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EN G . AB DEL K AW Y MOUB ARAK | 01014 87107 5 2
 Limit Sw )
 Physical Quantitty sensors ( Pressure Sensor – Temp Sensor – Flow
Sensor – Wieght Sensor
3
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 There are different types of sensors for different purposes
 To sense different goals in the shape and method of work and raw
Material in terms of being a metal or dielectric and at different
distances.
 and also to measure various physical quantities such as pressure
and temperature and distance
 There are Different theory of the work of the various sensors and
function and the type of the O/P signal and also the method of
Connections and the Source voltage
 Then, sensors can be divided into several divisions depends on set
of properties:
EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 4

 Proximity sensors : ( Inductive – Inductive magnetic – Capacitive)
 Optical sensors : (Through beam – Retro reflective – Diffuse )
 Switches : (Reed SW – Pressure SW – liquid level SW – Flow SW –
Limit SW )
 Physical quantity sensors : ( Pressure sensor – Temperature sensor –
Flow sensor - Wight sensor)
 Source Voltage :
 There are different Source Voltage for sensors
Where : 220 VAC & 24VDC

Classification Digital sensor Analog sensor
O/P types :‫ بيكون حاجة من االتنين‬O/P ‫ الـ‬- ‫ بيكون متغير اما‬O/P ‫ الـ‬-
- 0  0VDC - DC volt ( 0VDC  10VDC)
- 1  24VDC - mille AMP (4MA  20MA)
:‫ تتغير كاالتي‬O/P ‫ قيمة الـ‬- : ‫ يعتمد علي‬O/P ‫ و قيمة الـ‬-
O/P =1‫الشرط تحقق‬ sensor ‫ الذي يعمل فيه الـ‬range ‫الـ‬
O/P= 0‫الشرط لم يتحقق‬ ‫قيمة الكمية المقاسة باختالف انواعها‬
Usage Sensors ‫ هذه االنواع من الـ حساسات‬- ‫ هذه االنواع من الحساسات تستخدم لقياس كميات‬-
‫تستخدم لتوضيح حالة معينة موجودة او ال‬ ‫فيزيائية مثل الضغط و الحرارة و المسافة‬
‫مثل و صول الضغط لدرجة معينة او درجة‬
‫ معين لمسافة‬object ‫الحرارة او وصول‬
limit SW sensor ‫محددة‬
types - Proximity sensors : - Physical quantity sensors :
( inductive – capacitive – inductive ( Pressure sensor – Temperature
magnetic ) sensor – Flow Quantity sensor – Wight
- Optical : sensor)
( Through beam – Diffuse – Retro
reflective )
- Switches :
( Reed SW – Pressure SW – Liquid
EN–GFlow
level SW . ABSW
D EL) K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 6
Contact Arrangement:
 Contacts are available in several configurations. They may be
normally open (NO), normally closed (NC), or a combination of
normally open and normally closed contacts.

 Mechanical limit switches, use a different set of symbols.
 Highlighted symbols are used for illustrative purposes only

 Over Head Crane

Sensor Advantages Disadvantages Applications
Limit Switch •High Current •Requires Physical •Contact Bounce
Capability Contact with •Interlocking
•Low Cost Target •Basic End-of-
•Familiar "Low- •Very Slow Travel Sensing
Tech" Sensing Response

 used to detect the presence of a conductive metal object.
 they detect the presence of an object without coming into
physical contact with it.

 Inductive proximity sensors are available in a variety of sizes
and configurations to meet

 inductive proximity sensors are
operated using (ECKO) principle.
 (ECKO) principle :
Eddy Current Killed Oscillator
 This type of sensor consists of four
elements:
coil, oscillator, trigger circuit, output.
 The oscillator is an inductive
capacitive tuned circuit that creates
a radio frequency.
 The electromagnetic field produced
by the oscillator is emitted from the
coil away from the face of the
sensor.

 The circuit has just enough
feedback from the field to keep the
oscillator going.

 When a metal target enters the
field, eddy currents circulate within
the target.
 This causes a load on the sensor,
decreasing the amplitude of the
electromagnetic field.

 As the target approaches the
sensor the eddy currents increase,
 Increasing the load on the
oscillator and further decreasing
the amplitude of the field.

 The trigger circuit monitors the
oscillator’s amplitude

 The trigger circuit monitors the
oscillator’s amplitude

 At a predetermined level switches
the output state of the sensor from
its normal condition (on or off).

 As the target moves away from the
sensor, the oscillator’s amplitude
increases.

 At a predetermined level the trigger
switches the output state of the
sensor back to its normal condition
(on or off).

 Proximity Sensors O/P Configuration.

 PNP : Sourcing Proximity Sensors
 NPN : Sinking Proximity Sensors

 Tow Wire Sensor Connection
 Three Wire Sensor Connection
 Four Wire Sensor Connection

Target
Will detect any conductive material

Quoted distances are for mild steel
Sensor
Sensor performance can be affected by:-
• Temperature
• Target material
• Target dimensions.
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor
ON
output
signal OFF
 A standard target is defined as having a flat, smooth surface, made of
mild steel that is 1 mm (0.04”) thick.
 If the target is larger than the standard target, the sensing range does
not change.
 However, if the target is smaller or irregular shaped the sensing distance
(Sn) decreases.
 The smaller the area of the target the closer it must be to the sensing
face to be detected.

Applications:
Application
Detecting the
Presence of a Broken
Drill Bit
Application
Detecting Presence of
Set Screws on Hub for
Speed or Direction
Control

Applications:
Application
Detecting Full Open or
Closed Valve Position
Application
Detecting Broken Bit
on Milling Machine

 Capacitive proximity sensors are similar to inductive
proximity sensors.
 The main difference between the two types is that capacitive
proximity sensors produce an electrostatic field instead of an
electromagnetic field.
 Capacitive proximity switches will sense metal as well as nonmetallic
materials such as paper, glass, liquids, and cloth.

 The sensing surface of a capacitive sensor is
formed by two concentrically shaped metal
electrodes of an unwound capacitor

Electrostatic field
Sensor is looking for a change
in capacitance in the active
field Active surface
Active electrode
Earth electrode
LED indicator
Adjusting screw
Connection cable

When an object nears the sensing
surface it enters the electrostatic field
of the electrodes

Changes the capacitance in an
oscillator circuit.

As a result, the oscillator begins
oscillating. The trigger circuit reads
the oscillator’s amplitude

when it reaches a specific level the
output state of the sensor changes.

As the target moves away from the
sensor the oscillator’s amplitude
decreases,

Switching the sensor output back to
its original state.

Detects any material denser than air
(as long as there is enough of it)
Can be adjusted for sensitivity
Can be affected by dusty
environments

 Detects any Materials denser than air
 Can Be Adjusted for sensitivity
 Can be affected by dusty environment

Applications:
Sensor is adjusted so that it

does not Detect the wall of
the vessel

Applications:
As the Level rises the Fluid

affects the sensor Field .

Applications:
Until the sensor Switches its

Case

Applications:
Application
Detecting Milk in
Cartons
Capacitive Sensor
Application
Controlling Fill level of
solids in a bin
Capacitive Sensor

Applications:
Application
Detecting Presence of
Can and Full

 A photoelectric sensor is another type of position sensing
device.
 Photoelectric sensors , use a modulated light beam that is
either broken or reflected by the target.

 Thru-Beam Scan Techniques:

Thru-beam sensors consist of:
Transmitter : which emits ultrasonic pulses
Receiver: Which receive the Ultrasonic pulses
If the beam between the transmitter and the receiver is interrupted
the output of the receiver switches state

 Thru-Beam sensors consist of a transmitter
and a receiver.

 The transmitter sends a narrow continuous
tone.

 When a target is positioned between the
transmitter and the receiver the tone is
interrupted

Which causes the output of the receiver to change
state.

 The operating voltage is 20-30 VDC.
 The switching frequency is 200 Hz at 40 cm
sensing distance.

Type: Through-beam
Long sensing distance : up to 30 metres with
some devices
Target
Will detect all but very transparent materials
Must be accurately aligned
Transmitter Receiver

 Operating Modes.
 Dark operate ( DO ) :
 is an operating mode in which the load is energized
 When light from the emitter is absent from the receiver.

 Operating Modes.
 Light operate ( LO ) :
 Light operate is an operating mode in which the load is
energized
 When light from the emitter reaches the receiver.

 Thru-Beam Sensor Connection:

 Applications
Application
Verifying Objects in
Clear Bottles
Sensor
M12 Thru Beam
Application
Car Wash
Sensor
SL Thru Beam

 Applications
Application
Verifying Objects in
Clear Bottles
Sensor
M12 Thru Beam
Application
Car Wash
Sensor
SL Thru Beam

 Applications
Application
Controlling Height of a
Stack
Sensor
SL Thru Beam

 Retro-reflective Scan Techniques:

 Transmitter
 Reflector

Type : Retro reflective
T
Transmitter R
/Receiver
Reflector
 Sensing distance : 1/2 to 1/3 of through-beam type (prismatic)
 Not suitable for reflective or transparent targets
 Target should be larger than the reflector

 Retro-reflective with Shiny Objects:

 Retro-reflective Sensor Connection:

 Applications
Application
Flow of Pallets
Carrying Bottles
Sensor
K40 Retroreflective
Application
Counting Cans
Sensor
K50 Polarized
Retroreflective

 Applications
Application
Counting Bottles
Sensor
SL18 Retroreflective
Application
Counting Cartons
Sensor
K65 Retroreflective

 Applications
Application
Detecting Persons
Sensor
K50 Retroreflective
Application
Controlling Parking
Gate
Sensor
SL Retroreflective

 Applications
Application
Counting Boxes
Anywhere on a
Conveyor
Sensor
SL18 Right Angle
Retroreflective


Type : Diffuse
T
Transmitter R
/Receiver
 Sensing distance: actual distance depends on colour and reflective nature

of the surface
 Larger targets result in longer sensing distances
 Not suitable for dirty environments

 Diffuse Sensor Connection:

 Applications
Application
End of Roll Detection
Sensor
K31 Diffuse
Application
Car Wash
Sensor
SL Thru Beam

 Applications
Application
Detecting Caps on
Bottles
Sensor
K20 Diffuse with
Background
Suppression and
K31 Thru Beam

 Interference from other magnetic fields must be avoided.
 If positioned in mid stroke, switching point will vary depending on direction of
approach.
 Maximum current must be limited to avoid burning of the reed contacts.
 Inductive Principle of Operation – but only reacts to magnetic
Fields
 Interference from other magnetic fields must be avoided
 Solid State Device – higher Switching Frequency – 1 kHZ

 Inductive Principle of Operation – but only reacts to magnetic
Fields
 Interference from other magnetic fields must be avoided
 Solid State Device – higher Switching Frequency – 1 kHZ

SENSOR SYMBOLS
Inductive
Capacitive
+ 18 to 30 Volts DC.
Optical
Output Magnetic
Ultrasonic
Normally
0V open
Normally
closed

SENSOR SYMBOLS
Capacitive Sensor with

Normally open function
+ 18 to 30 Volts DC.
Output
0V

SENSOR CONNECTION
24v DC
PNP Type
• Output is Positive
+ 18 to 30 Volts DC
• Positive switching
Output
0V
0v

SENSOR CONNECTION
24v DC
NPN Type
• Output switches
through to 0v + 18 to 30 Volts DC
• Negative switching
Output
0V
0v

SENSORS

VARIABLE RESISTORS -- POTENTIOMETERS
 Potentiometer – a three-terminal resistor whose value

can be adjusted (within set limits) by the user
Rac = Rab + Rbc

CONSTRUCTION

SETTING THE VALUE OF RESISTANCE

POTENTIOMETER VOLTAGES

 This type of sensors is relatively expensive because it
requires many photocells be mounted and aligned very
precisely
 If it wasn’t aligned properly, it may report completely
erroneous data

( C ) Resistance Probe


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 NPN : Sinking Proximity Sensors

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 Three Wire Sensor Connection

 Four Wire Sensor Connection

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Will detect any conductive material

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Sensor is adjusted so that it

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As the Level rises the Fluid

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Until the sensor Switches its

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