ANSI/ASSE Z15.

1-2006

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

ANSI/ASSE Z15.1-2006
Safe Practices for
Motor Vehicle Operations
ANSI/ASSE Z15.1-2006

A S AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
S E SAFETY ENGINEERS
The information and materials contained in this publication have been developed from sources believed
to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI
accredited Z15 Committee or individual committee members accept no legal responsibility for the
correctness or completeness of this material or its application to specific factual situations. By publication
of this standard, ASSE or the Z15 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these recommendations
will protect the safety or health of any persons, or preserve property.
 ANSI®
ANSI/ASSE Z15.1 – 2006

American National Standard

Safe Practices for Motor Vehicle Operations

Secretariat

American Society of Safety Engineers

1800 East Oakton Street
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187

Approved February 15, 2006

Effective April 28, 2006

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

 Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the
American requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have
National been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the
judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has
Standard been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial
agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and
that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American
National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any
respect preclude anyone, whether he/she has approved the standards or not,
from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or
procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards
Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstance give an
interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall
have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for
interpretation should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name
appears on the title page of this standard.

Caution Notice: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn

at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require
that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard.
Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on
all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.

Published April 2006 by

American Society of Safety Engineers

1800 East Oakton Street
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187
(847) 699-2929 ! www.asse.org

Copyright ©2006 by American Society of Safety Engineers

All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced

in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or
otherwise, without the prior written permission
of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

Foreword (This Foreword is not part of American National Standard Z15.1-2006)

This standard is one of an expected series of safety standards addressing motor vehicle operations. It is
expected that these standards serve as a guide to organizations with vehicle operations.

This standard is not intended to serve as a guide to governmental authorities having jurisdiction over
subjects within the scope of the Z15 Accredited Standards Committee (ASC).

Revisions: The Z15 Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this standard. Revisions are made to
the standard periodically (usually five years from the date of the standard) to incorporate changes that
appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by experience gained from the application of the
standard. Proposals should be as specific as possible, citing the relevant paragraph number(s), the
proposed wording, and the reason for the proposal. Pertinent documentation would enable the Z15
Committee to process the changes in a more timely manner.

Interpretations: Upon a request in writing to the Secretariat, the Z15 Committee will render an
interpretation of any requirement of the standard. The request for interpretation should be clear, citing the
relevant paragraph number(s) and phrased as a request for a clarification of a specific requirement. Oral
interpretations are not provided.

Only the Z15 Committee (through the Z15 Secretariat) is authorized to provide any interpretation of this
standard.

Approval: Neither the Z15 Committee nor American National Standards Institute (ANSI) "approves,"
"certifies," "rates," or "endorses" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.

Appendices: Appendices are included in most standards to provide the user with additional information
related to the subject of the standard. Appendices are not part of the approved standard.

Committee Meetings: The Z15 Committee meets on a regular basis. Persons wishing to attend a meeting
should contact the Secretariat for information.

Standard Approval: This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the American
National Standards Committee on Motor Vehicle Fleet Operations. Approval of the standard does not
necessarily imply (nor is it required) that all Committee members voted for its approval. At the time this
standard was published, the Z15 Committee had the following members:
Carmen Daecher, Chairman
William Hinderks, CSP, CPCU, ARM Vice Chairman
Timothy R. Fisher, CSP, ARM, CPEA, Secretary
Jennie Dalesandro, Administrative Technical Support

Organization Represented Name of Representative

Abbott Laboratories Joe McKillips

Frank Miller
Advanced Safety & Health LLC Jonathan H. Brown
American Automobile Association Stephanie Carmichael
American Gas Association Philip Bennett
Tom Reburn
American Insurance Services Group Michael P. Wilson
American Public Transportation Association Lurae Stuart
American Society of Safety Engineers Carmen Daecher
David Crowley, CSP, CET, CHMM
American Trucking Association Dave Osiecki
Christina Cullinan
Bayer MaterialScience, LLC Terry Ketchum
Baynets Safety Systems Robert Martin
Brewington & Company John Brewington, Jr., CAFM
Chubb Group of Insurance Companies Tim Murphy, CPCU
Con Agra Foods, Inc. Kevin Connors
Penny Eriksen
S. Thomas Filippi Consulting S. Thomas Filippi, CSP, P&C
Greyhound Lines, Inc. Alex Guariento
Joe Bennett
HQMC William Cosby
Heath & Associates Frederick Heath
Marsh Risk Consulting Timothy McCarty
Rich Bleser
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County Reginald Mason
Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group Patrick Rewiako
Motor Freight Carriers Association Tim Lynch
National Association of Fleet Administrators Randy Shadley, CAFM
Phillip Russo, CAE
National Safety Council Les Sokolowski
National Safety & Transportation Institute Dennis Andrews
Network of Employers for Traffic Safety David F. Melton
NIOSH – Division of Safety Research Stephanie Pratt
Edward “Lee” Husting
Pilkington North America Mark J. Torch, CSP
Property Casualty Insurers Association of America Keith D. Lessner
Risk & Insurance Management Company William Hinderks, CSP, CPCU, ARM
Kevin Frye, CSP, ARM, ALCM
Safety Management Consultants, Inc. J. Terrence Grisim, CSP, CDS, CPSM, ARM
Safety System Technologies Elizabeth Kovach-Hayes, CSP
ServiceMaster Consumer Services David Hopps
Steve Banister, CSP
Takai Consulting Raymond Takai
Taxicab, Limousine & Paratransit Association Alfred LaGasse
XL Environmental James Derr, CSP
Frederick Clark, ARM
Contents SECTION ............................................................................................................ PAGE

1. Scope, Purpose, Applications, Exceptions and Interpretations ....................... 7

1.1 Scope ...................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Purpose and Application ......................................................................... 7
1.3 Exceptions............................................................................................... 8
1.4 Interpretations ......................................................................................... 8

2. Definitions......................................................................................................... 8

3. Management, Leadership and Administration ................................................ 10

3.1 Management Leadership and Commitment........................................... 10
3.2 Written Program ..................................................................................... 10

4. Operational Environment ................................................................................ 13

4.1 Occupant Restraints............................................................................... 13
4.2 Impaired Driving ..................................................................................... 13
4.3 Distracted Driving ................................................................................... 14
4.4 Aggressive Driving ................................................................................. 14
4.5 Operational Policies ............................................................................... 14
4.6 Routing and Scheduling ......................................................................... 15

5. Driver ............................................................................................................... 16
5.1 Driver Qualifications ............................................................................... 16
5.2 Driver Management................................................................................ 16
5.3 Driver Training Program......................................................................... 16
5.4 Record Keeping...................................................................................... 17

6. Vehicle............................................................................................................. 17
6.1 Vehicle Acquisition ................................................................................. 17
6.2 Modifications .......................................................................................... 18
6.3 Emergency Equipment........................................................................... 18
6.4 Vehicle Inspection .................................................................................. 19
6.5 Periodic Vehicle Checks ........................................................................ 19
6.6 Vehicle Maintenance.............................................................................. 19
6.7 Vehicle Replacement ............................................................................. 20

7. Incident Reporting and Analysis...................................................................... 20

7.1 Reporting of Motor Vehicle Incidents and Collisions.............................. 20
7.2 Incident Review and Analysis ................................................................ 21
7.3 Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 22

Appendices:

Appendix A – Sample Business Use Policy .......................................................... 23

Appendix B – Sample Personal Use Policy........................................................... 25
Appendix C – Sample Driver Owned/Leased Vehicles Used for
Business Purposes Policy.............................................................. 26
Appendix D – Sample Rental Vehicle Policy ......................................................... 27
Appendix E – Motor Vehicle Incident Reporting: Instructions for
Drivers and Incident Information ..................................................... 28
Appendix F – Factors to be Considered During an Incident Review..................... 29
Appendix G – Sample Incident Rates and Methods of Calculation....................... 30
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1

SAFE PRACTICES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATIONS

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION

(Not part of American National Standard Z15.1)

1. SCOPE, PURPOSE, APPLICA-

TIONS, EXCEPTIONS AND INTER-
PRETATIONS

1.1 Scope. This standard sets forth

practices for the safe operation of motor
vehicles owned or operated by organi-
zations, including:

• Definitions
• Management, Leadership and
Administration
• Operational Environment
• Driver Considerations
• Vehicle Considerations
• Incident Reporting and Analysis

These practices are designed for use by

those having the responsibility for the
administration and operation of motor
vehicles as a part of organizational
operations.

1.2 Purpose and Application. The E1.2 Licensed motor vehicles designed
purpose of this Standard is to provide primarily for use on public roads may also
organizations with a document for the be operated off the road. This standard also
development of policies, procedures, and applies to off-road use of such vehicles.
management processes to control risks
associated with the operation of motor
vehicles. It is not intended to be a mandate
for its use; it has been developed to assist
organizations in defining and developing an
effective risk management program for their
motor vehicle operations.

This standard applies to licensed motor

vehicles designed to be operated primarily
on public roads.

This standard applies to the operation of

organization-owned or leased vehicles,
whether the vehicle is being driven on
organizational business or for personal use;
and the operation of rental or driver-owned

7
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

vehicles for organizational purposes. It

applies to persons working on behalf of the
organization whose job performance
requires the use of a motor vehicle.

1.3 Exceptions. This standard is not E1.3 Examples of excepted vehicles and
applicable to unlicensed equipment or off- equipment include:
road recreational vehicles.
• Farm equipment
• All-terrain vehicles
• Haulage trucks operated solely
on industrial or mine sites
• Road construction equipment
• Snowmobiles

1.4 Interpretations. Requests for

interpretations of this standard shall be in
writing and addressed to the Secretariat of
this standard.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1 Accident. An unplanned or E2.1 The term “incident” is preferred

unintended event or series of events that
may: (a) result in death, injury, loss of or
damage to a system or service; (b) cause
environmental damage; (c) adversely affect
an activity or function.
over “accident,” as the term “accident”
suggests that the event was not
preventable.
Source: Lack, Richard [2001]. Dictionary of
Terms Used in the Safety Profession, Fourth
Edition. Des Plaines, IL: American Society
of Safety Engineers.

2.2 Aggressive Driving. Driving in a E2.2 Source: Defensive Driving Course

selfish, bold, or pushy manner, without – 4. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
regard for the rights or safety of other users
of the roadway.

2.3 Collision. An incident in which the E2.3 Adapted from: ANSI D16.1, Manual
first harmful event involves a motor vehicle on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic
in motion coming in contact with another Accidents.
vehicle, other property, person(s), or
animal(s).

2.4 Crash. An incident involving one

or more motor vehicles in motion.

2.5 Defensive Driving. Driving to E2.5 Source: Defensive Driving Course

save lives, time, and money, in spite of the – 4. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
conditions around you and the actions of
others.

8

2.6 Distracted Driving. Diversion of
the driver’s attention from the task of
operating a motor vehicle by activities,
objects, or events inside or outside the
vehicle, or by factors such as emotional
stress or preoccupation.
2.7 Incident. An undesired event that
did or could have resulted in personal harm
or property damage, or in any undesirable
loss of resources.
2.8 Incident Rate. The number of
incidents per some unit of measurement, for
the purpose of assessing safety
performance over time or comparing
performance with other organizations.
2.9 Injury. Physical harm or damage
to a person resulting in the marring of
appearance, personal discomfort, and/or
bodily hurt, impairment or death.
2.10 Motor Vehicle. Any licensed
mechanically or electrically powered device
(except one moved by human power), not
operated on rails, designed to be operated
primarily on public streets and roads. Cargo
and/or attachments (trailers, etc.) to a motor
9
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006
E2.7 Incidents may include, but are not
limited to, events such as:
• Two vehicles coming in contact
with one another
• Single-vehicle crashes
• Near-misses (close calls)
• An object falling on or from a
moving motor vehicle
• Fire starting in a moving motor
vehicle
• Weather-related incidents
Organizations should determine what
constitutes a major incident. Thresholds for
a major incident may be based on the
severity of injury, environmental
contamination, or property damage.
Source: Lack, Richard [2001]. Dictionary of
Terms Used in the Safety Profession, Fourth
Edition. Des Plaines, IL: American Society
of Safety Engineers.
E2.9 Adapted from: Lack, Richard
[2001]. Dictionary of Terms Used in the
Safety Profession, Fourth Edition. Des
Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety
Engineers.
E2.10 Two-wheeled and three-wheeled
vehicles (motorcycles and motor scooters)
are included under the definition of a motor
vehicle.
Adapted from: ANSI D15.1, Method of
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

vehicle are considered part of that vehicle. Recording and Measuring Motor Vehicle
Fleet Accident Experience and Passenger
Accident Experience.

2.11 Passenger. A person, other than

the driver of the vehicle, who is in or on a
motor vehicle.

2.12 Preventable Collision. One in E2.12 Source: Defensive Driving Course

which the driver failed to do everything that – 4. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
reasonably could have been done to avoid
the collision.

2.13 Remedial Training. Training

required following an incident to upgrade
and renew skills and demonstrate
proficiency.

2.14 Road Rage. A criminal offense in E2.14 Source: Defensive Driving Course -
which a vehicle is used as a weapon with 4. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
intent to do harm, or the physical assault of
a driver or vehicle.

2.15 Shall. The term “shall” is used

throughout Z15.1 in accord with ANSI
conventions to indicate a mandatory or
required practice in terms of this standard.

2.16 Should. The term “should” is used

throughout Z15.1 in accord with ANSI
conventions to indicate a recommended
practice.

3. MANAGEMENT, LEADERSHIP
AND ADMINISTRATION

3.1 Management Leadership and E3.1 All levels of management should

Commitment. The organization’s senior
leadership shall allocate sufficient staff and
financial resources required to manage and
support the overall motor vehicle safety
program.
be involved in and held accountable for the
program’s development, management, and
implementation.

3.2 Written Program. Organizations

shall have a written motor vehicle safety
program that defines organizational
requirements for driver and motor vehicle
safety.

3.2.1 Program Elements. The written E3.2.1 The motor vehicle safety program
motor vehicle safety program shall include should include any industry specific

10

the following elements:
• Safety policy
• Responsibilities and account-
abilities
• Driver recruitment, selection,
and assessment
• Organizational safety rules
• Orientation and training
• Reporting rates and major
incidents to executives
• Communications
• Vehicle specifications
• Inspections and maintenance
• Reward and recognition
• Regulatory compliance man-
agement
• Management program audits
3.2.1.1 Safety Policy. Organizations shall
establish a formal safety policy that states
management's concern for the health and
well-being of drivers throughout the
organization. The policy shall establish the
expectation that drivers comply with all
aspects of the organization’s vehicle safety
program, as well as obey applicable local,
state and federal laws and regulations as
they relate to vehicle operations.
3.2.1.2 Responsibilities and Account-
abilities. A system of responsibility and
accountability shall be established
throughout the organization in order to
ensure effective implementation of the
vehicle safety program.
11
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006
requirements.
E3.2.1.1 The vehicle safety policy can be a
stand-alone document or integrated into the
organization’s overall safety and health
policy. The vehicle safety policy should
include:
• Leadership
• Responsibilities and account-
ability
• Compliance with legislation
• Responsibilities of all affected
drivers
• Safety as a condition for
continued driving privileges
• A safety policy statement
The policy should be signed by a senior
executive and appropriately communicated
to all employees and drivers.
E3.2.1.2 Cooperative efforts and input from
organizational departments such as
operations management, human resources,
and safety should be employed when
establishing accountability and disciplinary
systems. Organizations should establish
and support a process that encourages
driver involvement in appropriate aspects of
the vehicle safety program.
Any recognition and reward system should
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

be administered in a fair and uniform

manner and encourage safe behavior,
immediate reporting of incidents, and active
participation in the motor vehicle safety
program.

3.2.1.3 Driver Recruitment, Selection,
and Assessment. The organization shall
implement a system that recruits and selects
drivers to ensure safe operation and
management of the motor vehicle safety
program.
E3.2.1.3 The job description and selection
criteria should be designed to select drivers
who are committed to safe vehicle
operation. The selection process, including
the job description, should be assessed
periodically to ensure the process is
effective.

3.2.1.4 Organizational Safety Rules.

Organizations shall develop and implement
organizational safety rules that address the
specific issues for the organization. All
drivers found to be in violation of these
safety rules shall be counseled or disciplined
in a fair and uniform manner consistent with
the organization’s policies.

3.2.1.5 Orientation and Training. A
process of orientation and training shall be
established in order to ensure safe and
effective operation of motor vehicles.
E3.2.1.5 All new drivers should be trained
on a vehicle similar in size, power,
configuration and operation as the vehicle
they will be using prior to being assigned the
vehicle/unit, including any special equipment
specific to their intended vehicle
assignment. Training should include behind-
the-wheel observation.

3.2.1.6 Reporting Rates and Major

Incidents to Executives. The organization
shall implement a system that requires the
investigation and analysis of incidents in
order to report major incidents, trends, and
safety performance to all management
levels of the organization. A system of
immediately reporting all major incidents to
top management shall be implemented.

3.2.1.7 Communications. A system of E3.2.1.7 All communications should be

communication shall be implemented that coordinated in such a manner so that clear
ensures all internal and external and accurate results, incidents, and issues
communications are clear and accurate. are communicated to the proper
External communications shall be coordin- organization or group.
ated by authorized personnel in order to
manage inquiries from media, public, and
regulatory agencies.

12
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

3.2.1.8 Vehicle Specifications. A system E3.2.1.8 Refer to Section 6.1.

shall be established to ensure the proper
vehicle is selected for the intended safe use.

3.2.1.9 Inspections and Maintenance. E3.2.1.9 Refer to Sections 6.4 and 6.6.
Organizations shall establish a system of
vehicle/equipment inspections and mainte-
nance for safe operations.

3.2.1.10 Regulatory Compliance Manage-

ment. Organizations shall have a system in
place to monitor federal, state, and local
regulations in order to comply with all
regulations and implement any policy/
procedure change in a timely manner.

3.2.1.11 Management Program Audits. E3.2.1.11 This audit process should

Organizations shall have an auditing measure the effectiveness of each of the
process that monitors compliance with safety program elements identified in
regulations and the organization’s motor Section 3.2.1.
vehicle safety program.

4. OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Occupant Restraints. Organiza- E4.1 Occupant restraints include all of

tions shall establish a policy addressing the the following:
use of occupant restraints, including the use
of safety belts (seat belts/shoulder harness). • Safety belts
• Infant seats
• Child safety seats
• Booster seats
• Supplemental restraint systems
(airbags)

Drivers and all passengers should utilize

seat belts and appropriate child restraints for
their safety.

4.2 Impaired Driving. Organizations E4.2 Operating an organizational vehicle

shall establish a policy regarding the use of while impaired greatly increases the risk of a
drugs and alcohol as well as any other collision. The policy should define what
conditions that may adversely affect the constitutes a violation of this policy, and
ability to safely operate a motor vehicle. specify consequences.

On a periodic basis, drivers should receive

information and training regarding the
effects of drugs (including prescription
medications, non-prescription products and
illegal substances), alcohol and other
conditions (e.g., fatigue, medical condition,

13
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

emotional states) on safe vehicle operation.

4.3 Distracted Driving. Organizations E4.3 Policies should address potential

shall have a policy regarding potential distractions such as:
distractions while driving.
• Cell phone use
• Eating or drinking
• Grooming
• Passengers, children, and pets
• Smoking
• Reading
• Use of technology (e.g., GPS
systems and computers)

On a periodic basis, drivers should receive

information and training regarding the
impact of distractions on safe vehicle
operation.

4.4 Aggressive Driving. Organi- E4.4 Aggressive driving can include:

zations shall have a policy regarding
aggressive driving. • Speeding
• Tailgating
• Failure to signal a lane change
• Running red lights and stop
signs
• Weaving in traffic
• Yelling
• Making obscene gestures
• Excessive use of the horn

At the extreme end, aggressive driving can

escalate to road rage.

On a periodic basis, drivers should receive

information and training regarding the
impact of aggressive driving on safe vehicle
operation.

4.5 Operational Policies.

4.5.1 Business Use Policy. A Business E4.5.1 Refer to sample Business Use
Use Policy shall be established to delineate Policy in Appendix A.
specific requirements for use of organization
vehicles.

4.5.2 Personal Use Policy. Vehicles E4.5.2 Refer to sample Personal Use
are provided primarily for official business Policy in Appendix B.
purposes. However, an organization may
choose to allow personal use. In this event, Where an organizational vehicle is assigned

14
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

a Personal Use Policy shall be established
which clearly spells out requirements.
to a driver, and personal use is authorized,
this personal use poses a high degree of
added liability to the organization. The
Personal Use Policy establishes boundaries
in an effort to manage this added risk.

All requirements for driver qualification

(MVR standards) and training (e.g.,
defensive driving classes) should also apply
to the family members.

4.5.3 Driver Owned/Leased Vehicles E4.5.3 Refer to sample Driver Owned /

Used for Business Purposes. A policy
shall be established to address those
situations where drivers use their personal
vehicles for organizational business.
Leased Vehicles Used for Business
Purposes Policy in Appendix C.
This type of use may be either frequent or
incidental. In these instances, drivers are
typically reimbursed on a per-mile or pre-
arranged vehicle allowance basis for the use
of a vehicle that they personally own or
lease.

Organizations should determine their own

thresholds for applying this policy to
incidental use of personal vehicles.

While insurance is generally maintained by

the driver, the organization may still assume
a certain amount of liability in addition to
having a vested interest in the safety of the
driver, passengers, other motorists and
persons.

4.5.4 Rental Car Policy. A Rental E4.5.4 Refer to sample Rental Vehicle
Vehicle Policy shall be established to Policy in Appendix D.
address those circumstances where a driver
rents a vehicle while on organizational
business.

4.6 Routing and Scheduling. E4.6 This should include evaluating the
Organizations operating motor vehicles shall safety of routes and the timing of trips taking
assess the use of vehicles and the nature of into account the following:
the territory traveled, and make
determinations regarding the need to • Road construction
formally manage routing and scheduling. • Traffic conditions
• Road surface
• Weather
• Speed limits
• Scheduling multiple stops in
close proximity

15
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

5. DRIVER

5.1 Driver Qualifications.

5.1.1 Job Description. Organizations E5.1.1 Consideration should be given to

shall establish a job description for each
type of position that requires driving, and
include the type of driver’s license required
for the position.
including educational and physical
requirements in the job description.
Organizations should evaluate the physical
condition of drivers to make sure they are
capable of performing the driving tasks
outlined in the job description. The driver’s
physical condition should be reevaluated on
a periodic basis.

5.1.2 Application Form. Organizations

shall have an application form that is
designed to gather information in the areas
specified in the job description related to
driving.

5.1.3 Background Checks. Organi- E5.1.3 When evaluating background

zations shall perform applicant background information, organizations should consider
checks, including state motor vehicle record factors such as:
(MVR) checks and reference checks with
previous employers in accordance with • The number of moving
applicable privacy laws. Organizations shall violations
have a written policy as to what would • The severity of moving
disqualify an applicant. violations
• Prior license suspension
Organizations shall establish a program for • Previous crashes or incidents
periodically performing and reviewing each • Previous experience or training
driver’s state motor vehicle record, to assure • Criminal record
that the driver remains qualified. • History of DUI/DWI

5.2 Driver Management. A driver E5.2 Organizations should periodically

management program shall be established
to help assure that the driver is following
organizational procedures. It is essential that
all drivers be aware that the safe operation
of vehicles is very important.
evaluate driver performance. This may
include direct observation, MVR review,
review of information from trip recorders
installed on the vehicle, and feedback from
the general public for those vehicles that are
clearly identified with either a company
phone number or a commercial safety
hotline, call-in program.

5.3 Driver Training Program. Organi- E5.3 The training program should
zations shall establish a driver training include both classroom and behind-the-
program. The training program shall address wheel training. Consideration should be
requirements for new drivers, continuing given to including the following topics:

16
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

education of existing drivers, and instances

where remedial training shall be required. • Defensive driving
• Substance abuse
• Distracted driving (e.g., cell
phone use)
• Aggressive driving (e.g., tail-
gating)
• Vehicle inspection
• Commodity specific training
(e.g. hazardous materials,
material handling, cargo
securement)
• Safety regulations
• Security procedures
• Emergency equipment
• Post-incident procedures
• Vehicle inspection / mainte-
nance

For more general information about training

please review ANSI/ASSE Z490.1,
Accepted Practices for Occupational Safety,
Health, and Environmental (SH&E) Training.

5.4 Record Keeping. Organizations E5.4 Organizations should have a

shall maintain documentation of the “driver qualification / personnel file” for each
qualifications and driving records of drivers. driver, which may contain:

Records shall be kept in the driver’s • The completed application form

qualification/personnel file to verify that a • A copy of the driver’s MVR
driver has received training. • Information on reference
checks
• Training records
• A copy of the current driver’s
license

6. VEHICLE

6.1 Vehicle Acquisition. Vehicles E6.1 Examples of safety considerations

shall be specified and purchased based on include:
the activities to be performed.
• Suitability for designated pur-
pose
• Crashworthiness
• Cargo capacity and load
position
• Towing capacity
• Ergonomic considerations such
as:

17
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

o Ease of access, egress,

movement within and
ability to work from or in the
vehicle
o Specifications based on
weight, size, and config-
uration of cargo to be
loaded/unloaded that will:
minimize forward bending
and contact stress with the
bumper; reduce extended
reaches; and allow loads to
be lifted close to the body
• Safety features such as:
o ABS
o Front and side airbag
systems
o Stability systems
o Rear vision or detection
devices
o Collision avoidance de-
vices
o Event data recorders
o Night vision devices
o Exterior mirror systems

6.2 Modifications. Organizations E6.2 Examples of modifications include:

shall develop policies that require review of
all vehicle modifications before they are • Stereo equipment
accomplished. The review shall be • Trailer hitches
sufficiently detailed to ensure that the • Window tinting
proposed modification does not create an • Navigation systems
unsafe condition or impair and/or circumvent • Security systems
the function of any safety device. • Accessibility aids
• Cargo containment means or
racks
• Material handling means
• Mobile telephone attachments
• Changing tire or rim size
• Changing body configuration
• Increasing the carrying/hauling
capacity of the vehicle or trailer

6.3 Emergency Equipment. Vehicles E6.3 Examples of items to be con-

shall be equipped with appropriate sidered include:
emergency equipment in the event the driver
experiences mechanical difficulty, loss or • First aid kit
shifting of load, or a crash on the road. • Flashlight
Vehicles shall be equipped with emergency • Reflective safety vest
warning devices and equipment, and drivers • Space blanket

18
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

shall be instructed in correct placement of • Light sticks

these devices around the disabled vehicle. • Fire extinguisher
• Tire inflator/sealant
• Reflective triangles/flares
• Cold weather emergency items

6.4 Vehicle Inspection. Organizations

shall have a system in place to ensure that
vehicles are inspected and serviced on a
regular basis in accordance with
organizational policies and procedures.
Vehicles shall be inspected, at a minimum,
in accordance with the vehicle manu-
facturer’s recommendations, regulatory
requirements, and recognized standard
practices.

6.5 Periodic Vehicle Checks. Visual E6.5 Examples of periodic vehicle

checks shall be made by drivers each time a checks include:
vehicle is to be operated.
• Gauges
• Fuel and fluids
• Wheels and tires
• Mirrors and mirror adjustment
• Windscreen, including wipers
• Lights, including headlights and
directional, and brakes

6.6 Vehicle Maintenance. Organi- E.6.6 Vehicles should be inspected, at a

zations shall institute formal maintenance minimum:
procedures and record keeping procedures
that meet or exceed the vehicle • In accordance with the vehicle
manufacturer’s recommendations, giving manufacturer’s
consideration to the operating environment. recommendations
• Promptly after notice of a
manufacturer recall
• In accordance with regulatory
requirements and recognized
standard practices

6.6.1 Scheduled Maintenance. All

vehicles shall be maintained by qualified
automotive service technicians at regular
intervals based upon miles driven, hours of
operation and/or calendar time.

6.6.2 Repairs. When defects are

reported, the vehicle shall be repaired by a
qualified automotive service technician.
Safety related defects shall be repaired

19
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

before the vehicle is placed back in service

with appropriate records maintained.

6.6.3 Qualified Automotive Service

Personnel. All personnel performing
maintenance, repair, modifications or
inspection shall possess the requisite skills
and be qualified through experience or
training.

6.6.4 Automotive Service Facilities.

Organizations performing their own vehicle
maintenance shall have appropriate facilities
and automotive service equipment to
perform the required tasks. When
maintenance is performed by vendors, the
organization shall assess the vendor’s ability
to adequately perform the required service.

6.7 Vehicle Replacement. Organi- E6.7 Examples of factors affecting the

zation-operated vehicles shall be replaced need for vehicle replacement include:
periodically based upon formal procedures.
• Total mileage
• Maintenance cost and fre-
quency
• Condition of vehicle
• Operational requirements
• Operating environment
• Hours of service
• Safety of vehicle

7. INCIDENT REPORTING AND

ANALYSIS

7.1 Reporting of Motor Vehicle E7.1 Reporting procedures should cover

Incidents and Collisions. Incident and all operations cited in the Purpose and
collision reporting procedures shall be Application statement found in Section 1.2
developed and followed to collect of this standard.
information sufficient to support analysis and
review of motor vehicle incidents, for the Minor incidents and collisions should be
purpose of taking corrective action to reported regardless of damage or cost.
prevent future incidents.

7.1.1 Organizational Responsibilities. E7.1.1 Reporting procedures should, at a

The organization shall establish and notify
drivers of procedures for reporting all motor
vehicle incidents.
Instructions for reporting an incident shall be
placed in every vehicle.
minimum, identify the person or office to
which the driver must report the incident;
identify responsibilities of that person or
office; and provide instructions for actions to
be taken by a driver in the event of an
incident. If reporting procedures vary

20
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

according to the registration or ownership of

the vehicle, these distinctions should be
clearly stated.

At a minimum, these materials should

include instructions for drivers in the event
of an incident and a standard form for
recording basic information at the scene.
Refer to Appendix E for recommended
elements for driver instructions and for
incident reporting.

7.1.2 Driver Responsibilities. The E7.1.2 The driver should fulfill all incident
driver shall be required to report all motor reporting requirements as soon as possible
vehicle incidents to the organization, after the incident, preferably within 24 hours
regardless of severity. or by the end of the next business day.

7.2 Incident Review and Analysis. A E7.2 The intensity of the incident review
process shall be developed to systematically may be based on a threshold set by the
review and analyze incidents. The objective organization.
of this process is to identify the root cause
and any contributing factors that led to the
incident, to prevent future occurrences.

7.2.1 Analysis of Causal and E7.2.1 The person(s) responsible for

Contributing Factors. The reviewer(s)
shall identify and examine any factor or
circumstance before, during, and after the
incident that may have influenced the
outcome or the severity.
Specific problems shall be identified and
prioritized according to their impact on the
incident, and potential solutions for each
problem shall be identified.
incident review should gather all pertinent
internal records and external documents
before beginning their work. Refer to
Appendix F for a list of possible contributing
factors that may be considered during an
incident review.

7.2.2 Determination of Preventability.

Findings from analysis of causal and
contributing factors shall be reviewed to
determine if the incident could have been
prevented by the driver or others with
operational control.

7.2.3 Incident Review Report. Incident E7.2.3. The driver should receive a copy of
reviewer(s) shall prepare and deliver a the incident review report.
report to persons with authority to implement
the changes necessary to prevent the
incident from recurring. The report shall
document the causal and contributing
factors for the incident.

21

7.2.4 Corrective Action for Incidents
Preventable by the Driver. For incidents
determined to have been preventable by the
driver, corrective actions shall be developed
and implemented in a timely manner.
Records shall be kept to verify that the
prescribed action was taken.
7.2.5 Corrective Action for Other
Factors. Corrective actions shall be
implemented to address factors related to
the driver, the vehicle, or the operating
environment. Records shall be kept to verify
that the prescribed action was taken.
7.3 Data Analysis. Organizations
shall collect data needed to calculate rates
for tracking safety performance over time.
Organizations shall identify the most
appropriate rates based on patterns of
vehicle use and the nature of motor vehicle
operations.
7.3.1 Motor Vehicle Incident Rates.
Incident rates shall be used to measure the
historical frequency of incidents or collisions.
Rates shall be clearly identified by type of
event tracked and operational characteristic.
7.3.2 Reporting Periods: Incident rates
shall be continuously maintained in order to
compare with historical or industry
experience and to track progress over time.
22
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006
E7.2.4 Specific corrective actions, the
person responsible for seeing that these
actions are taken, and the expected date of
completion should be documented.
Drivers involved in preventable incidents
should undergo a review of their driving
skills with subsequent skills training if
necessary.
Special emphasis should be placed on the
improvement of driving skills and behaviors
judged to have been associated with the
incident.
E7.2.5 Specific corrective actions, the
person responsible for seeing that these
actions are taken, and the expected date of
completion should be documented.
Incident reviewer(s) should consider
whether similar corrective actions will
increase the safety of motor vehicle
operations throughout the organization. If
this is the case, countermeasures should be
implemented.
E7.3 Organizations should use any
available data sources to assess safety
performance, such as:
• Loss history
• Benchmarking
• Data from accident manage-
ment services
• Tracking devices and event
data recorders
E7.3.1 Refer to Appendix G for examples
of incident rates.
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

Appendix A

Sample Business Use Policy

Operating an organization vehicle is a privilege. All drivers will be responsible and accountable
to:

• Possess a valid motor vehicle driver’s license issued in the state of their residency or in
a foreign country that is valid in the United States. This license must have the
appropriate classification and any required endorsements needed for operating the
vehicle(s) assigned to the operator. An international driver’s license is acceptable.
• Be subject to a driver’s motor vehicle record check, and if such records show a
suspension or revocation of driving privileges, the driver will not be authorized to operate
a motor vehicle for the organization.
• Operate motor vehicles in a safe manner at all times.
• Comply with all applicable state laws and regulations.
• Maintain vehicle in a safe operating condition.
• Maintain vehicle in accordance with the maintenance schedule.
• Report moving violations to their Supervisor.
• Report changes in their driver’s licensing to the organization’s insurance/risk
management department.
• Accurately complete a condition survey when turning in an organization vehicle.
• Accurately record and report vehicle mileage in accordance with organization
procedures.
• Complete an approved defensive driver safety-training program within 90 days of hire.
• Participate in required driver safety education and training programs.
• Require all occupants to use seat belts, child safety seats, booster seats or other
restraint devices at all times.
• Pay all moving/parking violation fines and fees.
• Keep automobile ID cards in the vehicle glove box at all times, including proof of liability
insurance.
• Refrain from towing any personal recreational equipment (boats, campers, etc.) with
your vehicle.
• Not alter vehicles leased, owned or rented by the organization in any way.
• Never deactivate air bags on any leased/owned company vehicles, rented or personal
vehicles for company business.
• Never operate a computer while the vehicle is moving.
• Pull off the road to a safe location prior to making or receiving phone calls.
• Comply with organizational policy on transport of passengers.

Operating privileges shall be revoked if:

• Driver does not adhere to responsibilities listed above.

• The driver’s license is revoked, suspended, withdrawn or denied.
• Driver refuses to undergo drug or alcohol testing in accordance with organization
policies or as required by applicable state or jurisdiction.
• Operating outside the limitations of a restricted license.

23
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

In case of vehicle damage:

• Report any vehicle damage to the organization by the end of the next business day
following the incident.
• Police reports, witness statements or other pertinent documents should be obtained and
forwarded to the organization.
• The driver shall cooperate with representatives of the organization, including insurance
company personnel and obtain written repair estimates from reputable shops or
authorized dealerships. If damages exceed $1,000, a second estimate may be required.
If it becomes necessary to rent another vehicle during repairs, the driver will be
instructed as to provisions for a rental vehicle.
• Drivers should not make verbal or written statements concerning an incident during its
immediate aftermath except to law enforcement officials or representatives of the
organization.

I, _______________________, have read and understand the Business Use Policy established
by______________________. I agree to abide by the provisions of this policy. I understand
that violation of this policy will result in disciplinary action, up to and including termination of
employment.

__________________________ __________________________
Driver Signature Supervisor Signature

__________________________ __________________________
Date Date

24
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

Appendix B

Sample Personal Use Policy

Vehicles are provided primarily for use on organization business. However, certain reasonable
use is permitted. Examples of such use include:

• Personal errands while en-route to or from a business related activity, provided that the
errand is done on the driver’s own time (e.g., authorized break or lunch hour)
• When authorized in advance by the employee’s immediate supervisor
• Commuting to and from home
• On evenings, weekends, vacations, etc., provided these miles are accurately reported to
the organization on a monthly basis, and the company is reimbursed for this personal
use at a rate of (the organization should decide what this amount is to be).

In addition, the following requirements pertain to all organization vehicles:

• No one except for an authorized employee may drive an organizational vehicle. This
includes immediate family members and friends, except in emergency situations.
o Some organizations permit driving by family members, but typically limit it to spouse,
or significant other living in the same household in a committed relationship. All
requirements for driver qualification (MVR standards) and training (e.g., defensive
driving classes) must also apply to the family members.
• Drivers must comply with all applicable state laws and regulations.
• No alterations of vehicles are permitted. Examples include:
o Installation of stereos, amplifiers, radar detectors
o Installation of trailer hitches for personal use
o Aftermarket accessories such as bug deflectors, window tinting, running boards and
visors
o Personalized or vanity license plates
• Personal trailers are prohibited except as approved by the immediate supervisor.

The organization reserves the right to withdraw this privilege at any time.

I, _______________________, have read and understand the Personal Use Policy established
by______________________. I agree to abide by the provisions of this policy. I understand
that violation of this policy will result in disciplinary action, up to and including termination of
employment.

__________________________ __________________________
Driver Signature Supervisor Signature

__________________________ __________________________
Date Date

25
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

Appendix C

Sample Driver Owned/Leased Vehicles Used for Business Purposes Policy

There are situations where drivers use their personal vehicles for organization business. In
these cases, drivers are typically reimbursed on a per-mile or prearranged vehicle allowance
basis.

For those drivers utilizing their personal vehicles on organization business, the following
requirements apply:

• Must have a valid driver license in their state of residence, and meet the same MVR and
accident criteria as drivers of organization vehicles.
• Automobile liability and property damage insurance coverage must be maintained by the
driver as prescribed by the organization. The organization shall be provided with
evidence of this insurance coverage, which clearly lists policy declarations and coverage
limits.
• In case of an accident and subsequent claim, the coverage provided by the employee's
personal insurance will apply first.
• The vehicle must be maintained in accordance with the same requirements as
organization vehicles.
• Drivers must comply with all applicable state laws and regulations.
• Motor vehicle records will be checked initially, and periodically thereafter. The driver's
authorization to operate their personal vehicle for organization business may be revoked
by management if the motor vehicle record discloses the following:
o The state motor vehicle driver license is revoked, suspended, withdrawn or denied
o Operating outside the limitations of a restricted license
o Driver refuses to undergo drug or alcohol testing in accordance with organization
policies or as required by applicable state or jurisdiction
o A conviction for driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or illegal
drugs
• Regular occasional drivers (those being reimbursed more than six times per year for
business use) will be required to attend driver safety training and meetings.

The organization reserves the right to withdraw this privilege at any time.

I, _______________________, have read and understand the Driver Owned/Leased Vehicles

Used for Business Purposes Policy established by______________________. I agree to abide
by the provisions of this policy. I understand that violation of this policy will result in disciplinary
action, up to and including termination of employment.

__________________________ __________________________
Driver Signature Supervisor Signature

__________________________ __________________________
Date Date

26
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

Appendix D

Sample Rental Vehicle Policy

Vehicles may be rented for organizational business in certain circumstances, such as:

• Out of town travel

• Replacement vehicle for one that is being repaired
• Transportation of guests
• Special events
• Unexpected shortage of transportation resources

While operating a rental vehicle on organizational business, all requirements of the vehicle
safety program apply. This includes the following:

• Must have a valid driver license, and meet the same MVR and accident criteria as all
other drivers of organization vehicles.
• Drivers must comply with all applicable state laws and regulations
• Only authorized drivers may operate the vehicle (no family members or friends unless
pre-approved by the organization).

NOTE: If the organization carries rental vehicle coverage, drivers may be directed to decline
the optional coverage offered by the rental company.

27
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

Appendix E

Motor Vehicle Incident Reporting: Instructions for Drivers and Incident Information

Instructions for Drivers: On-scene instructions to be placed in the vehicle should include the
following:

• Phone number(s) to which incidents are to be reported.

• Insurance carrier information that can be provided to other involved parties.
• Instructions for notifying the organization’s insurance carrier (if the organization’s
reporting procedures designate this as a driver responsibility).
• Instructions for contacting law enforcement and emergency personnel; and instructions
for contacting roadside assistance services, if available.
• Instructions for leaving the incident scene intact, securing the scene against further
collisions or injuries until emergency personnel arrive, and meeting regulatory
requirements (if any) for blood alcohol testing.
• A reminder to the driver that he or she should not admit fault for the incident.

Materials to be placed in the vehicle may also include a disposable camera for documenting the
scene, and a witness card for recording initial comments and contact data from potential
witnesses.

Incident Information: Recommended data elements to be collected in the event of a motor

vehicle incident are as follows:
• Name
• Address
• Phone number(s)
• Driver’s license number
• License plate number
• Vehicle make and model
• Name of insurance carrier
• Insurance policy number
• Name, address, and phone number(s) of all parties involved in the incident, including
passengers in each vehicle
• Name, address, and phone number(s) of all witnesses
• Date and time of the incident
• Location of the incident (intersection or milepost)
• The party to whom the driver’s vehicle was registered (e.g., the organization, the driver,
another individual, or a rental agency)
• Name and phone number(s) of the investigating law enforcement officer on the scene, if
any
• Any other entities responding at the scene (e.g., fire department, ambulance, hazardous
materials unit
• Citations issued
• A detailed narrative of the incident.
• Space to allow the driver to make a sketch or diagram of the incident scene

Note: Vehicles involved in the incident should be denoted by numbers in both the narrative and
the corresponding diagram. Position of the witnesses should be noted in the same way.

28
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

Appendix F

Factors to be Considered During an Incident Review

During a review of a motor vehicle incident, possible contributing factors may be considered
using the following framework:

Driver:
• Driver’s work schedule for at least the week preceding the incident
• Length of time on duty since the previous break prior to the incident
• Fatigue
• Scheduling demands on driver
• Motor vehicle record history
• Physical condition of the driver at the time of the incident
• Physical limitations of the driver at the time of the incident
• Training history
• Driver’s emotional state

Vehicle:
• Maintenance and inspection records
• Vehicle condition
• Damage to the vehicle from the incident
• Suitability and safety of the vehicle for the work task
• Vehicle control layout
• Modifications to the vehicle that may have contributed to the incident

Operating Environment:
• Weather
• Road conditions
• Traffic conditions
• Route planning
• Delivery or service schedules

References

The following provides further information on factors that may be considered in determining
causation:

NHTSA. Large truck crash causation study in the United States. U.S. Department of
Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available:
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv18/cd/files/18ESV-000252.pdf

In-depth information on determining incident preventability is available from:

National Safety Council [2004]. A guide to determine motor vehicle accident preventability
(revised edition). Publication No. 22972-0000. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.

U.S. Department of Transportation [1991]. Accident countermeasures manual. Available:

http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/factsfigs/accidenthm/accidentman.htm

29
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

Appendix G

Sample Incident Rates and Methods of Calculation

Incident rates should be based on all motor vehicle incidents occurring during the reporting
period. Rates should be updated periodically as revisions are made to the database. Incidents
may be tracked on a rolling interval (e.g., rolling 12-month) in order to accumulate additional
exposure units.

Incident rate based on number of vehicles operated: This rate is derived by multiplying the
number of incidents by 100 and dividing by the number of vehicles operated.

Incident rate = Number of incidents x 100

Number of vehicles

Incident rate based on vehicle mileage: This rate is derived by multiplying the number of
incidents by 1,000,000 and dividing by the mileage driven.

Incident rate = Number of incidents x 1,000,000

Vehicle mileage

Injury incident rate based on vehicle mileage: Injury incident rates, the most frequently used
indicator of incident severity, are useful for tracking events that have the potential to affect
financial or operational performance of the operating unit.

The injury incident rate is calculated by multiplying the number of incidents that result in an
injury by 1,000,000 (or other mileage multiplier) and dividing by the actual mileage:

Injury incident rate = Number of incidents with injury x 1,000,000

Vehicle mileage

Incident rates based on service activity: Motor vehicle operations that pose injury risks other
than those associated with driving should also use the service activity as the basis of a safety
performance rate. The number of deliveries, stops, or loads should be considered as
appropriate indicators of performance.

These rates are calculated by multiplying the number of incidents by 10,000 (or other
appropriate multiplier) and dividing by the number of service activities, such as:

Incidents per 10,000 deliveries = Number of incidents x 10,000

Number of deliveries

Incidents per 10,000 loads = Number of incidents x 10,000

Number of loads

Motor vehicle passenger injury rates: Organizations that transport passengers for a fee
should calculate passenger injury rates as a part of assessing safety performance.

An injury rate based on number of passengers transported should be used by operations such
as motor coach fleets, limousine services, or ambulance services. The passenger injury incident

30
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z15.1-2006

rate per million passengers is derived by multiplying the number of incidents that result in
passenger injuries by 1,000,000 and dividing by the number of passengers carried:

Passenger injury incident rate =

Number of vehicle incidents resulting in passenger injury x 1,000,000
Number of passengers carried

Passenger carriers may also use a passenger-based rate based on vehicle mileage:

Passenger injury rate per million miles = Number of passenger injuries x 1,000,000
Vehicle mileage

For services such as urban transit operations, it is also appropriate to calculate the passenger
injury rate based on the number of fares collected, including transfers.

Motor vehicle injury rates based on work hours:

Motor vehicle operations whose drivers have high levels of exposure to driving should consider
tracking incidents based on hours of exposure. The rate of vehicle incidents per 100 full-time
equivalent workers is calculated by multiplying the number of incidents by 200,000 and dividing
by the number of hours actually worked:

Vehicle incidents per 200,000 hours = Number of incidents x 200,000

Number of hours worked

31
 ANSI/ASSE Z15.1-2006

ANSI/ASSE Z15.1-2006
Safe Practices for
Motor Vehicle Operations

ANSI/ASSE Z15.1-2006
The information and materials contained in this publication have been developed from sources believed
to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI
accredited Z15 Committee or individual committee members accept no legal responsibility for the
correctness or completeness of this material or its application to specific factual situations. By publication
of this standard, ASSE or the Z15 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these recommendations
will protect the safety or health of any persons, or preserve property.