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Read and interpret mass spec data and calculate atomic mass
Calculate moles, grams and particles of any chemical substance
Calculate percent composition
Calculate empirical and molecular formulas
Use dimensional analysis to solve stoichiometric problems
Use dimensional analysis to solve limiting reactant problems
Calculate percent yield
Calculate molarity and use in solving stoichiometric problems
Sample
Example: NH4NO3
Percent Error
| Observed Actual |
% Error x100
Actual
Empirical Formula:
Rules
1. Percent to Mass
2. Mass to Moles
3. Divide by small
4. Times till whole
Example:
Determine the empirical formula of a compound with 52.8% Sn, 12.4% Fe, 16% C and
18.8% N.
Examples
1. Determine the molecular formula for a compound that contains 22.5% Na, 30.4% P and
47.1% O and a molar mass of 306 g/mol
Examples
How many liters of hydrogen gas is formed when 13.5-grams of calcium reacts with sulfuric
acid?
Nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen to form dinitrogen trioxide. How many molecules of oxygen
are needed to make 5.5 L of N2O3 at STP?
Calcium Carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and a common gas. When 45.5 grams of
calcium oxide is formed how many liters of gas is also formed from this reaction.
Limiting Reactant Problems (section 3.10)
Rules
1. Convert all reactants to moles
2. Divide by the coefficient in the balanced equation
3. The chemical with the lowest number of moles is the limiting reactant (LR)
4. Use the LR for all further calculations
Examples:
When 114.0 g of iron and 252.7 g of chlorine gas reacts, iron(III) chloride is formed.
a. Write a balanced equation
b. What is the limiting reactant?
c. How many grams of Iron (III) chloride is formed
d. How much excess reagent is left over at the end of the experiment?
33.6 grams of sulfur dioxide reacts with 55.3 grams of water to form sulfurous acid.
a. Write a balanced equation.
b. What is the limiting reactant?
c. How many grams of sulfurous acid will be formed?
d. How much excess reagent will remain?
Percent Yield
Rules
1. Balanced Equation
2. Write amount given under the reactant that has a value
3. You will be given an amount of product (write this under the product) this is the actual
amount produced
4. Convert given reactant amount to same product (and units) that was given
Actual Pr oduced
5. PercentYield TheoreticallyMade x100
Examples:
Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to make ammonia (NH3). 15.5-L of N2 reacts at STP to
make 30-L of ammonia. What is the percentage yield?
: Three volatile compounds X, Y, and Z each contain element Q. The percent by weight of
element Q in each compound was determined. Some of the data obtained are given below.
Compound Percent by weight Molecular
of Element Q Weight
X 64.8% ?
Y 73.0% 104.
Z 59.3% 64.0
(a) The vapor density of compound X at 27˚C and 750. mm Hg was determined to be
3.53 grams per liter. Calculate the molecular weight of compound X.
(b) Determine the mass of element Q contained in 1.00 mole of each of the three
compounds.
(c) Calculate the most probable value of the atomic weight of element Q.
(d) Compound Z contains carbon, hydrogen, and element Q. When 1.00 gram of
compound Z is oxidized and all of the carbon and hydrogen are converted to oxides,
1.37 grams of CO2 and 0.281 gram of water are produced. Determine the most probable
molecular formula of compound Z.
Solution Concentrations (section 4.3)
There are many ways to measure solution concentration
In Chemistry the primary way is:
Molarity =
MV =
Examples: Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.56-g of gaseous HCl
into 26.8mL.
Typical blood serum is about 0.14 M NaCl. What volume of blood contains 1.00mg of NaCl?
(a) List an appropriate observation that provides evidence of a chemical reaction between the two
compounds.
(c) Identify the limiting reactant. Show calculations to support your identification.
(d) Calculate the molar concentration of NO3−(aq) in the mixture after the reaction is complete.
(e) Circle the diagram below that best represents the results after the mixture reacts as completely as
possible