Khaled - Introduction To Metallurgy (1998)

Introduction to
Metallurgy
An Interactive Video Teletraining Course
Developed and Presented by
Terry Khaled
National Resource Specialist
Metallurgy
Federal Aviation Administration
April 30, 1998
Table of Contents
GETTING STARTED
How Do I Use This IVT Guide? . ... ... .... .. ... .. ... ... .. ..... .. .... 1
I. AIRFRAME ENGINEERING
CURRICULUM
What Does the Curriculum Cover? ... ... ... ...*................*...
Two-Week Job Function Course .,.,......*........*.........
Overviews of Technical Subjects . ... .. ... ... ... ... .... .. ....
Core Technical Subjects Courses ,.........................**
II. IVT COURSE ORIENTATION

About This IVT Course ... .. ....*.............*.......................... 6
What Is IVT? . .... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... .. .... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .... .. 6
Who Is the Target Audience? .... .. ...._...........--.................. 7
Who Is the Instructor? . .... ... .... ..*................................... 7
What Will You Learn? .**.......*..............*..*...................... 8
How Will This Course Help You On the Job? .. ... ... .... .. 8
What Topics Does the Course Cover? .... ... .. ... ... ... .... ... .. 8
What Are Some Good References? .. ... .... .. ... ... ... ... ... .... .. 10
III. SELF-ASSESSMENT & EXERCISES

Pre- & Post-Course Self-Assessment Questions .. .... ... ... 11
APPENDICES
A. Metallurgy IVT Presentation Visuals
B. Aircraft Alloys
B-l. Aluminum Alloys ,
B-2. Titanium Alloys
B-3. Carbon, Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels
B-4. Corrosion Resistant (CRES) Steels
B-5. Superallbys
C. Self-Study Video Course Evaluation Form
Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 i
Getting Started
How Do I Use This IVT guide provides you with the position of this course in
This IVT the Airframe Engineering Curriculum, an orientation to the IVT
Guide? course, support materials for use during the broadcast, self-
assessment and practice exercises, and the course evaluation.
Follow these steps to complete your study.
1. Read Section I, Airframe Engineering Curriculum, to
familiarize yourself with the the overall scope and format of
the curriculum.
2. Review Section II, IVT Course Orientation, before the
broadcast, if possible, to get an overview of the purpose of
the course, the target audience, the instructor, what you will
learn, how this course will help you on the job, the topics
covered in the course, and some good references on the topic.
3. Answer the pre-course self-assessment questions in Section
III, Self-Assessment .
4. Turn to Appendix A, Metallurgy IVT Presentation Visuals,
and refer to it during the broadcast. Appendix A contains the
visual support material used by the instructor during the
broadcast. You can use these visuals to take notes and follow
along with the broadcast presentation.
5. Refer to Appendix B, Aircraft Alloys, for additional
information, including designation systems and chemical
composition listings.
6. Complete the post-course self-assessment in Section III, Self
Assessment.
7. Complete the IVT Course Evaluation Form in Appendix C
and send it to your Directorate/Division Training Manager
(ATM).

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 I
Airframe Engineering Curriculum
I. Airframe Engineering Curriculum
What Does the ,The Airframe Engineering Curriculum fits into the broader AIR
Curriculum Training Program that is summarized in the following figure.
Cover?
An Overview
ASE Airframe
Job Function
o Z-week Course
I o Technical Topics-IVTNideo
/ 0 Follow-an Co”r~n
I
/ ASI
: JabFunction
j ASE Systems :
Job Function )
ME /
1 Propulsion
I Job Function
i DACT.OAT I
1
Flight Test I
Job Funcdon
First Year with Aircraft Certi~c~n--~z-

-.--------
_--- I Continuing Development
*-
Within the context of the AIR Training Program, the Airframe

Engineering Curriculum is designed to effectively meet the
critical safety mission of the FAA by addressing the following
Service goals:
Standardization
l Promote standardization throughout the organization in task
accomplishment and application of airworthiness
regulations in order to achieve uniform compliance.

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 2
,Job Performance Proficienw

l Reduce significantly the time required for newly-hired
engineers to attain full job performance proficiency.
l
Customer Service
l Establish and maintain appropriate, effective, and
responsive communication, collaboration, leadership, and
teamwork with both internal and external customers.
In addition to the Service goals, the Airframe Engineering
Curriculum is designed to provide ASEs with job function
training in three domains:
l Tasks and procedures governing the work of engineers in
design approval, technical project management, certificate
management, and designee management.
l FAR airworthiness requirements that are the purview of
airframe engineers. Generally they are subparts C and D of
FAR Parts 23,25,27, and 29.
l Technical subjects essential for all new engineers to meet
both introductory requirements and, later, minimum
technical proficiency level requirements.
The resulting Airframe Engineering Curriculum structure
consists of three main types of training opportunities -
1. Two-Week Job Function Course
2. Overviews of Technical Subjects
3. Follow-on Core Technical Subjects Courses
Two-Week Job The Two-Week Job Function Course uses an instructor-led,

Function classroom-based format with lecture, discussion, and individual
Course and group activities. Supporting materials used in the course
include print, overhead transparencies, videotapes, job aids,
and documents and sample reports.
Lnstructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

The course is divided into the following two major sections:

Week I
l Certification Tasks - includes design approval, technical
pr6ject management, certification management, and DER
management.
Week 2
l FAR Requirements and Key FAR Sections - includes
training in the subparts of the FAR that apply to airframe
engineers (subparts C and D) at two levels: an overview of
those subparts across FARs 23,25,27, and 29; and in-depth
discussion of significant sections of the FAR that are
important to the Service. The importance of these sections
may stem from problems in interpretation and application of
requirements, technical complexity of a design, “high
visibility” projects, or safety considerations that are
paramount.
Overviews of High-level overviews of ten technical subjects are presented by

Technical NRSs or other senior engineers. These overviews are available
Subjects in two modes:
l An initial live three to four hour IVT satellite broadcast with
accompanying course material is received at each
Directorate and other downlink sites.
l A Video/Self-Study Training Package adapted from the
initial IVT presentation and accompanying course material
is available through the Directorate Training Manager.
Basic concepts and FAA-specific applications and examples
are provided for each of the following ten technical subjects:
l Aircraft Loads
l Fatigue/Fracture Mechanics/Damage Tolerance
l Composite Materials (Design/Certification Considerations
in Composite Aircraft Structure)

l Crashworthiness/Occupant Protection
l Material Properties/Manufacturing Processes of Metal
(Introduction to Metallurgy)
l Stress Analysis
l FluttexYAeroelastic Stability
l Structural Test Methods
l Design and Construction
l Repairs and Modifications
Each technical subject overview is designed to not only

provide ASEs with the FAA perspective on the topic, but also
serve as an indicator of what further training may be needed.
Core Technical As a follow-on to the Overviews of Technical Subjects, the

Subjects curriculum will provide more in-depth training on the
Courses following three subject areas:
l Basic Loads
l Stress Analysis and Structural Test Methods,
l Repairs and Modifications
These core technical subjects are essential to the technical work
of the airframe engineer in a regulatory environment regardless
of product or technology. Training in each of the core subjects
will be designed to bring airframe engineers to a minimum
level of technical proficiency and to help promote proficiency
in the application of the technical knowledge in an office work
environment.
Additional technical training for engineers beyond these core
subjects will depend largely on AC0 organizational needs
stemming from customer requirements, products certified,
emerging technology, and the number of staff requiring more
specialized training. In short, the more advanced the technical
training required, the more individualized it becomes.

IVT Course Orientation
II. IVT Course Orientation
About This Introduction to Metallurgy

is one in a series of ten “Overviews
IVT Course of Technical Topics” in the Airframe Engineering Curriculum
designed to prepare you to effectively meet the critical safety
mission of the FAA. [For more information oy2the Airframe
Curriculum, rejer back to Section I of this guide. J
Through a five-hour Interactive Video Teletraining (IVT)

format, Terry Khaled, the FAA’s National Resource Specialist
for Metallurgy, will provide you with the basic concepts of
metallurgy, including information on solidification and
solidification structures and fabrication methods and their
effects, and, woven throughout the course, key points to look
for or be aware of in a certification project, including knowing
when to call in a metal specialist.
What Is IVT? Interactive Video Teletraining, or IVT, is instruction delivered

using some form of live, interactive television. For the
overview courses, the instructor delivers the course from the
television studio at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City.
Through the IVT broadcast facility instructors are able to use a
variety of visuals, objects, and media formats to support the
instruction.
Participants are located at various receive sites around the

country and can see the instructor and his/her materials on
television sets in their classrooms. The participants can
communicate with the instructor either through a microphone
and/or the simple-to-use Viewer Response System keypads.
During the live presentation, when a participant has a question
or the instructor asks for specific participant responses to
questions, the participant(s) can signal to the instructor using
their keypad. The collective participant responses or the name

of a specific participant signalling a question are immediately

visible to the instructor on the console at the broadcast site.
The instructor can then respond as needed. When the instructor
calls on a specific participant to speak from a site, participants
at each of the other sites can simultaneously hear the
participant who is speaking.
Who Is the This course is designed for:

Target l New and experienced FAA airframe engineers who are not
Audience? proficient or expert in metallurgy but who require enough
knowledge of the subject to be able to review data
submitted by manufacturers.
l Inspectors who enforce inspection procedures resulting
from the engineering evaluation required to satisfy FAR
25.571.
Who Is the Dr. Tarek (Terry) Khaled, has more than 25 years of
Instructor? experience in metallurgical engineering, mechanical design,
manufacturing, and project management. He has worked at
five aircraft manufacturing companies, coming to the FAA
from Rockwell International, Space Systems Division. His
latest experience in airframe materials was gained through
work on the space shuttle, the F- 18, and the F-l 11. Dr. Khaled
also has experience with the heat resistant alloys that are used
in turbine engines, which was gained by working on fighter
engines and aircraft power systems. Terry enjoys reading
Terry Khaled about military history, hardware, tactics, and strategy. He also
loves middle eastern foods.

What Wili You After completing this course you will have a basic
Learn? understanding of the concepts and principles of metallurgy,
including:
l The nature of metals.
l Solidification and ingot structures.
l Deformation and mechanical working.
l Strengthening mechanisms.
l Effects of fabrication and finishing operations on properties.
How Will This After completing this course, you should be able to:
Course Help
l Describe how metals and alloys solidify and list the factors
You On the
that control ingot structure.
Job?
l Understand how mill products are produced from ingots by
hot and cold working, and be able to distinguish cold from
hot working.
l Describe how metallic materials are hardened by heat
treatment and by other means.
l Understand how fabrication and finishing operations affect
the properties of metals and alloys.
l Recognize when, for certification purposes, a metallurgist
needs to be part of the FAA team.
What Topics The following topic outline is intended to give you an overview
Does the of the course content. In addition to this outline, Appendix A
Course Cover? contains the visual presentation material and supporting text
for each figure used by the instructor during the broadcast.
I. Introduction
II. The nature of metals
1. Atomic and crystal structures
2. Polymorphism

III. Solidification and solidification structures

1. Pure metals
2. Alloys
3. Phase diagrams
4. Cast/ingot microstructure control
IV. Fabrication methods - overview
1. Mill products and mechanical working
2. Deformation
a. Single crystal
b. Polycrystalline metals
C. Effects of temperature
d. Cold and hot working
e. Primary and secondary working
3. Strengthening in metals
a. Dispersion hardening
b. Strain hardening
C. Grain size
d. Solid solution strengthening
e. Second phase hardening
f. Hardening heat treatments
V. Effects of fabrication operations
VI. Effects of finishing operations
instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

What Are There are many references related to metallurgy, too numerous
Some Good to mention here. However, the following references contain
References? many other references on these subjects and will, help to guide
you in the right direction.
Avner, Sydney, H. Introduction to Physical Metallurgy.
McGraw-Hill, 1964.
Guy, A.G. Physical A4etallurgy for Engineers. Addison-
Wesley Pub. Co., 1963.
Smith, M.C. Principles of Physical Metallurgy. Harper &
Brothers Pub., 1956.
Burton, M. S. Applied Metallurgy for Engineers. McGraw-
Hill, 1956.
Keyser, C.A. Materials Science and Engineering, 2nd Ed.
Charles E. Merrill Pub. Co., 1974.
Flinn, R.A. & Trojan, PK. Engineering Materials and Their
Applications. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1975.
Doyle, LE. Manufacturing Processes and Materials for
Engineers. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985.
United States Steel. The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, IOth Ed. 1985.
The Metals Handbook Series. American Society for Materials
(20 volumes).

Self-Assessment
IV. Self-Assessment
Pre- & Post- The instructor will ask you at the begining and end of the
Course Self- presentation to respond to the following four questions about
Assessment metallurgy as it impacts the certification process.
Questions Rate your confidence level for each of the following statements
before and after completing the course.
1. Rate your level of understanding about the facotrs that

control ingot structure and properties.
Very Moderately Not
Confident Confident Confident
BEFORE THE COURSE: 0 0 III
AFTER THE COURSE: cl cl cl
2. Rate your level of understanding of the effects of

mechanical working on microstructure and properties.
Very Moderately Not
BEFORE THE COURSE: Cl cl III
AFTER THE COURSE: q I7 cl
3, Rate your understanding of how hardening by heat

treatment impacts microstructure and properties.
Very Moderately Not
BEFORE THE COURSE: 0 cl El
AFTER THE COURSE: 0 q Cl
InstructionalVideo TeletrainingCourse Introductionto Metallurgy

FederalAviation Administration April, I998 11
Self-Assessment
4. Rate your understanding of how fabrication and finishing

operations can affect the microstructure and properties.
Very Moderately Not
BEFORE THE COURSE: El 0 cl
AFTER THE COURSE: 0 cl cl
InstructionalVideo TeletrainingCourse introductionto Metallurgy

FederalAviation Administration April, 1998 I2
Appendix A
Appendix A
Introduction to Metallurgy
IVT Presentation Visuals

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 A
INTRODUCTION
TO
METALLURGY
By: Terry Khaled, Ph.D.,

NRS-Metallurgy
l Certification efforts require knowledge

of type design
l Type design
+ Form, fit, and function
4 Materials and processes
- Material type and condition/heat
treatment
- Surface finishing (coatings, shot peening)
- Inspection and test
I. Materials and processes integral to type
design
2
IVT Course Introduction to Metallurgy

Federal Aviation Authority April, 1998 A- I
cc
After completing this course, you should be able to:
l Describe how metals and alloys solidify and list the
factors that control ingot structure.
. Understand how mill products are produced from
ingots by hot and cold working, and be able to
distinguish cold from hot working.
. Describe how metallic materials are hardened by heat
treatment and by other means.
. Understand how fabrication and finishing operations
affect the properties of metals and alloys.
. Recognize when, for certification purposes, a
metallurgist needs to be part of the FAA team.
. Metals
Organic (polymers/plastics, wood)
Non-
Materials -
-metals
I
c Inorganic
r Ceramic (Al,03, SiO,)
Non-ceramic (C, B,
water, graphite, CaO)
r Metal-Ceramic
Composite
Organic-Ceramic
+-I .
LOther (Carbon-Carbon)
Note: Elemental semiconductors (Si, Ge) fall under metals.
Compound semiconductors fall under inorganic materials. 4

Federal Aviation Authority April, 1998 A- 2
l Science,of,converting rocks into
metals and alloys such as those used
on aircraft, autos, & other prqducts.
i Branches
- Extractive
- Ingot
- Powder.
- Physical , ,
IVT Course introduction to Metallurgy

. Extraction of metals from ores
+ Mining
+ Ore dressing
- Crushing
- Grinding
- Concentration
l Extraction.
- Heat (Fe, Ni)
- Leaching (Ti, Co, Cu)
- Electrochemical (Al)
7
. Production of metal and alloy ingots

+ From extracted metals, scrap, or both
- Refining: Remove undesirable elements
- Alloying: Obtain desired alloys

. Use of powder techniques to produce
+ Near-net shapes
+ Wrought powder metallurgy products
(standard shapes for further processing)
l Production of finished parts from ingots

or powder products
l Mechanical working: Rolling, extrudi %I9
forging, drawing
l Heat treatment
l Fabrication: Casting, welding, brazing,
forming, coating, etc.
10
1VT Course introduction to Metallurgy

. Focus on three important pillars of
metallurgy
+ Solidification and ingot structures
l Mechanical working
l Hardening by heat treatment and other

methods
11
. The Nature of Metals

. Solidification & Solidification Structures
l Fabrication Methods
l Mill Products & Mechanical Working
. Strengthening in Metals
l Effects of Fabrication Operations
. Effects of Finishing Operations
12

l Distinctive luster
l Malleable, ductile
+ Exceptions: Na brittle, Hg liquid, etc.
l Good thermal & electrical conductivity

+ Some non-metals also
l Form positive ions

0 Crystalline
l Inorganic materials also
13
Abmic B c~stan smctums
BCC FCC
@J$gg
l Atomic Structure-metallic bond

+ Positive “ions” surrounded by electron cloud
0 Crystal Structure
+ 14 basic types (metals or non-metals)
+ Most engineering metals
-Body centered cubic (KC)
- Face centered cubic (FCC)
-Close-packed hexagonal (CPH)
+ Other types include (tetragonal, orthorhombic)
14

Federal Aviation Authority April, I998 A- 7
. Metal has different crystal structures
l Depending on temperature
. Iron (Fe)
+ BCC at elevated temperatures
l FCC at intermediate temperatures
l BCC at the lower temperatures
l Titanium (Ti)
+ BCC at elevated temperatures
+ CPH at the lower temperatures
15
. Metals exist in three states

+ Vapor
+ Liquid
+ Solid
. Solidification: Liquid- solid

+ Also known as crystallization
- Liquid: No crystal structure
- Solid: Crystal structure
16

. Most metal and alloy tonnage produced
as ingots
l Ingot production involves melting
and solidification
l Casting is a common near-net shape
production method
+ Casting production involves melting
and solidification
I. It is important to understand solidification
processes for pure metals and alloys
17
Topics covered:
l Pure Metals
l Alloys
l Phase diagrams
. Cast/ingot microstructure control
18

. Slow uniform cooling
l Crystallization at one
temperature
-Arrest line
. Crystallization by ,98,0F
nucleation and
growth
+ Solid crystals
resemble trees
-Called dendrites
. Dendrites eventually
touch-no more liquid o
l Each dendrite called grain
l Fully solidified microstructure

+ Single phase
.- Only one pure metal
l Polycrystalline structure
- More than one grain
- Grains separated by
grain boundaries
20

. Alloys made
+ Unintentionally
- Undesirable impurities
+ Intentionally
-To obtain desirable properties
l An alloy consists of more than one

component
l Component: Metal, non-metal, or stable
compound
+ At least one component must be metal
21
. Alloy system
+ All compositions that can be made
from components
l Alloy system can be

+ Binary (2 component) system
+ Ternary (3 component) system
+ Quaternary (4 component) system
+ Higher systems
- No specific names assigned
22

Federal Aviation Authority April, 1998 A- I I
. An alloy consists of one or more phases
l Phase: Uniform, homogeneous substance -
can be separated mechanically
. At elevated temperatures
+ Liquid phase: Amorphous (no crystal structure)
l At lower temperatures
+ Solid phase(s): Crystalline
l Number and type of phases present depend on
+ Composition, number of components,
temperature
23
l Solid solution
l Interstitial
-Solute atoms (small) 0
between solvent atoms Solvent
+ Substitutional atoms
-Solute atoms in Interstitial
solvent sites
l
!zfP
o l
l Compound: chemical 0 Solute
formula l l be atoms
Metal/Non-metal
fin
?%a3
l
(e.g., Fe&)
4 Metal/Metal (e.g., N&AI) Substitutional
24

. Summary sheets describing
+ Cdoling charakteristics
l Phases present
l Exist for
+ Binary and higher alloy systems
- Binary systems
n Basis for higher systems
m Easier to work with
I 25
I

Binary Phase Diagmms
constructkm
. From cooling curves . Pure metal solidification
. One curve per composition l Constant temperature
+ Arrest line
l Alloy solidification
l Temperature range
l No arrest line
100 80 60 40 20 O+%A
ljf!\!!f\\J im ki;@&
i Time A Composition B
COOLING CURVES PHASE DIAGRAM
26
Binary Phase Diagmms

cootiinat@s
l Abscissa: Composition
(weight or atomic %)
. Ordinate: Temperature
(OF or OC)
Liquid
+ Solid
A Composition B
27

Federal Aviation Authority April, 1998 A-14
l Determine composition of
phases at any temperature
(T): e.g., 80% A-20% B alloy 7’
l Construct tie line mo at T
- m: Composition of solid
t
- o: Composition of liquid E!
. Determine relative amounts i i a j i
of phases at T E ;* f ;
+ Construct tie line at T 8
+ Use lever rule (next slide) I
l Predict microstructure A 100 9b 00 74 70
0 10 20 26 30 B
Composition
28
m n * 0
/I\
h 10 units A
Fulcrum
6 unitsA
/I \
Wt of liquid Wt of solid
phase phase
Amount of liquid : Amount of a

Liquid (%) = E x 100
m
a-------------------- ni o Ii uid
90%A 10 ; 6 74%ii a("h)=~oxlOO
60%A Liquid (%) =Lox100=62.5%

,6
a (%)=,i x 100 = 37.5%
29

2800
systems
+ Unlimited solid 2600
solubility F
d 2400
L
- All alloys exist as
one solid phase g 2200
b
I+ 2000
. Example: Cu-Ni F
system (next slide) 1800
Rm
l Slow uniform cooling: Temp.
50% Cu, 50% Ni alloy % Nick&l Ni
ICUI
- Solidification by dendrite
nucleation & growth
Nuclei (67%Ni, 33% Cu)

formed in liquid
(about 50% Ni, 50% Cu)
Dendrites (60% Ni,

40% Cu) growing to
liquid (43% Ni, 57Th Cu)
0'
lime +
31

l Fully solidified microstructure
in previous example
+ Single phase
- Cu-Ni solid solution
l Polycrystalline structure
-More than one grain
-Grains separated by grain
boundaries
+ Looks same as pu’re metal?
. - Not really
32

Federal Aviation Authority April, 1998 I A-17
2700 -
l Dendrites form over
temperature range
+ Composition of
solid varies with
temperature
- Richer in Cu
at lower
temperatures
(Compare cq,
a2 and as)
232937 50 75 100% cu
loo0 77 71 63 50 25 0% Ni
33
l Dendrites are not chemically

homogeneous
+ True for all alloy systems
+ Distinct look under
microscope
l Inhomogeneity
eliminated by
+ Homogenization anneal
or mechanical working Dark areas: Ni-rich
34

SdidSo~~ooaAi%~ySystems
CompMmon& Pmpem*es
l Properties vary with composition
l Alloy properties differ from pure metals

l Property maxima or minima
+ Reached at different compositions
35
ectrical resisti

a Liquid phase -2 solid phases (L- a +p )
+ At constant temperature (t&
-Called eutectic temperature (lowest melting temp.)
-Arrest line on cooling curve
0 Metals A and B: Limited mutual solid solabilities
. Changes in slope of cooling curve

+ At beginning 2%end of transformations
37
90%A+ lo%19 60%A+4O%B
Time + 0 10 20 30 40 50 6070 8090100

% metal B -w
38

. Properties vary with
composition
-e.g., solid solution alloys
6 Alloy properties different
from pure metals
% component B 39
Eutctic mixture
Microstructure vs Temperature
for Alloys 1,2,3, and 4
[a or p formng before eutectic referred to as primary a or Bl
40
IVT Course Introduction’to Metallurgy

Federal Aviation Authority April, I998 A-21
Microstructures
,Interfaces
l Grain boundaries
l Separate grains of
same phase
l Phase boundaries
+ Separate different
phases
l Cell boundaries
l Separate colonies
(cells)
-e.g., cells of eutectic
mixture
Interfaces
Atomic Structure ,
. Interfaces provide
transition
+ From one orientation
I to other Grain -
-Grains of same phas e
- Grain boundaries
+ From one crystal
structure to another
-Phase boundaries Grain
+ Between colonies of
different orientation
-Cell boundaries
42

--. -_
I
0 Potential sites for

+ Precipitation
+ Phase transformation
l Impurity segregation
+ Cracking
43
l Constructed from
cooling curves
. Involves several
phases
+ 6, a Ferrite (BCC)
+ 6: Austenitk (FCC)
+ Fe&: Cementite
- Orthorhombic (right
angles, a#b#c)
. Covers steels &
cast iron
+ Steels: C C 2%
l Cast Irons: C X2%

. Complexity of phase
Diagram 2800 Aquid _____________
*Due to 3 Allotropic Gff?B,c&: ___.
forms (phases) of Fe 2554 -
t-7 Y Fe F.C.C.
- 6, Y,a nonmagnetic
. Cooling curve _____-_-----.--.
+3 arrest lines a Fe B.C.C.
. Nucleation
+6 : from melt
l y : on 6 grain
i,
boundaries
*a : on y grain boundaries Time -
45
Eutectic at 2065OF 28OC

+ Liquid c-g &++Fe,C 2:;
Eutectic Mixture
+ Eutectic Mixture
- Should consist of 1666
alternate y and
Fe& plates h ?Eutectoid
- Usually: rounded y ” 925% F
areas in Fe,C matrix g I
+ Arrest line on t;i

&I
1 f%; ii i i 1
cooling curve
E
l Same solidification $ I 0.8 z 3 4.3 5 li.87
principles as before ‘37
#Steels& Cast irons
I 1 C% I 46

l Arrest line on a; Y@25% t
cooling curve
heat treatment :I[ 1
0 0.8 f;e3;
2 3 ii4.3 5i i 1
+ Basis for steel

Representation of crystal growth from uniformly cooled
melt. Crystals begin to form at random locations in melt
and grow uniformly until restricted by neighbors or walls
of container.
a. Crystals beginning to form.
b. Unrestricted spherical growth.
c. Metal completely solid, with shape of each grain determined by
interference with other grains and walls of container.
48
l Nucleation
l Multiple random sites
+ Equiaxed grains
. Faster (but uniform) cooling
+ More nucleation sites (thermodynamics)
+ Finer grain structure
- Finer grain and cell sizes
l Seeding =b finer grain structures
l Finer grain structures better
mechanical properties
49

Progressive formation of columnar dendrites. Freezing
begins at wall of the crucible. Restriction of sidewise
growth and the temperature gradient from outside to center
of the melt encourage formation of columnar grain shape.
a. Freezing beginning at container walls.
b. Freezing continuing.
c. Freezing complete. Shrinkage cavity is formed at center
of solid metal.
50
l Nonuniform cooling temperature gradients

l Mold walls cool faster
l Nucleation at mold walls
l Growth parallel to gradient
-Columnar dendrites
l Basis for
+ Directional solidification (DS) :
l Growing single crystals (SX)
.,.,..
. DS & SX used in jet engines Columnar Gralns in
a lead casting
51
IVT Course Introductionto Metallurgy

FederalAviation Authority April, 1998 A-27
Typical Ingot Structure
Steel
. Three microstructural zones
+ Fine equiaxed grains (4) 3
-Fast uniform cooling at
mold surfaces
+ Columnar grains (5)
- Growth under temperature
gradient
4 Coarse equiaxed grains (6)
-Slow uniform cooling
l Casting defects
l Pipe (I), cavities (Z), &
porosity (3)
Fabrication Methods
Topics covered:
0 Overview
l Mill products and mechanical working
. Importance of mechanical working
53

l Metallic components fabricated
+ By near net shape methods
-Casting
-Powder metallurgy
+ From mill products
-Machining, forming, welding, brazing, forging,
adhesive bonding, etc.
l Mill products
+ Bars, rods, plate, sheet, tube, wire, billet,
and shapes
54
L
l Mill products produced

+ By mechanical working of’
- Ingots
- Wrought powder products
l Mechanical working
+ Deformation at ambient or elevated
temperatures
- Rolling, extruding, forging, drawing
55

. Produces the useful shapes we use
. Breaks down coarse ingot dendritic
structure
. Enhances chemical uniformity
. Closes porosity
. Improves mechanical properties
I 56
Topics covered:
l Deformation
l Single crystals
l Polycrystalline metals
l Effects of temperature
+ Stress relief
+ Recrystallization
+ Hot vs cold working
. Primary and secondary working 57

l Study of deformation essential to
understand
+ Production of mill products
+ Properties of mill products
l Study of deformation
+ Two steps
-Single crystals
- Polycrystalline metals
Debmation - Singk Crystak

l Deformation
+ Elastic
l Plastic (permanent)
- By slip on slip systems
(4 (b) (4 (4
Elastic and Permanent Deformation of Metal Loaded in
Shear. (a) Original crystal, unstressed; (6) elastic strain
produced by load below elastic limit; (c) increased elastic
strain plus permanent strain by slip, resulting from load
above elastic limit; (o’) load removed; only permanent strain
remains. 59

Federal Aviation Authority April, 1998 A-3 I
. Slip system
l Close paced direction + close packed plane
4 Closest atomic spacings
:. Strongest
l Easier to move along than through
FCC HCP
60
l Stress resolved along

slip direction
l Shear component
- slip
l Normal component
- favors fracture
l F:applied force, A: cross
sectional area, T: Resolved
shear stress
- F’
l z =Area of slip plane= A/COS$~~* ’ = LA SinX CosX
+2 =OsinX Cos k I
61

l Slip starts
+ At most favorably oriented system
-X,h=45°
+ When Tc is reached
- 7,: critical resolved shear stress
l No slip when ‘c = 0
+ Slip plane or direction I to tensile axis
(h=90,cosh=0)
l Slip plane parallel to tensile axis
(2, = 0, sin x. = 0) 62

. Specimen ends forcibly restrained
l Slip planes & directions rotate
-Align with principal strain axis
. Rotation =W preferred orientation

. All deformation processes
l Involve restrain
.I Rotation & preferred orientation
l Universal phenomena
I 63
(b) Shear can be

(a) Initial condition Direc
of sli pictured as occurring
of the crystal. The in this manner
location of the on each of the
active primary slip
plane is shown.
(c) Since the axis of loading

actually remains vertical, the
angle changes significantly.

Federal Aviation Authority April, I998 A- 34
Range of
plastic deformation
n: coef. of strain hardening
Extension 65
Yield strength ____-

I:I: --_*
. Releasing load in -. .
;; \,
plastic range .- I: .
z 1a:i::
l Some elastic recovery ti __.‘/__ II ::
takes place 2 i III I:
+ Some permanent set E i II; !:i
remains to i
. Generally, yield point I* ::
!I ::
not well defined I :
l Define 0.2% offset II ::
yield strength v i Strain, in/in
0.2% offse I+
-Plastic*
(Permanent)
IL Elastic strain
strain 66

. Each grain behaves as
single crystal
+ Rotation & preferred
orientation Before After
+ Grains become elongated
Brittle particle
l Brittle particles/
compounds
l Do not deform
+ Break & form
broken lines
- Called stringers
67
l Mechanical working of say

Fe specimen at room
temperature
+ Same effects observed in
tensile test
- Rotation & preferred
orientation 75% prior reduction
- Elongated grains & stringers - of thickness
r 50%
l Each time section is reduced
+ Strength * , ductility* z
+ Grains: more elongated g No prior reduction
- More difficult to distinguish
l Stringers: finer and longer
66

. Grain Boundaries
+ Obstacles to deformation
-Slip changes direction from grain to grain
-Force must be resolved - gets smaller
+ Major source of strain hardening
69
Grain BoQandaties and Pmp@mes

. Finer grain sizes
+ Higher strength
+ lower ductility (usually)
l Example: Iron alloys (see graph)
7
III ! I ! ! ! ! ! ’
0 2 4 6, 8 10
“I,
w, mm 70

. Mechanical working of say Fe specimen
at room temperature
+ Continued reductions* fracture
. To avoid fracture
+ Must eliminate effects of prior deformation
- By heat treatment
l Two heat treatments
0 Stress relief (low temperature)
+ Recrystallization anneal (higher temperature)
71
. Heating at fairly low temperatures

l Slow process
+ Elimination of effects of prior deformation
- Requires very long times
- Not practical
l Practical stress relief cycles ,

+ Only eliminate some residual stresses
6 Ineffective in elimination of effects of prior
deformation
72

Federal Aviation Authority April, I998 A-38
l Heating above recrystallization
temperature
+ New, stress free grains.appear
-By nucleation and growth
+ Initial room temperature properties
restored
- Further mechanical working possible
. Used between reduction passes
+ Also called: Intermediate anneal
73
Stages of recrystallization.
(4
(a) Stress-free nuclei appear;
(b) Nuclei grow into new

crystals, and some
additional nucleation; (4
(c) Original crystals disappear,

and recrystallization is
corn plete.
(4
74

l For P ure Metals
l TYP tally: 0.3 - 0.5 of absolute melting
tern Derature (see plot next slide)
. For alloys
+ Must be experimentally determined
75
K OR K = OC + 273
e 3000 OR=OF+460 1227 2
g 1500 I- t
h
E E
5s 1000 727 i
.- s
‘3
.-i
z 500 JO00 540227 i
w
P
8
L oI*Y~
1I-460’ 1 -273 Fz
iii
u 0 u
0 2000 4000 6000 OR
0 1000 2000 3000 OK
Melting temperature
76

. Finer recrystallized grain sizes
+ Higher strength
+ Lower ductility (usually)
l Coarse recrystallized grain sizes

favored by
l Less extensive mechanical working
+ Higher annealing temperatures
l Long annealing times
l Stringers remain (see next slide)

77
Microstructure
Before (a) and After (b) recrystallization
78

Federal Aviation Authority April, I998 A-4 I
Cold & Hot WoMing
l Two conditions define hot working
+ Temperature 2 recrystallization temperature
+ Rate of recrystallization 2 deformation
(strain hardening) rate
l Hot working microstructures
l Recrystallized grains
+ Stringers remain
l Room temperature working
+ Can be hot working
-For low melting metals (e.g., Pb)
79
Undeformed
recrystallization
80

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 A- 42
l Lower energy inputs
+ Lower Strength at elevated temperatures
l Continuous recrystallization
-Keeps strength low
l More reductions possible

+ Higher ductility at elevated temperatures
+ Continuous recrystallization
-Keeps ductility high
81
l Better dimensional TEMPER ROLL DESIGNATIONS

control Copper 8 Its Alloys
Temper % Cold reduction
. Better surface quality
114 hard 10.9
l No elevated temperature 112 hard 20.9
oxidation 314 hard 29.4
full hard 37.1
l Suitable for hot, short
extra hard 50.1
materials spring 60.5
+ e.g., high S steels extra spring 68.6
- FeS melts at grain special spring 75.1
boundaries super spring 80.3
- Grains pull apart, not deform

. Higher strength
4 Proportional to % cold work (see chart)
02

. For production of standard mill products
+ Bar (round, hexagonal, square, flat)
+ Rod, wire
l Plate, sheet and foil
+ Shapes (l-beam, channel, angle)
+ Tube and pipe
+ Billets (reforging stock)
. By rolling, forging, drawing, and extruding-
l To convert standard mill products to

+ Near-net shape products
+ More desirable configurations
l By ring rolling, upset and closed die

forging, sheet metal forming, ,many
others
a4

l Strengthening: Providing means to
resist slip
l Resistance to slip* :
- strength and hardness t
- ductility #.(usually)
05
l Dispersion hardening
l Strain hardening
. Grain size
. Solid solution strengthening
l Second phase hardening
l Heat treatment
66

0 Dispersion hardening (powder metallurgy)
+ Hard particles blended with matrix, compacted
and sintered
-Hard particles resist slip
. Strain hardening
+ Cold work strengthens metals (discussed earlier)
-Performed by mill (e.g., H tempers in Al-alloys)
l Grain size
l Finer grain sizes strengthen (discussed earlier)
-Grain size control: during solidification or
through working
. Solid solution strengthening

+ Foreign atoms in matrix
resist slip - always
-Interstitial or substitutional
l Second phase hardening
4 Alloying leads to formation
of hard second phase
-Hard second phase resists
slip
-Example: eutectic systems
% component B 88

S&T? wag
mat Tkwam?nt
l Application of heat to change or restore
properties
+ One or more heating cycles
l Hardening heat treatments
+ Precipitation hardening
+ Quench hardening
. Non-hardening heat treatments I
+ Annealing (including recrystallization anneal)
+ Normalizing
4 Stress relief
89
l Three basic steps

+ High temperature heating
- Solutibn heat treatment or austenitizing
+ Quenching
- Prolonged delay: no hardening
+ Low temperature heating
- Aging/precipitation treatment or tempering
. Performed by mill and/or user

0 Not all alloys hardenable by heat treatment
90

. Age/precipitation hardening
l Solution heat treatment + quenching +
age/precipitation treatment
+ Used for
- Nonferrous alloys, (e.g., alloys of Ti, Al, Ni, Co, Cu)
- Some steels, (e.g., precipitation hardening [PHI
and maraging steels)
l Martensitelquench hardening
l Austenitizing treatment + quenching + tempering
+ Used for all carbon-hardened steels, (e.g., 4130,
300M, 4340, etc.)
91

l Consider Al - 4% Cu alloy ingot
+ Ingot hot or cold worked
+ Heated at 520% (968OF) for a few hours
+ Slow cooled to room temperature
l Resulting microstructure (a + p)
+ p: coarse, mostly on grain boundaries
-Blocks only few slip planes (see next slide)
l To increase strength
+ Must block more slip planes
92
Single phase u
j3 phase particles
form on ccgrain
boundaries
more /I formed; Al 2 4 6 8
previous /3 grown Copper, wt%
93

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 A-49
l Must have suitable alloy ’ 660.37O L
+ Single phase at some
temperature
+ Favorable precipitation
rates
. Example: AU%Cu [close to
20241
0 Solution treatment at 520°C
(968OF) for about 4 hours
+ Water quenching
6 Aging in the ambient -
240°C (464OF) range
Al 2 4 6 8
Copper, wt% 94
. Purpose: to obtain single phase (a)

+ Must dissolve second phase (p)
+ Hardening proportional to amount
dissolved
l Temperature and time optimized by
experimenting to
+ Affect adequate dissolution
+ Avoid undesirable grain growth
- Very high temperatures
- Excessive times at temperature
95

+ Quench delays and/or slow cooling rates
- Little or no hardening
l Alloy soft after quenching

+ Can cold work
- Straightening or forming
- Added strength (e.g., T8 temper in Al-alloys)
+ Softer than slow-cooled (annealed) material
- No second phase particles to block slip planes
96
. At room temperature
l Natural aging
- e.g., T, and T, tempers in Al-alloys
. At higher temperatures
+ Artificial aging
l Properties vary with
+ Aging temperature & time
. Time-temperature dependence
+ Varies from property to property
97

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 A-5 I
. Quenched microstructure: c1
l Unstable (super saturated)
- Equilibrium microstructure: a + p
. Aging super saturated a ==z+fine p
precipitates
+ Mostly within a grains
- Not just on grain boundaries
. Fine p precipitates within a grains
l Block more slip planes, increase strength
. Sometimes transition phases form - not
equilibrium precipitates
98
. AW%Cu: hardness (or strength)

l At given aging temperature-2 stages
+ Hardness increases 130
with aging time $ 120
- To peak hardness
g 110
l Hardness decreases with d ,oo
aging time (overaging) 2
6 90
. Maximum possible ii 80
hardness (H,) vs aging I 7.
temperature:
I
6 H, increases between I o.om 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000
300c-110% Time, days
As-quenched
l H, decreases between hardness
1 30°C-240°C
99

Federal Aviation Administration April, I998 A-52
~~@~~~~C~~~~~~~~ff
l-h%m?ent
Micmstructwe
L Changes f
*All p phase particles formed
*Many slip lanes blocked
I *Strength t P hardness1 t
l p phaseparticles forming 1
Gome slip planes blocked
Gtrength t hardness t
..’
r
5 .*;
. .
.
. l . .*
,.
.;
-*
s - . *:’ . P **. .
‘..,I . ..
b . -. ,
.:,$
,, ,..
t
:~~a~i~~e~r~.~s~~~~~~~~g)
I
E
E
precipitate on larger particles
*Less particles present
s aLess slip lanes blocked
Gtrength P hardness t
*As quenched
*Single phase a Note: Cooring to room temp. at any time
*Slip planes free freezes micro-structure-no additional changes
*Soft 100
~~C~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~#~
cti@arf Cans~derations
,
. Ab4%Cu alloy
. To obtain highest possible hardness
(about 123 Vickers)
-AgeatllO-130°Cforov
. ‘Very long artificial
aging times
+ Not practical
+ Expensive
(furnace time)
. Typically age at
190% for 24 hr
l Accept lower
property values
As-quenched
hardness 101

AgeiPrecipitation Hardening
Phase Oiagmms & A/lay Development
l Foundation for development of age
hardenable alloys
l Shape of phase diagram
-First clue to potential
+ Only certain compositions hardenable
l Examples
l Al-alloys: AI-Cu (2000 series), Al-Zn (7000
series), AI-Mg & AI-Si (6000 series)
+ Ni-alloy: Ni-AI, Ni-Ti
+ Cu-alloys: Cu-Be
102
Steel Heat Tmtment

Fabrication and Heat TWHment
. Steel ingots
+ Mechanical’work *mill (wrought) products
- mill product- parts
l Castings
. Heat treatment
+ Between and/or at conclusion of fabrication operations
l For cast and wrought alloys
l Can be hardening or non-hardening
- Hardening: To increase strength
- Non-hardening: To eliminate effects or improve qualities
of fabrication, or improve hardening response
103
1VT Course introduction to Metallurgy

Steel Heat Tmtment
Steel Classitkatiotis
l Carbon’ sthels
l Low, medium, &‘high carbon
l Hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, & hypereutectoid
. Alloy steels
+ Low alloy (S 8 weight O/Oalloy content)
l High alloy (> 8 weight % alloy content)
Eutectoid steel
wypoeutectoid steels 4-Hypereutectoid steel----.

I .....
I I I I I I I
.0?8 4.2 Or4 Or6 4.8 t.0 I,.2 54 % Caw
... .
I . . ..
~ *Irons I+-+-+*
Low Medium High-carbon
carbon carbon
Carbon Steels 104
IVT Course introduction 10 Metallurgy

Steel Heat Thatment
Critical fempepipture Range
l Heat treatment principles

l Apply to carbon and alloy steels
l Carbon steels easier to understand
l Using Fe-C phase diagram (see next slide)
- Each steel has different upper critical temperature
- All steels have one lower critical temperature
(1333OF)
105
Sfeel Heat Tmfmenf

Critical TemperaWe Range, con&
800 - I
008%C i
vo- ,
600 Y- , I 1 I
0.8 1
Steels e 4- Cast Irons
Carbon percent
Logarithmic 106

Non-hardening Treatments
Effects of Slow Cooling
Development of a normal .IXI.... .I :,;: .,,._.:, . ..-.. :I,
hypoeutectoid structure in a
0.40% C steel slow/y cooled
from above upper critical
a. Original austenite grains
b. Ferrite appears at austenite
grain boundaries
c. Ferrite grains grow
d. Eutectoid temperature is reached
e. All remaining austenite is
transformed into pearlite
Note: At room temperature

Ferrite + pearlite
Ferrite called proeutectoid ferrit
Non-hardening Treatments
Effect
I of Carbon Content
l All hypoeutectoid steel (C c 0.8
transform in same manner
as 0.4% C steel
of proeutectoid
asC%*
l In eutectoid steel (C = 0.8%)
only pearlite forms
l In hypereutectoid steel
(C > 0.8% steel)
+ Cementite forms, then pearlite Ferrite, a
108

i”‘:: , .,. :. : ..I’ ‘. 1.:; .&,,.1,. ’
Non-Hanlening Heat Tmatments

Full Annealing and Normalizing
. Full annealing and normalizing
+ Heat above upper critical
l Slow-cool to ambient
- In furnace (annealing)
~
- In air (normalizing)
l Normalizing
4 Finer structure & stronger
- Due to faster cooling rates
l Overheating =w coarser structures
l Poor mechanical properties
109

Full Anneal, Normalizing, and Overheating
Graphkal Repmsentation .
A: Austinite, y
F: Ferrite, a
P: Pearlite (a + Fe,C)
Overheated Steel ,,.
Full Anneal & Normalizing

Effect of Carbon Content
.%Cff
+ More cementite to block slip
-Strength 8 hardness 8, ductility 4
p fg
E;i
280z -Jr
240 g =C
200gk :si
Z”
160
= gii
120
80ft :P
ii$
.8 m s .8
% Carbon Composition
- Normalized
-..--.--. Annealed
111

Non-ham/e&g Heat Tmfmenfs
The Subcritical Anneal Cementite, Fe& (Black)
Ferrite (White)
l Heating at 1000 - 13OOOF

for several hours
l Cooling rate not critical
l Cementite platesespheroids
l For cold-worked steels
+ Subcritical anneals at -1 300°F 4k
SDheroidized
- Also rectystallize ferrite
l Spherodized structure
+ More ductile 8 softer
than pearlite
Heat Treafmenf of Steel

Isothetmal Transfomations
. Essential to understanding
Molten salt bath
hardening 1425OF (774OC)
Austenitizing
. Perform experiment on
eutectoid (C=O.8%) steel
(see slide 106)
+ Austenitize say 4 specimens
- By heating above 1333OF
+ Transfer to bath at say 13OOOF Cold water
Quenching
- Below 1333OF, :. subcritical
+ Hold for various periods of time
- Specimen 1 shortest, 4 longest
Molten salt bath
+ Quench in water to stop reaction 1300°F(704%)
Isothermalheattreatment
l Examine microstructures
113

isothermal Transformation
, 0.8% c mm?oid)
.I .. . .37 ,, ,. , ,/,.
$a%!~. 4

Federal Aviation Administration April. 1998 A-61
Isothemal Transformations
T7T Diwmms
. Repeat previous experiment
+ At several transformation temperatures
down to 1000°F
-Obtain isothermal reaction curves
+ Use data to construct TTT diagram
- lTT: Time-Temperature-Transformation
l At lower temperatures
+ Transformation starts sooner
+ Transformation products finer
115
TTT Diagmn
0.8% ‘C (Eutectoid Steel)
A: Austenite
1700-
C: Cementite
800
0.1 Time, seconds (Log. scale)
116
IV? Course Introduction to Metallurgy

TTT Diagnims
Other Carbon Steels
l Similar TTT diagrams
+ For hypoeutectoid (C < 0.8%) steels
- Ferrite forms before. pearlite
+ For hypereutectoid (C > 0.8%) steels
- Cementite forms before pearlite
l End result always

l Austenite transforms to F + C
-Equilibrium phases on phase diagram
+ Finer & stronger products at lower
temperatures
117
777 Diagrams
Effect of Carbon
A+F+C
Time
HYPOEUTECTOID EUTECTOID HYPEREUTECTOID
W I) I) I) e Carbon Content
118

77T Diagrams
Tmnsfomation Below OOWF
. Isothermal transformation down to
say 400°F
+ Transformation starts sooner
- Down to 1000°F
+ Below 1000°F
-Transformation times increase
-Finer, stronger & more ductile products
0 Critical cooling rate

+ Rate to avoid all F+C transformations (see
next slide)
119
77T IXagrams
Critical Cooliolg Rate
A: Austenite
F: Ferrite
C: Cementite
1 10 100
Time, seconds
777 Diagram for a 0.40% C Steel

that Ti-eafrnenf of Steels
The Martensite Reaction
l 0.4% steel austenitized and cooled at rate >critical
+ Reach MS (martensite start) temperature
- Austenite transforms to’martensite
l Reach M,(martensite finish) temperature
- Transformation ends
Complete 77T
curve for a 4 z...\, .<x: Martensite
0.40% C steel
____- - - -
M E
0 I 1
Time. seconds On’ ’ 10 100 ?!?O I?,
Marfensife
tiardoless and Crystal Structure
l Martensite hard & brittle
l Hardness depends on C%
. Crysta,I structure: body-centered tetragonal
cj/[/---
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
% Carbon
122
NT Course Introduction to Metallurgy

I-
’ .I.+-
. *..:
, ,. .,t. .
Heat Tmatment of Steels

Martensite & Retained Austenite
0 Martensite needles form instantaneously
+ No nucleation & growth T, T2
. Percent martensite depends

only on temperature
. M, and’ M, depend on C%
. Steels with C > 0.7%
l M, below ambient temp.
- Retained austenite
- Between martensite needles
@C
- Eliminate by “subzero”
treatment T, >T2 >T3 >T4
0 More retained austenite as C%* 123
The MartensHe Reaction

Effect of C%. Time. & Temroeratunz
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.2
F 900 % Carbon.
% Austenite (unstable)
$700
3 _--------------------- 25% Martensite
E 500 _------------
_____________~~I"O~76%
$330
q
; 200 Martensite
100
O
0.1 1 10 100
lioo Martensite Formation
Time, seconds in a 0.40% C Steel
124

Heat Tmatmeht of Steel
Eikt of AMoying Elements
. TTT diagram moves right (longer times)
l With increasing carbon and/or alloy content
(except Al, Ti, Co, Nb, V)
. Longer times; i.e., lower critical cooling rates

+ Milder quenches required for hardening
- Less risk of quench cracking/distortion
l MS, M, pushed to lower temperatures

+ With increasing carbon and/or alloy content
(except Al, Co)
l More retained austenite at room temperature
- Adverse effects on some properties
125
L
Heat Treatment of Steek

HatienabiMy
. Cooling rate at center < at surface
. During quenching
+ Pearlite may form
in interior.
- Section will have
low strength
l Hardenability:
Ability to harden
thick sections
+ Deep hardening steels: Logarithm of time
Low critical cooling
rates
+ Shallow hardening steels: high critical cooling rates
126

Heat Tmtment of Steel
Depth of Hardening
a Depth to which martensite forms
l Increases with
+ Higher hardenability
-Alloy content
+ More severe quenches

- Quenchant type, temperature
-Agitation
-Size of quench tank
l Smaller section sizes
127
Depth of Hadening
EiBct of Allov Content
Steel Nominal Total Alloy Max. Hardenable Dia., in

% (Oil Quench)
4130 __msw___-wwm-_-
- 2.18 ~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~----~~-~~ 0.50
4140 __~~~~__~~~~~~~
- 2.55 _____-______---___--___I________
1.00
4340 ______-__- ____- 4.20 ______________________________ccc_
2.50
3()0M -----I- 5.90 --~~~~----~----------I---- 5.00
128

Heat Thatmen? of Steel
Considerations in Hardening
. Section size
+ Problem in carbon & low alloy steels
(see next slide)
l Severe quench
l Increase depth of tiardening
l Increase risk of cracking/distortion
l Use of higher alloy steels

l Larger section hardenable with milder quenches
l Less risk of cracking/distortion
l More expensive
129
Depth of Hardening
Effect of Section Size
Effects of mass on typical properties of heat-treated 4130 steel
Bar size (J, CJ~ Elong. in Reduct. Surface
kai . .
In, aI d. HB
1 151 128 18.0 55.0 307
2 107 83 20.0 58.0 223
3 103 78 22.0 60.0 217
Effects of mass on typical properties of heat-treated 4140 steel

Bar size CT, (Jo Elong. in Reduct. Surface
in. kai kai 2 in. % in area % hard. HB
1 165 143 15. 50 335
2 133 109 18 55 202
3 125 95 19 55 293
130

Heat Titedatment of Steel
Tempering
. Steels must be tempered after quenching
l To reduce brittleness
. In tempering
+ Steel heated to some temperature
- Below lower critical
+ Held for some time
-Typically 2 - 4 hrs
+ Cooled at any desired rate to room
temperature
131
Tempering
E&c? on Prppeties
l Tempering accompanied by
+ Reduction in hardness & strength
+ Increase in ductility & toughness
+ Changes in other properties
l Tempering temperature %’
+ Strength and hardness 4& (usually)
+ Ductility and toughness @(usually)
132
IVT Course Introduction to hletallurgj

Tempering
,Microstructure Changes
l In tempering: Martensite =&tempered martensite
+ Tempered martensite: mixture of cementite & ferrite
+ Tempering temperatur
- Size of cementite part with tempering temperature
- Strength and hardnes
- Ductility and toughnes
Black particles: Cementite White background: Ferrite

.:,.~;:.‘;;.:.:::,,
~ oj) @
..‘:.!
..:j .:i.‘;’.$y..
.:t. c.,
. ,..1
Tempering
TEM
133
Heat Treatment of Steels

,Temperin_qCurves .
290,ooo
270.000
250,000
230,000
210,000
190,ooo
170,000
150,000
130,000
110,000
mm
70,000
50,ooo
400 5w 600 700 900 900 looo 1100 1200 1300
Tempering Temperature, OF
Normalized at 15GIPF, reheated to 155oOF, quenched in agitated oil
134
NT Course Introduction to Metallurgy

I A-71
Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998
hat Tmatment of St&s
Case Hatdenim
. To develop hard surface layer while
retaining tough core
l Methods
+ Chemical: surface enrichment with
hardening elements
- Carburizing
- Nitriding
-Others (carbonitriding, boriding)
+ Non-chemical: heating surface layer only
-Induction, flame. laser, light
135
Case Wdening of Steels

Cartwizin~
l Heat to within austenite range
+ In contact with carburizing agent
-Solid (pack carburizing)
-Liquid (salt bath carburiting)
-Gas (gas carburizing) - most widely used
l Soak to achieve desired case depth

l Quench
l Temper
136

Case Hardening of Sfeels
Nitnwna
l Harden and temper as usual
l Heat to nitriding temperature (lower than
tempering temperature)
l In contact with nitriding agent
-Gas (gas nitriding)
-Liquid (salt bath nitriding)
l Soak to achieve desired case depth

l Cool to ambient temperature
l Cooling rate not critical
137
Case Hardening of Steels

Non-Chemical Methods
l Surface layer heated to austenite range

+ By induction, flame or other method
+ Case depth controlled by
- Heating time
-Heating parameters (e.g., frequency in induction)
l Quench
l Surface layer hardens
+ Unheated core: unchanged
l Temper
138

Fabrication Opwations
. Can affect microstructure and properties

+ Due to processing temperature
-Welding, brazing, adhesive bonding, abusive
machining
+ Due to mechanical working
-Forming, forging
+ Due to reactions with filler metal
-Welding, brazing
l Must consider or remedy effects
I 139
l Include
+ Cleaning, coating, sealing and inspection
l Can affect final product
l Acid cleaning, plating: hydrogen embrittlement
+ Plating on aluminum or titanium: poor adhesion
+ Painting, thermal spray: exposure of base metal
to processing temperature
+ Pre-penetrant etch: destruction of surface finish,
hydrogen embrittlement
l Must avoid or remedy effects
140

Appendix B
Appendix B
Aircraft Alloys
In the following appendices, some of the alloys used in the aircraft industry are s
presented. Designation system and chemical composition listings are included.
The listings are by no means exclusive and, as such, they do not include all the
alloys used in the industry.
CONTENTS:
Appendix B I-------------- Aluminum Alloys
Appendix B2-------------- Titanium Alloys
Appendix B3-------- ______ Carbon, Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels
Appendix B4-------------1 Corrosion Resistant (CRES) Steels
Appendix BS-------------- Superalloys

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 B
Appendix B
Appendix B-l
Aluminum Alloys

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 Bl
DESIGNATION SYSTEMS FOR ALUMINUM ALLOYS;
OVERVIEW
GENERAL
Aluminum alloys are identified by alloy designations, to describe their chemistry. and by temper designations. to describe their
processing details.
Alloy Desienations
A four digit system is used for wrought alloys whereas a three-digit one is used for cast alloys. In each category. the alloys are
grouped by major alloying element(s). Prefix X signifies an experimental alloy.
Wrought Alloys Cast Alloys
Aluminum, z99.m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lua

Aluminum, r99.m%. ............................. Ix.Lr Aluminum alloys gouprd by majw dbyin(
ckmmltr):
Aluminum
ekmcnt(s):
alloys pxpd by M rlkyial copper...:
....._..._...................,...,,..
2r.r.l
Silicon. with addal copper l ndla
Copl=r .......................................... nqnesium .................................. Irr~
hlAn&u”. .................................. .:. 3ur Silicaa ......................................... 4r.n~
.......................................... Magnesium .................................... JUJ
Mmsium ..................................... Sux zinc ................ ........................... 7rr.z
Tin.. ........................................... krs
Msgncsium and silicon ......................... 6ur Otbcr eknwnrs ................................ PUJ
zinc ............................................. 7xXx Unused tir .................................... buJ
Otbct elements ................................. &;u
Unused series ..................................... 9ur
XxX.0: CASTtNCS
xXx.1,.2: INGOTS
Temper Designations
Temper is identified by a letter or a letter plus one or more numerals: e.g., 606 I-F, 606 I -T6. 5052-H3. The basic temper
designations are:
I - F: as-fabricated
2- 0: annealed
3- H: strain hardened by cold \rork ( for lr-rought products only ). Letter H followed by two or more numbers to indicate level
of strain hardening.
4- T: Solution treated and aged. The letter T is followed by a number from I-IO to indicate heat treat specifics.
Notes
Wrought 2xxx, 6xxx. 7xxx (except 7072). some Sxxx, and cast 2xx, 3x,, 7xx and 7xx alloys can be heat treated to high strength
levels.
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WROUGHT
Composition of wrought undloyd aluminum and wrought aluminum alloys
-- 1
u-
- -
;=. Lsom. - .u
- uNsk.m Y .. C. Mn %4# cr RI L 83 v - n rma Td -
Ia3 . ..__.__... 0.35 0.6 &IO 0.M 0.M “. OJJ 0.M 0.03 0.m .. 9935
IO40 APlOY) ............. 0.Y) 03l 0.10 0.M 0.M . 0.10 ... 0.M ... 0.03 0.m .. 994
104s A91015 ............. 0.r) 0.10 0.M 0.M 0.03 ... 0.0 ... 0.03 0.m ‘.. W.U
IOSO API050 z.9 0.0 0.05 0.05 ” ” 0.03 0.m ...
IwA A91060
Alw.5..
AlW.6..
... .0.25
... .0.x 035 0.M 0.03
0.0
0.03 .. 0.05 ...
0.M
0.05 ... 0.m 0.m rz
lobs API@35 ............. 0.3 03 0.M 0.03 0.03 0.0 0.M 0.03 0.03 ‘. W.U
lum A9lOXl Alw.7.. ... .o.xl 0.X 0.01 0.03 O.Ol 0.01 ” 0.M .’ 0.03 0.m 99.m
lml A9lUa AlW.8.. .... 0.13 0.L’ 0.03 0.02 0.01 om 0.m 0x6 ... 0.03 0.02 .‘. w.m *
la35 A9l@S ............. 0.10 0.1: 0.03 0.m 0.02 0.m 0.03 0.05 ... 0.02 0.01 99.85
Ian A9lWO ............. 0.07 O.lF 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.m 0.05 ... 0.01 0.01 ” Pp.90
Km ............. 0.010 O.aM 0.005 .. . 0.015 ......... o.ca3 o.an ” Pp.98
lla, A91 IO0 Alw.ocu ... 0.95 (Si * Fe) 0.03-0.30 0.05 . O.,Q ...... . 0.0s 0.u Pp.00
Ill0 .... ........ or) 0.8 0.04 0.01 023 0.01 ......... 0.02 ‘B”0.m . om .. Pp.10
(v : li)
Ian A91m Alw.0 .;.... I.00 (Si + Fe1 0.05 0.05 . 0.10 ......... 0.M 0.M 0.u 99.00
llrn ‘,. ... .._....,.. 0.10 O.rO o.m-0.35 0.01 0.m 0.01 0.0 0.03 ... 0.05 8.O.u.l #. . 0.m 0.10 99.33
w + li)
12x A91230 Alw.3.. .... 0.70 1.5i + FCI 0.10 om 0.05 ...... o.,lJ ... 0.0 ... 0.m 0.m ... W3O
II35 A9llls ............. 0.60 ,Si l Fo o.w.9 0.04 om ...... o.,o ... 0.0 ... 0.03 0.03 ... 99.35
If35 A912ls ............. 0.65 ISi + Fen 0.0s 0.M 0.m ...... o.,o ... 0.M ... 0.06 0.m . . 99.X
1w A91345 ............. 0.15 03-030 0.02 0.05 0.0 .... ..o.,o ... OJJj ... 0.03 0.m ... W35
1145 A91145 ............. 035 (S + Fcr 0.M 0.05 0.0s ...... o.pI ... 0.1 ... 0.03 0.03 ” w.45
I345 A91W ............. or) 0.40 0.10 0.05 0.0 ...... 0.m ... 0.m ... 0.m 0.m ” W.45
144.5 ................ OJo(Si + Fcrbl o.oyb, ...... ............ ...... . ” 0.0 W.U
IIY) ................ 0.45 tSi + Fe1 o.owJ.al 0.05 0.m ...... 0.m ...... ... 0.02 0.m “.
INO A91350 E-AI 99.5.. .. 0.10 O.AO 0.05 0.01 ... 0.01 ... 0.~ 0.03 ... 0.05 B. 0.02 0.m 0.~0 isi
P + m
lzdo A912&3c) ............. O.rO tSi * FCI 0.M 0.01 0.m ...... 0.m ... 0.M (I) 0.03 0.m ...
In0 A911m ............. 0.30 1Si + FCI 0.03 0.m 0 SW. 0.03 ... 0.04 ... 0.M ... 0.03 0.m ...
13-m ... E-AI 99.7 .... 0.10 0.X 0.02 0.01 0.a 0.01 ... 0.04 0.03 ... 0.02 B. 0.02 . 0.02 0.10
(v + 5)
1175 A91175 ............. 0.15 lSi * Fe1 0.10 0.02 0.02 ...... 0.01 0.03 ...
127s ................ 0.08 0.1: 0.05-0.10 0.02 0.02 ...... 0.03 0.03 ;z ...
IIW A9llBl ............. 0.09 0.w 0.01 0.02 0.02 ...... 0.03 0.03 0.05 ...
II85 A9lms ............. 0.15 iSi + Fe, 0.01 0.02 0.m ...... 0.03 om 0.05 ...
l28( A9lm ............. O.‘%,d) O.Qdl 0.02 0.01 0.01 ...... 0.03 om om ...
II83 ................ 0.05 0.1: 0.02 0.01 0.m 0.01 ... 0x0 0.m ... 0.01
(v + lxct
1189 APlIi%Y ............. 0.M 0.M OS05 0.01 0.01 . ... om 0.03 0.05 (a)
IIW .‘. ............. 0.05 O.U- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 ‘. . 0.w 0.02 0.01
(v * mo
1193 APll%l(cl ... .......... 0.01 0.M O.CQ5 0.01 0.0, . 0.m 0.03 0.M
IIW APIIW ... .......... 0.0x 0.W O.CC6 0.032 0.006 '.. 0.m O.COS 0.005
x01 “. ............. 0.1) 0.3l W-5.0 O.Is4Jo 0.1(Fo.45 0.10 0.m 0.10 . . 0.M w
............. 03$Q .a 0.X 15-23 E-o.8 O#l.O 010
‘.. ‘.. 0.10 .
gg . ............. 030 0.3 4.PJ.O 0.02 0.10 0.1043 zmlh
............. 0.11) 0.1) s-F63 0.10 050 ... 0.10 OJCU32Qul~
g ::: ... .......... 0.5 0.‘ 3.3-5.0 1.0 O.al.0 0.10 0.10 OS0 0.m Bi.
I.CZO~F%
. ” ” .. . . . O.bl.3 o.- l.LLz.o Oh-l.0 03sI.1 0.m 0.x) . .. .
.‘. “. . .._ 0.8 0.8 3Y.6 O.S&l.O O.Ol.ll 0.10 040 0.8 . .. .. . Ii1
mJ8 . . . . . . . . . OYM.8 04 0.7-1.1 0.x oa.50 0.10 El ...
ml Arnll AKu6Bi Fb.. 0.40 0: s.u.0 . . . .
ml4 AJ9all4 ruwsi.. 03LI.2 0.‘ 3.9-5.0 0.404.2 OdM.8 0.10 0.x .’
2214 A92214 AKwiM&.. 03&I.? 03 3.cs.o 0.4cLl.2 Om-o.8 0.10 0.x ..
2017 ml7 AICU4Mg.S. 0.3348 0.‘ IYJ 0.40-1.0 o.*M.a 0.10 025 ..
2117 A92117 AKuuh4g
..^ _.. Ozno.8
__ 0.: 3-3 0.43-1.0 0.01.0 0.10 0.x .’
223.0 0.20 0a.Y) 0.10 .‘. 0.x . .
Xl018 AK018 Ea.5 0.20 0.45-0.9 0.10 I.7-7-l 0.25 .
PI.4 Acml8 3-3 0.n 13-1.8 0.10 1.7~Ll 0.z ..
2618 A92618 I.%?.7 . l”L1.8 0.e1.2 0.10 ..
2219 A97219 S.8-6.8 o.m-o.40 0.02 ‘. . 0.10 .
2319 AmI9 S&6.8 0.2IM.Y) 0.01 .. . 0.10 .
2419 A??,419 S.ti6.8 0.XUl.Y) 0.02 ... ... 0.10 . .
2319 A92519 5.3-U 0.I0-030 o.os-O.Y) ‘.. “. 0.10 .’
1021 ml(c) H-6.8 0.2(u).*) Om ... .” 0.10 -.
81-2 i
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WROUGHT
--- I
-
br
- ?I
0.15
. . . 0.U
0.15
o.mBi.o.&lJ 0-m
pb
ml ... ................ O.ml.3 0.61.2 llCZ.9 OJO 0.611 ... 0.6-1.4 0.n ...... 03
am ................... 0.10 0.12 424.a 0.613 IJ-I.9 0.0 ... o.a, ...... 0.08-0.15 zr 0.15
xl36 A9am ................ 0.x) 0.50 x-3.0 O.Iw.aono.s 0.10 ... 0.25 ...... 0. Is
2037 mm37 ................ 0.m 0.50 1.c2.2 O.IlLo.aI OxLod 0.10 ... 0.2s ... .
0.M 0.15
a338 A9aoyI ................ 03bl.3 0.6 Obld 0.l0-0.a O.uLl.0 om ... 0s 0.M 0.M . . . 0.1s
aD18 A92w ................ 0.15 0.X tC1.B 0.20-0.6 !2ld ...... 0.~ ...... 0.10
am A9xm ............... 0.10 0.12 lC3.0 0.M 035 0.M ... 0.10 ...... o.oJ-o.IJ t(O) 0. Is
... ...
............................. 03 I .au 0.10 1.1-1.9 0.10 ... 0.25 ...... O.Ol-O.l6Zrfo) 0.10
z A93m i:: 0.10 0.U 0.ao.n 0.QLo.m " 0.M " 0.M . O.OJ
3102 A93l(a ................ 0.Y) 0.7 0.10 o.LLu).y) ......... o?J ...... . 0.10
3(m A9XOJ AlMnlCa ....... 0.6 0.7 o.w.al I.&l3 ......... 0.10
0.a
......
......
. .
3lu3 ................... OJO 0.7 0.10 O.%IJ on 0.10 ... O.lOt+li ...
... ... ....................... 0.7 0.0 I.&,J ... ... ... o.,o ...... (I) . . .
Ei Am03 AkinI it: 0.7 p.p" ,.&lJ ... ...... 0-a ...... . . . .
m A9Jm #uMnl.~I.. .... OYI 0.7 I.&I5 od-I3 ...... 0.25 ......
3104 A93lC" ................ 0.6 0.0 0.0.25 O&l.4 O&l.3 ...... 0.25 0.0 0.0
ylll Am AlMnl.M@_C .... 0.6 0.7 Id-I5 OdLQ.6 0.10 ... 0-y ...... 0.10 0.M 0.1s
310 A931(15 ruMd)St#U s. 0.6 0.7 iz 0.zuo.a om4.a a.29 ... 0.40 ...... . 0.10 0.0 0.15
YLlb A93006 ................ OX 0.7 O.:WN 0-d OX-O.6 0.10 ... O.IuI.*) ...... 0. IO 0.M 0.u
XV7 A9YB7 ................ O.-W 0.7 O.M-030 03Wd 0.6 0.20 ... 0.y) ...... . . 0. IO 0.05 0.1s
3107 A93107 ................ 0.6 0.7 O.owJ.IJ 0.43-a.9 ...... ... 0.20 ...... . . . 0.10 0.0 0.15
3xn ................... 030 0.45 0.10 O.yL4.8 0.10 ... ... 0.10 ...... . . . 0.M 0.10
UJ7 ................... 0.6 0.0 0.30 0#4J.9 ox ...... 025 ...... 0.10 0.M 0-u
Ku7 ................... 0.40 0.7 0.10 1.2-18 0.01 0.0 0.M 0.m ...... 0.10424 ZI 0.10 0.0 0.15
0.10......
aDp APYlOP ................ I.&I.8 0.7 0.10 1.2-1.8 0.10 0.05 0.M 0.0 ...... O.IOzr 0.10 0.03 0.1s
.
...................
MI0 A9JOlO ................ 0.10 0.20 0.03 o.xu.9 ... 0.M4.a ... 0.0 ... 0.03 0.M 0.m 0.10
WI1 A93311 ................ 0.u) 0.7 0.cso.20 0812 ... 0.1w.a ... o.lwao 0.10
3312 0.6 0.7 O.iO 0Sl.l 0.10 0.m ... 0.10 ...... . 0.10
0.M
0.0
0.U
0.u
XII3 ................... 0.6 I.0 0-W 0.9-1.4 OX-O.6 ...... OYLI.0 ...... . . . . . 0.M 0.15
)Ol4 ................... 0.6 1.0 0-w 1.043 0.10 ... ... 0.504.0 ...... 0.10 0.0 0.15
XII5 ................... 0.6 0.8 o-10 03lM.9 0.20-0.7 ...... 0.3 ...... 0. IO 0.03 0.15
ml6 ................. 0.6 0.6 03 oYu.9 0-d ...... 0.n ...... 0.10 0.M 0.U
Uxy AWM ................ P.&IO.5 0.8 01' 0.10 I.&LO ...... 0.m ...... 0.M 0.1s
4lM AWIM ................ P.&l03 Od 0.2 0.10 I.&LO ...... 0.20 ...... O.oz-o.PEi ." 0.M 0.15
yIlb ...... ............. 0.03 0.01 0.20 ... 0.m .... .1 . . . . 0.M 0.U
O.Cl.2 0Yu.B 0.E
m ...... ............. I.&i.' o.*l.o 0.11 0.bl.J 0.3 o.au3.2.5 o.w0.7 0.10 ...... 0.M 6 0.10 0.M 0.15
4033 A%03 ................ 6.L-_' 0.W 0.05 0.0 0m.u ...... 0.M ...... 0.ou3.l5 0.0 0.1s
@I
ux)p ................... 4.s5.5 0.n I.&13 0.10 0.4S-4.6 ...... 0.10 ...... 0.m 0.1s
(4)
y),o ...... ............. 6..C: 3 0.20 0.1) 0.10 0.Jw.u ... ... 0.10 ...... E 0.M 0.1s
(4)
u)II ...... ............. b.f-7.5 0.20 01) 0.10 0.4.w.7 ...... 0.10 ...... o.w.07 Be o:oLo.al 0.M 0.15
4013 ...... ............. J.Y5 o-15 0.m.n 0.m 0.a-o.B ...... 0.0 ...... 0.02 0.03 0.15
w
4032 AWJ2 ............. ..ll.&lJ J 1.0 0-u-l-l ... od-IJ 0.10 050-I-1 0.2s ...... 0.0 0.15
4M3 A9404J Alsd.. .......... 43v.o 0.8 03 0.M 0.05 ... ... 0.10 ...... 0.05 0.13
4343 A9433 ... ............. 0.10 ... ... ... o.a, ...... 0.M 0.U
6.U.: 0.6 0-Y
050 0.10 0.M O.lwO.O 0.0 ... 0.10 ...... 0.0 0.U
4543 A94543 ................ m-7.0
4443 A%4J ................ L-1.6 0.8 0.10 0.a 0.I04Jo ...... 0. ,o ... ... 0.0 o.rJ
an4 Awn4 ................ 7.b9.2 0.8 0.X 0.10 ... ...... 02 ...... 0.M 0.U
4045 APO(S ................ 9.&ll.O 0.6 033 0.M ... ... 0.10 ...... 0.m 0.u
4145 API145 ................ 9.3-10.7 0.8 IS.7 0.u E 0.15 ... om ...... 0.M 0.15
yY7 A%!,‘7 ~12...........11.0 .O 0.6 0.15 0.10 ... ... 0.10 ...... 0.0 0.u
m A9SM ABQI .......... 0.r) 0.7 :?I om 0.ssI.I 0.10 ... 0.a ...... 0.M 0.U
xx8 ... ,uMgllB, ....... 0.15 0.7 0.aw3.10 0.10 0.61.0 0.10 ... 0.M ...... 0.M 0.U
................ 0.8 0.10 o.a.od od-13 0.10 ... 0.n ...... 0.03 0.u
yxlb APYM 0.40
SO10 A9WIO ................ 0.40 0.7 02 O.IM_X)OS-O.60.15 ... 0-Y) ...... 0.M 0.13
............... 03 0.a ox-050 3Jd.a 0.0) 0.a 0.10 ...... 0.M w 0.10 0.0 0.U
sol3 0.23
y)l4 ...... o.xLo.9 4.0-53 om ... 0.7-15 ...... . . 0.3 0.0 0.15
............. 0.40 0.a 01)
WI6 AmI6 ................ 0.2 0.6 0.10 o.m.7 I.Cl.9 0.10 ... 0.15 ...... 0.0 0.M 0.1s
O,!-Q3 0,&o& I.SU ... ... ......... 0.w 0.M 0.15
WI7 ................... 0.40 0.7
2440 A95O.J ................ 0.33 0.7 0.2 0%I.4 I.blJ 0.I0-0.r) ... 0.29 ...... 0.0 0.u
5042 AW,t2 ................ 0.D 035 0.1 om-030 3.040 0.10 ... 0.25 ...... 0.10 0.0 0.u
... 0.n . 0.10 0.05 0.15
yY3 ApyY3 ................ 0.40 0.7 0.m-o-u 0.7-1.2 0.7-13 0.M 0.1 0.0
Yyv .................... 0.a 0.50 0.10 0.sl.l I.623 030 ... 0.m ...... 0.10 0.M 0.U
w1y) A95W Alh4115inO
AlhQIJ ...... 0.a 0.7 0.1) 0.10 1.1-16 0.10 ... 0.a ......
(curldad)
61-3 I
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WROUGHT
r,------?I u-- T 1
H
= DDllr *L
auIoPhL S n a bb rc 0 M h G v - n CZL -
................... 0.m 0.10 1-FI.7 ...... 0.10 ......... 0.06 0.m 0.10 rem
0.10 0.03
:g A952s3 ................ 0.08 0.M ... ... 0.m 0.10 lml
0.10 0.10 0.05-0.15 1.3-1.8 ... ... 0.M OSO
5MI hpsml AIM@. ......... 0.40 0.7 0.25 0.m 1.7-22 0.10 ... 029 ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u em
5UI A95151 ................ 0.m 0.u ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u mm
0.U 0.10 IS21 0.10 ...
... AlM52.. ........ 04 E 0.U 0.10450 1.7-U 0.15 ... 0.u ...... ... 0.U 0.0 0.u Rm
z A95351 ................ 0.08 0.10 0. IO 0.10 1.622 ...... 0.m ... 0.0 ...... o.Lu 0.10 ran
3451 A95154 AJq3J........ 025 0.40 0. IO 0.10 l&U o.w.3!? 0.05 0.10
0.10
.........
............
063 0.05 0.u rem
5052 A95M2 AIM&u ........ 025 0.40 0.10 0.10 2128 o.w.35 ... 0.05 0.u rem
5n2 bs57s2 ................ 0.a 0.10 0.10 0.10 o.pI ... 0.03 0.10 fun
5352 A55352 ................ 0.10 ... oa5
... I:: ...
0.10 0.0 0.u mm
0.45 6 * Fe) 0.10 0.10 z20.,0 .........
5.552 A92452 ................ 0.0) 0.Q 0.10 0.10 2.226 ... ... 0.0 ... 0.0 ...... om 0.10 m
5m2 A%652 ................ 0.0 (Si * Fe) 0.01 0.01 2.mA o.u.Q35 ... 0.10 ............ 0.05 0.u run
0.10 0.10 3.1-3.9 o.wJJ5 ... 0.m ...... 023 0.M al.5 fan
g Ais.24 Y?,:::::::: ono.u,si -"g QB 0.01 )*I-3.9 o.wJj ... 08 ...... !r? 0.0 0.M au mm
5454 A95454 NM#ua.. ..... 02 0.0 0.10 os1.0 zc3.0 0.w.m ... on ......... oa 0.0 0.u mm
5554 A95554 AlhQ%ldA) .... on 0.40 0.10 OS-I.0 2.4-3.0 0.05-0a ... on ...... W 0.05-am 0.05 0.u rem
5654 A956% ................ 0.45 (Si + Fe) 0.0 0.01 3.1-3.9 O.lso25 ... 02n ....... 0.m.u 0.M 0.u m
m A95m N&3 .......... 0.0 0.40 0.10 03 u-3.6 030 ... 0.m ...... 0.G3.6 03 0.05 0.u rem
%,'
%54 ... .. . ............. 0.45 (S * Fe) 0.10 0.10430 3.1-3.9 aw ..u ... 0.m ......... 010 0.M 0.u mm
m--w
AJM@2.. ... on 0.4 0.10 0.054113 4S5.6 0.QW.D ... 0.10 ......... ... 0.0 0.u Inn
5356 A95356 Alhf&qA) ..... on 0.0 0.10 0.w.m 4s5-5 0.w.m ... 0.10 ...... 0.06030 0.M 0.u m
(*I
5456 a5456 AJu#Mal...... 0.25 0.4 0.10 0304.0 4.7-55 0.a.o.m ... on ......... 0.m 0.0 0.u w
55% A.95554 ................ on 0.0 0.10 om-1.0 4.7-53 o.Owl.ID ... 0.a ...... f.) 0.w.m 0.m 0.u Km
139 A95uI ................ 0.12 0.17 O.aO 0.15445 O.&l.2 ...... 0.m ......... ... om 0.u (rm
5457 ~95457 ................ 0.m 0.10 0.m o.u-o.45 0.6-12 ...... 0.0 ... 0.M ... ... 0.m 0.10 -
559 A955n ................ 0.10 0.12 0.15 o,,M),y) 0,w.a ............ 0.0 ... ... 0.03 0.10 rem
569 A%69 ................ 0.05 0. IO 0.10 0.03 0.61.0 ...... 0.0 0.0 0.m ... ... 0.02 0.M m
... 035 6i - Fe) 0.10 o.m-0.7 u-43 0.054.zI ... ,su ...... 0.M 0.u rem
Ml ...
z A93ua : : : .......................... 010 0.35 0.15 0.15 4.0-5.0 0.u ... on ......... 0.10 0.05 0.u Rm
51a A%l.s2 ................ 0.30 035 0.15 0.2%0.50 4.0-5.0 0.10 ... on ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u rem
YIO A9mQ AlM@JMe.. ... 0.00.7 0.4 0.10 0.a4.10 4.w.9 o.w.zI ... 0.a ......... 0.u 0.0 0.u Iem
518 A951m AlM#JMa .... 0.40.7IA) 0.0 0.10 0334.0 4s52 0.04.~ ... on ...... (4) 0.U 0.M 0.u w
m ................... oa 03 0.a OS-I.0 4s5.1 0.05 0.03 0.10 ...... 0m7.4 om 0.05 0.u run
5086 A9%% Aim@. ......... 0.40 0.10 0.B ......... 0.u 0.0 0.u rmY
0.204.7 IS-1 o.M-o.LI ...
6101 A96101 E.-i. ...... O-.7 LE 0.10 O-CO 0354.6 0,m ... o,,o ... ... odbe ... am 0.10 rem
6201 A%mI ................ oYM.9 030 0.10 O.lU 0.6-0.9 0.03 ... 0.10 ...... 0-e ... 0.03 0.10 rem
6301 Nmol ................ osO.9 0.7 0.10 0.15 o.MI.9 0.10 ... on ......... 0.u 0.05 0.u ran
em2 ................... 0.649 0.23 O.IM.25O.Iw.m 0.4sO.7 0.05 ............ o.oM.14 28 0.08 0.M 0.u rem
X03 A%%3 NM@Si ........ OS-I.0 0.6 0.10 0.6 iJ&,J 0,5 ... oa ......... 0.10 0.05 0.u rem
61133 .................. 0.35-1.0 0.6 0.m.Y) 0.6 Od-IJ 0.35 ... o,a, ...... ... 0.10 0.05 0.u rem
day A96aY ............... OJM.6 0.10-0.30 0.10 0.200.6 O.ULO.7 ...... O,@ ............ 0.05 0.u rem
MM Ag60D5 A&6Q ........ O.U.9 035 0.10 0.10 0.yLo.6 0.10 ... 0.10 ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u rem
(I(15 A9610 ................ 0.61.0 035 0.10 0.10 0.4so.I 0.10 ... 0.10 ......... 0.10 0.0 0.15 rem
4m A9an ................ 0.6-0.9 0.7 0.10 0.0.15 0.G0.6 0.W.U ... 0.B ...... 0.o.u 2s 0.u 0.0 0.u rem
KO6 .4WB3 ................ 0.W.6 035 0.1so.m O.Iu).lb 0.45-0.9 0.10 ... (,JJ ......... 0.10 0.05 0.u rem
61% ................... 020-0.6 025 025 0.M-o.m o.a-o.0 0.m ... 0.10 ............ 0.05 0.10 mm
Ma36 ................... oJsO.7 025 0B-o.m 0.I3-0.30 0.4so.B 0.10 ... oa ......... 0.10 0.M 0.u Rm
Ku7 A.wm7 ................ o.w.4 0.7 0.m 0.W.~ 0.60.9 o.w.2 ... on ...... 0.M-o.m 28 0.u 0.0 0.u rml
Ko6 ................... OSMP 035 on 0.04.7 030 ... 0.m ... 0.054.m ... 0.10 0.M 0.u r+m
61109 A96oa) ................ 0.619 033 0.W.6 i&d 0.a d 0.10 ... 021 ......... 0.10 0.05 0.u fun
ml0 A9mlO ................ O&12 OJO 0.W.6 O.aM.6 0.6-1.0 0.10 ... G.Z ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u rem
6110 A%110 ................ O.lclJ Od oiso.7 odM.7 0YM.l o.ouLz5 ... on ......... 0.u 0.0 0.U m
a11 A%011 ................ 0.61.2 1.0 O.M.9 0.6 0.612 030 040 ,J ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u mm
6111 A96111 ................ 0.7-1.1 04 oJo.9 O.Iso.45 os1.0 0.10 ... 0.u ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u rem
(on .................... 0.61.4 0-w 0.10 0.a1.0 0.612 oa ... 03 ...... 0.1 I% oa, 0.m 0.u w
0.020
m
Ml3 ................... 0.61.0 0-w 0.61.1 O.ao.6 OS12 0.10 ... 02 ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u Ipo
dDl4 ................... O-.6 025 OLB 0.w.m o.a.ll om ... 0.10 ... 0-a ... 0. LO 0.0 0.u m
mu .................. .o.ma.a 0.IWo-D 0.10-0.~ 0.10 od-1.1 0.10 ... 0.10 ......... 0.10 0.0 0.u m
6016 ................... . .C,, 0s 0.m 04~ O-.60.,,, ... OB ......... 0.u 0.0 0.u w
6017 -17 ................ OJ5-0.7 03-030 0.w.m 0.10 OS-O.6 0.10 ... 0.0 ......... 0.0 0.M 0.u rem
6UI A%Ul ................ 0.612 035 04w)# t)Ju)y...... M ...... ... 0.u 0.05 0.u m
Ml A%351 A&lMg-5Mrl.. 0.7-1.3 zl3 0.10 i:&., &J.& ... QB ......... oa 0.0 0.u rem
ml A%951 ................ o.BOsl 0.6 o.w.40 0.10 O.ao.6 ...... 0.m ......... , 0.0 0.u w
a.7 A9@53 ................ (,) 0.10 ... 1.1-1.4 0.l5a.s ... 0.10 ......... ... 0.m 0.u w
M A%253 ................ (r) E 0.10 ... 1013 0.04-035 ... I.624 ......... ... 0.M 0.u rem
(aootpd)
814 I,
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WROUGHT
AIM& ... . Om-o.6 O.lW. 0. IO 0.10 0.25dl.6 0.0 0.15 0. IO 0.M 0.u
Ao+sal ..,...o.uLa.5 0.7 0.8-1.2 o.wo.3s -
0.&0.ul 0.u 0.25 0.U 0.05 0.u
. ,............. o.a-a.7 0.40 o.Iao.roo.n-o.35 0.7-1.0 0.10 0.P . 0.10 0.M 0.U
.._,___...._.. 0.40.0.8 054 0.33 0.10 0.7-1.1 0.10 0.25 0.10 0.M 0.15
Nmglsim 0.40-0.8 0.7 0.15-0.40 0.u 0.aI .2 0.M-o. I4 02 (9) 0.U 0.M 0.u
Alupsi Om4.6 0.35 0.10 0.10 0.4549 0.10 0.10 . 0.10 0.M 0.u
cuaA%463 ALM@.w O.m-o.6 0.15 0.P 0.05 0.4so.9 0.0 0.M 0.u
6763 A96762 0.21M.b 0.m 0.04-a I6 0.03 0.45-0.9 '. 0.03 0.03 . 0.03 0.10
&j . .,............ 0.04.6 0.15 0.m.m 0.05 o.soa.5 0.M 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.u
6066A9686 O.Sl.6 0.50 0.7-1.2 0.61.1 0.61.4 0.a 0.B O.aO 0.m 0.15
mA9wm . . . . . . . . I.&l.7 OJO 0.I5-0.40 O.QI.0 OS-l.2 0.10 0.25 . . 0.15 o.ra 0.u
6411 .” ... .............. 0.7-1.1 050 0.10 O.lW.45 0.61.0 0.10 0.20 . 0.15 0.0 0.15
ALsiM@.B.. ..... 0.aI.2 .. .
6181
dDgl
*.'.
. AsilM@in ...... O&l.’
0.45
zz
0.10
0.10
0.U
o.aL1.0
0.61.0
0.61.2
0.10
0.25
0.m
. .
0.10 OJn au
... .............. 1.62.6 OB 263.4 0.IW.U

0a
6.W.O . .
0.10 0.M 0.u
7ml
m
A9m)l
................. 030 035 0.20 030 O-w-I.0 odo 5.0-63 . om4.25 24
033
0.m
0.0
0.M
0.u
0.u
my- ................. 0.z 033 0.M 0.2wl.7 LO-LO 0.05 u-4.6 . 0.I0-0.20 zf 0.m 0.05 0.u
................. 035 0.40 0.10 o.m-o.7 I.&I.8 o.ctQ.Al 4.0-5.0 0.aMl.m 24 0.01-0.06 0.M 0.1s
....... ......... 0.10 0.10 0.M 0.a 0.7-1.4 0.IM.Z rs53 ‘. 0.1 0.M 0.10
................. 0.10 0. IO 0.0s am 0.7-1.4 4s53 0.12-0.25 24 0.M
................. 09 0.20 0.611) 0.10 2.1-29 0.10-0.25 5?-5.6 . 0.20
0.M
0.115
0.u
0.u
................. 0.10 0.15 O.blJ 0.10 2.2-L7 O.W.CS .. . 5.8-63 .. 0.iw.m
(0
t 0.10 0.M 0.111
AlzatM@. .... 0.12 2.l-L6 O.C8 5.76.7 . O.lW.16

(0
ZI 0.06
mio
mli
..
A~~II(C) ................. 0.15
0.1s
0.20
ILL2.0
0.05
0.10
0.IW.x) l.Pl.6 O.IIU.XI
0.03
4.&53 . . 0.03
0.05
0.05
0.15
0.15
................. 0.15 0.25 o.bi.2 o.m-o.15 l.au 0.04 La65 O.IW.10 t o.m-o.ce 0.0s 0.u
7012
ml3
.. .
~97013 ................. 0.6 0.7 0. IO 1.0-1.5 “’ ... I L?.o .. 0.M 0.u
ml4 ... ................ 024 033 o.loa.7 033-0.7 LL3.2 0.10 5.2&l 0.m ” 0.0 0.15
m + a)
mi5 ... ................. 0.20 0.30 0.0&0.15 0.10 ILLI 0.15 4.651 0.iw.m i3 0.10 0.0 0.u
7016 ~9Fll6 ................. 0.10 0.12 0.45-1.0 0.03 0.bl.4 " 4.~5.0 0.M 0.03 0.03 0.10
0.x11.1 0.M o.ai.4 4.2-53 0.03 0.M . 0.M 0.M 0.15
7116 ... ................. 0.15 0.30
ml7 .' ................ 0.35 0.45 0.20 0m-o.33 Lo-1.0 035 0.10 r&51 O.lW.25 zf 0.l5 0.0 0.u
7018 .. ................. 035 0.45 0.20 o.u-050 0.7-13 0.10 0.10 43-5-l
. 0.lo.G~ 24 0.15 0.M 0.u
... ............. 0.35 0.20 o.u-o.so 1~2.3 0.m 0.10 JYJ 0.IW.B zt 0.u 0.M 0.1s
ml9
.m
..
. AKd5hQI ..... 035
0.45
0.40 0.m o.Ma50 1.0-1.4 0.10-0.35 . . r.LL5.0 ... (v) ... 0.M 0.u
.
l-l?,, .
O.fnQ.18 ZI 0.10
m2l
m
A9mZI
.
.................
.................
025
03
04
0.3
0.U
om-I.0
0.10
O.IW.40
I.&1.8
263.7
0.0
0.10-0.Y3 .
J.&&O
43-U . 0.05
0.0
0.15
0.u
yp.J ................ 050 OX-1.0 0.10-0.6 2.63.0 0.05&35 4.0-6.0 0.10 0.05 0.15
0.10 0.10-00.6 OS-I.0 0.05-0.35 3.fL5.0 .
0.10 0.0 0.15
aJ24 ..’ ................. 0.33
a ... 0.10 0.1W.6 0.61.5 0.05-0.35 3.040 0.10 0.03 0-u
.
..............
................. ii
0.40
0.60.9 0.cso.m i.si.9 . . 4.652 o.wa. I4 24 0.M 0.03 0.10
g . ................. 0.3 i:: 0.IW.Y) 0.lW.Y) 0.7-1.1 32-45 0.os-o.30 zl 0.10 0.0 0.1s
m " ............. 0.35 0.Y) 0.lW.r) O.M.6 lS2.3 0.20 43-53 o.aul.zl 0.m 0.0 0.15
(ZJ l li)
................. 0.10 0.12 o.m-o.9 0.03 l-w.0 “’ 4151 . 0.M 0.03 0.10
m29 Am 0.05
. .
7129 A97129 ................. 0.15 0.30 ox-O.9 0.10 I-F20 0.10 . .
42-51 0.a 0.05 0.M 0.m 0.15
mp .. . ................. 0.06 O.oB oN.cl.9 0.m l-FL0 “. 4.2-U 0.m ‘. 0.a 0.m 0.10
m . ................. 0.n 030 0.m-o.Y) 0.m LO-15 0.04 .
la-5.9 0.03 0.03 I 0.03 0.M 0.u
. .. 0.10 0.M 0.U
mY3rsmr,
m46A9m6
.................
... ..............
030
om
0.40
04
0.10
0.m
O.lW.yI
on
us.3
I.Cl.6
O.lN3.B
Oa . .
3545
6.67.6 .. O.lu.18 I 0.a 0.M 0.U
7146 A97146 ................. 0.20 0.40 . . . Lo-l.6 6.67.6 0.IW.M 24 om 0.0 0.1s
Lo-29 O.IW.LL . . .
7.242 0.10 0.M 0.u
m9 Amn9 ................. 0.3 0-U IL1.9 OaI
La-29 O.lW.22 . .
7.?&2 .. . 0.10 0.05 0-u
71Y) A91149
m5Q.A9-m0 ii7aaM@ .................
0.15
0.12
0.m
0.U
l.Ll.9
L&L6
od)
0.10 1.9-26 O.o( I . .
5.767 . 0.m.o.u 24 0.m 0.m 0.u
7150 A971y) ................. 0.12 0.15 I.923 0.10
O.IW.45
2.PL7
1.7-u
0.04
o.oso.2s
5.%.9
3.OAO
0.oao.u I 0.05
0.U
0.M.
0.m
0.u
0.u
................. 035 0.45 0.15
................. 0.15 0.70 1.b2.6 040 l%Zl O.lM.25 6.1-73 0.00) Pb 0.10 0.0 0.15
(-4
xm64 ‘.. 0.12 0.15 1.62.4 . ... 1.9-29 0.Lwo.Y 6.S6.0 0.1w.Yla ‘.-. 0.05 0.15
w
-RYE A9Ff72 &!a~. ........... 0.7W * Fcl 0.10 0.10 0.10 ..’ 0.m 0.u
. . 0.M 0.15
HR AV74Tl ................. 0.23 0.6 0.05 0.0 0.9-l-c “’
m75m md5higcu ... 0.a 030 1.L2.0 oxl 2.1-29 0.1.9&9 Wl 0.m 0.M 0.15
7175 A97175 ................. 0.15 0.10 I L-2.0 0. IO 2.1-29 0.I8-0.28 0.10 on5 0.15
7475 A97475 NZd5lh4&u,AI 0.10 0.12 l.LI.9 0.06 1.9-L6 O.lboz5 0.06 0.M 0.u
................. 0.a 0.6 OYJ-I.0 ON-O.8 I.2-LO . .. .” 04) 0.0 0.U
~~~~)
81-5
.! ,F ;.T;.& .I” i.
ALUMINUM AiIiYS
WROUGHT
=
a ImshDD
LZ)h
s h ca Ma Y 0 IQ L a ”
%r
-.
lzzI #7m ‘. 0.50 0.7 0.8-1.7 . 1.7-u O.Iao.35 3.7-43 . . . . . . om au
7176 &f7,76 . . . 0.a I.&L4 030 u-3.1 O.lWZl 6L7.3 . . . 0.0 au
... .., . 0.u Eli I.622 0.m 2s3.2 0.17425 667.4 OB OB om a10
Et Amm . .. 0.30 0.Y) 0.ULO.B 0.10-03l 29-3.7 . . . . om au
3.8-4d
7179 A.9713 . ..__..... 0.u oa O.@-O.ll 0.10430 29-3.7 3d4d . . . om au
ma A91opo . . . . . . . . .. 0.12 0.15 0.613 . . 2.W.O 7-7 .., ,.. 1.0-1.9 co 0.05 au
(a
ml .49mI ........... .o.u 0.U 1.1-1.8 , LO-LO ... .. J&7.1 ‘.’ I” Oa3-odca .‘. omau w
(2)
mm1 A!aml ............ 0.17 0.45-0.7 0.u ... ... ... 0.9-13 0.0 . .,. (U)
.o.u 0.4 OB 0.m 0.0 ... . . . 0.03 . ..
E ::: .......................
0=3 O.oOd 0.m ... 0.0 ... .’ 0.0 . .. . ,..
eIm .&waw3 ............ 0.a 12-20 01) oJw.0 0.10 ... 0.10 . .. . .
Bm Am07 ............ 0.x) l&Z0 0.10 03M.o 0.10 ... . 0.616 . .. .
m ............... 0.6 O.W.6 ...... . . .. . .
ml0 ............... 0.0 01547
0.70
0.10-030
03-1.0
0.1&m 0.IcLo-w) 0.m
0.10
0.40 . .. .
ml1 A98011 ............ 030-0.9 0.61.0 0.10 020 0.0 0.0 . 0.10 .
8111 A93111 ............ o.m-I.1 o.a-I.0 0.10 0.10 0.05 003 .. . .
11112 a9112 ............ 1.0 1.0 0.40 0.6 0.7 Ode
. 0.10
1.0 .. . .. .
Ql4 AmI4 ............ .04 l.Ll.6 0.B 0.D-0.6 0.10 ... . . . 0.10 ..
ml7 -17 ............ 0.10 035-0.11 O.IM.aD ... 0.OlJ.M 0.0 . . . o.o( B.
0.033 Ii
mal A9Kuo ........... .O.lO 0.10 0.m 0.a ...... 0.005 om tml
60x A.mxl ........... .O.lO 0.X3-0.8 O.lM.30 ... 0.0 ... 0.0 .. . O.ilk4 . 0.m aio w
B
6lxl A5uIrn ............ 0.15 ,a, o.uLl.qo)o.oy).u ......... . 0. IO . . . . . . 0.m 0.10 w
8x3 A5um ............ I.0 (Si * Fe) O.a, 0.0 ...... . . . 0.m . . . . O.IM.mD ... OM 0.u ,j%m
aDl6 A9W76 ............ 0.10 0.60.9 0.01 ... O.Luo~ ... 0.M . .. O.o)B .” 0.03 alo w
8176 APB176 ............ 0.03-O.U O.&l.0 ............ 0.m . . 0.0 0.u m
8n6 ............... 03 03-0.0 0.05 0.0, O.Cn 0.01
0.10
0.M 0.03 OB . om 0.10 w
Iv + WC)
.......... 0.10 0.1M.Y) 0.05 ... 0.lM.Y) ... 0.M ” 0.0 B WI 0.m 0.10 w
......... .O.lO O.LFo.43 0.04 ... 0.m 0.10 ran
......... .0.05-0.m 0.7-12 0.a ......
0.oLo.12 ...
...
0x4
0.10
.”
..’
0.01 B
.. 0.05 0.u nm
.......... I.&LO 0.7 0.7-U 0.10 ... ... o.m-o.7 0.05 . ” 5s7.0 so 0.10 om 0.u rem
.......... 0.7 0.7 0.7-l-l 0.10 ...... 0.05 . ‘. 18.~tL0 0.10 0.0 0.u nm
so
.......... 0.m on 1.0-1.6 0.10 0.613 0.10 O.oc4.16 2.~ 0.10 0.m 0.u
Cd
.......... 0.30 OS I.622 0.10 Ox-l.2 0.10 oa Om.16 2~ 0.10 0.m 0.u w
xwn .’ .......... 0.10 0.15 03so.6 0.05 0.e1.4 o.Ql . o.,o .. .. 0.29: zr 0.u 0.05 0.u w
x9192 “. .......... 0.10 0.15 o.m.7 0.0 0.9-1.4 0111
016
I
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
CAST
Composition of unalloyed and alkyd aluminum castings (rrr.0) and ingots (MN.I or rxr.2)
c=*-1 I capmm. r(s 1
I F
I!4 I AOI~I ...................... IW In cn 0. IO ICI i4l O.OJ .

IJO I AOIJOI A199 J ............... In#n O.OJ ICJ ... ICI O.OJ ICI o.oxc~ 0.10 w.JQ
160. I AOldOl AIp9.8 .............. ln@M OF&&J o&, .’ Id “’ ICI O.OJ (Cl O.OXCJ 0.10 W.Y
170. I AOIrnl AM.7 ................ In@x (hl ... ICI ... id O.OJ Id 0.0~~~ 0.10 w m
201 .o A02010 ...................... S 0.10 O.lJ 4.6S.2 0.20430 O.IM.JJ ... O.IyL.lJ O.OYi) 0.10 rem
m1.2 A02012 ...................... ln#ol 0.10 0. IO 4.CJ.2 O.ZO-O.JO 0.2W.JJ ...
ml.0 A12010 ..................... s O.OJ 0.10 4.&J-O 0.2lLWO O.IUl.3J ... . O.IY).lJ
O.IMkJS
O.OXi)
0.03W
0.10
0.10
nm
rrrn
A201.1 Alrnll “. . ._. lnpc O.OJ 0.07 45J.0 0.2&0.40 0.2Q4.3J O.IH.3J 0.030) 0.10 rctn
8201.0 h2mto ._..............._. s O.OJ O.OJ 4.LJ.0 0.2O-O.m O.tM,)J 0. lM.lJ O.OJ@ O.lJ rem
D31.0 AOZOIO .. . . S 0.30 0.m 4.~J.J 0.20-030 0.10 l.Ll.7 0.10 0.1so.2~4t) 0.0~1) 0.m pem
201.2 A01032 ,....,.._..__.____. IryoC OX O.lJ 4.bJ.2 0.20-0.30 0.10 “’ 1.3-1.7 0.10 O.IJ-O.lJW O.OXIJ 0.20 rem
2W.O A02040 lJ22 hlCu4MnTi
RI64 AK&Ti
RZl47 AlCu4MgTi .... S. P 0.X 0.1J 4.2J.0 0. IO O.l~.JJ O.OJ 0.10 O.OJ 0.1~.30 0.05 O.lJ tern
ma.2 ho2042 ...................... Irisa 0.1) 0. I0-0.m 4.24.9 O.OJ O.ZW.JJ 0.01 O.OJ O.OJ O.lM.2J 0.05 O.lJ nm
2W.O AOZW ... ._ ................. 5. P 0.10 O.IJ 4.2-J.0 0.20-030 O.IJ-o.lJ O.OJ 0.10 O.OJ O.IW.30, o.oJ O.lJ nm
206.2 A02052 .................... InpC 0.10 0. IO 4.:-J.0 o.20-oo.Jo 0.2w.3J 0.01 O.OJ 0.01 O.IJ-o.2J 0.M O.IJ rem
AT&. .O AI2E4 ...................... S. P O.OJ 0. IO 4.2-J.O O.ZO-O.JO O.lMl.3J O.OJ 0. IO O.OJ O.Iu).30 O.OJ O.lJ rtm
Al032 Al2062 .................... lnnn O.OJ 0.01 4.LJ.0 0 m-o.Jo 0.2w.lJ 0.01 0.05 O.OJ O.IJazJ 0.05 0.1s RKI
m.0 AO?OBD .................. S-P 2.L3.J M4.J O.JO 0.10 0.11 I.0 03 ” OS0 rem
m.1 AO?CO I ................... Inpc 2.M.J ::9 3.Y.J 030 0.10 0.3J I.0 . 0.73 “. 024 rrm
x8.2 AOZPZ .................. InLDl 2.W J 0.8 1.Y.J 0.30 0.03 O.Rl 0.20 “’ 030 rem
211.0 AOZl3O ............ ..... 5. P I.bJ.0 I.2 6.0d.0 0.6 0.10 0. 3J 2.J . . 0.2) ” 030 Rln
213.1 A02131 ................... lnloc I .bJ .o 0.9 6.W.O 0.6 0. IO O.JJ 2.J 03 .’ 030 rem
‘22.0 AO22M ........ ......... 5. P 1.0 1.5 9.2-10.7 0.m O.lJ-o.3~ O.JO 0.8 0.25 0.3J rem
222. I AO222, ..................... lnpl 2.0 2 9.2-10.7 0.m 0.~0.3J OY) 0.8 0.29 0.1s rem
224.0 A02240 ...................... S. P 0.M A:,0 4.J-J.J 0.2o-o.Jo ‘.’ 0.31 O.OXrn) 0.10 rem
224.2 A02242 .................. Innot 0.02 O.o( 4%J.J o.zw.Jo ” O.lJ O.OXmJ 0.10 rem
240.0 A02400 .................. S 0.x) 034 7.0-9.0 0.30X1.7 U4.J o.Jb6.7 0. IO 0.20 O.OJ O.IJ rem
240. I A024DI .................. lnpr OS0 0.40 7.M.O 0.3047 ~h-66.J 0.3bo.7 0.10 0.20 0.03 O.IJ R~I
242.0 A02420 IJZ? AICU(Ni?.Ug2
RI64 hKUCurSi?Mr: 5. P 0.7 1.0 1.J4.S 0.3J 1.2-1.8 0.2J 1.7-2.3 0.31 0.21 0.05 0.13 rem
:42. I A02421 ................... In&n 0.: 0.1 J.J+J OJJ 1.3-1.8 0.u 1.1-2.3 O.lJ 0.Y O.OJ O.IJ FC~
242.2 A02422 .................. lnpn 0.6 0.6 l.J-4.J 0.10 1.3-1.8 ” 1.7-2.1 0.10 0.20 0.05 O.lJ rtm
A242.0 A12CO ..................... 5 0.6 0.8 3.7A.J 0.10 1.2-1.7 O.lJa2J 1.8-2.3 0.10 . 0.074.20 O.OJ 0.1) ran
ln~m . 0.07-O.Dl O.OJ O.lJ feat
A242.1 Al2421 ................... 0.6 06 1.7A.J 0.10 1.3-1.7 O.IJd.2J 1.62.3 0. IO
A242.2 AI2422 .................... In601 o.3J 0.6 3.74.) 0. IO l.Ll.7 O.l%o.2J la-Z.3 0.10 0.o7-o.m 0.0~ O.IJ nm
24J.&a, AO24)O ...................... S O.JJ 0.40 1.M.J O.Imo.lJ 1.8-2.3 0.20-0.40 1.9-2.1 0.M 0.06o.m 0.0%(n) O.IJ Fcol
243. I A02411 .................... IrUa O.JJ 0.30 3.Y.J O.IJ-O.lJ l.!L2.3 0.20-0.44 1.9-2.3 O.OJ 0.ow.m 0.0~3 0.1~ rrm
31.0 A02950 ................ 3 0.7-l .s I.0 4.0-J.0 0.3J 0.01 0.3J 0.2J O.OJ 0.11 Rln
295.1 A029Jl ................ ln:ol 0.7-I.J 0.8 4.0-J.0 0.3J 0.01 O.fJ 02 O.OJ O.lJ rem
9J.2 AO?9J? .......... Ingot 0.7-l .: 0.8 4.CJ.0 0.30 0.01 0.30 0.20 O.OJ O.IJ rem
-36.0 A02960 ........... .: P 2.0-1.0 I.2 4.bJ.0 0.3J O.OJ 0.3J 0.50 0.2J . O.lJ ran
A02%l ............... ln@l 2.e1.0 0.9 4.bJ.O O.JJ O.OJ O.JJ 024 . , 02 . O.lJ i-cm
296.1
-36.2 A02962 ................. It,@, 2.04.0 0.8 4.0-J.0 0.30 O.JJ 0.M 0.20 0.0) O.IJ nm
IO5 0 AOMJ4 ................... S/P 4.sJ.J 0.6 ISI-l.J 0.X 0.10 0.u O.lJ 0.u O.OJ O.lJ rem
YIJ.? AO,OJZ .................. Inp~ 4.J-J.J O.IW.LI I&I.J O.OJ 0.01 0.20 O.OJ O.IJ rem
AIOJ 0 AIM0 ................... 5. P 4%J.J 0.20 1.M.J 0.10 0.10 “’ 0.10 0.20 O.OJ O.lJ ICEI
A30J.I AI3OJI ................. In#aI 4.LJ.J 0.15 1.CI.J 0.10 0.10 .., . 0. IO . . 0.20 b.oJ O.lJ mn
h30J.Z AI3OJ2 ................... 1~ 4%J.J 0.1) I&1.J O.OJ 0.01 0.0s 0.11 rem
X&O AOWI(LD ................... S. P J.&&O I.0 4.CJ.0 024 0.10 .” “. 1.0 t:: ‘. 030 mm
3w.l AONI ................... lnpc J.U.0 0.1 4.bJ.0 030 0.10 .” I.0 03 ” 0.m Rm
3aI.2 AOX ...................... Inp J&6 0 0.8 4.0-J.0 0.30 0.10 . ” 030 0.m ‘. 0.54 rem
119.0 A01190 3J22 h.lSiJCu)
JJ2l AlSiSCulMa
3122 ALSiiu4
1J22 AJSaCu(Mn
RI64 ~JSIJCUJ
Rl6( ALWCuJFc
.
RI64 hJsifLu4 5. P J.ti6.J 1.0 I.040 O.JO 0.1) 1.0 02 ‘. . 0.50 lcm
119.1 A01191 ll?pX J.J-6.J 0.8 ID-40 0.54 0.3J I.0 0.23 ‘.’ 030 IEm
119.2 A01192 . lw= J.M.J 0.6 l.M.0 0. IO 0.10 0.10 0.m .. 0.m em
h3I9.0 Al3190 lJ22 h1SiJCu.l
JJ22 AlSKdMn
IJ22 hlSKti
3J22 AISi(Lu4Mn
RIU AlsiJCUl
RW .dSiJCdFe
RI64 hlsibCu4 s. P O.JJ 3.0
Icontinued)
81-7
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
CAST
w-7 I w. r(*
L;-u 4
IL -
U -AL
-a bmm. Kolbl -cl s h C. Mm % 0 Y t $9 n w Td -a
m9. I Al3191 In@4 !.U.S 0.1 l.U.0 0.50 0.10 " 0.15 1.0 0.25 ". 0.50 nxm
BlI9.0 A2llal "'............ S.P !.U.J l&4.0 0.8 0.I0-0.Jo . 0.50 1.0 0.2J 0.54 rem
8319.1 A23191 lqol .c.h5.J if lo-r.0 0.8 0.IJ-O.Jo 030 1.0 0.2.J ” 030 mn
A032m " .._ s. P S.Od.0 I.2 2.040 0.8 0.0%0.6 0.15 1.0 O.lJ 0.54 mm
ID.0
120.1 A03201 "'............... ..ln#ol S.04.0 0.9 2.W.O 0.8 0.10-0.6 O.lS 1.0 0.23 ". 0.m It*
hr.0 AOIZY) . P 7.W.0 I.2 0.4Ul.6 0.50 0.40-0.7 030 I.0 0.20 O.lJ 0.m RI
J24.I A01241 lnrol 7.&&o 0.9 0.4&0.6 030 o.rJ-O.7 . O.JO I.0 0.20 O.lJ 0.20 rrm
124.2 A03242 .................. lngol 7.0-6.0 0.6 0.4o-o.6 0.10 0.4-4.7 . 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.05 O.lJ l-cm
11.0 AO1m .................. S I.bZ.0 O.eW.6 O.XU.6 0.35 03 I.5 o.zJ ” 0.50 Iem
31.1 AOlrnl ................ ..lnp I l&22.0 0.20-0.6 OX-O.6 0.1s 0.23 I.5 025 .” 0.50 l-cm
... ............. __ P 8.SI0.J
112.0 A01120 2.0-4.0 030 0.Ll.J 030 I.0 0.23 ” o.so lem
...
Jl2.1 A03321 .................. Jm 1sIO.5 ::: 2.u.o 0.50 0.6l.J 030 I.0 0.2s ” 03l rem
312.2 A01322 ..................... I- 4.s10.0 0.6 2.o-4.0 0.10 0.eI.1 0.10 0.10 0.20 ” 0.30 IeEl
133.0 AoIlY) ..................... P m-IO.0 1.0 x0-4.0 020 0.ow.m . 024 1.0 03 ” 0.m Iem
AWJII ... .................. 1.040.0 0.8
113.1 la9c l.U.0 0.50 0.I0-0.JO 0.50 1.0 o.zl ” 030 Iem
... .................. a.ewo
AJll.0 AIlIlo I.0 l.M.0 0.50 0.054.Jo . . 0.u ” 0.50 rem
... ..................
A33J.I Al3331 12 a.o-IO.0 0.1 l.U.0 030 O.IO-o.Jo . . 8:; 1.0 030 rem
136.0 AOIW ................ .,., P Il.&If.0 I.2 0.Jbl.J 0.3J 0.7-1.3 . 2.0-3.0 0.35 :: f: 0.1 . rem
... ..................
11.1 A03361 Insol II.&11.0 0.9 O.JO-1.J O.lJ O.&l.1 . . 2.lLl.O O.lJ . . 0.73 0.05 . rem
316.2 AOJW ..................... In@ ll&l1.0 0.9 OX-I.J 0.10 o.er.1 . . 2.Cl.O 0.10 . # 0.20 0.0s 0.1s rem
...
JB.0 AO31m .................. P II&13.0 I.2 Id-l.0 0.M 0.JW.J 0.sl.J 1.0 0.2s ..' 030 rem
. ............. ., lnpc 02 03 mm
339.1 ll.&l3.0 0.9 l.J-3.0 0.M 0.6l.J ... O.B-I .J I.0
l41.0 AOl4JO ................. D 6.7-7.7 I.2 o.w.9 0.54 0.10 0.10 . . . 1.2-2.0 0.30 '.' 0.10 O.JJ rem
Y1.I A03411 .................. lnpol 6.7-7.7 0.9 o.s0.9 030 0.10 0.10 . 1.2-1.9 0.30 " 0.10 O.lJ rem
154.0 Mlno .................. P 8.6-9.4 0.m 1.6-2.0 0.10 O.W.6 0.10 0.m 0.05 O.IJ rem
J)c.l AO3J4l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lnpl 8.6-94 O.lJ 1.62.0 0.10 0.4so.6 0.10 0.20 0.03 0.15 rem
III.0 MIJJO J522AtSKuIM9
Rl6( AlSiJcUl. s. P 4.LJ.J O.t40) I.&I.J O.JOlol 0.44d3.6 0.2J O.lJ 02 0.03 O.lJ rem
.
JJJ.1 AO~JJI .......... .... InpI 4SJ.J O.BXOl l.O-1.J O.JUol 0.4Ql.6 0.25 O.JJ 0.2.l O.OJ O.lJ mm
IJJ.? AOIJJZ ....... InpI 4.J-J.J O.lcO.23 l&l.J O.OJ 0.1(M.6 0.0) 0.20 O.OJ 0.15 rem
A15J.0 AIIJJO ................. s. P 4.LJ.J 0.09 I.&I.J O.OJ 0.4IFo.6 . O.OJ o.lM4.m 0.05 0.15 m
AlJJ.2 AI3JJZ ................. Into1 4.S-J.J 0.06 1.0..I.J 0.03 0.ti.i . 0.03 o.w-o.20 0.03 0.10 mm
ClJS.0 AJIIB ................. S.P 4.sJ.J 0.20 1.0-1.5 0.10 0.4fU.6 . 0.10 0.20 0.m 0.1s rem
C3JJ.I h)llJl
.
. .. . . . IfUOl 4.!-J.J O.lJ I&I.5 0.10 0.4-0.6 0.10 0.20 0.0s O.IJ i-cm
CIJJ.? ti3lJ2 . 0.0s 0.15 mm
“.. .- lnpc 4.sJ.J 0.11 1.lLl.J 0.0) 030-0.6 . 0.0s 0.m
I%.0 A03JW JJZ? AlSi7M:
El47 AlSi7M6 ._.... S. P 6.J-7.J 0.640) 0.:) O.l%o) 0.2W.rS . 0.U 02 0.M O.lJ mm
S%.l AO3J6l .................. lnpl 6.J-7.J Osao) 0.2) O.lUoJ 0.23-0.4J 0.311 0.U 0.M 0.15 mm
516.2 AOlJ62 ............ ..... lnpl 6.s7.J O.lbO.2J 0.10 0.0s 0.30-0.4J . 0.0) 0.m 0.05 0.1) mm
AluY.0 All%l .............. 5. P 6.L7.J 0.20 0.20 0.10 O.L5&4J . 0.10 b.m 0.0s 0.15 ICP
dJ6.I All%1 .................. lfl6Ol 6.J-'.J O.tJ 0.20 0.10 O.N.O.4J 0.10 0.m 0.0s 0.15 l-tm
A.M.2 rclJ.52 .................. IlIp 6.G7-7.J 0.12 0. IO 0.05 O.xw).IJ O.OJ 0.20 0.0s O.lJ rem
BJ16.0 Ax&l ............... s. P h..C7.J 0.09 O.OJ 0.0s 0.2J-O.4J O.OJ 0.044.m 0.05 O.lJ rem
BJ#.? A2lJt.2 .... ............. Ingot 6.L7.J 0.06 0.01 0.01 O.lbO.4J 0.01 0.o4-o.m 0.01 0.10 rem
CJ116.0 A3Jw) ............ ... 5. P b..c).J 0.07 0.0s 0.0s 0.2W.4J .
O.OJ 0.wo.m 0.W O.lJ rem
CJY.2 A3lJ62 -- ln;or 6 L7.J 0.04 0.0) O.OJ O.W.4J 0.01 0.04-o.m 0.01 0.10 mm
FJY.0 AblJm .................. S.P 6..c7.J 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.17d.2J . 0. IO 0.w-o.m 0.0s O.lJ rem
n16.2 A63J62 ....... b-1 657.J 0.12 0.10 0.05 O.IW.2J . . O.OJ . 0.ou1.20 0.0.4 O.lJ rem
JJ7.0 A01570 ...... s. P 6.J--'.J O.tJ 0.0) 0.01 0.4-9.6 O.OJ . 0.m 0.M 0.15 rem
lJ7.1 A03J71 ................. ln@w 6.J-7.1 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.45-0.6 . O.OJ . 0.10 0.M O.IJ w
AJs7.0 AlIS ........... .... s. P 6.J-7.1 0.m 0.20 0.10 o.ao.7 I . .
0.10 0.cu.m o.QJ(pJ rem
O.tJ
A317.2 AI3J72 .............. 657.J 0.12 0.10 O.OJ 0.4-0.7 0.05 0.o44.m o.o~(p~ 0.10 -
8157.0 ..................
lrrpc
s. P 657.J 0.09 0.05 O.OJ O.W.6 . O.OJ .. 0.04-o.m 0.M O.lJ mm
BJJ7.2 h?.Mn .................. lnla 6.J-7.J O.Qb 0.01 0.01 0.4-4.6 .
0.01 0.m-o.m 0.01 0.10 mm
cls7.o .................. s. P 6.S7.J 0.09 O.OJ O.OJ 0.4SO.7 . . 0.0s O.ou).ZO O.OYpl O.JJ rem
Cm.2 .................. Inlou 6.W.J 0.W 0.01 0.01 o.m-o.7 . 0.01 0.044.m 0.03w 0.10 T~(D
DJJ7.0 .................. 6.W.J 0.20 0.10 O.Jh3.6 ..- . o.two.m O.ospl O.lJ mm
I%.0 AOhao ................. SSP
. 7.ti.6 0.24 0.20 0.m o.ao.6 0.20 0.m 0.io.o.m 0.~~0) 0.1s -
JY.2 AOJWl .................. IW@ 7 a.6 0.10 a.10 0.10 0.4Jd.6 O.OJ 0.10 0.I2-o.rn O.oYrl O.IJ rem
JJ9.0 Ao3m ....... s. P tl..cp.J 0.20 0.20 0.10 o.Jo-o.7 0.10 0.m O&S O.tJ rem
JJ9.2 A03J92 6.J-9.J 0.12 0.10 0.10 O.JU.7 0.10 0.m 0.M O.lJ rem
Jmas) AOMXw
R'l47AlSilOMI(O... D 9 e-10.0 2.0 0.6 O.JS 0.4b3.6 .. 0.m OS0 O.IJ "' "' O.Yrcm
x0.2 AOlfO2 .., . . .. . . 1~ 90-10.0 0.7-1.1 0.10 0.10 0.459.6 0.10 0.10 0.10 ". -.. o.?omm
Am.W Al!.6W .. . . ... . D 9 610.0 1.1 0.6 O.JS 0.4CW.6 . OS0 O.IJ ...... 0.u mm
AJ60.1W AIWIW _._.............._ I* 9.cLIO.O 1.0 0.6 O.JJ 0.4-0.6 E 0.40 O.IJ ...... O.ZJ rem
c60.2 AlW'2W . " . . . In- 9.0-10.0 0.6 0.10 0.05 0.4U.6 0.05 O.lJ w
IN.0 A03610 ._................ D 9.s10.1 I.1 03 02 0.W.6 O.&w)O.Zit&O ::ii it0 0.m O.QJ 0.1) mm
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
CAST
Cd-s-h-, I -..kll-
L--- I
F
fizb -4l
ma, VW.*. 0011) -eI Y ?I G Mm w cs M L L n w 1d *4,
%I.1 AO#ll 1q.n 9.LlO.S 0.8 0.m 0.23 0.4Ql.b 0.,m-o300.20&% 0.4 0.10 0.05 0.13 rem
k.6J.o A03630 . s. P 4.M.O I.1 2.s1.5 111 0.I3-O.4O (1) 0.23 J.o-4.1 o.LI i:: WJ 0.m nm
Y3.I A0363 I ..,..... Inpt 4.540 0.8 2.5-3.5 (II 0.2044 (0 0.u 3.ec.J 0.25 0.20 (UJ 0.30 rem
364.0 ~0364 . . ,.. ... D 7s9.3 I.5 0.20 0.10 0.20-0.40.2w.m 0.15 0.15 0.13 '.' O.OXVJ 0.13 fern
3b4.2 A03642 . ,._...... . Inpt 7.5-9.5 0.7-1.1 0.20 0. IO o.2sOLo.ul 0.W.d 0. I3 0.15 0.15 O.OYVJ 0.15 rem
369.0 AO~M ., _. D II&12.0 I.3 024 0.3J O.W.45 0.3O-O.O 0.0) 1.0 0.10 0.03 0.111 tern
3b9.1 AOWN __.........,,..... In&H 11.0-12.0 I.0 024 0.13 0.3oa.45 0.m4.40 0.m 0.9 0.10 0.05 0.13 rem
%O.o(sJ AOlWUsJ . .. ... D 7.5-9.3 2.0 m4.0 0.50 0.10 ... 0% 3.0 0.35 '.' 0.m mm
MO.2 A03802 _, ,_. ._. .__. I&o, 7.s9.3 0.7-1.1 ~.o-b.O 0.10 0.10 '.. 0. IO 0.10 0.10 ." .' 0.20 mm
AUO.OhJ ~Ilao 352 .USi&XFr
RlMNSi&X3Fe.... D 7.L9.J 1.3 3.040 0.m 0.10 . 0.50 0.35
A360.11S) A13OOllsJ _..,.__..._....... tc,‘n,, 7.5-9.5 1.0 1.040 0.50 0.10 . 0.30 ::9” 0.35
AJm.2 Al)802 ............ . . . . . . I- 7.s9.J 0.6 l.M.0 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
BJBO.0 A2J.300 _. ,.. _. __, ____. D 7.5-9.1 I.1 m-4.0 030 0.10 0.15 . .
a380 I A28wI . . ..... . . . . . Ianw 7.3-9.3 I.0 3.040 0.m 0.10 ::i ::i 0.35 .
3R1.0 AOl830 ...... .. IfI 9.L1I.J I.3 2.&1.0 0.) 0.10 0.30 1.0 0.15 '.' 03 Iem
393.1 A03831 ..................... I0@l 9LII.J 1.0 2.O-3.0 0.50 0. IO 0.m 2.9 0.13 '.. 03 rem
yL3.2 A0132 ..................... ln@ 9.s11.s 0.61.0 2.s3.0 0.10 0. IO . 0.10 0.10 0.10 . 0.20 rem
Mb.0 A03R4 ........... .:. ....... D 10.5-12.0 1.3 3.045 030 0. IO 0.50 3.0 03 0.m mm
s84.1 A03841 ..................... lasa 10.~12.0 1.0 m-b.5 0.m
N.2 A03842 . ..................
IfG 10.s12.0 0.61.0
0. IO 0.m 2.9 0.33 . 024 rem
MRb.0 .................. 1.Lu.s 0.10 0. IO 0.10 0.10 0.10 . 054 rem
A384.I
Al3W
AIWI ..................
‘2
10.s12.0
10.s12.0
1.3
I.0
1.04.J
3.b4.5
0.m
0.m
0.10
0.10
0.50
0.50
1.0
0.9
0.111
0.15
.
.
0.30
0.30
mn
rem
MS.0 A0150 ...... D Il.@-Il.0 2.0 2.O-4.0 0.50 0.30 0.m 1.0 03 '.. . 024 ltm
sm.1 AO3RSl ................. Inpc lJ.&l3.0 I.1 2.040 0.50 0.m 2.9 0.m ". ‘.. 03 rem
390.0 AOX .................. D I6.Cl1.0 1.3 4.PS.O 0.10 o.rOGu . 0.10 ." 0.29 0.10 0.20 mm
590.2 A03W2 .................. Inw Ib.O-18.0 0.61.0 4.bS.O 0.10 0.so-o.b.l . . . 0.10 ." 0.20 0.10 0.b Rnl
Al90.0 Al1900 .................. s. P IbO-Ill.0 0.50 4Lu.o 0.10 o.rQ3.61 0.10 ." 0.20 0.10 0.b rem
AM. I Al35Ul .................... Inpl lb.%M.O 0.40 4.040 0.10 o.JOabJ . 0.10 ." 0.20 0.10 0.M rem
8190.0 A23900 .................. D 16.0-18.0 I.3 4.6S.O 0.m 0.43-0.65 0.10 1,s ." 0.20 0.10 0.20 rem
8390. I rlllpol .................... III&M lb.&18.0 I .o 4.er.0 0.m o.m-o.6( 0.10 I.4 .., 0.23 0.10 0.2O Rm
392.0 A0397il ................... D l&O-2O.O 1.J 0.40-0.8 O.W.6 0.6-1.2 0.m 0.50 0.30 0.20 0.15 o.xl rem
392. I A03921 ..................... lryol II O-m.0 1.1 0.4040 0.2W.6 0%I.2 . 0.m 0.4 0.30 03 0.15 0% rem
393.0 A0393O ..................... S.P.D 21.&23.0 I.3 0.7-1.1 0.10 0.7-I.1 2.e2.3 0.10 0.io-o.m O.WrJ 0.13 nm
393. I A03931 ..................... lnpl 2l.G!l.O 1.0 0.7-1.1 0.10 O.bl.1 2.C2.3 0.10 . O.lO-O.2O O.O%wJ O.IJ rem
193.2 A03932 .................... lnpl 21.&23.0 0.8 0.7-1.1 0.10 0.6-1.3 2.e2.3 0.10 . 0.1Mo.20 O.ORwJ 0.13 nm
408 2IrJ AC"CSZlx1 .................... l,,#~l 8.5-9.5 0.61.3 0.10 0.10 '.' . o,,o . . 0.10 0.20 #-cm
. 0.10 0.10 0.20 Rnl
uR.2lX) A04092tr~ .................... Lnpl 9.s10.0 Oh-l.1 0. IO 0.10 "'
.............. . . 0.10 . . 0.10 0.20 rrm
4Il.?lXJ AlMll21~J In@ IO.Cl2.0 0.61.3 0.20 0.10 "'
413.asJ AWl3alJ 3% AISilXuFasJ
!!2 AISil? FCIII
RIM AlSiJ2lsl
RIM NSil!Culrl
RI64 AlSil2CuFn11
RI61 AlSilZFetsl
Cl47 AJEI~IsI....,. D ll.&l3.0 2.0 I.0 0.19 0.10 0.m 0.m 0. IJ 0.25 Rln
4lJ.2lSl . . . . InLa II&13.0 0.7-1.1 0.10 0.10 0.07 0. IO 0.10 0. IO 0.20 rem
AllhXrl AI4IYXsI D 11.413.0 I.3 1.0 0. IJ 0. IO 030 0.m O.lJ 0.23 mm
A4II.llrJ AI413IlsI ..,......,........ Iapc ll.&l3.0 1.0 1.0 0.15 0. IO 0.M 0.4 0.15 0.23 nm
A4I3.2 _.......... . ll.&l3.0 0. IO 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 . . . . . 0.10 ll!m
Al4132llJ
8413.0 A24130 ... it 11.613.0 ::!a 0. IO 0.35 0.05 O.O¶ 0.10 0.2J 0.05 0.20 mm
B413.l 824131 .. ln#ln Il.cLlJ.0 0.4 0. IO 0.33 O.O¶ 0.03 0.10 0.23 0.05 0.m rem
435.21~) ..................... IfI@ 3.L3.9 0.4 0.O.l O.OS 0.0s . 0.10 0.05 020 mm
AO4352lyJ
0.) 0.b 0.25 0.m .
.................. 4.U.O 030 0.0s 02 OJS trm
441.0 AbuY) .................... S.P
0.25 0.53 .
443. I
443.2
AO443I
AO4432 ..................
.....................
s
4.M.0
4.5-6.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.10 i:
O.OS
0.0s 0.10 .
.
0.2J
0.m
'.
0.03
0.35
0.15
l-em
lu0
AU3.0
A443.I
BU3.0
A IWO
Al4431
A24430
..................
3522 Alsii
4.54.0
4.Sb6.0 i::
0.30
03
024
030
0.25
02
0.m
0.m
02
0.23
0.31 tern
OJ5 tern
. 03 0.25 0.05 O.lS- mm

BA43.l AMI1
RI@ MSii..
._ ................
......... 5. P
lnpc
4.54.0
4.340
0.8
0.6
0.15
0.15
0.33
0.35 . . 0.35 .. 0.23 0.05 0.15 Rnl
CUI.0 Au430 RIM AISiJFe ....... D 4.%.0 2.0 0.6 0.1) 0.50 0.m 0.13 03 rcm
CUJ. I AU431 ................. 4.540 I.1 0.6 0.35 03 0.4 0.13 .. 03 rem
0.05 0.13 Rm
c443.2 AM432
...
..................
........... ...... ‘SE
4.W.0
6.S7.3
0.7-1.1 0.10
0.23
0. IO
0.35
0.10
0.15 .. 02 0.0s 0.15 rc0l
4U.O
bu.?
AOurO
AM442 ................. ln#Ol b.W.5 0.10 0.03 0.03 .. 0.x) 0.05 0.15 rrm
A4440 Al4UO .................. P 657.5 0.10 0.10 0. IO 0.x) 0.05 0.15 rem
Al4441 ................. 6.S7.5 0.10 0. IO 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.15 r4m
lnpl
AI4442 .................. 6.L7.5 0.05 O.Q( 0.0s 0.20
‘ruol
scurr.4: WJ.4.J
Bl-9 /
,” ,, ‘-‘I: ,f.% ,, .F
s 4
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
CAST
-
gL#., lm- LyIbb -0 s ?* Cm Ma MI ci xl Ir h l-l cmb Td 24,
o,,o 0.10
bS7.5 0.61.3 0.10 0.10 0.X mm
511.0 AOJllO . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. o.Jo-o.7 0.54 0.1) 0.3J 1.M.J ... ... 0.1s '.. 0.25 O.OJ O.lJ awn
AQ(,,I ~___.....__.__._. Inpl o.Joa.7 0.40 0.1) OJJ 1.W.J .. O.lJ '.' 03 0.011 0.15 rem
Jll.l
Jll.2 AOJ,IZ ~__............__ In&M o.Jo-o.7 0.30 0.10 0.10 1.64.J . -. -. o.to " 0.20 0.0) 0.1s mm
J12.0
.._ A@120 .... . .. .. s 1.4-2.2 0.6 0.3J 0.8 3.Y.J 0.25 '.. O.JJ ... 0.25 O.OJ 0.1s em
112.2 AQ(lz2 ~................ lu@l l.CL.2 0.30 0. IO 0.10 l.b-4.J . 0.10 " 0.20 0.05 0.1) mm
;;;:; ml& . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . P 0.30 0.40 0.10 0.30 3.Y.J . ,.. 1.4-2.2 " 0.20 O.OJ 0.15 rem
. . . . ln#oI 0.30 0.30 0. IO 0. IO 1.ti.J . .. . LC2.2 '. 0.m 0.05 0.15 mm
Jl4.0 AOJlYl JWAlM&l
RI64 AlMI.3:
OJJ 0.w) O.lJ 0.3J 1.W.J ... O.lJ '.. 0.U 0.05 O.lJ rem
J14.1 O.JJ 0.40 0.15 OJJ 3.64.J O.iJ ... 0.25 0.05 0.15 ten!
J14.2 A05142 0.30 030 0.10 0. IO 1.64.J . 0.10 ..' 0.20 O.OJ 0.15 tnn
JIJ.0 An5150 ox-I.0 1.1 0.m O.W.6 2.w.o . . . o,,o 0.05 0.15 feEI
JIJ.2 ~O5lJ2 0.504.0 0.61.0 0.10 O.W.6 2.74.0 0.1 O.IJ rem
Jl60 AaJI60 0.3el.J ox-I.0 0.30 0.IJ-o.Q i.W.J . 0.2&0 iti 0.;; 0.1&O.i3 O.OJw mm
J16.1 A05161 0.3Sl.J 0.JJ-0.7 0.Y) 0.1M.44 2.M.5 . 0.w.a 0.20 0.10 0.10420 O.OJ(ZJ -; E,"
AOJIrn 0.3J I.8 0.U O.JJ 7.J.d.J 0.15 0.15 O.,J
Jlt.0
JIB.1 AOJIOI ... ....... . O.)J I.1 0.U O.JJ 7.66.J O.lJ O.lJ O.lJ . 0.25 rem
111.2 Ao5ls2 . . . . . . . . . ..___.... I- 0.23 0.7 0. IO 0.10 7.&&J . O.OJ ..' 0.05 '.. -.. 0.10 rem
J20.0 Am200 3J22 AlM#IO
RI64 AIMlo:
111147)rlGgb s 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.15 9.5-10.6 . O.lJ ... 0.2J 0.05 0.15 ltm
520.2 AOJ202 . . .... Ml O.IJ 0.20 0.20 0.10 9.610.6 0.10 ” 0.20 0.05 0.15 rem
JlJ.0 AoJm . ~................ O.lJ O.lJ O.OJ O.lo-o.rr 6.2-7.J O.IM.25 0.05lUl 0.15 nan
JJJ.2 AOJJJ2 . . ~................ 0. IO 0.10 O.OJ 0.10-0.2J 6.67.J . . O.I(M.23 O.OJ(bbJ O.lJ rem
1u3J.O AIJJJO . ... + 0.20 0.20 0.10 0. %0.Y 6.S7.J . . 0.23 O.OJ 0.15 rem
Mu3J.I AIJJJI . . ..__._ 0.20 O.lJ 0.10 0.IW.U 6.Ct.J . ,.. 0.25 O.OJ O.IJ rem
IIuo~
BS3J.O A2J3m . s 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.05 6%7.J . I 0.I0-0.25 0.05 0.15 Rml
B515.2 dlJ2 '....,.........,. 1~ 0.10 0.12 0.05 0.05 6.67.5 0.1Wo.25 0.05 0.15 rem
705.0 A07054 . ‘........__..___ s. P 0.20 0.1 0.n 0.404.6 1.4-1.8 0.2tw.40 2.7-u 0.U 0.05 0.15 mm
705.1 Arm51 . ~............_._. lnpr 0.20 0.6 0.20 ON-O.6 l.Sl.1 0.2SO.u) 2.7-u 03 0.05 0.15 rrm
7070 A07070 . . . . . . .._...____. S. P 0.20 0.8 0.20 0.4b3.6 1.6-2.4 0.204.Y) r.u.5 0.U 0.05 0.15 rem
ml.1 AOrml . . ... . lnpl 0.20 0.6 0.20 0.404.6 1.9-2.4 0.2SO.Y) . 4.0-4.5 0.2J 0.05 O.lJ nxn
710.0 A07100 ~..__...__..,..., S 0.15 0.w) O.JSOo.bJ 0.0s 0.6-0.1 .'. " b&7.0 02 0.05 0.15 rem
710.1 AO7lOl . . . . . . . . . . . ..__.. ltuot 0.15 04 0.1Ml.61 0.011 O.bsM J . b&7.0 0.25 O.OJ 0.15 mm
711.0 A071 IO ..... P 0.m 0.1-I .4 0.J54.65 0.05 0.2wlr5 6.0-7.0 0.20 0.05 0.15 Rln
711.1 AmIll ................ IW 0.30 0.7-1.1 O.lUl.65 O.OJ o.lo-a.45 6.0-7.0 0.20 0.05 0.15 Rln
112.0 AO713l ............... s Ou) O.-Y) 0.25 0.10 0.5ca.6J 0.40-0.6 5.0-6.5 O.ISO.25 0.05 0.3 rem
II?.? A07122 ..... .......... 1wc-l 0.15 0.40 0.25 0. IO 0.5&0.65 0.40-0.6 s&&s '.' O.IsK5 0.05 0.20 rrm
w.0 A07130 ................ s. P 0.25 I.1 0.4rLI.O 0.6 0xLo.m 0.35 0.15 7oa.o "' 0.25 0.10 0.25 rem
7lJ.I A07131 ................ lnpl 0.2J 0.8 0.40-1.0 0.6 0.23-4lm 0.35 0.1.' 7.oao '.' 0.25 0.10 03 bptl
n1.0 AURIO ........ ....... 5 O.lJ 0.15 0. IO 0.10 0.8-1.0 0.06-0.20 b.J-7.J 0.IQ-O.20 0.05 0 I5 rrm
RI.2 A07712 ................ Iv- 0.10 0. IO 0.10 0.10 0.8~1.0 o.wto.2Q . 6%7.J 0. I0-0.20 0.0s O.lJ Iem
RZ.0 AOTfX ...... ......... S 0.15 0.15 0.10 0. IO 0.6-0.8 0.06-4.20 '. 6.&7.0 O.IO-o.2a 0.05 0.15 rem
77i.i A07722 ................ lnpr 0. IO 0.10 0.10 0. IO 0.bu.t 0.064.20 " 6.S7.0 O.lO-o.20 0.05 0.1s rem
1so.o ArnJm ................ s. P 0.7 0.7 0.7-1.5 0.10 0.10 "' 0.7-1.1 5.L7.0 0.m I' 0.m Rln
u0.I ArnJoI . . . . . . . . . . ..__...__ Inpc 0.7 024 0.7-1.1 0.10 0.10 " 0.7-1.1 5.s7.0 . 0.x) Rln
151.0 -JlO ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . S.? 2.61.0 0.7 0.7-I.J 0.10 0.10 '.. 0.3m.7 5.w.o 0.30 rem
8sI.I AmJII ~_._._.,.__.,,,,, lm 2.0-1.0 0.30 0.7-1.3 0. IO 0.10 ..' 0.340.7 '.. JS7.0 0.20 .'. 0.30 mm
852.0 A!20520 ... . . .._.._.._..... S.,' 0.40 0.7 1.7-2.1 0.10 o.&oo.9 0.9-1.5 . J.5-7.0 0.m 0.30 mm
152.1 A06521 . . . ._.___...__..,. m 0.40 0.50 1.7-L.) 0.10 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.5 5.5-7.0 0.m fern
8Jl.O Am@550 .. . .. .. . 5. P 5.5-a 0.7 ),U.O 09 . . . . . 5.s7.0 ;:i 0.30 rcm
U1.2 -512 . - .._.._____._._._ 1~ 5.x5 0.50 I.040 o.,o . . . . 5.5-7.0 0.20 .,. 030 mm
El-10
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
TEMPER DESIGNATIONS
Temper Designation System for
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Temper dcsigttatiot~ for wrought prod. When it is desirable IO identify a vartatton
UN that are sttcttgthcacd by straio hrrdcn- of a twodi@I H temper. a third digit (from I
The ~entprr Jesignatmn system used in
ing EonCat of att H follwd by two or more lo 9) may be assigned. fhc third digit is used
the Cmted hater for aluminum and alumt-
digiu. The 6nt di&il following the H indi- when the degree of control of temper or the
num alloys is used for all product forms
tboth wrought and cast). with the exception c&r the specific &quc~cc of-basic opcta- mechanical properties are different from but
of ingot. Tk sy~ctn IS based on the Y- tioas. close lo those for the twedigit H temper
quences of mechanical or thermal treat. Hl, stirc- Only. This applies to designation IO which if .is added. or when
ments. or b&h. used to produce the various ptoduc~ thaw arc strain hardened to obtain some other chatacrcnsttc is signifKantly
tempers. The temper dcsignatlon follows the desired suet@ without rupplcmcntrty affected. The mintmum ultimate tensile
the alloy dcsignaiion and is separated from tltcrtd matmeat. The digit following the strength of a thrcedigtt H temper is at least
it by a hyphen. Barx temper designations Hl indicates tbe degree of strain hardening. as close IO that of the corresponding twc+
consist of irntividual capital Ic~tcn. Major n2, sltaln-- andPUtMy& dlgit H temper as it IS IO ctthcr of the
mJed. This pwuina to ptoduas IhI arc adjacent two-digit H tempers. Products in H
subdivisions of basic tempers. where rc-
rLtti-budcacd more than the duitcd fld tempers whose mechanical propcnics ate
quircd. arc ittdicated by one or more digits
amout and tbcn reduced in strcngrh IO rbe below those of HA tempers are assigned
following tk letter. These digtcs designate
rpccific sequcoccs of treatments that pre duired level by partial annealing. The digit variations of HAI. Some threedigit H rem-
duct spcctfa combmations of charactcris- lothAng the H2 indicate4 use degree of per designations have already been assigned
tics in the duct Variattons in trtalment rrnin hardening rcntaining after the product for wrought products in all alloys:
conditions within major subdivisions arc hu ken panidly annealed. Hz/f applies to products that incur sufC
idcntilied by additional
tions during heat treatment
digrts. The condi-
Isuch as time.
HI, Strain-Hardmd ad Slahilized. This cient sttain hardening tier fitta~ artrtcaiing
to fail to qualify as 0 temper. but not so
@es IO products that an! StJain-hardened
temperature. and quenching t-ate) used IO vd W~OSZ t~~~hanical ptopettiu arc slabi- much or so consistent an &mount of stain
produce a given temper in one alloy may hd by a lowmtempcraturc lhcrma laxalmcnl hardenmg to qualify as Hxl temper.
diflcr from those employed lo produce the a as a tudt ol heat intraluced during f&i- HI/2 petins to products that may ac-
~amc tcmpu in another alloy. cab. St&&at&t uwally imptover ductil- quirc some strain hardening during working
sy. T?tis dcsigmtbn applies only to those at elevated tcmprrature and for which thcrt
Basic Temper Designations
rlbys Ihal. unku slabdid. duauY rgc are mechanical propcny limits.
Designations for the common tempers. adlen at tmm tentpctaturc. The digit Mow-
and descnptiis of the sequences of opcta.
ttons used to produce these tempers. arc ing the H3 indkatcs the dem of sttain
given in the following paragraphs. hardening rmnaini~ alter subilizdi~n.
MdiIiotul 1-r D+utiau. For II-
F. &-t&k&ted. This h spplitd to pm& lays that age soften at room tempctature.
uctsshapcdbyoddwork&botwork+~ each Ht temper has [he same tnittimum
=WP- ittwhkhoos@alamaol ultima~t tensile strength as the H3x temper
t3xx thertualomditioruor stmin turdckug is with the same second digit. For other al-
emplqd. For ~IGU&I produa. tkrc are loys. each Hk temper has the same mini-
no-p?qxltylitlths. mum uhimalc tensile sircngth a~ the HIx
0, Awdcd 0 applies to wrought pmd- with the same second digit. and slightly
uaa lhat UC annealed to obtain Iwst- higher elongation.
strength temper and’10 U products that
arc anncakd IO improve ductility and di- The digit following the designations H 1.
nunsiond stability. llte 0 may be loUwed Ii!. and H3. which indicates the degree of
by a dir atut than zeta strain hardening. is a nut~~t3l from 1
n, slnb- wwght Pducb through 9. Nurr~tal 8 indicates 1cmpet-s
Otdy). This indicates products that tuvc with ultimate tensile strength equtvaknt to
been srrcn&eatd by strain hardening. witi that ackved by aboul 75% cold reduction
or urithout supplementary thermal treat- ivmpctatum during reduction not to exceed
mm to ptotlucc some rcductimt in 50 T . or I20 ‘R lollowinn full annealing.
strength. Tk H is always folkvcd by two Tcmprn between 0 (anrtc&d) and 8 a&
or tnore di&s, as discussed ia the suztion designated by numerals I thtuugh 7. Mate-
d having an ultimate tcnsilc strength ap
“System dm Strain-Hardened Ptuluc~” ia
this attick proxtmatcly midway between that of the 0
W, Sdutpn Htd-lrcatd This is an un- tempct and the 8 temper is designated by
the numeral 4. midway between the 0 and 4
slablc tcrnpcr applicable only to alloys
tempers by the numeral 2. and midway
whose strcagth naturally lspontancousty)
changes at room temperature over a dura- between the 4 and 8 tempers by the numeral
tion Of months or even years after solution 6 Numeral 9 dcvgnatcs tempers whose’
heat trcattmtt. The dcsignaton is spe&ic minimum ultimate tcnslle strength exceeds
only when the period of natural l gmg is that ol the g temper by IO MPa (2 ksi) ot
indicated @T example. W ti h). See &o more. For twwdigit H tempers whose sec-
the diacussktt of the L-51. Tk5?. and M und digits ate odd. the standard lirmts for
clrcngth are the anthmctic mean of the
tcmpws in tbc section “System for Hcrt-
Treatable Alkrys” in thir article. rtandard limits for the adjacent two-d@! H
1. b(Utio0 Heat-Treated. This applies to tempers whose second digits arc even.
alloys whose strength ix stable within a few For alloy5 that cannof be sufklcntly
weeks Of sdution heat treatment. The T is cold-reduced to establtsh an ultimate tensile
qtrcngth applxable to the 8 temper (75%
always follaed by one or more dipu. s
discussed in the Mction “Sptcm lot Hcrt- cold reduction after full annealing). the 4.
Trca~able AlLays” in this ankle. lcmpcr tcnsilc rlrcnglh may k established
by cold reduction of approximately S58
following full annealing. or the 4.tcmpcr
rens~le strength may tx crtabhrhcd by cold
reduction of approximately 35% after full
annealing.
Bl-11
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
TEMPER DESIGNATIONS
System for lieal-Treatable Alloys 4 TISI apphec specIfIcally :o @ale. lo
The temper Jcsignauon skrtcm for rolled or cold-Iinished rcmj and bar. IO die
wrought and casl product\ IhaI arc Jtrength- or ring forgmgs. and to rolled rings. These
cncd by heal IrcaImenI employs the W and producrs rece1w no funher Jwal~lenlng
Ihal are no, cold worked aflcr solulion heat
T dcsignalions described In Ihc section her stretching
treatment and for uhIch mechanIcal propxr-
“Basic Temper DcJignaIIons” In [his ar11. ‘[ICI or dimensional JIrbiliry. or boIh. have l T1510 apphcs IO cx~rudcd rod. bar.
cle. The W dcsignalion denotes an unslable shapes and Iubmg. and IO dnwn tubing.
b~cn subsmnlially Improved by prccipita-
Icmpcr. whereas the T designation denote, uon heat Ircalment. If Ihc producls arc producrs In this temper rccmvc no fuunhcr
D Jcable remper ocher Ihan F. 0. or H. The flaIIeocd or stta&tencd. the clTec~J of the slraIghlcning aflcr svcIchq
cold work ImpatIcd by llatlcnmg or JIraighI. l TIS I I refers IO products Ih! may receive
T Is followed by a numhcr from I IO IO. eact
numkr indicaring a Jpccfic ~qucnce u1 cmng arc not accounted for in JpeciIied minor Jtnighwning afw urcIching IO
basic IrcaIments. propny limits. comply ;viIh srandard ~olcnt~cs
11. Coded From UI Elevaled-tcmpralun 77, - nut Trea1ed and omagmi This variation involves stress relief by
sJuPin8 Process and NaIuralh Aged IO a or Slaixd. l7 appltes to wrought pral- compressing.
sU~*hlly Stable Cmditim. lhs desIgna 1~1s th1 have been precipitation heat Ireat-
IIon applies lo products rhar arc no, cold cd beyond the pomt of maximum Jtrcngch lo l Tr52 applies IO products thl arc SIICJJ
worked afler an elcvrtcd~rempcr;lIure rhrp- ptwde some rpccml chancteri,tic. such as relieved by compressing after solulion
ing process such as casung or exwu~~~n and tntunccd rcsiswuc IO JtrcJJ-coIroJion heat lrca1mcnl or after coding from a
for which mechanical propcnies have been cracking or cxfotia11on corrosion. II applies hot-workmg process to produce a perma-
stabilized by room-tempcnturr aging. II lo a.51 product.5 char arc arIifmially aged nent se1 of I to 5%
also applies lo products arc flattcncd or lRcr solution heat treacmcnt to provide
nnightcncd afIcr cooling from rhc shaping dinwtsiorml and SI~CII&I JtabiliIy. The nex1 desIgnaIIon is used for produas
omccss. for which the effecIs d Lhe cold 18. Sohim Heat Treat4 Cold Worked, tha1 are SWCSJ rclwvcd by combining
wart Imparted by flattening or straightening ad Artiliciily A& This designation ap- stretching ud compressing.
are not accoumed for in Jpccihcd D~ODCRV . . _ plies to prcducrs lhat UC cold worked spc
limits. ciF&ally IO Improve strcngIh after solution l TIJJ applies to die forgings that are stress
12. Coded from an Ekvalcd-TemperaIure her1 rreaunent and for which mccbanlcal relieved by restriking cold in ik fmish
Shaping Process, Cold Worked. awl Namral- properties or dimensional Jtabili~y. or both, die. l’lhese same digi,- 51. 112. and
ly Apl to J Subrtrnlially Stable Condilhm. hyc been JubJunItally improved by pre- M-may k added IO Use designation W
This varialion refers IO producIJ IhrI arc ckitumll kal Lrcalmcnt. The cffec0 of
cold worked Jpecilically IO Improve cold work. including any cold work imprrr- IO Indicate unstable soluwn-heat-Ircated
scrcngth aficr cooling from a hoI+orkmg cd by flattening 01 s~rening. are ac- and sIrerr-relieved Iemprrl
process such as rolling or cx~ruJIon and for %uIled for in Jpccilicd propcny limilr.
which mechanical propcr11cJ have ken JIa- Tcmpcr designalions have been assigned
19, Sdution Hut Treated. Mificially 10 wrounht
~I raroduc1J heal treated from the 0
billzcd by room-Icmprature agmg. II also
Aged, ud Cold Worked. This grouping is or Ihc F Icmpcr IO dcmonrwatc rcrponsc IO
applies IO products in which Ihe cff~~~ of
comprised of products 1ha1 arc cold heal Ircatmcnl:
cold woti. impaned by flancmng or
sIr-aIghIening. arc accoumcd for In specified worked J~ecilically IO improve slrcngth 0 TX means solulion heat uuIcd from Ihc
properly limirs. after they hove been Precipitation heat 0 or the p Iempcr IO ckmonswa~e rc-
13. blulion Heal Treated. Cold Worked. treated. Jponsc to heat IrcaImeaI and plurally
and NMurally Aged lo a Subrtantiallv Stable 110. Co&d From an EkvaIed-Tempera- aged IO a JubsIamia.lly s&k condiIion
Condillon. T3 applies IO producIs IhaI are hut shapiv PmeJJ. cdd WorLcd, 4nd l T6? means sdution hca1 ~ratcd from the 0
cold worked spccilically IO improw Mifwially Agd. TIO tdcntifies producrs
or rhc F temper IO de- CtY5pXlStfO
sIrcngth afwr solution heat Ircatmcm and that arc cold worked specitically IO rmprovc heal imatmcnt anti anit%aDy aged
for which mechanical prop&es have been s:rcngIh allcr cooling from a hot-worling
stabilized by room-IempcraIure aging. II pmcor such as rolling or cxltusion and for Temper designations TX and T Q also
also applies IO products In which Ihc cffectr which mechanmal propcnies have been may be applied IO wmught products heat
of cold work. imparted by llartenmg or substantially improved by prccipttauon heat Ircarcd from any Icmpcr by the user when
slnaighterung. are accounred for in JpccIfied wcauncrn. The effcc~s ofcdd work. includ- such hca1 treatmen msult~ in the mechani-
property limirs. irg my cold work imparted by flattening or cal properties applicable IO lhesc Icmpers.
14, sdutial HCal lrclled ud wI8rally Juaigl~lcning. arc accounted for in Jpccifted
projx?~ limits. System for Annealed Pm&c&
Aged ICI a Subrtantlally Slabk Corulll.
This Jignilies products that are no1 cold Ad&hod 1 Temper Vaiatiau. When i1 A digit folkwit!g [he “0” &icams a pral-
worked lltcr solution heal Ireatmem and for is desirable IO Identify a wiation of one of ucr in annealcd condition habq spcial char-
which mechanical propenies have been SO- he Ien nujor T Iempen described above. ac~crisrics. For eurnplc. la heat-~u~ablc
bilized by room-temperature aging. If Ihc additional d&J. the firs1 of which cannot alloys. 01 indiCaleS a protlducr thal has been
producls are llallencd or siratghicned. ilie k LCI~. ntay bc ad&d IO Ihc dcJignaImn. heal ~rctwd a1 approxinwcly the sarr~ lime
cffccrs of the cold work Impaned by flancn- Specific KCS of additional di(pIs have and Iemprruurc required fa solu~nm kat
ing or sIraIghIcning are no1 accounted for in been assigned lo Jlrcss-relieved wrough1 Ircalmenf and Ihen au cooled to room tern-
JpcGd propcny limirr. pmduc,,: prature: [his designaumn appirs IO prcducls
15, Coded From an Ekvatd-TcmpraIurc Sttcn Rtlirvrd by. Strrrching. Comprrrr- 01a1 arc to be machmcd pm to solulico hear
Shaping Process and AIMXally Agd. TJ kg. or Combination of Strrtrhing and trmmcm by tk user .Merhanical property
includes producrs 1haI arc no, cold uorked Comprrrring. Thus designation applies to limits are nc4 applicable.
after an elevated-IcmpcraIurc Jbaping pro- Ihe following products when stretched to
cess such as casting or extrusion and for Ihe IndIcaIed an~oun~s aflcr solution hut Designation of Unregirltrrd Tmpers
which mechanical propcnIes have been treatment or atkr waling from an elevated-
Tk IcIIcr P has ken asrtgratd ~oderu~e H.
JubJlanIially improved by preeipilalton lcmpmafurc shapmg process T . and 0 temper vatiatons tk+t M ncgckt-
heat lrealmcnt. If the producer are flal- cd ktwecn manufacturrr and pwchaw. The
Iened or straighlcncd afIcr cooling from lcrter P follows the temper de5igwion that
the shaping process. the effecIs of 1hc cold rrms1 rmrl) pcnams. Tk use of lhI5 1ypc of
work impaned by llatlening or straighwn- deJignaIion includes situaouts where:
ing art not accounied for in JpccIIicd prop
crty limils. 0 The use of the temper is vlffIcienlly Itm.
16, Sdulion Heat lnrled and ArliIicWIy iIcd IO prccludc its rcgisrntion
A& This group cncompasxs prcducts 0 The ICSI conditions arc dilTcrcn1 from
[hose rcquwed for rcg~stntmn vuh 1hc
Aluminum Associalion
l The mcchamcal propn) limils art noI
established on Ihe same basis as required
for rcgwraoon wrh ihe Atuminum Asso
clarion
El-12
Appendix B
Appendix B-2
Titanium Alloys
instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 B2
DESIGNATION SYSTEMS FOR TITANIUM ALLOYS
DESIGNATION SYSTEM
There is no standard designation system for titanium alloys. Alloys are designated by:
1. Alloy content: e.g., Ti-6Al-4V, . . .
2. Trade names: e.g., Beta C, Transage, . . .
3. Specification: ASTM, AMS, , . ,
The same designation is used whether the alloy is wrought or cast.
CLASSIFICATION
Titanium and its alloys are classified into four groups:
1. Commercially Pure (CP) Titanium
2. Alpha/Near Alpha Alloys
a) Major alloying elements: Al, Sn, Zr
b) Minor alloying elements: V, MO, Nb, Ta, Fe
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-8AI-I V- I MO,
Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
3. Alpha-Beta Alloys
a) Major alloying elements: Al, V, Zr, Cr, Mn, MO
b) Minor alloying elements: Sn, Fe, Cu
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-6Al-4V,
Ti-6AL2Sn-2Zr
4. Beta/Near Beta Alloys:
a) Major alloying elements: V, Cr, MO, Nb
b) Minor alloying elements: Al, Sn, Zr, Fe
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-1 SV-3Cr, Beta C,
Ti- 1OV-2Fe-3A1
82-l
WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS
C.P. TITANIUM
Comparison of various specifications for commercially pure titanium mill products

,- leek Fe+dkml
-1
cwdd~lkm.~au u-- rym-@1 -
mh ‘c n 0 3 h 0th Tad OtblJ Mh u MR u .*
JIS Class I.. O.Ol.( 0.15 0.03 0.20 t75A-410 40-w 16Sfb) 2Ub) 27
ASTM ~mdc I IUNS
R500250, _............ 0.10 IC) 0.18 0.03 0.20 ... ... 240 170-310 2-5
DIN 3.7023 ........... 0.08 0.013 0.10 0.05 0.20 ... ... 295-410 175 25.5
COST BTlX$ .......... 0.05 O.OW 0. IO 0.0, 0.20 ... 0.10 max 295
ES l%27Uin.-. ............ 0.0125 ,.. 0.20 ... ... 285410 195 28
JIS Class 2.. 0.015 0.20 0.05 0.25 ... ... 343-S IO 2IUbJ 31(b)
ASTM endc : ICNS
RJo46ol .......... 0.10 IC) 0.3 0.03 0.30 ... ... 27-10 4040
DIN 1.7035 ........... 0.08 0.013 0.20 0.06 0.25 ... ... ;: 245 35.5
COST ET14 ........ 0.07 0.010 0.20 0.04 0.30 ... 0.30 mu 190-MO
BS 23.35th’ 0.0125 0.20 382-530 55-77 285 41
JIS Class 3.. 0.01s 0.30 0.0: 0.30 480-617 70-90 3431b3 U)(b)
ASTM Me 3 ILNS
RI3001 __........... 0.10 ICI 0.35 0.0.’ 0.30 440 64 3n-sm 55-75
ASTM @ride 4 tUNS
R507001 0. IO ICI 040 0.05 0.50 ... ... SW a0 a4 70
DIN 3.7055 0.10 0.013 0.3 0.06 0.30 ... ... u&m 67-85 323 47
ASTM -de 7 IUNS
R524fm ..__.__. . ..O.lO ICI 0.3 O.O! 0.30 0.12-0.25 Pd ” 343 30 275410 4040 20
ASTM grade I I ICNS
R5??.W1 0.10 ICI 0 I8 0.03 0.20 0.I24.23 Pd 240 35 170-310 24.5-45 24
ASTM grade I: tC.SS
RS34001 .._....... 0.10 0 01: 0.3 0.03 0.30 0.2-0.4 MO. 480 70 380 53 I:
O.&O.9 Hi
82-2
ALPHA/NEAR ALPHA ALLOYS
Compositions of various alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys
I- Impurlly Uaia -15 w
-iiizzY m ,*I *ooriw yai .ICIN
PIdan rprcilblim * C II Fe 0 mm.orb MO Ckk’
Bars IAECMA slandards prEN?J?I

and XII ._ ._... .___, 0.05 0.08 001 0.2 0.2 0.4 total others 2.0-J au
Sheet w strip 1prEN2128) and
forgings 1prEN2522 and 2531.. .O.O! 0 08 0.01: 0.2 0.2 0.4 total olhers :.w.au
fl-SAI-L.SSSa IUHS daiglurkil Rw2ol
DIN17851 lalloy WL3.7llS) . ..O.OJ 0.08 0.02 0.5 0.2 4.G6.0 2.0-3.0
AM 4910 ,platc. sheet. strip, .O.O.( 0.08 0.0: 0.5 0.2 O.OOSYIb) 4.5&5.7S 2.ocr1.00
AMS 4926 lbars. rings) and AMS
4966 lforgmgs, Impurity limits same as AMS 4910 4.OCt.w
ASTM B 265 lp+. shcc,. slripl .O.O! 0. IO 0.02 0.4 0.2 (bl 4.00-6.00 0. I?a.TPd
ASTM B 348 ,brr. bdlct, and
ASTM B 381 ,forgingr). .O.OJ 0.10 0.013 0.4 0.2 lb) 4.cG6.00
3420-TA7 IChincscJ.. .O.OJ 0.10 0.015 0.3 0.2 0. I5Si 4 w-6.w
Tl.JAI-2.SSn.ELI tUNS da@rutioa R54521,
AM.5 4909 fplak. sheet. srnp, .O.Ol! 0.05 0.0125 0.2s 0.12 0 + Fe = 0.32. 4.So-5.75 ?.aJ-3.00
O.o05Y, 0.05
each. 0.3 ronl
AMS 4924 [bars. fcqmgsl .O.O?.( 0.03 0.0125 0.25 0.12 0 + Fe = 0.32. :.wml
otherrIb,
VTJI ,U.S.S.R., ..O.O’ 0. IO 0.015 0.30 0.02 0. I5Si 2.00-3.00
TI-gAl-IV.l.Wo IL’NS RMlOl,cl
AECMA. Ti.PM _. Impurity limlls not available 8 IV
AMS 4915. 4916. 4911 lnnllsl. 4955
,wrc,. 4972 (bars. lo&&. 4973
lforgingsl ................... .o.o.c 0.08 0.01s 0.30 0.1: O.lWJY. lb1 0.75-1.25 O.?Cl.LcV
ML-R-81588 lnng. wire1 ......... .0.01 O.OI.( O.OOJ 0.20 0. I? 0.1 lotal 0.7Sl.25 0.7>1.1’V
TI-6242 ,UNS RS462OHcr
.AYS 4919. 4975. 4976 0.0: O-O? ul:! 0.2 0 I! Id). 0.15. J J0-6.50 I&?.! 3.M.4 I .b’.’ - -
O.ooSY
L S govcmmenr lmdlnryl 0.04 0.0s uutc 0.2.’ 0.15 0.13s~. 0.1 mar S.SO4.JO l.lC.2 3.644 I .bX
orhcrr
TI-6AI-2.Yb.ITa-0.8 MO (CSS R562101
Typlcai.. .O 0: 0.03 0.012 0.1: 0. IO . . 6 0.8 ?Nb. ITa
C.S. govcmmcnr lmilinryl ._. ..O.O! 0.0s 0 0125 03 0. IO 0.4 lOllI H-&s 0%I.00 ,.cXOKb.
O..GI..cTI
Tl-679 IUNS Rs790)
Typlcal. .0.04 0.W 0.003 0.12 0.17 II 5 I O.?SL ncm
AMS 4974 Ibars. lorgingsl .O.CU 0.04 0.013 0.12 0.1s lb). O.OOJY 1o.w I.5 4.0-60 0.8-1.2 0. I w.17Si
Brmsh TA.18. TA.19. TA 2:. and
TA.26 0.012J 0.10 2.025 10.5-l I.3 4.u.o 0%I.2 0.1-0.s.% 78.M
li m m
British TA.20. TA.27 _. 001: 0.20 “’ XL2.3 10.>11.5 4.0-6.0 O.bl.? &me as TA.:’
Tid?4ZS,cNel.. .._. ._. . 6 4 3 O.CbSi

Ti-5Al.5%?Zr-?Mdfl .O O ! 0.05 00125 5 3 03Si
TibAl-2%.l..‘Zr.IMo.. 6 I.5 I 0.3JBi. O.lSI
IMI 685 6 ! 0.S 02SSi
lMl829 _.. ._..._.._........... 5.5 3.5 3 0.25 INb. O.ISl
IMI BY 5s 4.5 4 OS 0.7hb. 0.4%
O.&C
6 4 0.4 0.43Si
B2-3
WROUGHT TITANiik ALLOYS
ALPHA-BETA ALLOYS
TyplCal 0.05 0. IO tbt 0.3 0.2 6 4

41loy Ti-P6J m AECMA
jnndard prEN25M for bars. 0.0.’ ~I.08 0.0, 0.3 0.2 0.4 local 5.5-6.75 J.5-4.5V
,411oy Ti-PM m .AECMA
,nndard prEN25 17 for sheer.
wlp. plate 0.05 0.08 0.01: 0.3 0.2 0.4 lOlaI 5.5-6.75 3.54.5V
DIN 17851 Catby WL3.71651,. 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.3 0.2 5.56.75 3.Y.5V
,4MS 4905 lplarel 0.03 0.05 0.01’ 0.25 0.12 ICI. O.caJY 5.6-6.3 3.lw.4v
.AMS 4906 fshccr. wip, 0.05 0.08 o.o,y 0.10 0.20 0.4 mral 5.5d.75 I.Mu.5V
.4MS 491 I fplalc. sheet. smp8. 0.05 0.08 0015 0.30 0.20 kt. o.m5y 5.5-5.75 l.ti.JV
4MS 4920.4928. 4934. and J967
lneg5. forgmgs. wires) 0.05 0. IO 0.01:.’ 0.30 0.20 ICI. O.u)5Y 5.5-fl.75 3.Y.5V
,4MS 4954 Iwlrel 0.03 0.05 0.015 0.30 0.18 ICI. 0.005Y 5.%x75 3.u.5v
ASTM B 265 iplate. sheer,. 0.05 0.10 0.01.’ 0.40 0.20 IC) 5.5-6.75 3.J-J.JV.
O.I:-O.?JPd
4STM F 467 IIWISI and F 468
IbollSl 0.05 $1 IO oo,:.’ 0.40 0.20 ICI 5.5-6.75 3..u.5v
lv6.G4V-ELI IL% Rs64a1,
.aMS J907 and 4930.. 0.0.’ 008 0.01:5 0.25 0.11 ICI. O.W5Y 5.5-6.75 J.Iu.JV
,4MS 4996 fbdlell O.&I 0.10 0013 0.10 O.IM.I9 (dl 5.56.75 0.1 max 0.1 max. 0.1 max 3.Y.5V
.4STM F I35 fbar, _. 0.01 0.08 0.01:.’ 0.25 0.13 5.5-5.75 J.Y.JV
.4STY F 467 tnu~rl and F 468
Iboll5l. 0.05 o.10 o.ol:! 04 0.20 5.5-5.75 3.J-r.JV
Ti-6Al-6V-2% IUNS US66201
Trpical O.O4 1U.O 0 01 0.35-1.0 0.20 2 0.7Ku. ev
4MS J918. 4936. 4971.4978 I.. o.cu ?).O’ 001: 0.35-1.0 0.20 tc,. O.c!mY 5&o 1.5-2.5 0.35-I .sccu.
5.0-6.OV
.4YS A979 ibars. forgings, 0.M 0.0. 0.01 0.3.%l.O 0.20 ICI 5 o-6.0 1.5-2.5 Same a5 aboe
(Mn a-f3 alloy5
L’NS iAOl?Otin AYS J908l 0.0.’ ‘l.utl O.Ol! 0.50 0.20 8.OMn
css 5670 I,” AM.5 J9701.. O.O! 0 :o o.n13 0.30 0.20 7 4
T&a6 I tiNS R562bOl 0 01 UIU 0.011! 0.15 0.15 6 -3 4 6
T1.17 lscc also Table 5~1.. 0 (u n.o 0.012! 0.10 0.11 1 4 r.ocr
TI~AI-~S~.?Z~.:C~-~~O.. 0 03 u.u.( OOI’.’ 0.25 0.14 5.2&s 1.7i2.25 I .7:2.25 1.75-2.25 O.,W.?‘ISi.
1.7~2.25cr
I.vl-551.. 4 4 4 O.JSi
Tt.JAI.Z..(V tin A.MS 49431 0.0: 0u.c 0.01: 0. IO 0.12 2.5-1.5 ?.&J.OV
IHI 550... ,. ” J 2 . ..’ 4
IW 679.. .................. 2 II 4 I 0.25Si
IMI ml.. ................ ,: 6 5 . ICu. O.?Si
Tld.4l.lMo-IVIe .......... 0.05 UM O.OlC 0.30 0.12 a I IV
0 0: O.Ol1!lr, 0.25 0.1: 0.3 total M-6.5 I II-t.2 3.ti.r IX-?.?
6 2 . 7 OcmSI
BETA ALLOYS
Compositions of various beta titanium alloys
Ti-I3V-I ICr-3AI
tUNS 580101 AMS 4917 0.05 0.05 0.02s 0.35 0.17 (bl 2.L-3.5 12.s14.sv. 10.&12.Kr
AMS 4959 Iwirel 0.05 0.05 0.030 0.35 0.17 (bl. 0.005Y 2.5-3.5 I2.5-l4.W. IO&l2.W
MIL.T-9006. 0.05 0.05 0.025 O.ls-o.3~ 0.17 0.4 IOUI 2,>),) I2.~14.SV. IO.&l2.CCr
MIL.R-815.98
MIL.T-9047: 0.05 0.05 0.023 0.35 0.17 2.343 12%I4.W. IO.&l?.Kr
MIL-F-83142
High-loughntrr grade 0.01s 0.01 0.008 0.lItma.a). IC) 2,M.J . 12.~14.W. IO.@-12.CCr
O.OBtnom)
Ti-BMc-8V-2Fc.3AI
(UNS R588201.. MIL.T-9U46. 0.0s 0.05 0.015 1.6-2.4 0.16 0.4 tocal 2.6-3.4 7.sa.J 7.J-B.JV
MIL-T-9017. and
MIL-F-83142
Beta C (UNS R58MOl. Same as above 0.05 0.05 0.01s 0.30 0.12 0.4 roral 3.M.0 3.545 3.Y.5 7.5-&5V
Beta Ill.. _. AMS 4977. 4980 0.0s 0.10 0.020 0.35 0.18 0.4 IOUI 3.7M.23 4.w.s lO.&l3.0
ASTM: B 348. B
26). B 337. and B
338
Ti-IOV.?Fe-3AI.. Forgmg alloy 0.05 0.0: 0.015 1.C2.J 0.13 IC) 2.>),) 9.2%10.75V
Tel53 ..,........ Shecl alloy 003 0.03 0.015 0.30 0.13 ICI 2.5-33 2.s3.5 IL16V. 2.5-3.5Cr
Ti-17ldl.. Engme com~rcrv~r 0.05 0.0: 0.0125 0.25 0.084 I3 IC) 4.M.5 1.62.4 1.62.4 3.543 3.5433
4#OY
Tnntage 175 Hiph-clrenglh. 0.03 oa!l 0.015 0.20 0.1.’ IbYe) :.2-l.: 6.5.7.5 1.5-2.5 I?&l4.OV
clcbaled-
lcmpnl”re
Tnnsage 134,. High-strcngrh allo) O.O? 008 0.01) 0.20 0.15 tbre) xL3.0 1s2.5 ss6.5 .” I I.&l3.OV
Ttansqc I29 .:.. 2 II “. II.W
82-5
CAST TITANIUM ALLOYS
Comparison of cast titanium alloys

bladd Nadd umpdkm. nr
mhdWI I 1
*lbl d& 0 ?( C II AI ,I v cr sr Ma WL 28 Y w poprtlr(nn)
. . . . 8596 0. I8 0.015 0.04 O.W6 6 o,,, , . . Ccned p”rposc
TidAIdV
TidAIdV ELI(b). 1% 0.11 0.010 0.03 O.W6 6 0.10 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3 . Crywcnictarghmss
6% 0.25 0.015 0.03 0.006 ” 0.1) 3 Comsiofi =rismC
Commercially pure Iitanium
Igrade 2). .
7% 0.10 0.010 0.03 O.W6 6 0.15 .” . . 2 2 , Elcvawd-rcmpmurc
TibAl-2Sndt.2Mo
C=P
TibAl-ZSndZr4Mo ............. Cl% 0. IO 0.010 0.03 0.006 6 0.1s ... ” 2 6 . , Elevated-rcmperuure
rIren8Ih
Ti-MI-L.SSn .................... C I% 0.16 0.015 0.03 0.006 5 0.2 ... 2.5 ‘. ” . Cryogenic toughness
0.10 0.015 0.03 o.ax 3.5 0.2 a.5 6 4 . . 4 . RT strength
Ti-3AI&‘&rdZrdMo t&U-C) C 1%
Ti-ISV-JAI-3Cr-3Sn (Ti-13-3). ..... Cl% 0.12 0.015 0.03 0.006 3 0.2 15 3 3 . . . . . . . Rfr~n#h
Ti-II00 ......................... Cl% 0.07 0.015 0.04 O.OW 6.0 0.02 ... 2.75 0.4 4.0 0.45 Elevated-tcmpcruurc
propenies
M-834 ........................ Cl% 0.10 0.01: 0.06 0.006 s.a 0.02 ... 4.0 0.J 0.7 3.3 0.35 Elevated-kmpcmrurc
properties
T&l ........................... IOOQ
826
Appendix B
Appendix B-3
Carbon, Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels

Federal Aviation Administration April, I998 B3
Steels
Classification
Steels can be classified in more than one \\;ay:

l- By composition:
Three classes are identified
a) Carbon Steels- No intentional alloying elements added.
b) Low Alloy Steels- Total alloying element content I 8%
c) Alloy Steels- Total alloying element content > 8%; stainless steels excluded, see appendix D
2- By end product
Spring Steels, Tool Steels, Bearing Steels. Gun Steels,...
3- By properties
High Strength Low Alloy Steels (HSLA). Ultrahigh Strength Steels, Electrical Steels,..
4- By processing
Carburizing Steels, Nitriding Steels
Designation Systems
Classification by composition is the most widely used system for steels. The corresponding designation systems are as follows.
Carbon and Low Allov Steels

The AISVSAE designation system is used for carbon and low alloy steels. The same designation is used whether the steel is
cast or wrought.
N-AA fypaOf#&dd NumerAla ‘PypcOf~lAd NuQltrAh TypOOflrerlAd

dwu 8ofAiMl Auoy eontent A& dldta nomhl AUO~ content end didtr nomid rlloy woteot
CarlmE Steeb NlckelCbrodum-Molybienum Sted~ Chromium SteelA
lOXX(a) . Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% mad 433xX . .N;.&82; Cr 0.50 and 0.80; MO WXXX .Cr 0.50
11xX.. * .ReAulhuircd SlXXX .Cr 1.02 c 1.00 mill
12XX . . . .Fk.Jiui” and rephoaphw UBVXX .Ni 1.82; Cr 0.30: .Ho 0.12 and 52XxX .Cr 1.45
0.25; V 0.03 min
15xx .. .PlAin carbon (max Mn range- 47XX . . .Ni 1.05; Cr 0.45; MO 0.20 and Chromium-Vanndium Steela
1.00 to 1.659) 0.35
81XX . . . Ni 0.30; Cr 0.400; MO 0.12 61Xx .Cr 0.60,0.80 and 0.95; V 0.10
Mangaacme Steel, And 0.15 min
86xX . . . . Hi 0.55; Cr 0.50; MO 0.20
13xX.. .hIn 1.75 87Xx . . .Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Ho 0.25 Tungsten-Chromium Steel
88Xx . .Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; MO 0.35 72XX . . .W 1.75; Cr 0.75
Nickel St&a
93xX. .Ni 3.25; Cr 1.20; MO 0.12
23xX . . . .Ni 3.50 94Xx . .Ni 0.45; Cr 0.40: MO 0.12 Silicon-Mangfmere Steele
25Xx . .Ni 5.00 971xX . . Ni 0.55; Cr 0.20; MO 0.20 92XX . .Si 1.40 and 2.00; Mn 0.55.0.82
98Xx . .h’i 1.00; Cr 0.80: Ho 0.25 and 0.85; Cr 0.00 and 0.65
Nickel-Chromium Steela
31XX . . . .Ni 1.25: Cr 0.65 and 0.80 Nickel4folybdcnum Steela High-Strength Low-Alloy Steelr
32XX .Ni 1.75; Cr 1.07 16XX....N;&85and1.82;Mo0.2Oand 9xX .VAriOuA sti @AdAA
33xx . . . .Ni 3.50: Cr 1.50 and 1.57
hmtl !h?dA
34Xx . . . ..?Ji 3.00; Cr 0.77 48xX . . . .Ni 3.50; MO 0.25
XXBXX B denotea bomn fuel
Molybdenum SteeL Chromium .%dA
Lmeded Sccclr
40XX .Mo 0.20 and 0.25 50xX.. .Cr 0.27.0.40.0.50 and 0.65
44xX . . ..MoO.40 and 0.52 51xX . . .cr3fp7. 0.92. 0.95. 1.00 XXLXX .L denotee leaded steel
t%WUhEl*MO~ybdCllUl SkdA
41xX . .Cr 0.50.0.80 and 0.95; MO 0.12.

0.20. 0.25 and 0.30
Occasionally, a steel will have no AISUSXE designation . In such cases, the steel is identified by the trade name assigned by
industry; e.g., D6-a, HY 80 and 3OOM.
Alloy Steels
Alloy steels are strictly identified by trade names assigned by industry; e.g., HP-9-4-30 and Marage 300.
83-l
CARBON STEELS
composltioa c-poswoa mogos and ilmlts for AISI.
roqos and limits (or SA1 standard msulharlxod carbon st00h
AlSl4A.M motuboa+
quality rwois AISI-SAE UNS Hc~ceo~~~o&ionrange.u,d umit.,~.,
dcrilnatioa dtQnation C Mn S
1110 GlllOO 0.08-O. 13 0.30-0.60 0.08-O. 13
1117 .... .. Cl1170 0.14-0.20 1.00-1.30 0.08-0.13
Ml008 ,O.lO max 0.25-0.60 0.04 0.05 Ill.9 Cl1180 0.14-0.20 1.30-1.60 o.oe-0.13
Ml010 .O.Oi-0.14 0.25-0.60 0.04 0.05 1137 . . . . . . . . . Cl1370 0.32-0.39 1.35-1.65 0.08-0.13
Ml012 .0.09-0.16 0.25-0.60 0.04 0.05 1139 .. Cl1390 0.35-0.43 1.35-l .65 0.13-0.20
Ml015 .0.12-0.19 0.25-0.60 0.04 0.05 1140 . . . . . . . . . . Cl1400 0.37-0.44 0.70-1.00 0.08-0.13
Ml017 .0.14-0.21 0.25-0.60 0.04 0.05 1141 . . . . .. . . . . Cl1410 0.37.0.45 1.35-1.65 0.08-0.13
Ml020 .O.l?-0.24 0.25-0.60 0.04 0.05 1144 . . . . . . . . . . Cl1440 0.40.0.48 1.35-1.65 0.24-0.33
Ml023 .0.19-0.27 0 25.0.60 0.04 0.05 1146 . . .. . . . .. . Cl1460 0.42-0.49 0.70.1.00 0.08-0.13
Ml025 -0.20.0.30 0.25-0.60 0.04 0.05 1151 . . . . . . . . . Cl1510 0.48-0.55 0.70.1.00 0.08-0.13
Ml031 .0.26-0.36 0.25~0.60 0.04 0.05 'aJLimitonpho~phonueonrent1~~~eninTable1~chccrpiulvaluci~O.D(W maximum
Ml044 .0.40-0.50 0.25-0.60 0.04 0.05 phwphoma. BcuuroTtheadvcrsee~~tol~ilieo~on machinability ~teel~liadinthti
~bl~~~gcnerallyno~dco~idi~cdilh rilicon.Steelli~vdin thirub<;canbcpmdu&u
!+d ~~ll.t~ic~llycon~lning0.15 toO.JS'i lerdand identified byinwningrheletvr
L in the designation-llL17.
hmposhiom ran~ea and iimlk fee AISI.SAI

standard earboa Hooh with a maximum manganow CODHO*
l xsoodiag l.lo%-aoatlfinisbad proawes for forging‘ hot
roliod aad cold flaisbod bmrr, win rod and seamlosr rubimg
HeatzgF;;uqw F0mr
AISI.SAE UNS Am-SAE
dcalgnacioa dwignarlon C Ma Pmu smu dcrl#tuUon
1513 Cl5130 0.10-0.16 1.10-1.40 0.040 0.050 . 4
1518(b) . G15180 0.15-0.21 1.10-1.40 0.040 0.050 . .
1522 Cl5220 0.18-0.24 1.10-1.40 0.040 0.050
1524 . . . . . . Cl5240 0.19-0.25 1.35-1.65 0.040 0.050 1024
1525(b) Cl5250 0.23-0.29 0.80-1.10 0.040 0.050
1526 . Cl5256 0.22-0.29 1.10-1.40 0.040 0.050 ..
1527 . G15270 0.22-0.29 1.20-1.50 0.040 0.050 1027
1536(b) Cl5360 0.30-0.37 1.20-1.50 0.040 0.050 1036
1541 Cl5410 0.36-0.44 1.35-1.65 0.040 0.050 1041
1547(b) G15470 0.43-0.51 1.35-1.65 0.040 0.050 1047
1548 Cl5480 0.44-0.52 1.10-1.40 0.040 0.050 1048
1551 G15510 0.45-0.56 0.85-1.15 0.040 0.050 1051
1552 G15520 0.47-0.55 1.20-1.50 0.040 0.050 1052
1561 Cl5610 0.55-0.65 0.75-1.05 0.040 0.050 1061
1566 Cl5660 0.60-0.71 0.85-1.15 0.040 0.050 1066
1572(b) Cl5720 0.65-0.76 1.00-1.30 0.040 0.050 1072
CorrporHion mm ad limha for AiSl.SAl stmndad

rosalhwisod and ropbosph&xod tarboa stools
AISI-SAE UNS Hc~mpolition-er~ndUml~~*I
designation dcrignatioa c m.* MI3 P S
1211 c12110 0:13 0 60-0.90 0.07-0.12 0.10.0.15

121? ,:: Cl2120 0.13 O.iO-1.00 0.07-0.12 0.16-0.23
1213 Cl2130 0.13 0.70-1.00 O.Oi-0.12 0.24.0.33
12Ll+b, Cl2144 0.15 0.65-1.15 0.04-0.09 0.26-0.35
1215 Cl2150 0.09 0 75-1.05 0.04-0.09 0.26-O 35
'11 &cauuoFthc ad\cru ck~ofc~l~conon machinsb~lity.srcelsltr~ed in thlrtablc are
generally not deondxred wrh rilicon ~b'Cont~ns0 15 10 0 35’i lead. other steels ItsId III
th,, able can be produced wth the same lead content.
83-2
CARBON STEELS
Hrrt comporidon Hea1 compowi(Ion Hem mmpo~ition
rrrqcs nngt. “asrr
AISI.SAE CM and limu. %.l AISI.SAE UN9 wbd IimiU. WnI AlSI.SAE LX9 and limiu. ?I*)
drmrion drumanon C .Wn dr~i#nntionderi~tion C Mm de,i#wtion dc,l~tba C Mn
1005 C1OOsO 006mar OJ5max 1035 G10350 0.32-O 36 0 6o.0.90 10741bl Cl0740 0.7O-OSO 0.5O.O.Bo
loo6 c1w6o 0 08 mar 0 25.0 40 103; Cl0370 032.038 0.7O-1.00 10751bl Cl0750 0.70030 0.40-0.70
IO@.. CIWW 010m.a 030.050 1036.. I. G10380 0.35042 0.60490 1076.. Cl0760 0.72.o.S5 0.30-0.60
1010 GlOloo 00.9-0.13 030.0.w 1039 GlWso 0.37.o.44 0.i0.1.00 1080 Gla6Qo 0.750.88 0.6o.O.90
IOllfb, GlOllO 0.08-0.13 360.09o 1040 Glo4oo 0374.44 0.6o.o.90 lo64.. Glow 0.8o4.93 0.6o.o.w
1012 Cl0120 0 10.0.15 o 3o.o.M) lo42.. Cl0120 0.4o-0.47 0.604.90 108Ybl.. Cl0850 0.6O-093 0.70.1.00
1013’bl G10130 0.11.0.16 0.50-0.80 1043.. Glo430 o.UM.47 0.7o-1.00 Lo66.. Cl0860 0.800.93 0.30-050
1015 Cl0150 0 13-0.16 o 50.0.6o 1044 Cl0440 g30.5o 0.30-0.6o low., Cl0900 0.850.96 0.60.0.90
1016 Cl0160 0.13-0.16 0 60.0 90 lo45,. G~om o.43-0.50 0.60-0.90 1095.. G10950 O.wl.l.o3 0.30-0.30
1017. :. Cl0170 0 15-0.20 0 30.0.60 lo46,. Clo46o 0.434.5a 0.7o.1.m
1OlS GlOleO 0.15-0.20 060.0.90 lo49.. Cl0490 0.46-0.53 0.6&0.&l
1019 Cl0190 0.15-0.20 0.70-1.00 LOW GlOSOO o.cBo.55 0.600.90 4.1 Lmiu on phe ld & mntenY al?
1020 GlO2oO 0.18-0.23 0.300 60 1053 Cl0530 0.4M.55 0.70.1.60 rwain%M* I;wPA~~J~~O~-.
1021 : Cl0210 0.18-0.23 0.60-0.90 1055 Clan O.~.&lJ I)~~.~ mum PhVPhO~ ad o.wQ -mum ‘“‘fur
when allcan rrngc3 01 IiilU m m mlumd. h
IO-22 Gl0-220 0.16-0.23 0 TO-1.00 1059lCl GlOS9o 0.55.0.65 0.50-0.80 values in Table I qp. St+ lised In tha Ubl*
un k pdd -I ddiuonr d kad or bmn
1023 Cl0230 0.200.25 03o.o.60 1060 G lo6@) 0 550.65 O.@J~.~ Lradrd MII onially mnum O.lS u) OJs-* leti
1025 GlO25o 0.22.0.28 0.30-0.60 106(, _. elm o.60-0.70 o.~~.~ •~~+ntifidbfl-ryIhkur L lnths
dargNuon-IlLI : berm meeLcul be expecwd
1026 c1026o 0 22.o28 o.6o.o.w 1065. . C106.50 O.W.70 060-0.90 ro~nu~n0.0005rO.OMbprmudrrsIdrnu-
1029 Id by tnrnm the IeturT mtkdew Ition-
1030 .::
Cl0290
1 G10300
0.2.5-0.31
0 26-034
0.60.0.9o
0.6~0.90
106Stb~ G1p6w 045-0.75o.404.70 15B41. abl S~.#sad.,d+dy ICI &I sun.
1070 GlO7oo 0x5-075 0.6o-o.w dwd #Tw&only.
loo6 Glow3 0.08 msx 0.25-0.45 G1036o 0.34.oo.42 0.60490 1090 Cl0900 o&-c.98 0.60.0.90
1008 C10080 0 10 max 0.250.50 Cl0390 0.360.44 0.7o-1.00 lo95.. Cl0950 0.9@l.o4 0.30-0.50
1009 GlW9O O.lSmax 06Omu ClOIoo 0.36-0.44 0.60-0.90 15241bl Cl5240 O.lbo.25 1.30-l 65
1010 GlOlOO 0.0.9-0.13 0 30-0.60 G1042o 0.39-0.4: 0.64-0.90 15271 bl Cl5270 0.22.0.29 No-1 55
1012 c10120 +10.0.15 0.30-0.60 G10430 0.39-0.4: o.io-1.00 15361 bl G15360 0.30.0.38 1 m-1 55
1015 GlOl50 0 12-0.16 0.30-O&o GlO450 0.42.0.50 0.60&90 1541(b) Gl%lO O.W45 1.30-l 65
1016 GlOI6o o 12.0.11 0.60-0.90 G IO460 0.420.5O 0.7O-1.00 15481 b, G15W 0.~3452 1.051.40
101; Cl0170 0 14-0.20 0.30.0.60 G104U) 0.45.0.53 0.6o-a9a 15521 b, Cl5510 0.46x.55 120-1.55
1016 GlOl6o ~1.14.0 20 0.60.0 90 GlO5OO 0.47-0.55 0.6a-o.90
1019 Cl0190 0 14.0.2U 0 TO-1.00 GlO550 0.52-0.60 0.60-0.90
1020 Cl0200 0 lY.O.23 0.30-0.60 GlO6W 0.550.66 0 6O-C.90
1021 Cl0210 o 17-O 23 0 60-0.90 GlO640 0 594.70 o.5o-mo
1022 Gl0220 O.li-0.23 0.70-1.00 GlW 0.59-O 70 0.6a.490
1023 Cl0230 0 19-O 25 0 3O-0.60 c1o:M) 0X54.76 0.60-0.90
1025 Cl0250 0 22-0.29 0.30.0.60 ClOTI 0.69-0.80 0.5O-C.60
1026 G 10260 0 22.0.2.5 0.60-0.90 cIo:&l 0.72.0.66 0 3O-MO
lo30 G103W 0 27-0.34 0.60-0.90 Cl080 0.140.88 060-0.90
lo33 G 10330 0.29-0.36 0.X. 1.00 Glo640 0.80-0.94 0.6a-a.90
lo35 G10350 o 31-0.38 O&O-0.W Cl0650 0.80.0.94 0.7Ol.W
lo37 Cl0370 o 31-0.X O.:O-1.00 GlO.wl 0.80-O 94 0.3w.w
compoMa~adulck~A9uIEIu mm&?derkr~
Haleompaiboa rams”
H.sl~,PO&&~ dumiwWLI
ALSLSAE UNS AISI.SAE UN9
dedirioa C Lb Si
detioo wrroo C Mm 91 de-don
0.15-0.34 lSB21Hlbl H15211 u.17.0.24 o.‘Io-1.10 0.15430

lO36H. H1038O 0.34x.43 0.5o-1.00
lSB35Hlbh H1535L 0.31.0.3s 0.70.1.20 0.150.30
1OISH.. HIM50 0.42.o.51 o.s-1.00 0.15-O 30
0 15-0.30 lSB37Hlbn H15371 030.0 39 l.w.1.50 0.15-0.30
1522H H15220 0 17-O 25 1.00-1.50
1584lH’b.cJ HI5411 0.35-0.45 1x.1.75 0.15.0.30
1524H H15240 0.18-(3.26 1.25.1.75 0.15.0.3(’
15646Hlb.c, Hl5481 0.43-0.53 1.Wl.M 0.15-0.30
1526H HlJ26O 0.21-O 30 l.oo.1.50 0.15.0.30
0.15-o.30 15Es62H~br Hi5621 0.54.0.6; l.o&I.50 0.4o-o.60
154lH : Hl5410 0.35-O 45 1.25.1.7s
,, , h,,,,,, On pkoqhorus .,,d ,ulhr aonunl w We” I” tab* I: tm,u~ hnw WV o MW muimum pbwhoma l nd 0 m W.=II=U= ~fw. ‘b, Can bc
rq..ad ID corirun 0 ooO5 *a O.OK 4 mm”. ‘c’ APSI de only
83-3
_--.
LOW ALLOY STEELS
1330 .......... Cl3300 0.28-0.33 1.60-1.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30

1335 Cl3350 0.33-0.38 1.60-1.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30
1340 ..:. .: ::: Cl3400 0.38-0.43 1.60-1.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30
1345 .......... Cl3450 0.43-0.48 1.60-1.90 0.035 0.040 0.150.30 .
4012 .......... G40120 0.09-0.14 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.25
4023 ......... G40230 0.20-0.2s 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 . 0.20-0.30
4024 .......... G40240 0.20-0.25 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.035.O.O50db, 0.150.30 0.20-0.30
4027 ......... G40270 0.25-0.30 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.20-0.30
4028 .......... G40280 0.25.0.30 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.035.O.O50(b, 0.15-0.30 0.20-0.30
4032 .......... GUI320 0.30.0.35 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.20430
4037 .......... c40370 0.35-0.40 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 . 0.20-0.30
4042(c) ........ G40420 0.40-0.4s 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.20-0.30
4047 .......... G40470 0.45-0.50 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.2CbO.30
4118 .......... G41180 0.150.23 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.150.30 0.40-0.60 0.08-0.15
4130 , ......... c41300 0.28-0.33 0.40-0.60 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.80-1.10 . 0.15-0.25
4135tc1 ........ G41350 0.33-0.38 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.30-1.10 0.15*0.25
4137 .......... G41370 0.35-0.40 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.80-1.10 0.15-0.25
4140 .......... G41400 0.38-0.43 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.80-1.10 0.15-0.25
4142 .......... G41420 0.40-0.45 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.X1-0.30 0.80.1.10 0.15-0.25
4145 ......... G41450 0.43-0.48 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.80-1.10 0. n-0.25
4147 ......... G41470 0.45-0.50 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.80-1.10 0.15-0.25
4150 ........ G41500 0.48-0.53 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.80-1.10 0.15-0.2s
4161 ......... G41610 0.56-0.64 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.70-0.90 . 0.25-0.35
4320 .......... G43200 0.17-0.22 0.45-0.65 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.40-0.60 1.65-2.00 0.20-0.30
4340 .......... G43400 0.38-0.43 0.60-0.80 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.70-0.90 1X5-2.00 0.20-0.30
E4340tdJ ....... G43406 0.38.0.43 0.65-0.85 0.025 0.025 0. s-O.30 0.70-0.90 1.65200 0.20-0.30
441%~) ....... G44190 0.18-0.23 0.45-0.65 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 . 0.45-0.60
4422(c) ........ G44220 0.20-0.2s 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 . 0.35-0.45
4427lct ....... G44270 0.24-0.29 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 . . . 0.35-0.45
4615 ....... G46150 0.13-0.1s 0.45-0.65 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 1.65-2.00 0.20X1.30
4617(c) G46170 0.15-0.20 0.45.0.65 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 1.65-2.00 0.20-0.30
4620 .......... G46200 0.17-0.22 0.45-0.65 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 1.652.00 0.20-0.30
46211~1 G46210 0.18-0.23 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 1.65-2.00 0.20-0.30
4626 .. .:I.::: G46260 0.24-0.29 0.45-0.65 0.035 034 0.150.30 0.70- 1.00 0.15-0.25
47181~) ........ G47180 0.16-0.21 0.70-0.90 0.35-0.5s 0.90-1.20 0.30-0.40
4720 ......... G-47200 0.17-0.22 0.50-0.70 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.55 0.90-1.20 0.15-0.25
4815 ......... G48150 0.13-0.18 0.40-0.60 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 3.25-3.75 0.20-0.30
481i ......... G48170 0.15-0.20 0.40-0.60 0.035 0.040 0.150.30 3.25-3.75 0.20-0.30
4820 .......... G48200 0.18-0.23 0.50-0.70 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 3253.75 0.20-0.30
50151e1 ........ G50150 0.12-0.17 0.30-0.50 0.035 0.040 0.160.30 0.30-0.50
50B40(c.e1 ... .. G50401 0.38-0.43 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.150.30 0.40-0.60
50B44ie) ... G50441 0.43-0.48 0.75-1.00 0.035 .O.MO 0.15-0.30 0 404.60
50461~1 ....... G5wjo 0.43.0.48 0.75100 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.20.0.35
50B46e1 ....... G50461 0.44-0.49 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15.0.30 0.2OKk35
5OBSOjet .__._., G50501 0.48-0.53 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.40-0.60
5060~1 ....... G506~ 0.56-0.64 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.150.30 0.40-0.60
SOB60er ......... 0.56-0.64 0.75-1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.40-0.60
5115tc1 ........ G51150 0.13-0.18 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.70-0.90
Sllirfl ........ G51170 0.15-0.20 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.70-0.90
5120 ......... GSl200 0.17-0.22 0.70-0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15-0.30 0.70-0.90
kontinued)
LOW ALLOY STEELS . -..
-mdYIIkADSO-SAJB
“-4*1-l d8T
ewb--’
buboo.
03341 om-090 0035
03M).u 010.090 0035
043445 070.090 o-335
046.05, 070.095 0.035

01M).sJ 0104m oal5
05,455 om4Ym 003,
056obl 0.15.l.a) 0035
o.sl-ob4 O.l5.,ca 0035
099.1.10 0150,5 om.5
096110 0w.u 0025
09bl.10 owu oom
0 154.1, 0.50410 0055
0.4b.o.s3 oma.9o owl5
o.,ao,5 070490 oaY5
ou.md 0.7CIoo 0035
Olaol8 om.090 o&a5
0 L5.020 0 7m.90 0.0%
O.lMI.zl 07oom 0035
02oa28 0100.90 0035
ozY4.m 070490 0033
OWJO 0104.90 0035
omou o.m.am 0035
0lso.a 0.75*.m 0.m
oabou 0.151.00 oca5
ow.45 075100 OatI
0.~045 076lm om.5
ou9.a 0.7s.I 00 0.035
044.053 01.5.1.00 om5
0514.59 076,ca oLu5
ow.064 016100 00s
019.023 070090 0035
0.3M).u 0 70.,.m 0.035
omY.5 0.76,rn 0035
051.059 0.6&050 0035
05,059 0.70495 0.055
owe4 0.15.,00 oal5
OoM).IJ 040.a65 0025
0 13-O 15 0 16,.00 0.035
0,542o 0.751.m 0035
o.2bou 015100 ool5
LOW ALLOY STEELS
AlSl.SAE css Heat compoairion ran#cn and limiu. % 1.1
denignacion deaprution C Mll Si Cr Si Yo
1330H HI3300 0.27.0.33 1.45.2.05 0.15.0.30

1335H HI3350 0.32-0.36 1.45-2.05 0.15-0.30
1340H H134W 0.37-0.44 1.45-2.05 0.15-0.30
1345H HI3450 0 42-0.49 1.45-2.05 0.15-0.30
4027H H40270 0.24-0.30 0.60-1.00 0.15-0.30 0.20-0.30
4028Hlbl H40280 0 24-0.30 0.60.1.00 0.15.0.30 0.20-0.30
4032H H40320 0.29-0.35 0.60-1.00 0.15-0.30 0.20-0.30
4037H H40370 0.34-0.41 0.60-1.00 0.15.0 30 0.20.0.30
4042H H40120 0.39-0.46 0.60.1.00 0.15-0.30 0 20-0.30
4047H H404fO 0.44-0:51 0.60-1.00 0.15-0.30 0 20-0.30
4118H H41180 0.17-0.23 0.60.1.00 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.70 0.08-0.15
4130H H413W 0.27.0.33 0.30-0.70 0.15-0.30 0.75.1.20 0.15-0.25
4135H H41350 0.32-0.38 0.60.1.00 0.15-0.30 0.75-1.20 0.15-0.25
4137H H41370 0.34-0.41 0.60.1.00 0.15-0.30 0.75-1.20 0 15-0.25
4140H H414W 0.37-0.44 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.75-1.20 0.1 j-0.25
4142H H41420 0.39-0.46 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.75.1.20 0.15-0.25
4145H H41450 0.42-0.49 0X5-1.10 0.15.0.30 0.75-1.x) 0.15-0.25
4147H H41470 0.44-0.51 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.75-1.20 0.15-0.25
4150H H415W 0.47-0.54 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.75-1.20 0.15-0.25
416lH H41610 0.55-0.65 0.65-1.10 0.15.0.30 0.65-0.95 0.25-0.35
4320H H43200 O.li-0.23 0.40-0.70 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 1.55-2.00 0.20-0.30
4340H H434W 0.3i-0.44 0.55-0.90 0.15-0.30 0.65495 1.55-2.00 0.20-0.30
E4340HI bl H43406 0 37-0.44 0.60-0.95 0.15-0.30 0.65-0.95 1.55-2.00 0.20-0.30
4419Hlcl H44190 0.17-0.23 0.35-0.75 0.15-0.30 0.45-0.60
4620H H46200 0 li-0.23 0.35-0.75 0.15-0.30 1.55-2.00 0.20-0.30
462lHlcl H46210 0.17-0.23 0x0-1.00 0.15-0.30 1.55-2.00 0.20-0.30
4626Hldl H46260 0.23-0.29 0.40-0.70 0.15-0.30 0.65-1.05 0.15-0.25
4718H1cl H47180 0.15-0.21 0.60-0.95 0.15-0.30 0.30.0.60 0.85.1.25 0.30-0.40
4720H H4:2W 0.17-0.23 0.45-0.75 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.60 0 85-1.25 0.15-0.25
4815H H48150 0.12-0.18 0.30-0.70 0.15-0.30 3 20-3.80 0.20-0.30
4617H H48170 3.14-0.20 0.30-0.70 0.15-0.30 3.20-3 80 0.20.0.30
4820H H462W 0 17-0.23 0.40-0.80 0.15-0.30 3.20.3.80 0.20-0.30
50B4OHtel H50401 0.33-0.44 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.70
50B44Htel H5044l 0.42-0.49 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.70
5046H H50460 0.43-0.50 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.13-0.43
50B46H1e1 H50461 0.43-0.50 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.13-0.43
50B5OHtet H50501 0.47.0.54 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.70
50B6OHle1 H50601 0.55-0.65 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.70
5120H H51200 0.17-0.23 0.60.1.00 0.15-0.30 0.60.1.00
5130H H513W 0.27-0.33 0.60-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.75-1.20
5132H . H51320 0.29-0.35 0.50-0.90 0.15-0.30 0.65-1.10
5135H H5 1350 0.32.0.38 0.50-0.90 0.15-0.30 0.70-1.15
5140H H514W 0.37.0.44 0.60-1.00 0.15-0.30 0.60-1.00
5145Hlc1 H51450 0 42-0.49 O&O-1.00 0.15-0.30 0.60-1.00
5147H,c* H514;O 0.45.0.52 0.60-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.80-1.25
5150H H515W O.li-0.54 0.60.1.00 0.15-0.30 0.60-1.00
5155H H51550 0.50.0.60 0.60-1.00 0.15-0.30 0.60.1.00
516OH H51600 0 55-0.65 0.65-1.10 0.15-0.30 0.60-1.00
5186OHtej H51601 0.55-0.65 0.65.1.10 0.15-0.30 0.60-1.00
6118HIF H61180 0.15-0.21 0.40-0.80 0.15-0.30 0.40-0.80
6150Htgr H61500 0.47-0.54 0.60-1.00 0.15-0.30 0.75-1.20
8lB45Hael Ha1451 0.42-0.49 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.30-0.60 0.15-0.45 0.06-0.15
kmntinued)
II) Typical limna on phosphonu and sulfur contenu M 0.035% mu~mum phwphowand 0.040% maximum sulfur. lb) Electric furnace steel. lel SAE standard
grade only. (d) AISI nandmd grade only. lee Can h expected 10 contain O.CW5 to 0.003% boron. It7 Cantainr 0.10 0 0.158 vanadium. tgl Conrslru 0.15%
mmimum vanadtum
83-6
LOW ALLOY STEELS
AISI.SAE CSS Heat compwition range@ and limits. 9 101
designation dcsignwion C Yn Si Cr Ni wo
861iH H861iO 0.14-0.20 0.60-0.95 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.X-0.75 0.15-0.25
8620H ::: Hd6200 0.17-0.23 0.60-0.95 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.x 0.15-0.25
8622H Ha6220 0.19-0.25 0.60.0.95’ 0. IS-O.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.15.0.25
____..
R625H Ha6250 0.22-0.28 0.60-0.95 0.15.0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.15-0.25
8627H Hd6270 0.24-0.30 0.60-0.95 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.7s 0.15-0.25
8630H H86300 0.27-0.33 0.60-0.95 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.15-0.25
86B30Hte’ H66301 0.27.0.33 0.60-0.95 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.3so.75 0.15-0.25
663iH Ha6370 0.34-0.41 0.70-1.05 0.15.0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.15.0.25
8640H H86400 0.37-0.44 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.7s 0.15-0.25

8642H Ha6420 0.39.0.46 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.7s 0.15-0.25
8645H H86-450 0.42449 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.15-0.25
86845Hlem HB6451 0.42-0.49 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35.0.65 0.35-0.75 0.15.0.25
8650H HE6500 0.47-0.54 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.70 0.15-0.2s
M55H H86550 0.50.0.60 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 ’ 0.35-0.75 0.15-0.25

866OH H86600 0.55-0.65 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.15-0.25
8720H HE7200 O.li-0.23 0.60-0.95 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.20-0.30
.974OH H.Si400 0:37-0.44 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.20-0.30
8822H HE8220 0.19-0.25 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.35-0.65 0.35-0.75 0.30-0.40
9260H H92600 0.55-0.65 0.65.1.10 1.70-2.20

9310Hlbl H93100 0.07-0.13 0.40.0.70 0.15.0.30 1.00.1.45 2.95-3.55 0.08-0.15
94BlSHlet H94151 0.12-0.18 0.70-1.05 0.15-0.30 0.25-0.55 0.25-0.65 0.08-0.15
94B17Hlea H94171 0.14-0.20 0.70-1.05 0.15.0.30 0.25-0.5s 0.25-0.65 O.O&O.i5
94B30Hle. H94301 0.27-0.33 0.70-1.05 0.15.0.30 0.25.0.55 0.25-0.65 0.08-0.15
la) Typical limirs on phosphow and sultur contenu M 0.035% maximum phosphorus ud 0.040% maximum wlfur. (bl Electric fvrna~ Noel. ICI Sti, srandud
grade only. cd8 MS1 WNMJ& mdc only IC) Can be expcvd u) contain 0.0005 u) 0.0039 bomn. IO Containa 0.10 v) 0.15% vuud~~m. W Contam 0.15s
minimum vanadium
Heat comporltion HelMCOiCO~(~~

SAE lhnk 9(a) SAE
design&on(b) cmax Mnmu PMX deriunation(b) C mm Mamax PIMX
942x . 0.21 1.35 0.04 950D 0.15 1.00 0.15
945A 0.15 1.00 0.04 950x .. 0.23 1.35 0.04
945c 0.23 1.40 0.04 955x .. 0.25 1.35 0.04
945x . . , 0.22 1.35 0.04 960X 0.26 1.45 0.04
950A 0.15 1.30 0.04 965x 0.26 1.45 0.04
950B 0.22 1.30 0.04 970x . 0.26 1.65 0.04
950C 0.25 1.60 0.04 980X 1.65
0.26 0.04
CaJ Maximum conrcnuofrulhrrandsillcon forall grader: 0.050% S.O.9oQ Si:tb)Secondand thirddi ‘Uof
deoqnation lndxate minimum ‘eld strength in ksi. Suffix “X‘indicatee that the steel contains nio E hum.
vanadium. nitrogen or other al r oymg elemenrs. A second rtix “K‘ indicates that the steel is produced
fully killed using fine grain practice; otherwise. the steel is produced scmikilled.
+ High Strength Low Alky

I
MISCELLANEOUS iiL&Y STEELS

ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
Compsilion. rtlmb
rmigMlkm or trade - ’ c \la Si Cr Xi MO V co ’
Medlumcsrbon low-alby rle&
Jl30 ........ .......... o.xul.33 O.JO4.60 o.x-O.3s 0.8&1.10 ._ 0. I~cg.25

4140 ........ .......... 0.X-0.43 0.7-1.00 0.1Oa3.35 0.80-1.10 0. Is-o.25
4340 ........ 0.3wJ.43 0.6bO.80 0.:0-0.3s 0.7&O.w I .65-2.00 0.x-O.30
AMS 6434 ... 0.314.38 0.6&0.80 0.20-0.35 0.65-0.90 I .6.5-2.00 0.30-0.40 0.17423
3OOM ....... .......... O.J&O.J6 0.6.4).90 l.J5-1.80 0.7Oa.95 I .65-2.00 0.3Oa.45 0.05 min
D-6a ........ .......... 0.424.48 O.W.90 0.l.co.30 0.9cLl.20 0.40470 0.~1.10 0.05-o. IO
6150........ .......... 0.48-0.53 0.7&0.90 0.1u.35 0.8&1.10 0.I5-0.25
8640 .......... 0.38-0.43 O.i.~l.oo 0.1&0.35 0.40-0.60 0.40-0.70 O.lSO.25
Medium-alloy air-hardening steels
HI 1 mod.. . 0.37-0.43 0.x4.JO 0.80-I.00 4.75-5.25 1.?&1.40 0.40-0.60
HI3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.32-0.45 0.3&0.50 0.80-1.20 4.75-5.50 1.10-1.75 0.8&-1.20
High fncture toughness SIC&
AFl4lOtbl. _. _. 0.13-0.17 0. IO max 0.10 man I .8&2.?0 9.50-10.50 0.90-I. IO IS%-II..%3
HP ‘)-I-MC). 0.2W.34 0.10-0.35 0.20 max 0.90-1.10 7.0-8.0 0.90-I. IO o.w-0. I? 4.2.u.:5
MARAGING STEELS
lSNit200) . __ __ _. _. _. _. . 18 3.3 8.J 0.2 0. I

ISNi(250) . . _. .__ _. _. .. 18 5.0 8.5 0.4 0. I
lSNi(300) . . _. ._. __. . 18 5.0 9.0 0.7 0. I .
lSNi(350) .. . . . . ._. __ _. . . I8 4.?(b) I2.J I.6 0. I
ISNiEast). . _. ... . _. . I7 4.6 10.0 0.3 0.1
12-S-3( 18OMc). . . . I? 3 . 0.2 0.3
Cobah.free sod brsobah bearing gmda
Cobalt-free lSNitC0j.. . _. _. 18.5 3.0 . . . 0.7 0. I
Cobalt-free ISNIIYO). . 18.5 3.0 I.4 0. I
Lowtobalt lSh’i(Z50). . . . IS.5 2.6 2.0 I.2 0. I 0.1
Cobalt-free lSNio(X)). . . . 18.5 4.0 . I .85 0. I .
Ia) All pdcr comain no more than 0.03% C. (b) Same produccn ux a comb&lion 014.8% Mu and 1.4% Ti. nominal. (cl Comams S%
Cr
83-8
Appendix B
Appendix B-4
Corrosion Resistant (CRIB) Steels

Federal Aviation Administration April, 1998 EM
CORROSION RESISTANT (CRES) /STAINLESS STEELS
TYPES
There are five types of Wrought of stainless steels; viz., austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex (ferrite-austenitic) and
precipitation hardening(PH). The same types exist for cast alloys; some cast alloys can not be classified as steels. The
martensitic and PH steels/alloys can be heat treated to high strength levels. Most of the steels/alloys described here can be used
for applications involving elevated temperatures and/or those requiring ambient temperature corrosion resistance. Some
compositions, however, were specifically designed for best performance in only one type of application.
WROUGHT ALLOYS
Wrought alloys are classified into two groups, standard and nonstandard grades
Standard Grades
Standard stainless steel grades are of the austenitic, ferritic, martensitic and PH types; there are no standard duplex grades. The
standard grades have been assigned the following designations:
I- 2xx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr-Ni-Mn; Austenitic
2- 3xx ... ...... ..... ..... ...... ........ ........ ..... ....... ...Cr-Ni; Austenitic
3- 4xx .... ...... .... ..... ...... ......... ....... ...... ...... .. Cr; Martensitic
4- PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precipitation Hardening*
l Only four standard grades exist; viz., PH 13-S MO, 15-5 PH, 17-4 PH and 17-7 PH. The first two digits indicate the C&J and
the third digit the Ni%.
Nonstandard Grades
Nonstandard grades cover all types of stainless steels; austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex and PH. There is no standard
designation system for these grades. Instead, the grades are identified in one of three ways:
a- By trade names assigned by industry; e.g., Custom 455 and E-Brite.
b- By composition; e.g., 2 I-6-9 and PH 15-7 MO.
c- By parent standard grade designation followed by the particular modification; e.g., 3 16 Cb meaning the standard 3 16 plus
Cb additions.
CAST ALLOYS
Designation System
A special designation system has been assigned by the Alloy Casting Institute (ACI). The designation consists of two letters
followed by one or two numerals and one or more letters, as follows:
First Letter
Either C or H
C: Steels for liquid corrosion service; include Cr, Cr-Ni and Ni-Cr steels.
H: Heat resistant alloys; include Fe-Cr, Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Ni-Cr alloys. Note that many of these alloys should not be classified
as steels but are listed as such for convenience only.
Second Letter
A letter, A through Y, to indicate nominal Cr and Ni contents per the graph shown. U) I 1
d
The Numeral(s) 1 I I (
; .?a -o.Ei--,-\ !
To indicate the maximum carbon% x I00 z
The Last Letter(s) 8 = ,r 1 N ; p”!
E 2o 0
To indicate the presence of alloying elements other than Ni and Cr. .? 1 1 IT- wxy
E A i
?lO- : ’
Example : I
0
I ,
CF-8M 0 10 20 lo 40 50 60 10
C: Steel for liquid corrosion service; F: 19% Cr-9% Ni; 8: 0.08% carbon; M: MO Nulckel COntent. %
STANDARD WROUGHT CRES STEELS
ml ........ s:nlm n.tq 5.5-T ! 1.m IO.&18.0 I.!-J.5 0.0 0.03 OL’N
10: sm2m n I! 7.ClO.11 i.m 17.n-I9 0 u4.0 OWJ 0.03 02 N
ms ........ : .. : smsm n 12n.z.c I4.n-I! I 1.m 16.~l8.0 I o-l.75 0.06 0.03 0.X4 40 N
JO1 ...... sJolm 0.1: :m 1.m I6.C18.0 6.04.0 0.045 0.03
lo? ........... : s302m 0 I! 2.00 im 17.kl9.0 R.&IO.0 O.MJ 0.03
302B .......... sJn?l! &I! 2m Z.&IO l7.o-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.0111 0.01
303 .......... s303m 0.15 2.00 i.m I7.o-I9 0 8.o..IO.0 0.20 0.15 In,” 0.6 Mdb)
301sc ....... SJOJ23 O.l! 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.o-IO.0 0.20 0.M O.l! mm se
JM .......... SJoa-ll 0.08 2.00 1.00 l.S.O-20.0 8.O-I0.J O.MJ 0.03
JMH ......... SJWJ9 0 ou). IO 2.m lm 18.0-m.0 8.&lO.J O.MJ 0.03
JfuL ........... SJn4aJ 0.01 2.m I.00 18.&20.0 8.a-12.0 0.04s 0.03
JMLN ......... SJN!J n.03 200 I.00 i8.h20.0 .9.&12.0 O.MJ 0.03 0 10-0 lb N
mzcu .......... s3tun 0.W 2.00 i.m 17.w19.0 8.0-10.0 OSUJ 0.03 3.040 cu
JMN ....... SJt-ht!I 0.m :.m i.m 1.9.&?0.0 11.kIO.5 0.015 0.03 O.lm I6 N
305............ sJnxa 0.12 2.00 I.00 17.e19.0 IO.%-13.0 O.MJ 0.01
3x ........... SJRJm 0.08 :.a, l.m 19.0-2 I .o lO.o-12.0 O.MJ 0.03
lw ............ SJWno 0.X 2.m I.00 22.0-24.0 I2.&IJ.O 0.015 0.03
309s ........... SOWS OOR 2.m too 22.lW4.0 I:&15.0 0.045 0.03
310 .......... SJlca 0.2.’ 2.m IX 24.0-26.0 19.w2.0 O.MJ 0.03
)Io.s .......... SJlKc3 0.08 2.00 I JO 24.C26.0 19.&22.0 0.045 0.03
II4 ........... SJIM 0.25 2.m I.LJ.O 23.0-26.0 19.~22.0 O.MJ 0.03
316 ............ s316m 0.08 2.00 i.m 16.0-18.0 lO.&l4.0 0.045 0.03 ?.&I.0 MO
JlbF ........... SJ1620 009 2.m 1.00 16.0-18.0 IO&14.0 0.20 0. IO min 1.7K.J MO
316H ........... SJl@B o.wo IO 2.00 i.m lb.&l&O 10.0-14.0 0.01s 0.03 2.0-3.0 MO
J&L ........... SJl603 0.03 2.m i.m 16.Gl8.0 lO.&l4.0 O.MJ 0.03 2.e3.0 MO
Jl6LN ......... SJl6!J 0 03 2.m i.m l6.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.015 0.03 2.GJ.O Ho:O.IW.l6 N
Jl6N.. ........ SJIL.cl 0.08 2.m I.00 16.&18.0 lO.&l4.0 0.045 0.03 X-3.0 MO: 0.1~).16 N
317 .......... s317m O(*I 2.00 I.00 18.wo.O ll.LIJ.0 0.045 0.01 J.U.0 MO
317L .......... SJIIOJ 0.03 2.m l.m I&o-20.0 Il.o-IJU O.MJ 0.03 3 (Y.0 MO
321 ............ s32lm 0.W :.m i.m 17.&19.0 9 &I?.0 0.045 0.03 J I W min Ti
J?IH ........... SJZIW 0.M-n IO :.m 1.m 17.0-19.0 P.bl2.0 O.MJ 0.03 5 x SC min Ti
330 .......... NOW330 04% 200 0.7.&I .c i7.cm.o 34.617.0 0.M 0.03
347 ........... sJ47m 0.08 :.a, i.m 17.&19.0 9.&lJ.O 0.015 0.03 IO I SC mm Nb
347H ......... 534709 0ola10 2.00 i.m 17.&19.0 9.0-I) 0 O.MJ 0.03 IIr%Cmm-l.OmuNb
Mn ........... SYSM 0.W 2.m i.m 17.o-19.0 9&lJ.O 0.015 0.01 0.2 Co: IO * Lit min Nb: 0.10 Ta
J48H .......... SJuIW 0.0. IO ‘00 I.00 17.0-19 0 9.0-Il.0 O.MJ 0.03 0.2Co:8~%Cmm-l1.0muNb:O.IOTa
Ia ............ SJLYM 0.W i.00 l.m 15.0-17.0 17.0-19.0 O&J 0.03
Fewilk l~p
40s ............ y0.m 003 i.m l.m Il.>l4.5 0.01 0.03 0. IW.30 Al
u9 ........... Ys409ca 0.08 l.m 1.m 10.5-I 1.75 0.50 0.045 O.MJ 6 I SC mm - 0.75 mu Ti
429 ... Yxm 0.1: 1.m l.m I4 O-16.0 0.M 0.03
430 ..... :.::. YJam 0.1: 1.m I .m l6.o-18.0 0.01 0.03
4JOF ........... Y.u).x 0.12 I.25 l.m 16.0-l&0 0.06 0.1s min 0.6 Udbl
4JOFSc ....... SIJO:! n.1: I.25 1.00 16.kl8.0 O& 0.0 0.1: min Se
434 ..... Sam 0 I: lo) 1.00 16.0-18.0 OM 0.03 o.:%I.Y MO
rltd .......... s.mm 0.12 tm 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.01 0.03 0.7LI.25 Mo: 5 x X-C min - 0.70 mu
Nb
419 ......... YJO! 0.0’ i.m I.00 Il.&l9 0 0 JO 0.M 0.01 O.IJ Al: II * %C min - l.iOTi
44: ...... SAC00 0 :o 100 i.m l8.&23.0 0.01 0 03
444.. ..... .:s4.u00 0 0:s im 1.m 17.Sl9.5 1.00 0.01 0.03 1.7>2.% MO: 0.03 N: 0.2 * 4 l%C 4
RN1 min - 0.S m li l Nb)
at... ......... s&ulm o.:o l.5O 1.m :3.0-27.0 0.M 0.03 0.3 N
Dupk~ tkritk-ticakl vp
329 ............ SJ?Qu 020 I.00 0.7s 2J.CL28.0 :.5cu.m 0.040 0.030 I .ur2.m MO
Mu¶auilk t,pa
403 ........... s40,m 0.1 1.00 0. .Yl 11%13.0 0.04 0.03

410 ............ YlcccJ 0 I’ I.00 i.m 11%Il.5 0.01 0.03
414 ............ s4lJm 0 is l.m 1-m II.S-13.5 l.?J-2.50 0.M 0.03
416 ............ sl16OO 0.1.’ I.23 I.00 l2.crl4.0 0.06 0.15 min 0.6 Hdbl
4lb.k ....... S416:J 0.15 I.2 l.m I2&I4.0 0.06 0.0 0.13 mm se
42o ............ YxoI 0.1 rn,” 1.00 l.OO I2.LI4.0 0.M 0.01
42OF .......... YXVO n 15 ml” 1.25 l.m lx-14.0 0.M 0.15 min 06 Udbl
422 ............ w-m 0.m-o :5 I.00 0.75 II LIJ.5 0 h-1.0 0.M 0.01 O.:Ll.2sMo:O.-~I.U w:0.15-0.3v
431 ....... wim 0.x i.m im I5 o-17.0 I zs-2% 001 0.0)
4lo.4 ........... sum: 0.W.’ I.00 l.m l6.o-18.0 0.04 0.01 o.:s MO
4400 ........... yuu? 0 TW.95 i.m 1.m 16.0-18.0 001 0.03 0,:s MO
UK ........... suca 0.9.Li .:n l.m i.m lb&l8.0 OM 0.01 0,:s sio
Prdpllalka~iIq type
PH IJ-EYo .... S138m 0.05 020 0.10 12.:~13.:! 7.1uI.J 0.01 O.OC0 2.C.J MO: 0.~l.33 Al: 0.01 N
15-J PH ........ SIJ.XXI 0.07 I.00 100 I4.&lJ.5 3.SJ.J 0.M 0.03 2.Y.5 Ca: O.l~.4J Nb
I74 PH ........ S17401 0.07 i.m i.m IJ.L17.J J.&!.O 0.M 0.03 Y.&J.OCu:O.lti.45 Nb
17.7 PH ....... Sl77m 0.w I.00 1-m 16.618.0 6.5-7 75 0.M 0.M 0.75-1.5 Al
84-2
NON STANDARD WROUGHT CRES.STEELS
-.I -I., 8--._-I..-.._
.- I’,__,-,,,,,
. I . ‘ID
B4-3
CAST CRES STEELS
Compositions and tvical microstructure of ACI corrosion-resistant cast steel5
CA.15. ., 1,” II j-l40 1.0 0 JOMtndl

CA.lJM. ..: Il.!-IJU I I, 0. I c I .coM.J
CA40 KU I I J-14 II 1.0 0.5MuldI
CA&IF I, !-I40 I”
CB.30 ..: A,,. u: IR.OZ.0 ‘0
26 O-30.0 Lo
10.5-l:.! 6.040
?A~NM _. ll.L14.0 13U.J 0.cl.OM.3
CA.l.aMWV Il.&l:.5 0.5&l.O0 0.~l.25Mo: O.‘tl.?JW:
O.&o.~V
I.00 15.5-17.7 5.6-4.6 Z.LJ.?Cu. O.mM.55Nb:
0.05N ma
CE7CW2 l.Ul I4.0-15.5 4.5-5.5 ?.Sl.?Cu: 0 .B-O.lJ Nb:
0 05N INI
CWMCu 0.04 I.00 I.M 25.G26.5 4.7Jd.0 ,.75-2.25Mo:
2.7M.LICu
CE.JO ............. JI: 0.10 I.50 2.m 26.&lO.O Lt.&I 1.0
CF.&cl ............ JO4L 0.03 I.50 2.00 17.cIl.0 .4.0-12.0
CF.JM,cl. ......... IIbL 0.01 I.50 2.00 17.&21.0 W-12.0 ?.&J.OMo
CF.lMN ............ 0.0) I.50 I.54 l7.cGl.O 9.Wl3.0 2.C-J.OMo: 0.104.2ON
CFUel.. .......... JO4 0.08 I.50 2.00 18.CGl.O s&l 1.0
CFdC ............ 347 0.03 I .JO 2.00 II.CL2I.O 9.0-12.0 Nbcfl
CFdM .......... 116 0.03 I.50 2.m l&o-21.0 9.0-12.0 ?.&-J.OMo
CF.10 .............. o.ouJ IO I.SO 2.00 18.0-21.0 8.0-I 1.0
CF.IOM.. ............ 0.044 IO I.50 I.50 11.~21 .o 9.&12.0 2 &3.OMo
CF.IOhlC. ........ 0. IO I.50 I.50 IJ.O-18.0 I3.C16.0 I.75--:.?.cMo
CF.IOSMnN ......... 7.Ork9 al 3.5043l 16.&1.9.0 8.&9 0 O.llS4.18N
CF-1%. ....... 116 I.50 :.a) I8.C?l.O 9.CI2.0 ?.O-3.OMO
CF.16F.. .......... 303 0.16 I.50 :.al 18.0-21.0 9.e12.0 I.U)MO max:
0.2o-o.JJSc
CF.20.. ?02 o.:o I 50 Zoo I8.C!l.O B.O-II.0
CCdMMN ._... 0.06 rawal I.W 20.~II.5 I I.5-II.5 Ix-3.ooMo.
0. IO&Y)Nb:
0. IO-IOV: O.X-4ON
CGdM ..I.. !I7 0.03 1.50 I.50 l8.&21.0 9.0-Il.0 3.04.OMO
CG-I2 . . 0.1: I.50 2.m Lot-3.0 IO&11.0
CHd .............. 0.08 I50 1.x) 22.W6.0 12.e15.0
CH-IO ............... 0.04-0.I0 I.50 2.m X.&26.0 12.615 0
CH-20. .......... 0.20 I.50 2.00 22.W6.0 I?&I5 0
CK.JMCuN ....... “1 0.0:s I.20 I.03 I9 5-20.5 17..Cl9.5 6.&7.OV: 0 I.3-0.24N:
0.50-l.cuu
CK.20.. J,O 0.20 z.00 2.00 :3.e:7.0 19.0-3.0 . .
CN-JM.. _. _. 0.01 2.m 1.m zO.O-22.0 23.0-27.0 4.5-5.5Mo

CN-7M .._.... ,. ... 0.07 I..% l.M 19.~22.:.0 27.~2QS ?.o-l.OM.3: l.~.Ku
CN-7MS 0.07 I.33 J.mw IS.O-20.0 22.0-25.0 2.5-J.OMo: I.>:.oCu
Cr.I5c . . . O.OW.15 0.15-133 0.5&1.1x) IP.&:I 0 Jl.O-34.0 O.S,.JV
Compositions of ACI heat-resislanl casting alloys

I,= m .,.I
.cI- - ASTM grHolbl.b ’ c Cr a St-;
HA .................... A 217 0.20 mu &IO ... i.m
HC. ................ 192605 A.W.A608 0.50 rm . 2&Y) 4max 2.m
HD., ............... JPJCO5 A297.Aea 0.50 mu X-Y) c7 :.a,
HE .............. JPJ403 A291.Ata 0.20-0.x! 26M S-II 2.00
HF ............... I92603 A.P.AbOB 0 ma.40 I%23 %I2 2.m
0.20-O ..W x-28 II-14 2.00
HH .............. JPl.WJ A137..4608.AU 7
HI ................ J94003 A297.A!-47.A- 0.~ ..m s30 ICI8 2.M
/410,::: ::: :::.:: :: Jplzf4 2 g. A 3Sl. A 547. A 608 ;-s,$’ ?C28 IS-‘2
19crE,o ;:$’
21 e27.0
HK40 .................. A 151 0.15-o0.45 23.0-27.0 l9.k2.0 I .75
HL ................ JW A 297. A 6011 O.ZWMO s-1: lb22 2.m
HS.. ............... I94213 A 297. A ml 0.:&O ..W 1%II 23-Z? 200
HP ................... A297 0x-0.7! :c:a !J-J7 2.m
........... 0.4.W.~ 5 :A-28 II-37 2.50
HP..Y)wZlc,.
H- ................. J‘MWS A -37. A 151. A 567. A613 0.Js0.7 l&17 JJ-?7 2.50
HTIO ................ A 351 0.2Y).Y I? c-l7.U 53.0-57.0 1.50
HL .............. ” A 297. A boo O.J.5-0.‘ 17-:I 3741 2 ..m
HW ................. A 297. A ta O.JU-o.75 l&14 554: :.JO
HX.. ...... ........ A-37. A6cd 0.JU.75 ISI9 64-69 2.50
I.8 ,sTII &ml m, am Ik UlRI n MI JNl”llc.n,. ,b, Rlrn Fe I” *I <unautm,. Y.w*Y cumcn,: 0.1% 10 UbY-5 lu HA.
,Cl,uHC.I.!- SE” ,~“D.ml.?lorlkolh”1110,1. I rti WLflu cmtmt~‘oOlCi IM.lIV Jl0.A “P.WYZ. Y”l,bk”“rl
I, ,.DntdI, ak4vnl r 1” HA. .blch h, O.pDl” I.%T? U” mLl,mYm ror other .O”,I I, Y, .I a)51 uo HH aI* LUII.,“, 0 -3
N #ma,, ICI USOOCDOUIN 8 ,“tta Iv. 0 I to 1.m zr. l ndO.ON% s lma.8 .%I Slmrll
Appendix B
Appendix B-5
Superalloys

Federal Aviation Administration April. I998 B5
GENERAL
Superalloys is a collective trade name assigned to a group of Fe, Ni, and Co-based alloys that are
characterized by excellent thermal performance up to 80-85% of their melting points, making
them suitable for jet engine components and other high temperature applications. Many
superalloys are heat treatable to high strength levels. In the alloy listings, presented in the
following pages, some of these heat-treatable superalloys will be identified by asterisks.
DESIGNATION SYSTEM
There is no standard designation system for superalloys. Alloys are identified by trade names,
usually assigned by the original inventor. These trade names have become sort of an industry
norm that is recognized internationally.
FORMS
Superalloys are available as wrought, cast, and powder metallurgy products.
Wrought Alloys
Three types of alloys are available:
1. Fe-base (e.g., A-286, Incoloy 903, and Pyromet CTX)
2. N&base (e.g., Inconel 7 18, Nimonic 80, Udimet 700, and Pyromet 600)
3. Co-base (e.g., Stellite 6B, Elgiloy, Haynes 188, and MP 35N)
Cast Alloys
There are three major categories of cast alloys:
1. Polycrystalline Cast Alloys. These are Ni or Co-base alloys.
a) Ni-base: Some of these have the same compositions as, and bear similar trade names to,
their wrought counterparts (e.g., IN 718, IN 625, Rene 41, and Nimocast). Others are
strictly cast compositions (e.g., MAR-M 246 and Inconel 713).
b) Co-base: Strictly cast compositions (e.g., HS 21, MAR-M 302, and WI 52).
2. Directionally Solidified’@S) Alloys. Ni-base alloys specially developed for directional
solidification (e.g., MAR-M 247 and Rene 80H). These alloys are mainly used for vane and
blade applications.
3. Single Crystal (SC) Alloys. Ni-base alloys with adjusted compositions to suite single crystal
growth (e.g., PWA 1480 and Rene N-4). These alloys are mainly used for vane and blade
applications.
Powder Metallurgy (PM) Alloys.

Some compositions, intended originally as cast alloys, were selected for PM applications. The
main use of this technology is for the production of components made of Stellites, a group of
wear-resistant alloys. Another application that is gaining commercial acceptance involves the
production of dispersion-hardened alloys. Superalloy PM involves the production of ingots by
conventional ingot metallurgy, followed by powder production, from the ingot, by techniques
such as atomizing.
El-1
WROUGHT SUPERALLOYS
Nominal compitionr of urouphf nickel-Iwe rllovr
“0, Y
“!”
O!V
2.0 C”
“aw O.O! L.l
‘I*
I4 I) 002 IA
:o ” :.! 0003 0.0s
:*.0 IJ ?O 0.0, 0.012 0 OJ 0.0: 44‘
“.’ OI
03 0.: 0 OJ
t:..c 90 “.J 0 “7
PO 0.: u: 00s
1.1 0.2 001
I.0 “.Y 0.: 004
:.s 0.q OW
10.” :h I, s “.I! OCOJ
“I ?” O.? 11.10
:.a I, J 0.00 0.00, 0.m
:s “1 0 0’ 0.003
so I.! 0.1 ” II O.rnJ ~.~
1.: “.lJ 0.160 0.04
SP :.I “1 0.3 0.m Ou)I 0.02
!.I !7 0.: 0.J” 0 0) 0.010
2.3 3s “.?o 0.30 O.OJ 0.03 0:
1.: il ” ” I 01 ““! 00x
: 0 “.? I,. I 01 0.0’ 0.010
!” Ub” I, “’ “0’ O.“J 0.010
1, “up 0.001
! ! :.s “.I! 0010
4.0 0! : r Oob OK@
1" !.Y OOU Omb
b" 10 I ” “.OJ OCOJ
DJ 100 O.OJ
17.0 I.! 003 o.oY)
IS.0 (0 0 07 0.020
14.1 J.U 0 01 0031 0 01
10.0 :.I ow O.OlJ 0.10 I s Ta
Il.? IO “a3 0.036
Nominal composilionr of wrought iron-base alloy5 .
c-. . I
*h ‘u C, t. Y Y u .I n h *. Y c . (*k
S4.0 O.“,J
.!AI, n.mJ
.!L.O 001
:! .u ”
,h
44s
&a
I..!, cu. 0 01 s
1.0 “l.‘N
13
10
0.1 0 IJ OS07
2s ”1 ” so I.0 cu
:.J 1.0 1,s cu
l Heat treatable alloy

CAST SUPERiLL&
Nominal compositiom and densities of sekled cast nickel-base superalloys

--CcSpd(b.
*Br Tc C, co MO w 1. Hb A’ n HI- 72 8 3, 0th ’ rJ-M.d-=’
IN-718 .._..........., Y.. 0.04 I8.J JO s.1 US 0.9 b, Ill3 Fe 8.22
Rcrd MO ................r... 0.03 19.0 12.0 I.2
,..
I.1 S.I 0,s I.0 “’
u
INIT5 ...................... 0.06 2I.S ... 8.S 4.0 0.2 0.2 .” S Fe
IN-713C .................... 0.12 12,s ... 4.2 2.0 6.1 0.8 0.10 0.012 bal 8.2s
IN-713LC ................... 0.05 12.0 ... 4.3 2.0 !.Y 06 0.10 0.01 t.al 8.00
IN-713 HI (MM Ooo ......... OOS 12.0 ... 4.s 2.0 S.V 0.h I.3 0.10 0.01 bal
IN-100 ...................... 0.18 10.0 IS.0 1.0 s.s 4.7 O.Oh 0.014 bal I.0 v 7.7s
IN-736C ................... 0.17 16.0 8.5 I 7S 2.6 I .7s 0.Y I.4 I.4 ..” 0.10 0.01 bal 8.11
IN-7ILC .................. 0.11 16.0 8.S 1.7s 2.6 1.7s 0.9 3.4 3.4 O.&i 0.01 w
IN.792 .................... 0.21 12.7 9.0 2.0 3.9 3.9 3.2 1.2 0. IO 0.02 bal 8.2s
IN-939.: .................... 0.1s 22.4 IY.0 .. 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.9 3.7 0. IO o.ocw bal 8.2
B-19W.. .................... 0.10 8.0 10.0 6.0 4.3 6.0 1.0 ” 0.08 0.01s bal
B-1900 HI IMM 037, ......... 0. IO 8.0 10.0 6.0 4.3 h.0 1.0 1.S 0.08 0.01s b-al Es
B-1910 ...................... 0.10 10.0 10.0 1.0 7.0 h.0 1.0 “’ 0. IO 0.0111 bal
MMllUZ .................... 0.1s 9.0 10.0 .. 23 S.S 1.S 1.S 0.0s 0.01s bal
MAR-M 200 ................ ITIS 9.0 10.0 .. I2.S I.8 s.0 2.0 0.0s 0.01s tral 8.S)
MAR.M 200 HI (MM 009, .... 0.14 9.0 10.0 ... I2.S 1.0 s.0 2.0 2.0 0.01s bal
MAR-M 246.. ............... 0.111 9.0 10.0 2.S 10.0 I.S ‘.’ s.s 1,s “’ 0.0s 0.01s bal 8.44
MAR-M 246 Hf (MM 0061 .... 0.1s 10.0 2.S 10.0 1,s “’ S.S 1.S I.4 0.0s o.Ql.y-1 w
MAR-M 247 (MM 0011) ...... 0.16 :.; 10.0 U.6S 10.0 3.0 “’ S.6 1.0 1.4 0.04 0.01s. _ bal 8.S3
CM 247LC ................. 0.07 8.1 9.3 0,s 9,s 3.0 S.6 0.7 I.4 0.01 0.01s b-al
RcnC41.. ............. p ... 0.08 19.0 I0.S 9.s 1.7 3.2 0.01 0.m bal
Rcn4 77.. ................... 0.08 IS.0 l.3.S S.? 4.2) 3,s “’ 0.01s M 7.91
Rcn.680.. ................... 0.17 14.0 9,s 4.0 4.0 3.0 s.0 “. 0.03 0.01s bal 8. I6
RcnC8OHf.. ............... 0.111 14.0 9,s 4.0 1.0 3.0 4.7 0.8 0.01 0.015 bal
RcnC 100 .................... 0 IS 9.S IS.0 3.0 5s 4.2 0.06 0.01s hl IOV 7.7s
Rent l2J HI IMM 00s) ...... U.10 YU I0.U 1.0 7.0 3.8 alI 2.6 I.6 0.0s 0.01s bal
Nimocasl 7s.. ............. 0.12 20.0 ..... 0,s “’ b) 8.U
Nimocasl 60 .......... 4. 0.0s )P ..c ..... I 1.S Fe 8.17
Nimocasl
90. ............. ..+. ;.; I;:; I;:; bal I 5 Fe Y.IR
Nimocat 9S ...... ..... .,. U.02 O.UlS bal
Nimocasl lo0 0.20 II 0 10.0 ! u SU I..( .” u.03 0.015 bd
Ldlmel m ............
.............. : n.lM 1u.s Ih ..’ 3.’ JO ?.I, .” 0.006 brl U.02
l!dimel 700 .......... 0.08 14.1 14.’ d.3 &!I 3,s 0.02 O.OlS bal
Udinw 710 ...... ..... 0.13 IUU I! U 10 I.5 2,s s.0 ‘.’ o.on .‘. bal ll.08
c I30 .................. 31 :1.s .. 1ll.U 0.8 ’ 6 bal
C 242. ............... t.: X.0 IO.0 IO.1 0. I 0.2 bal
C 263 ................... 0.06 :o.u -33 0 S.9 U.IS ?.I! “’ 0.0’ 0.001 hl
c 1023 ............. 0 IS IS ! 10.0 U.0 4.2 3.6 ocn6 bal
Has~clby X .......... : : : 0.08 !I.U I ..’ 9.0 0.6 brl l8.S Fe. O.! Mn. 0.3 Si
Haalloy S ............... 0.01 lb.0 15.0 0.40 “’ 0.009 bat ? 0 Fe. 0.02 b. 0.6s
si. o.ss Mn
waspdoy ....... ..... + 0.06 IY.0 I2.J 3.8 I.2 3.0 0.0 I 000s bal n.45 ,un
NX IBB .................... OW .. i8.n x.0 bal
SEL ..................... O.On l.c.0 26.0 4.S a.4 :.r 0.01s bat
CMSX.?lal ......... ...... 8.0 4h 0b 81) h.0 .‘.b 1.0 ” i-Q1 8.h
GMR-23: .............. U I! I! 0 4n 3.8 20 ‘. 0.0’ bal 0.3 .wn. 0.4 si. Il.0 Fe R.0
CLISX-Jlal ........... s.0 4h II.6 8.0 h.0 .‘h IO 0.10 bal 8.h
cwsx-&I. ...... hl Vh 06 h.J h .’ !h IU 0. IO bal 3 0 Rc 8.‘
CMSX-hul. ............ ... Y.9 !.I) 30 1.0 alI 4.7 0.0.’ brl ‘.98
CMRZJS .... ...... 0 IS I!.0 4.8 ?.S 2.5 u.os b,l 8.04
SEL.1.r.. .......... .... . 0.07 I I.0 IJ.5 h.S I.5 “’ 0.5 54 2.5 0.01 bal 8.1
UDM Y ............... 0.02 Ih.0 !.ll I.5 6.0 4s 2.0 U.U? 0.070 bal 8.2
M-22 .................. Ill! (-.... ‘0 I I.0 ?.O 6.3 u.6u ” bal P.63
IN-731.. .................. 0.18 vs IOU I:.( S.! 4.6 U.uh 0.Ol.c bal 7.?S
MAR-M 421.. ............. U I4 1s.n 0.: 2.0 3.8 4.3 I.8 ” 0.05 0.015 bill 8.08
MAR-M 432 .............. U.lS I! ! 20.0 .. JO ‘0 ‘0 2.8 4.3 0.0s O.OlC bal 8.16
MC.102.. ................. 0.W 20.0 .. 6.0 2.s ib ;:o bill 0.2s Si. 0.30 Mn
Nimocart 242. ....... ..... 0.14 :o .( 1Il.U IUS 0.: 0.3 ‘. b&l I 0 Fe. 0.3 Mn. 0.3 SI 8.40
tiimocxst 263 ............... 0.W 20.0 20.0 !8 0.5 1’
_._ U.01 0:iL-i bal 0.S Fe. 0.S Mn 8.36
1.1 Sin* cfyul
Nominal compositions oi selected cast cobalt-base superalloys

~‘mlpBu*l*.. ‘, -- ckmu,. _
iC (.I -.- .i u Ia .b uo ri II LI F. co D&-m’
olbn ’
Hs-?I IMOD Vlrallium~ II 2i I- 11 ? II ! 0 1.1) brl
HS-31 1X-u)). U !I, :.’ u 1U.U 9 .< II I- I..( brl u.4 St
HS-2S 1L.60Sr Il. IO 1U.!l I,, U 1.0 bal
ML.1700 ._..__ .._ 0: :.‘.u I!.0 Il.4 bal
WI.S? I, 42 LI u IIlllIa\ II.0 .. .‘.I, ,. U brl 8.88
MAR.M 30:. .._ U.J< 21.’ 1U.U Y.0 U.1 IJ.uu.’ I.! m,x bl 9.21
MAR-M 322 .._... .’ I U 21.5 ‘.’ Y.0 4.: II.?! -i_.-. 0.3 bal 8.91
MAR.t.4 So) .___. U60 24.U 10.0 7.0 7.S 0.2 1.0 bal 8.8s
AiRcsirl I3 _. U.4S 2I.U “’ 11.0 2.1) 2,s ma1 bal 3.4 Al. 0.1 Y 8.43
AiRcrisl ?IS ._. __. U.3S IY.0 0.S 4.5 7.5 O.I? ‘., brl 4.3 Al. 0.1 Y 8.47
F 7S U.:S 28.0 1.0 ma, .’ 5 bl
FSX4I4.. ._ 0.2s 29,s I0.S 7.0 0.011 2.0 In-ax bal 8.3
x4 0.3 2s.s IO.5 7.0 O.OlU 2.0 maI bal
* Heat treatable alloy

CAST SUPERALLOYS
First-generation single-crystal superalloys
Mb! ‘tr CO 410 w T1 V- Yb Al Ti llr Yi’ m’
PWA IJXO IO 5 4 I? 5.0 I.5 bal 8.70

RcnC N-4 _. _. I 9 6 0.5 1.7 4.2 bal 8.56
9
SRR99 ,...__..._.......... 8 5 IO ; .,. 5.5 bal 8.36
I 5.5 j:; bal 7.87
RR ~XIO ,_........_........ IO I.’ 3
R . 5 8 I 5.0 I.8 bal 8.59
AMI .,.................... ?
CMSX-? _. _. R 5 ib a 6 5.b I.0 bal 8..cb
CMSX-3 _. u ‘ 0.6 8 h 5.6 I.0 0. I bal 8.56
CMSX-6. _. _. _. In ! 3 4.8 4.7 0. I bal 7.98
First-generation DS superalloys with extensive turbine engine airfoil applications

,Xominal compceilion. -1%
Alby ‘c Cr CO Ho W Nb Ta Al Ti B Zr Hf 3.i’
MAR-M 200 Hf.. _. _. O.I? 8 V I2 I 5.0 I.9 0.Ol.c 0.03 bal

RenC8OH ._...__......___... 0.16 I4 9 4 4 3.0 4.7 0.015 0.01 b.8 bd
MAR-M 002 0.13 8 Ill ‘.’ IO “’ ?.b 5.5 1.5 0.015 0.03 I.5 bal
MAR-M 247.. _. 0.1.’ 8 IO 0.6 IO “. 3.0 5.5 I .o 0.015 0.03 1.5 bd
Second-generation DS and SX superalloys
Somind comporilion. -1%

AlbJ Denw1r.
‘C Cr CO .uo w Tn Rc .\I Ti B zr lir .Yi’ I.‘cm!
DS alloy
CM 37 LC.. n.n; .I 9 0.5 IO 3.2 5.6 0.7 0.015 0.010 I .1 bid a.54
sx alloys
PWA 148.4 tRcf 8). _. _. _. 5 IO - 6 9 3 3.6
CMSXJ tRcf IO). 0. I bal 8.95
h 9 6.6 6 7 3 5.6 1.” 0. I bal 8.70
85-4
Appendix C
IVT Course Evaluation Form

Federal Aviation Administration April, I998 C
Appendix C
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AIR - Introduction to Metallurgy
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Khaled - Introduction To Metallurgy (1998)

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Khaled - Introduction To Metallurgy (1998)

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Introduction to

Developed and Presented by

II. IVT COURSE ORIENTATION

III. SELF-ASSESSMENT & EXERCISES

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

I. Airframe Engineering Curriculum

First Year with Aircraft Certi~c~n--~z-

Within the context of the AIR Training Program, the Airframe

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

,Job Performance Proficienw

Two-Week Job The Two-Week Job Function Course uses an instructor-led,

Lnstructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

The course is divided into the following two major sections:

Overviews of High-level overviews of ten technical subjects are presented by

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

Each technical subject overview is designed to not only

Core Technical As a follow-on to the Overviews of Technical Subjects, the

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

II. IVT Course Orientation

About This Introduction to Metallurgy

Through a five-hour Interactive Video Teletraining (IVT)

What Is IVT? Interactive Video Teletraining, or IVT, is instruction delivered

Participants are located at various receive sites around the

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

of a specific participant signalling a question are immediately

Who Is the This course is designed for:

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

III. Solidification and solidification structures

instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

1. Rate your level of understanding about the facotrs that

BEFORE THE COURSE: 0 0 III

AFTER THE COURSE: cl cl cl

2. Rate your level of understanding of the effects of

BEFORE THE COURSE: Cl cl III

AFTER THE COURSE: q I7 cl

3, Rate your understanding of how hardening by heat

BEFORE THE COURSE: 0 cl El

AFTER THE COURSE: 0 q Cl

InstructionalVideo TeletrainingCourse Introductionto Metallurgy

4. Rate your understanding of how fabrication and finishing

BEFORE THE COURSE: El 0 cl

AFTER THE COURSE: 0 cl cl

InstructionalVideo TeletrainingCourse introductionto Metallurgy

Instructional Video Teletraining Course Introduction to Metallurgy

By: Terry Khaled, Ph.D.,

l Certification efforts require knowledge

IVT Course Introduction to Metallurgy

IVT Course Introduction to Metallurgy

IVT Course introduction to Metallurgy

. Production of metal and alloy ingots

- Alloying: Obtain desired alloys

IVT Course Introduction to Metallurgy

l Production of finished parts from ingots

1VT Course introduction to Metallurgy

l Hardening by heat treatment and other

. The Nature of Metals

IVT Course Introduction to Metallurgy

l Good thermal & electrical conductivity

l Form positive ions

Abmic B c~stan smctums