Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Must Know-Biology Part 1
Must Know-Biology Part 1
Here are some key notes about basic biological knowledge. (Topics: Properties of life, Types of Cell, Cell Cycle,
Cell Division, Ontogeny etc.)
1. Properties of Life:
-All organisms consist of one or more cells.
-All living things are highly ordered.
-All living things respond to stimuli.
-Homeostasis
-Evolutionary Adaptation
-Energy Utilization
-Capable of growth, development and reproduction
2. Hierarchical Organization of Life
4. Kingdoms 1/2
Bacteria
-Prokaryotic organisms with a peptidoglycan cell wall.
Archaebacteria
- Prokaryotes that lack a peptidoglycan cell wall
Animalia(Eukarya)
- Eukaryotic, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic .
5. Kingdoms 2/2 (Eukarya)
Plantae
-Eukaryotic, multicellular, nonmotile, usually terrestrial, photosynthetic organisms
Fungi
-Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, nonmotile organisms, with cell walls of chitin
Monera
-Eukaryotic, unicellular, photosynthetic, heterotrophic
6. Hierarchies of Classification
7. Cell Theory
-All living things are composed of one or more cells.
-Cells are the smallest living things, the basic unit of organization of all organisms.
-Cell arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
-Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
12. Interphase
-cellular components are copied. 90% of the cell cycle.
•G1 Phase (Organelle Replication)
•S (Synthesis) Phase (DNA Replication)
•G2 Phase (Safety Gap)
13. Interphase
G1: 10 hours
S Phase: 5-6 hours
G2: 3-4 hours
M: 2hours
14. Mitosis
16. Meiosis 1
17. Meiosis 2
18. Prophase 1
Mnemonics: LeZyPaDiDi
Crossing-over/Recombination
-Each set exchanges bits of DNA with the other and recombines, thus creating genetic variation.
Synapsis
-the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.
19. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Spermatogenesis
-the formation of sperm cells
Oogenesis
-the formation of egg cells
* Spermiogenesis
-the transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa(sperms) by differentiation.
22. Ontogeny
-all the developmental events that occur during the existence of a living organism.
Fertilization
-is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
Morulation
-The cleavage or segmentation of the ovum by which a morula is formed.
Morula
-a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed
Blastulation
-is the formation of a blastula from a morula.
Blastula
-an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.
Gastrulation
-ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm form.
Gastrula
-an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three
layers of cells.
26. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 4/5
Neurulation
-germ layers develop a nervous system
Neurula
-a vertebrate embryo at the early stage of development in which neurulation occurs
-Nothing Follows-