EECE 269 Electrical Drives & Instrumentation: Major Kazi Newaj Faisal

EECE 269
Electrical Drives &

Instrumentation
Major Kazi Newaj Faisal
Assistant Professor (Instructor Class B) /
Dept of EECE, MIST

Outline – Section A
● Transducers: Types, Principle & Application

● Instrumentation Amplifiers
● Frequency & Voltage Measurements
● Recorders & Display Devices
● Spectrum & Logic Analyzers
● Data Acquisition and Interfacing
EECE 269 | Electrical Drives & Instrumentation | Maj Newaj 2

Transducers Instr Amplifier Freq&Volt Measurement Recorder&Disp Device Spec&Logic analyzer Data
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Outline – Transducers: Types, Principle &
Application
● Introduction to Transducers
● Classification of Transducers
● Characteristics & Choice of Transducers
● Resistive, Inductive & Capacitive Transducers
● Strain Gauges
● Piezo-electric Transducers
● Opto-Electronic & Photo Optic Transducers

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Introduction to Transducers
● An electronic instrumentation system consists of a
number of components to perform a measurement and
record its results.
● an input device,
● a signal conditioning or processing device, and
● an output device.
● The input device receives the measurand or the quantity

under measurement and delivers a proportional or
analogous electrical signal to the signal conditioning
device. Here the signal is amplified, attenuated, filtered,
modulated, or otherwise modified in format acceptable to
the output device.
Reference : A. K. Sawhney, A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, 19th ed.(2011) – Article 25.6, Page 755
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Advantages of Electrical Transducers
● Electrical amplification and attenuation can be

done easily
● The mass-inertial effects are minimised.
● The effects of friction are minimised.
● The electrical or electronic systems can be
controlled with a very small power level.
● The electrical output can be easily used,
transmitted and processed
● Telemetry is used in almost all sophisticated
measurement systems.
Reference : A. K. Sawhney, A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, 19th ed.(2011) – Article 25.6, Page 755
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Classification of Transducers
● The transducers can be classified

● on the basis of transduction form used,
● as primary and secondary transducers,
● as passive and active transducers,
● as analog and digital transducers, and
● as transducers and inverse transducers.
Reference : A. K. Sawhney, A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, 19th ed.(2011) – Page 756
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● On the basis of transduction form used
The transducers can be classified on the basis of

principle of transduction as resistive, inductive,
capacitive etc. depending upon how they convert
the input quantity into resistance, inductance or
capacitance respectively. They can be classified
as piezoelectric, thermoelectric, magneto-
restrictive, electrokinetic and optical.
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● Primary and Secondary Transducers
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● Passive and Active Transducers
● Passive transducers derive the power required for transduction from
an auxiliary power source. They also derive part of the power required
for conversion from the physical quantity under measurement. They are
also known as “externally powered transducers". Typical examples of
passive transducer are resistive, inductive and capacitive.
● Active transducers are those which does not require an auxiliary
power source to produce their output. They are also known as self
generating type since they develop their own voltage or current output.
The energy required for production of output signal is obtained from the
physical quantity being measured. Typical example of active transducers
include tachogenerators thermocouples, photovoltaic cells and
piezoelectric crystals
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● Analog and Digital Transducers
● Analog Transducers: These transducers convert the

input quantity into an analog output which is a
continuous function of time. Thus a strain gauge, an
L.V.D.T., a thermocouple or a thermistor may be called
as "Analog Transducers" as they give an output which
is a continuous function of time.
● Digital Transducers: These transducers convert the

input quantity into an electrical output which is in the
form of pulses.
Reference : A. K. Sawhney, A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, 19th ed.(2011) –Page 759
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● Transducers and Inverse Transducers
● Transducers: A transducer can be broadly defined as a
device which converts a non-electrical quantity into an
electrical quantity.
● Inverse Transducers: An inverse transducer is defined
as a device which converts an electrical quantity into a
non-electrical quantity. It is a precision actuator which
has an electrical input and a low power non-electrical
output. A piezoelectric crystal acts as an inverse
transducer because when a voltage is applied across
its surfaces, it changes its dimensions causing a
mechanical displacement.
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CHARACTERISTICS AND CHOICE OF
TRANSDUCERS
● Input characteristics
● Type of Input and Operating Range
● Loading Effects
● Transfer characteristics
● Transfer function
● Error
● Response of transducer to environmental influences
● Output characteristics
● Type of electrical output
● Output impedance
● Useful output range
Reference : A. K. Sawhney, A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, 19th ed.(2011) –Page 760-765
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF
TRANSDUCERS
● Operating Principle
● Sensitivity
● Operating Range
● Accuracy
● Cross sensitivity
● Errors
● Transient and Frequency Response
● Loading Effects
● Environmental Compatibility
● Insensitivity to Unwanted Signals
● Usage and Ruggedness
● Electrical aspects
● Stability and Reliability
● Static Characteristics
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RESISTIVE TRANSDUCERS
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● Potentiometers
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● Potentiometers
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● Advantages of Resistance Potentiometers

● Inexpensive, simple to operate and very useful for applications where
the requirements are not particularly severe.
● Useful for measurement of large amplitudes of displacement.
● Very high electrical efficiency and provide sufficient output to permit
control operations without further amplification.
● Limited frequency response for wire wound potentiometers only, the
other types of potentiometers are free from this problem.
● High resolution (Cermet and metal film potentiometers).
● Disadvantages of Resistance Potentiometers
● Require a large force to move their sliding contacts (wipers).
● Sliding contacts can be contaminated, can wear out, become
misaligned and generate noise. So the life of the transducer is limited.
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● Strain Gauges:
● If a metal conductor is stretched or compressed, its resistance changes
on account of the fact that both length and diameter of conductor
change.
● Also there is a change in the value of resistivity of the conductor when
it is strained and this property is called piezoresistive effect. Therefore,
resistance strain gauges are also known as piezoresistive gauges.
● The strain gauges are used for measurement of strain and associated
stress in experimental stress analysis.
● Also, many other detectors and transducers, like the load cells, torque
meters, diaphragm type pressure gauges, temperature sensors,
accelerometers and flow meters, employ strain gauges as secondary
transducers.
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● Theory of Strain Gauges
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● Strain Gauges
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● Resistance Thermometers
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● Thermistors
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● Applications of Thermistors
● Measurement of Temperature.
● Control of Temperature.
● Temperature Compensation
● Other Applications.
● Measurement of level, flow and pressure of liquids
● Measurement of power at high frequencies
● Measurement of thermal conductivity
● Measurement of composition of gases
● Vacuum measurements and
● Providing time delay
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● Salient Features of Thermistors

● compact, rugged and inexpensive.
● have good stability.
● The response time can vary from a fraction of a second to minutes
● The upper operating limit of temperature is dependent on physical changes in
the material or solder used in attaching the electrical connections and is
usually 400°C or less.
● The lower temperature limit of temperature is normally determined by the
resistance reaching such a high value that it cannot be measured by standard
methods.
● The measuring current should be maintained to as low a value as possible so
that self heating of thermistors is avoided.
● Thermistors can be installed at a distance from their associated measuring
circuits if elements of high resistance are used such that the resistance of
leads is negligible.
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● Salient Features of Thermistors

● compact, rugged and inexpensive.
● have good stability.
● The response time can vary from a fraction of a second to minutes
● The upper operating limit of temperature is dependent on physical changes in
the material or solder used in attaching the electrical connections and is
usually 400°C or less.
● The lower temperature limit of temperature is normally determined by the
resistance reaching such a high value that it cannot be measured by standard
methods.
● The measuring current should be maintained to as low a value as possible so
that self heating of thermistors is avoided.
● Thermistors can be installed at a distance from their associated measuring
circuits if elements of high resistance are used such that the resistance of
leads is negligible.
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● Thermocouples
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● Thermocouples
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● Thermocouples
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● Thermocouples
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Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
● The most widely used inductive transducer to translate the

linear motion into electrical signals is the linear variable
differential transformer (LVDT).
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● The most widely used inductive transducer to translate the

linear motion into electrical signals is the linear variable
differential transformer (LVDT).
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● Advantages:
● High range
● Friction and Electrical Isolation
● Immunity front External Effects
● High input and high sensitivity
● Ruggedness
● Disadvantages:
● Relatively large displacements are required
● Sensitive to stray magnetic fields
● performance is affected by vibrations
● receiving instrument must be selected to operate on AC signals
● Temperature affects the performance
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● Uses:
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Capacitive Transducers
● The principle of operation of capacitive
transducers is based upon the familiar equation for
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
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● Advantages and Disadvantages:
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Piezo-Electric Transducers
● A piezo-electric material is one in which an electric
potential appears across certain surfaces of a crystal
if the dimensions of the crystal are changed by the
application of a mechanical force. This potential is
produced by the displacement of charges.
● The effect is reversible, i.e., conversely, if a varying
potential is applied to the proper axis of the crystal, it
will change the dimensions of the crystal thereby
deforming it.
● This effect is known as piezo-electric effect.
Elements exhibiting piezo-electric qualities are called
as electro-resistive elements.
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● Common piezo-electric materials include Rochelle
salts, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium
sulphate, dipotassium tartrate, potassium
dihydrogen phosphate, quartz and ceramics A and
B.
● Except for quartz and ceramics A and B, the rest
are man-made crystals grown from aqueous
solutions under carefully controlled conditions. The
ceramic materials are polycrystalline in nature.
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Hall Effect Transducers

● The principle of working of a Hall Effect
Transducer is that if a strip of conducting material
carries a current in the presence of a transverse
magnetic field as shown in Fig. a difference of
potential is produced between the opposite edges
of the conductor.
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HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCERS

● The magnitude of the voltage depends on the
current, the strength of magnetic field and the
property of the conductor called Hall Effect.
● The Hall effect is present in metals and
semiconductors in varying amounts, depending
upon the densities and mobilities of carriers.

EECE 269 Electrical Drives & Instrumentation: Major Kazi Newaj Faisal

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EECE 269

Electrical Drives &

Dept of EECE, MIST

● Transducers: Types, Principle & Application

EECE 269 | Electrical Drives & Instrumentation | Maj Newaj 2

EECE 269 | Electrical Drives & Instrumentation | Maj Newaj 3

● The input device receives the measurand or the quantity

Advantages of Electrical Transducers

● Electrical amplification and attenuation can be

● The transducers can be classified

● On the basis of transduction form used

The transducers can be classified on the basis of

● Primary and Secondary Transducers

● Analog Transducers: These transducers convert the

● Digital Transducers: These transducers convert the

● Advantages of Resistance Potentiometers

● Theory of Strain Gauges

● Theory of Strain Gauges

● Theory of Strain Gauges

● Salient Features of Thermistors

● Salient Features of Thermistors

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

● The most widely used inductive transducer to translate the

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

● The most widely used inductive transducer to translate the

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

● Friction and Electrical Isolation

● Immunity front External Effects

● High input and high sensitivity

● Sensitive to stray magnetic fields

● performance is affected by vibrations

● receiving instrument must be selected to operate on AC signals

● Temperature affects the performance

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Hall Effect Transducers

HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCERS

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