LAB No.

02

“APPLIED PHYSICS”

TOPIC:

“PROJECTILE MOTION”

SUBMITTED TO:

MAM KULSOOM RAHIM

SUBMITTED BY:

MUHAMMAD
USMAN
Roll Number: 20ME184
SECTION: “D”
APRIL 9, 2021
 Contents

Table of Contents

1 Projectile Motion 4
1.1 Definition 4
1.1.1 Mathematical Form…………………………………………………4

2 Experimental Procedure 4
2.1 Experimental Data 5

3 Data Analysis 5
3.1 Table No. 01 6
3.1.1 Graph No.01……………………………………………………….6

4 Table No. 02 7
4.1 Graph No. 02 7

5 Analysis……………...............................................................................................9
5.1 Conclusion… 13
5.1.1 Appendices 13

List of Figures
1 Table No.01 6
2 Graph No.01 6
3 Table No.02 7
4 Graph No.02 7
5 Reference of Table No.01 8
6 Reference of Graph No.01 9
7 Reference of Table No.02 10
8 Reference of Graph No.02…………………………………………….12
 Lab report
Experiment No. 2:

Projectile Motion
Introduction:

❖ Definition:
Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or
particle called projectile, that is thrown near the Earth's surface and
moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only (in
particular, the effects of air resistance are assumed to be negligible).
⮚ This curved path was shown by Galileo to be a parabola.
⮚ Projectile motion of an object is motion with trajectory which is
always a parabola.
⮚ It is a two-dimensional motion of a body.

❖ Mathematical Forms:

● Height of Projectile:
The maximum vertical distance covered by a projectile from the projection
level is referred as height of projectile.

v i 2 Sin 2 θ
H= i
2g

● Range of Projectile:
The maximum horizontal distance covered by projectile is called range of
projectile. Maximum Range is measured when ball is launched at an angle
of 45 0.

v i 2 sin2 θ
R= i
g

● Time of Flight:
Time taken by projectile to move from point of projection. to the impact
point is called time of flight. Its formula is given below,
2 viSinθ
T= i
g

In this experiment, the motion of a projectile is evaluated by both

mathematically and experimentally. The projectile is launched at fixed
noted angle. The distance it covered and time it taken was measured. The
maximum Range is measured when ball is launched at an angle of 45 0.

PART – (a)

Experimental Procedure:

In this experiment,
● I took a cannon to fire a cannon ball.
● Then, I adjusted the cannon at a specific angle to fire the cannon ball to
some distance.
● I set the projectile at an angle of 600and put the cannon ball inside it.
● I launched the ball and started the stopwatch to note the time.
● I measured the distance covered by the ball.
● I took readings starting from 5ms-1 to 30 ms-1 with increment of 5.
● I plotted a graph between initial speed and range of projectile.
● Now, again I calculated range but this time making initial speed constant
and varying angle θ.
Experimental Data:
In this experiment,
● I put different value of initial velocity of cannon ball.
● I adjusted the cannon at 60degree and noted down the range of cannon ball.
● I repeated this process, and I took following values of initial velocity and
get different range of cannon ball.

❖ Range verses Initial Speed:

The obtained values are given below:

Angle of Projection = 6 00
 Vi Range Projectile Motion
(m/s) 90 (m)
0
80 0
Range of projectile (m)

70
5
60 2.21
50
10
40 8.83
30
15
20 19.86
10
200 35.31
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
25 55.17 Initial velocity (ms-1)

30 79.45

Table No. 01 Graph No. 01

❖ Range Versus Launch Angle:

Taking initial speed at 15 ms-1, calculating range of projectile by changing

angle θ.

Projectile Motion
Launch Angle θ Range
25
(Degrees)
25 17.57
Range of Projectile(m)

20
30 19.86
15
35 21.55
10 40 22.59
45 22.94
5
50 22.59
0 55 21.55
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
60 19.86
Launch Angle θ (Degrees)
65 17.57
70 14.74
75 11.47
80 7.84
 85 3.98
90 0
Table N0. 02 Graph No.02
DATA ANALYSIS

❖ Effect of initial speed on range of projectile:

Taking firing angle θ = 60о constant, calculating range of projectile by
varying initial speed.

Vi Range
0 0
5 2.21
10 8.83
15 19.86
20 35.31
25 55.17
30 79.45

Projectile Motion o Rang

90
80 e
Range of projectile (m)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Initial velocity (ms-1)

Varies with Launch Speed

Initial speed varies directly with range of projectile. As speed increases,
range of object also increases.

R α V i2
 o Is it having linear relationship?
No, initial speed and range do not have linear relationship. The above
graph shows that the line obtained is a curved line.

❖ Effect of launch angle on range of projectile:

Taking initial speed at 15 ms-1, calculating range of projectile by changing

angle θ.

Launch AngleProjectile
θ Range Motion
(Degrees)
25
25 17.57
30 19.86
Range of Projectile(m)

20
35 21.55
15
40 22.59
10 45 22.94
50 22.59
5
55 21.55
0 60 19.86
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
65 17.57
Launch Angle θ (Degrees)
70 14.74
75 11.47
80 7.84
85 3.98
90 0

o Range of projectile under given conditions:

Initial speed = 18ms-1

Angle θ = 25о
On calculation,
Range of projectile = 25.3m
o Another angle having same range:
 In a projectile motion, as angle of firing increases, range increases till angle
reaches at 45о. It is angle at which range of projection is maximum. Above
this angle, range begins to decrease so, any other angle having projection
same as of 25о is:
40 ° +25 °=65 °

❖ Varying launch height:

Achieving following conditions and finding range of projectile.
Height = 12m
Initial speed = 18ms-1

❖ Prediction with the other members of class:

When I matched the prediction with other members of our class the
almost values were same.
❖ Did you successfully hit the target?

Yes. This object hit the target successfully.

✔ From this experiment, I analyzed that in case of projectile motion, the value
of range will be increased when the initial velocity of a body increased.
✔ When I fired the cannon ball with the initial velocity of 5 m/s the cannon
ball covered the range of 2.21m and when I fired the cannon ball with
initial velocity of 10 m/s then the cannon ball covered the range of 8.83m.
The situation shows that the range is affected by the change in initial
velocity.
✔ we can see in the mathematical formula of range that the range is directly
proportional to the square of initial velocity. In this experiment, we can
see that the range increases with the increase in initial velocity because
when initial velocity two times increases then it effects the range as four
times.

R ∝V i 2

✔ We can also see that, when the initial velocity three times decreases then
the range will be decreased nine times. In simple words we can say that
the range is directly to square of initial velocity.
 Mathematical Analysis

❖ Expression that gives the horizontal position of the object as a

function of t

gt2
R= 2tanθ Eq- 1
Here
R=horizontal position
g=gravitational acceleration
t=time of flight

❖ Time of the flight for the projectile with no drag

s= vi t +at 2/2
Further,
put vi =v i sin θ and a=-g
s= vi sinθt−g t2 /2
By Rearranging we get

t=2 vi sinθ/g

This equation only calculates the time for vertical component of

projectile.

❖ Substitution of above two expressions

From expression 1
2 R Tanθ
t 2=
g
From expression 2
2 4 v 2i sin 2 θ
t=
g2
Comparing both we get the value of R which is given below:
 2 v 2i sin 2 θ
R=
g

Which is the final expression of the range of the projectile.

❖ Range dependence on initial velocity

By keeping all the factors constant expect velocity and range then there
exists a direct relation between range and square of the velocity

R∝ v 2i

❖ Varying the launch height

o Measure the horizontal distance from the origin to the target?

Ans: 21.4m
o Measure the vertical distance from the origin to the target?
Ans: 10m

❖ Consensus on the value of the initial speed that will allow the
projectile to hit the target:

I fixed the vertical height of the projectile at 10m and placed the target at the
distance of 20m horizontally from the target. Then we started our
experiment our group predicted different values of the initial velocity to hit
the target we first predicted the value of 15m/s to hit the target but
unfortunately our prediction got failed and it could not hit the target. Then,
again we made our prediction that the value of initial velocity of 14m/s will
hit the target and luckily this time it successfully hit the target.
My predicted value was 19m/s.
 o Now run the experiment. Did you successfully hit the target?
Yes. At initial speed 14m/s we successfully hit the target.
o Experiment different launch speeds. What is the significance of the
small circles that the simulation places on the trajectory?
These circle in projectile motion represents specific intervals on which we can
obtain the height range and time of the flight. These circles represent
regular intervals.
o What do you notice about those symbols in this case, with the
different launch speeds?
The distance between the circle changes with the change in the speed. High
speed greater will be the distance between these circles and vice versa.
o Now set the launch angle to 30 degrees and again predict what the
initial speed should be so that the projectile hits the target. Show
your work for this prediction here:
By fixing the angle 30 degrees and target at 25 m distance prediction was of
15m/s velocity to hit the target but it fails then again deduced prediction
of 14m/s and projectile with initial velocity 14m/s hit the target.
o Check your prediction with the other members of your group. Come
up with a group consensus on the value of the initial speed that will
allow the projectile to hit the target.
By fixing the angle 27 degrees and target at 25 m distance we made our
prediction of 13m/s velocity to hit the target and projectile with initial
velocity 13m/s hit the target.

o What is your group predicted value?

13m/s
 o Did you successfully hit the target?

Yes

o Maximizing the range for varying launch

The angle is:

The sine function, its largest output value 1 with an input angle of 90 degrees
so we can see for the longer range puts 2θ=90° and therefore θ=45° a
projectile in the other words travels the farthest when it is launched at an
angle of 45° .
By doing this experiment,
✔ I have understood that the range of projection increases with the increase
in angle of projection but at a certain limit. When the value of angle of
projection will exceed from the certain limit then the range of projection
decreases.
✔ In this experiment, we can see that when the angle increases from 0
degree to 45 degree the range of projectile will increase but when the
angle of projection exceeds from 45 degree then the range starts to
decrease.
✔ One other thing is that the range will be maximum at 45 degree. The
reason is, we know that sinϴ is maximum at 90 degree. So, in the range
formula we can see that the range is directly proportion to Sin2ϴ.When
we put the value of angle of projection as 45 degree the total angle will
become 90 degree. So, we know that Sinϴ function is maximum at 90
degree.

Formula of Range is given as:

v i 2 sin2 θ
R= i
g
When (ϴ=45 degree)

Then,
R=Sin2(45)
(Initial velocity and acceleration of gravity is constant)
R=Sin90
R=1
Experiment conclusion:
The projectile motion of the ball followed a constant horizontal velocity
and a vertical velocity that was consistent with the acceleration of gravity.
The result showed that there was both and initial vertical and horizontal
velocity.

Equipment / Apparatus:

We used the following instrument in this experiment to perform this task,

● Cannon
● Cannon ball (mass = 17.60 kg, Diameter = 0.22m)