COMMON TYPES OF SOCIETY

1. BAND
 simplest form of human society.
 generally consists of a small group, no larger than an extended family or clan.
 have informal leadership; the older members of the band generally are looked to
for guidance and advice, but there are no written laws.
 Their customs are almost always transmitted orally. Formal social institutions are
few or non-existent. 
 Religion is generally based on family tradition, individual experience, or counsel
from a shaman.
 All known band societies hunt and gather to obtain their food.
 Morton Fried  - In his 1972 study, The Notion of the Tribe,  defined bands as
small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak leadership that do not
generate surpluses, pay no taxes and support no standing army.
 With the spread of the modern nation-state to all corners of the globe, there are
very few true band societies left. Some historic examples include the Inuit of
northern North America, the Shoshone of the Great Basin, the Bushmen of
southern Africa, and some groups of Indigenous Australians.
 Bands in the modern world are relegated to marginal environments such as the
arctic, deserts, and dense forests. Examples include the Mbuti and Ju’/hoansi in
Africa, the Netsilik and Inuit in Canada, the Lapp of Scandinavia, the Tiwi in
Australia, and the Ainu in Japan.

2. CLAN
 Is a group of people united by kinship (kamag-anak) and 
descent(pinanggalingan), which is defined by perceived decent from a  common
ancestor. 
 Even if lineage details are unknown, clan members may be organized around a
founding member or apical ancestor.
  The English word "clan" is derived from old Irish clann meaning "children",
"offspring", "progeny" or "descendants"; it is not from the word for "family" or
"clan" in either Irish or Scottish Gaelic
 Cannot marry someone that is not part of the clan instead they can only marry
within the clan.
 more centralized forms of community organization and government, and exist in
every country.
 Members may identify with a coat of arms or other symbol to show that they are
an independent clan
 The kinship-based bonds may also have a symbolic ancestor, whereby the clan
shares a "stipulated" common ancestor that is a symbol of the clan's unity. When
this "ancestor" is non-human, it is referred to as a totem, which is frequently an
animal.

3. TRIBE
 A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally, consist of social groups existing 
before the development of, or outside states, though  some modern theories
hold that “contemporary”  tribes can only be understood in terms of their 
relationship to states. 
 being hierarchically larger than a lineage or clan, but smaller than
a chiefdom, nation or state.
 have more social institutions, such as a chief, big man, or elders.
 more permanent than bands; a band can cease to exist if only a small group
walks out. Many tribes are in fact sub-divided into bands; in the United States,
some tribes are made up of official bands that live in specific locations.
 The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category
of human social group.
 Tribes, like bands, tend to be egalitarian (believe that all people are equal in
rights and opportunities), that is, there is an equal distribution of resources,
goods and authority with the same sex and age group.
 Political leaders are called big men, after a literal translation of the term given
these men among horticultural New Guinea tribes. Big Men act as redistributive
leaders, with goods and resources flowing to them which are subsequently
redistributed among the people. They have no true authority, and have no
power to enforce any of their requests except by persuasion and the respect
they gain from their followers. Hence they are often highly verbal and
charismatic people.
 Egalitarian redistributive exchange becomes important; however, reciprocal
exchange usually remains the primary method by which resources and goods are
distributed in the culture. In any type of redistribute exchange, goods/resources
flow into a political center (in this case the big man) who redistributes the goods,
as indicated in the diagram below. In egalitarian redistributive exchange, the
result is to maintain a fairly egalitarian culture, and the big man had no more
wealth than anyone else in the society.
 Big men tend to work harder than others, and achieve prestige by giving away
goods; they must lead by persuasion and example, since they have no formal
authority. At the end, they may have fewer goods than others. The position is
not inherited.
 Big men function to intensify production, encouraging people to work longer and
harder for the prestige of their group. The "group" in this case is either a kin
group, such as lineage or clan, or the entire village or even tribe. Intensification
thus produces more food, allowing the village to maintain its standard of living
(for a time) in the face of rising population. From the point of view of tribal
members, the payoff for working longer is prestige, and big men were probably
the first people in the world to discover that people will work longer and harder
for prestige.
  Redistribution often takes place as part of feasts; feasts are often given for rival
big men from rival clans or villages. Groups boast about how much they have
given away at their feasts, and in this way gain prestige.
 Contributions to the big man are voluntary, though supported by religious
beliefs, desire for prestige, cultural ideas of appropriate behavior, fear of shame
or ridicule from others, etc.

4. ETHNIC GROUP
 An Ethnic Group is a human population whose  members identify  each other
usually on the basis of  a profound common genealogy or lineage.  
 usually united by  common cultural,behavioral, linguistic, or religious  practices. 
 sometimes used interchangeably with the term nation, particularly in cases
of ethnic nationalism, and is separate from, but related to the concept of races.
 can be an inherited status or based on the society within which one lives.
 Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural
heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language, or dialect, symbolic
systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art,
or physical appearance.
 defined by genetics
 Ethnic groups are abundant throughout Asia, with adaptations to the climate
zones of Asia, which can be the Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical or
tropical. The ethnic groups have adapted to mountains, deserts, grasslands, and
forests.

5. CHIEFDOM  
 is any community led by an individual known  as chief. In Anthropological theory,
one model of  human social development describes chiefdom as a  form of social
organization more complex than a  tribe, and less complex than a state or
civilization.  
 Chiefdoms tend to be larger than tribes. Chiefs have true authority, and are
usually wealthier than others.
 Legitimate senior members - elites or aristocrat
 characterized by the centralization of authority and pervasive inequality
(lumalaganap yung inequality).
 two inherited social classes (elite and commoner) are present.
 An individual might change social class during a lifetime by extraordinary
behavior.
 A single family of the elite class becomes the ruling elite of the chiefdom, with
the greatest influence, power, and prestige. Kinship is typically an organizing
principle, while marriage, age, and sex can affect one's social status and role.
 Chiefdom, in anthropology, a notional form of sociopolitical organization in
which political and economic power is exercised by a single person (or group of
persons) over many communities.
 Non-egalitarian. Chiefdoms are the first type of society where significant
differences of wealth, prestige, and authority exist between groups of people.
Usually, the chiefs and immediate supporters are notably better off in terms of
material items and food. In terms of social differences, such cultures are often
referred to as ranked. Also, chiefs and supporters usually posses certain prestige
items which may be reserved for them.
 Stratified redistributive exchange is important in chiefdoms. In stratified
redistributive exchange, goods and resources flow into the political center (the
chief and his immediate followers) and are then redistributed to the people.
However, the political center keeps more for themselves. Stratified redistributive
exchange is not only found in chiefdoms, but also in the state societies of
intensive agriculture and industrialism. (Taxes in American culture are a form of
stratified redistributive exchange.) Chiefdoms also relied on reciprocal
exchange and increasingly, market exchange.
  Contributions to the political center are not voluntary, although contributing is
supported by religious beliefs and cultural values. By withholding some of the
contributions and distributing them only to a select group of followers, chiefs
often create a military/police group which will obey the chief. This gives the chief
true power and authority, and they can compel others to do their bidding. Such
authority is normally reinforced by the religious belief system, which may hold
chiefs to be semi-divine or actually gods.
 Chiefs often do not labor at food production, or do so only in highly symbolic
fashion. The position tends to be inherited. Still, chieftainships must often be
validated by waging war, obtaining goods, and favorably rewarding followers via
the redistributive system. Usually chieftains are supposed to be generous, even
though it is culturally viewed as right that chiefs should have more wealth,
power and prestige.
 Because of the nonegalitarian nature of chiefdoms, they are usually viewed in
anthropology as being transitional to the true state found in intensive
agriculture.

6. STATE
 a state is a political asociation with effective  dominion over a geographic area.
 State-level societies are the most complex in terms of social, economic, and
political organization, and have a formal government and social classes.
 control or influence many areas of its members lives. From regulation of social
relations like marriage to outlining the rights and obligations of its citizens.
 have large populations and share the following characteristics:
1. States have power over their domain. They define citizenship and its rights
and responsibilities. Inequality is the norm, with clear social classes defined.
States monopolize the use of force and maintenance of law and order
through laws, courts, and police. States maintain standing armies and police
forces. They keep track of citizens in terms of number, age, gender, location,
 and wealth through census systems. They have the power to extract
resources from citizens through taxes, which can be through cash such as the
U. S. tax system or through labor such as the Incan mita system where
people paid with their labor. States also have the ability to manipulate
information.
2. States control population in numerous ways. They regulate marriage and
adoption. They create administrative divisions, e.g., provinces, districts,
counties, townships, that help to create loyalties and help to administer
social services and organize law enforcement. They may foster geographic
mobility and resettlement that breaks down the power of kin relationships
and create divided loyalty, e.g., resettlement of Native Americans on
reservations.
3. States often uses religious beliefs and symbols to maintain power. State
leaders may claim to be a deity may conscript popular ideology for political
purposes. Regalia may be used to create a sense of pageantry and authority.
4. Most states are hierarchical and patriarchal. There have been female
leaders, e.g., Indira Gandhi (India), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher
(Great Britain), and Benazir Bhutto (Pakistan), but no female-dominated
states have been documented.
5. Social control is of key concern to state leadership and is maintained through
the formal methods mentioned above and informal methods such as
psychological manipulation. Hegemony is the internalization of a dominant
ideology (Gezen and Kottak 2014: 116), which can happen through such
things as the enculturation process and persuasion through media and
propaganda. The social order then seems normal and natural. Resistance is
quickly squashed through shaming, gossip, stigma, and use of formal
enforcement and judiciary means.
6. The subsistence base of all states is intensive agriculture. The first states
centered production on one major crop that could be produced in large
quantities and was easily storable: wheat, rice, millet, barley, maize, and
tubers (potato, manioc, yams). Wheat, rice, and maize still dominate
production today.
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Chiefdom. (n.d.). Wikipedia.Com. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdom
Ethnic group. (n.d.). Britannica.Com. https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-
group
Editors Of Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.). tribe anthropology. Britannica.Com.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/tribe-anthropology
Clan. (n.d.). Wikipedia.Com. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan
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%20the,areas%20of%20its%20members%20lives.&text=States
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%20police.pter/bands/