NUR 099 (Nursing Seminar 1)

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FOURTH YEAR

Session # 1

LESSON TITLE: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF

NURSING Materials:

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Book, pen and notebook, index card/class list

Upon completion of this lesson, the nursing student can:

1. Review the history and significance of the nursing

profession;
2. Identify the nursing philosophies and their proponents;
3. Enumerate and describe the conceptual models of nursing;
4. Recall all the nursing theories and their historical
significance.
References: Nursing Theorists and Their
Work, 9th Edition. by Martha Raile Alligood, PhD,
RN, ANEF

SUBJECT ORIENTATION (10 minutes)

Your classroom instructor for this subject, Nursing Seminar 1 . Listed below are the
additional information vital in orientation:

1. The calendar of activities for major examinations must be relayed.

2. Classroom rules and regulations will be informed per the instructor’s discretions.
3. Computation of grades specific for this subject must be thoroughly explained to students.
4. The essence and significance in grade computation of these modules must be introduced.
5. If this is the first subject of the class, the instructor must initiate an election for block officers.
6. Any other information that will be deemed necessary by the instructor must be properly coordinated to the class.

MAIN LESSON (50 minutes)

The students will study and read their book about this lesson:

Outline of the topics the students will read on will be the following:

I. Introduction to Nursing Theory

A. History of Nursing
B. Significance for the
*Discipline
*Profession

II. Nursing Philosophies

A. Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
B. Jean Watson’s Philosophy and theory of transpersonal caring
C. Benner’s Stages of Nursing Expertise
D. Erikson’s Carative Caring Theory

III. Conceptual Models of Nursing

A. Orem’s Self-care Deficit Model
B. Roger’s Science of Unitary Human Being Conceptual Models of Nursing
C. King’s General System Framework Nursing Conceptual Model
D. Neuman’s System Model
E. Roy’s Adaptation Model
F. Johnson’s Behavioral Systems Model

1 of 4
Nursing Theorists of Historical Significance

A. Levine Conservation Model

B. Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationship
C. Orlando’s Theory of deliberate Nursing Process
D. Travelbee’s Human-to-Human Relationship Model of Nursing
E. Hall’s Core, Care, Cure Theory of Nursing
F. Abdellah’s Twenty-One Nursing Problems

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING (25 minutes)

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed.
You are given 25 minutes for this activity:

Multiple Choice

1. Florence Nightingale’s theory focused on environment. Which of the following did she define and describe in
her theory?
a. Food, air, water, elimination, and shelter
b. Ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise
c. Physical, emotional, mental and spiritual
d. Physiologic, safety, love & belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization

ANSWER: B
RATIO: Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory defined Nursing as “the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to
assist him in his recovery.” It involves the nurse’s initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual
restoration of the patient’s health and that external factors associated with the patient’s surroundings affect the life or
biologic and physiologic processes and his development. The ten major concepts of the Environment Theory, also identified
as Nightingale’s Canons, are: Ventilation and warming; Light and noise; Cleanliness of the area; Health of houses; Bed and
bedding; Personal cleanliness; Variety; Offering hope and advice; Food and Observation.

2. In Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, she has stated that nursing is concerned with the following EXCEPT
a. Promoting health
b. Preventing illness
c. Caring for the sick
d. Identifying the basic needs

ANSWER: D
RATIO: Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring states that “nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness,
caring for the sick, and restoring health.”
3. According to Jean Watson, which one is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a
simple medical cure?
a. Caring
b. Compassion
c. Dedication
d. Empathy

ANSWER: A
RATIO: According to Watson, caring is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical cure.
She believes that a holistic approach to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing.
 4. In Jean Watson’s theory she has stated to focus on which of the following?
a. Treatment of diseases
b. Rehabilitation
c. Health promotion
d. Control of environment

ANSWER: C
RATIO: Jean Watson’s theory focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases.
5. In Patricia Benner’s nursing theory she has described the advanced-beginner nurse as
a. They are taught general rules to help perform tasks, and their rule-governed behavior is limited and
inflexible.
b. Shows acceptable performance, and has gained prior experience in actual nursing situations.
c. Generally, has two or three years’ experience on the job in the same field.
d. Perceives and understands situations as whole parts.

ANSWER: B
RATIO: The advanced beginner shows acceptable performance, and has gained prior experience in actual nursing
situations. This helps the nurse recognize recurring meaningful components so that principles, based on those experiences,
begin to formulate in order to guide actions.
6. How many levels of nursing experience did Patricia Benner identify?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 7

ANSWER: C
RATIO: The theory identifies five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and
expert.
7. According to Katie Eriksson’s nursing theory, she said to take which of the following into use when caring for
the human being in health and suffering?
a. Charity
b. Chastity
c. Comfort
d. Caritas

ANSWER: D
RATIO: According to Katie Eriksson’s nursing theory , Caritative caring means that we take “caritas” into use when caring
for the human being in health and suffering
8. Which of the following is NOT a part of Dorothea Orem’s nursing theory?
a. The theory of self-care
b. The self-care deficit theory
c. The 21 nursing problems
d. The theory of nursing systems
ANSWER: C
RATIO: Orem’s general theory of nursing in three related parts:Theory of self care; Theory of self care deficit and Theory of
nursing system
9. This theory from Dorothea Orem focuses on the performance or practice of activities that individuals initiate
and perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being.
a. Theory of self-care
b. The self-care deficit theory
c. The theory of nursing systems
d. All of the above

ANSWER: A
RATIO Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory focuses on each  “individual’s ability to perform self-care, defined as ‘the
practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.”
10. How many methods of helping did Dorothea Orem identify?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9

ANSWER: B
RATIO: Orem identified 5 methods of helping: Acting for and doing for others; Guiding others; Supporting another;
Providing an environment promoting personal development about meet future demands; and Teaching another

11. In Martha E. Roger’s Theory of Human Beings she defined nursing as

a. “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve human
functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
b. “Unique profession in that is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual’s response to
stress.”
c. “An art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.”
d. “Health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes promotion
of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole.”
ANSWER: C
RATIO: Rogers’ theory defined Nursing as “an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian. It is directed toward the
unitary human and is concerned with the nature and direction of human development. The goal of nurses is to participate in
the process of change.”

12. Which of the following sentences is NOT a concept related to Florence Nightingale’s theory?
a. "Poor or difficult environments led to poor health and disease"
b. "Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to occur"
c. The goal of nursing is “to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him”
d. "Human beings are open systems in constant interaction with the environment"

ANSWER: D
RATIO: Letter D is from Imogene King’s Goal Attainment theory. The rest of the choices are related concepts to Florence
Nightingale’s Theory
 13. In Martha E. Roger’s the Science of Unitary Human Beings contains two dimensions: the science of
nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and
a. Art of nursing
b. Adaptation Model
c. Behavioral Systems Model
d. Carative caring

ANSWER: A
RATIO: SUHB contains two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that
comes from scientific research; and the art of nursing, which involves using the science of nursing creatively to help better
the lives of the patient.

14. What are the five variables identified in Betty Neuman’s System model?
a. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital
b. Physiologic, safety and security, love and belongingness, self-esteem, and self actualization
c. Ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise
d. Physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual

ANSWER: D
RATIO: The client system identified by Betty Neuman is a composite of five variables (physiological, psychological,
sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual

15. In Betty Neuman’s model, the focus is on the client as a system (which may be an individual, family, group,
or community) and on the client’s responses to
a. Illness
b. Stressors
c. Needs
d. Health promotion

ANSWER: B
RATIO: Neuman (1982) believes that nursing is concerned with the whole person. She views nursing as a “unique
profession in that it is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual’s response to stress”
16. In Imogene King’s nursing theory, her model focuses on the attainment on which of the following?
a. Goal
b. Well-being
c. Balanced nutrition
d. Basic needs

ANSWER: A
RATIO: The model focuses on the attainment of certain life goals. It explains that the nurse and patient go hand-in-hand in
communicating information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals.
17. Which of the following is the theory associated with Sister Callista Roy?
a. Behavioral System Model
b. Theory of Carative Caring
c. Adaptation Model of Nursing
d. Theory of Bureaucratic Nursing
ANSWER: C
RATIO: The Adaptation Model of Nursing is a prominent nursing theory aiming to explain or define the provision of nursing
science. In her theory, Sister Callista Roy’s model sees the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain a
balance between various stimuli.

18. In Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model, she defined which of the following statements?
a. “Nursing is a science and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons
(individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming.” - Parse
b. “participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of nurses,
whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team.” Lydia Hall
c. “People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring
for someone in a motherly fashion.” Ernestine Wiedenbach
d. “an external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patients’
behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to the
physical or social health, or in which illness is found.”

ANSWER: D
RATIO: Letter A is from Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming, Letter B is from LydiaHall’s Core, Care and
Cure Theory, while Letter C is from Ernestine Wiedenbach’s The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing.
19. According to Myra Levine’s theory, she states that nursing is

a. An art
b. Human interaction
c. Concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.

d. Science and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons (individuals,
groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming.”

ANSWER: B
RATIO: Nursing is the human interaction relying on communication, rooted in the individual human being’s organic
dependency in his relationships with other human beings.
20. In Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations, she has identified four components which are
a. Digestion, respiration, elimination, and sleep
b. Person, environment, health, and nursing
c. Orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution
d. Air, food, water, and shelter

ANSWER: C
RATIO: The nursing model identifies four sequential phases in the interpersonal relationship: orientation, identification,
exploitation, and resolution.

21. Which phase of interpersonal relations in Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations should the nurse
establish rapport with the client?
a. Orientation
b. Identification
c. Exploitation
d. Resolution
 ANSWER: A
RATIO: It starts when the client meets the nurse as a stranger. Client seeks assistance, conveys needs, asks questions,
shares preconceptions and expectations of past experiences. Nurse responds, explains roles to the client, identifies
problems, and uses available resources and services. Rapport should be established in this phase.

22. The nursing theorist who identified the 5 stages of the nursing process is
a. Lydia Hall
b. Madeleine Leininger
c. Ida Jean Orlando
d. Imogene King

ANSWER: C
RATIO: Ida Jean Orlando was a nurse theorist who developed the Deliberative Nursing Process Theory. The Deliberative
Nursing Process has five stages: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

23. According to Joyce Travelbee’s theory, nursing is accomplished through

a. Human-to-human relationships
b. Nurse-patient relationship
c. Manipulation of the environment
d. Promoting health

ANSWER:A
RATIO: Travelbee believed nursing is accomplished through human-to-human relationships that begin with the original
encounter and then progress through stages of emerging identities, developing feelings of empathy, and later feelings of
sympathy.

24. In Lydia Hall’s Core, Care, Cure model, she has identified the core as which of the following?
a. Primary role of a professional nurse such as providing bodily care for the patient
b. The patient receiving nursing care
c. The aspect of nursing which involves the administration of medications and treatments
d. the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family, or community

ANSWER: B
RATIO: The core is the patient receiving nursing care. The core has goals set by him or herself rather than by any other
person and behaves according to their feelings and values.

25. Faye Glenn Abdellah’s 21 nursing problems were categorized into which of the following?
a. Physical, sociological, and emotional needs
b. Prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation
c. Physiological, psychological, and spiritual
d. Food, air, and water

ANSWER: A
RATIO: The 21 nursing problems fall into three categories: physical, sociological, and emotional needs of patients
RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
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LESSON WRAP-UP (10 minutes)

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

AL Strategy: Turn and talk

(Students turn to talk partner/s to – find out, summarize, clarify, share ideas, point of view or opinions)

For next session, review FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING)