
H. Accidents and Safety

An important portion of
recurring delays from
congestion are caused by
accidents. People are less
comfortable using the streets
because of increased traffic.
I. Land Footprints
Due to the over-reliance on the
infrastructure supporting road
traffic, between 30 and 60% of a
metropolitan area may be allocated
to transportation. However, because
mobility is a sign of effectiveness
and wealth, this footprint also
emphasizes the strategic
significance of transportation in
cities' economic and social welfare.
 J. Freight Distribution

The amount of freight traveling within

cities has increased as a result of
globalization and rising living standards.
The mobility of freight in metropolitan
settings has come under increased
scrutiny because it frequently uses the
same infrastructures as passenger
transportation.
2. Automobile Dependency

Utilizing an automobile has a number of benefits,

including on-demand mobility, comfort, status, speed, and
convenience. Together, these benefits show why
automobile ownership is increasing globally, particularly
in urban areas and emerging nations.
3. Congestion
Congestion occurs when transport demand exceeds transport supply at
a specific point in time and in a specific section of the transport system.
Congestion can be perceived as an unavoidable consequence of the usage of
scarce transport resources, particularly if they are not priced. Congestion
comes in two major forms: RECURRENT CONGESTION and NON-
RECURRENT CONGESTION
4. Mitigating Urban Congestion
Measures to alleviate congestion:
a) Ramp Metering
b) Traffic Signal Synchronization
c) Incident Management
d) Vehicle Restriction
e) Sharing Vehicles
f) HOV Lanes
g) Congestion Pricing
h) Parking Management
i) Micro-mobility
5. The Urban Transit Challenge

Challenges of Urban Transit:

a. Decentralization
b. Fixity
c. Connectivity
d. Automobile Competition
e. Construction and Maintenance Cost
f. Fare Structures
g. Self-Driving Vehicles