Final The Effects of Covid-19 On The Working Environment of Workers in Department Stores

Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University

Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
COVID-19 crisis is affecting all services sectors owing to drastic falls or spikes in
demand. Retail workers are particularly affected: many shops have been closed as a result
of pandemic mitigation measures and, as other industries are slowing down, consumption
of certain goods has declined. Food retailers and grocery store workers, on the other
hand, have seen a surge in demand as people in confinement buy food and other
necessities, often stocking for long periods of isolation. It stole tons of things from the
people’s once normal life. Every aspect of life is disrupted, from the office works,
schools, and travels and of course livelihood of each Filipino. All kinds of businesses are
affected due to limited number of costumers allowed. Other businesses, especially small
business, have already decided to just close their business to avoid further loss. But still
other big businesses such as department stores continue with their operations, and
workers continue to work for them despite of the big changes with the working
environment, ways, schedules of duty and others losses jobs. On which this research is to
address and gain knowledge to know the effects of Covid-19 on the working environment
of workers in department stores in Tandag City in times of pandemic.
The societal and organizational impact of the COVID-19 crisis naturally affects
employees. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO, 2020), global
unemployment will most likely increase by 400 million. Aside from this, the decline in
economic activities resulted in underemployment and significant income losses to
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employees. In developed countries, there is a massive increase in the number of
employees seeking food support or filing for unemployment benefits (Mutikani, 2020).
These daunting effects on employees and their families are magnified in resource-
constrained and developing countries that have fewer social protection policies and
programs and where there are a lot more people living in poverty (Buheji et al., 2020).
Consequently, the way organizational operations were disrupted by the pandemic
reflects on the impact of the crisis to individual employees. The interrelatedness of the
impact of the pandemic from the society, organization and individual levels
demonstrates the ecological approach in understanding crisis situations. Reason why
researchers aim to study on how workers in the locality fought Covid-19, in fact most of
the department store workers are ‘no work no pay.’ Researchers aim to gather data and
information of the effects in the working environment of the workers in department
stores amidst pandemic.
With this situation being rampant in almost all sides and parts of the country, the
researchers come up with the idea of assessing how the pandemic affect their working
environment of department store workers of Tandag City in order for them to cope with
the changing situation of the new normal. This is also beneficial to the future researcher
and to the workers as well who wants to know how Covid-19 affects ones’
livelihood/occupations and their working environment of every workers and hopefully to
be able to come up with solutions that would also help them improve their working
experiences. And lastly to able to generate recommendations that will also help workers,
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other than those in the department stores to cope up with the working conditions of the
new normal.
THEORETICAL STUDY
This study was anchored to the Crisis in Context Theory (CCT) as an ecological
framework to understanding human experiences, by examining and relating
organizational responses and individual employee coping behaviors to mitigate the
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it looked at dependent and
independent organization and self-initiated actions that were perceived as helpful by
employees as they navigated through the effects of the crisis. To address the
aforementioned gap, this study also used the study of Kniffin KM, et al (2020) “COVID-
19 and the Workplace: Implications, Issues, and Insights for Future Research and
Action.” This study focuses on the relevance of COVID-19-related risks and changes for
workers, workplaces, and work practices – and does not differentiate between the direct
health risks associated with COVID-19 and the economic fallout and examines the
following: (i) Emergent Changes in Work Practices; (ii) Presenteeism; (iii)
Unemployment and Layoffs; (iv) Social Distancing and Loneliness. This study aims to
have insight on how organizations and individuals adapt to these changes and challenges.
Ecological perspective has been used in studies on work behaviors (Johnson,
2011) as well as crisis situations such as disaster response and management what seems
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to make CCT different is its recognition of the dependent and independent relationship
between individual and systems’ reactions to crisis. In this particular study, the focal
system would be work organizations. Individuals, on the other hand, engage in coping
behaviors to deal with the psychological stress brought about by experiencing the crisis.
There are studies that establish the interdependency of individual and organization
reactions such as the empirical researches done by Teng- Calleja et al. (2020) on the
organizational efforts to build organization and employee resilience in disaster situations.
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The Effects Of COVID-19

Demographic Profile of
To The Working
The Respondents In
Environment Of The
Terms Of:
Department Store Workers
1. Age
In Terms Of: Proposal/
Intervention Plan
2. Sex
1. Working Practices
3. Civil Status
2. Heath and Sanitation
4. Years of Working;
3. Socialization
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
This study is anchored the effects of COVID-19 to the working environment of
the workers in the department stores in the locality of Tandag City. This schematic
diagram below shows and explains the process on aiming the information’s from the
chosen respondents. In Schematic diagram of the study there are three identified boxes as
follows the Box one, box two, box three. Box one is the identified variable of the
respondent which include Age; Civil Status; Years of Working of the respondent where
in this study, age is used to determine how workers staying alert and not infected while
working. Civil Status is also included to identify how the pandemic affects the working
environment of single workers and workers with family, etc. Moreover, Years of
Working is included to determine how this global health crisis changed the nature of their
works, habits and even their daily expenses.
After determining the dependent variables it will be followed by the gathering of
data of independent variables that can be indicated in the second box of schematic
diagram that contains the assessment on the effects of COVID-19 to the working
environment of the workers in the department store. The interpretation of data gathered
from the respondents will be the last step.
In fulfilling the schematic diagram of both dependent and independent variables
identified allows the study to arrive its expected output in which indicated in the box
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three which is the successful data gathering in the effect of COVID-19 to the working
environment of the department stores workers in times of world health crisis.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research attempts to find Data and information to the different coping
mechanism that the department store workers of Tandag City do during the spread of
COVID-19. More specifically it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Years of Working
2. To what extent COVID-19 have changed the working environment in department
stores in terms of:
2.1 Emergent Changes in Work Practices
2.2 Health and Sanitation
2.3 Socialization
3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile and the extent
COVID-19 have changed the working environment in department stores?
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4. On the basis of the findings, what proposals/intervention can be proposed?
HYPOTHESIS
For the deeper analysis of the study, the hypothesis was tested:
(i) There is no significant relationship between the respondents profile and the
extents COVID-19 have changed the working environment of workers in department
stores.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study serves as references and deemed the significant to the following:
Employee/Workers. The study would enlighten the minds of every employee and
workers on how pandemic affect them and their working environment. This will also help
them learn on what specific adjustment they can apply in adopting new working
environment.
Department Store Operators. The outcome of the study will serve as the basis of every
business owners and operator with regards to the struggles that their workers are facing
and dealing with in times of pandemic/crisis. Thru this, business owners can create
strategies to keep their worker motivated and what changes that the owner must apply.
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Local Government Unit. The result of this study will be a tool upon determining which
and what aspect in the locality create great impact to the small businesses that affect their
source of income since businesses and the people itself is the pillars in the economy. By
then, they will able to give effective recommendations for the society and able to
imposed effective protocols to its people.
Future Entrepreneur. The findings of the study will serve as their references on what to
deal with in times of crisis/pandemic. This would be a big help for them in making a
decision for the business amidst economic crisis and at the same time the idea on what
possible struggles that the workers will be facing. This will also serve as basis on what
strategies they are going to apply to keep the business operating even in economic
difficulties difficult situation.
Researchers. This will serve as reference in researches deals with effect of pandemic and
a world crisis to the working environment of the department stores. The study will
provide them concrete in sight about the specific matter.
Academe. The findings of the study will help students and the school as well determine
the society’s problem and what study is best to conduct next that would able to give also
an effective recommendations.
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SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is focused in determining the effect of Covid-19 on the working
environment of workers in Department stores, what struggle they encounter at work due
to Covid-19 brought and what recommendation they can share to other workers.
The spread of Covid-19 affects all aspect of human livelihood most especially in
the locality of Tandag City. For some businesses, one of their survival strategies is
attrition or downsizing of employees and some department stores strategized to layoff
some workers and adjust their working schedules including new policies and protocols
imposed by the management, knowing the situation researchers are curios and eager to
know how Covid-19 affect the working environment of department store workers in the
locality.
The study will be conducted particularly in Tandag City, Surigao del Sur, where
the respondents are random workers of the department store in the locality. The time
frame within which the study conducted will be 2nd semester of the A.Y 2020-2021.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
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Listed below are the operational and conceptual terms used in this study:
COVID-19. Corona Virus Disease-19 is what causes the pandemic from 2019 until
today. It is a virus that is easily transmitted through air, saliva, common bacteria’s and
kills over a thousand of lives around the globe.
Department Store. This means the working place of the respondents. It refers to store or
a small business where we can buy our necessities or even personal needs.
Emergent Changes. This refers to all unexpected changes in the worker place.
Something that was not imposed before but due to the pandemic that is continuously
spreading, a lot of changes happened unexpectedly.
Health Crisis. Health is the major concern in todays’ crisis that alarms the world. Due to
pandemic, the world first concern is to end the said crisis. This health crisis at some,
point talks about the insufficient stocks of medicines, vaccines, and other health related
cures to stop the spread of the illness that causes death to people.
Health Protocols. Rules and regulation strictly imposed by the management and
government to protect oneself against Covid-19 or any diseases that spreads.
Nature of Work. Is the workers’ habit in their working place. This includes their
behaviors towards the policies imposed in the locality and the management.
Pandemic. It is an epidemic occurring worldwide, or even over a very wide area,
crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people.
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Sanitation. It is a practice of an individual for cleanliness and to be healthy. Sanitation
includes the practice of washing hand and sanitizing alcohol. Sanitation is another way of
keeping oneself free from viruses.
Socialization. Is the act of ethical approach to the people/costumers. However as
mandated, people are keeping themselves a physical distancing. Socialization in
avoidance of handshaking and any body contact.
Work Practices. This refers to the usual things that the workers did at work. A practice
implemented by the management and sometimes the policies that the government wanted
them to practice at work.
Working Environment. Used to describe all your surroundings when working, your
physical working environment is, for example, your work tools as well as air, noise and
light. But your working environment also includes the psychological aspects of how
your work is organized and your wellbeing at work.
Working Habits. The behavioral, ethical, and practical elements applied by employees/
workers in contributing to job performance standards that meet company guidelines.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW AND STUDIES
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This chapter contains some related literature and studies gathered to support this
study from local and foreign source. It presents the discussion on the literature and
studies from both foreign and local which focused on the importance of university
lockers. Besides, it provides and extensive review of international journals, reports and
articles from online sources. All the reviews in this chapter are related to the problem of
the research that will serve as guide to build the conceptual foundation and hypothesis of
the study.
Related Literature
Foreign
According to Cadena and Ferrari-Haines (2020), due to virus many countries are
in lockdown or implements varying levels of community quarantine to ensure physical
distancing. As will be seen in the literature presented below, this societal level response,
although unarguably necessary, severely compromised people’s livelihood. As the
coronavirus disease spread through different parts of the world in an unimaginable speed
and magnitude, various nation states have implemented ways of protecting their citizens
from being infected. There are more than 21 million confirmed cases and more than
761,0 00 deaths worldwide (World Health Organization [WHO], as of August 16, 2020).
According to Accenture (2020), since organizations needed to shift to WFH
arrangements or operate digitally, employees also needed to cope with these new ways of
working. These abrupt changes and uncertainties cause psychological stress and may
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affect employees’ daily functioning and productivity (Mactal, 2020). Previous crisis
situations such as the 2007 global financial crisis led to severely worsened health
conditions and large incidences of suicides in affected countries.
Case and Deaton (2017), state that the effects of the pandemic to individual
employees are not just shaped by what is happening to society and work organizations.
Employees have varying dispositional characteristics, differential access to resources
outside of what the organization provides, as well as diverse personal concerns that may
or may not be work-related. Thus, the way individual employees respond or cope with the
effects of the pandemic may vary. Although these responses may be influenced by nature
and extent of support provided by the organization, there may also be actions taken by the
individual that are independent from the organization. These perspectives reflect the
assumptions of CCT on the reciprocal relationship and dependent and independent
actions of individual employees and organizations in crisis situations that guide this
study. Given these assumptions, the study looked at independent actions of organizations
and individuals to deal with the effects of the pandemic.
Local
Philippines is an developing nation located in Southeast Asia and has seen
182,365 all out instances of COVID-19 as of August 21, 2020 (CNN Philippines, 2020).
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Of this number, 64,906 are dynamic cases and 2,940 are perished. The public authority of
the Philippines set the country in a condition of the cataclysm and a condition of general
wellbeing crisis which provoked the formation of an Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF).
The IATF offers proposals to the President on what arrangements should be ordered and
has the power to call upon law requirement organizations to aid the execution of these
approaches (Vallejo and Ong, 2020).
Maingat (2020), stated that because of the COVID-19 crisis, it is assessed that the
country's economy will lose around PhP 276.3 billion to PhP 2.5 trillion or around US$
5.5 billion to US$46.9 billion (Abrigo et al., 2020) in light of government-ordered
upgraded local area isolate or ECQ that limits development of superfluous laborers. The
ECQ is the strictest of all the declared local area isolates those confines the development
of all residents paying little mind to age, disallows organizations and transportation to
work except if they are for fundamental administrations (i.e., food, power, water), and
suspend actual classes on the whole levels.
Moreover, Esguerra (2020), stated the ECQ incited numerous associations to move to
WFH plan or to progress to having skeletal powers for least/incomplete tasks. In a
National Mobile Phone review by the Social Weather Station, the grown-up joblessness
rate is at 45.5%, half of these respondents shared that they lost their positions and job on
account of the COVID-19 pandemic. This people group isolate, which has been probably
the longest lockdown on the planet, begun on 16 March and has proceeded in changing
degrees of severity until present day (The Economist, 2020).
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Related Studies
Foreign
According to Bakker & Demerouti (2018), past studies suggest that crisis affect
individual work and psychological wellbeing to an outsized extent. Crisis will be defined
as an emotionally stressful and disturbing event in person’s life. The outbreak of COVID-
19 within the current time has led to a crisis situation and made a serious switch within
the regular working conditions worldwide correlated with high public uncertainty
(Kanupriya 2020). Additionally to the strain related to Covid-19 disease, media
speculations have caused this psychological disturbance more severe. The present
situation with lockdown and work from home (WFH) has become stressful for several.
Past studies have found that top work load with unrealistic deadlines; work-family
imbalance and job insecurity are the most stressors for workers (Sahni 2016).
On the other hand Anderson (2020) states that stress is thought to own a negative
influence on employees’ performance, productivity and overall satisfaction. Stress may
make people more vulnerable to the vulnerable COVID-19 viral infection. This must be
tackled as an urgent occupational health issue. Stress may be a complex problem and
misunderstood by many folks. The term ‘stress’ generally, has a negative connotation
within the kind of threat and lack of resources. It had been first identified by Hans Selye
as having both negative (distress) and positive (eustress) aspect there to. He described
stress as “the none specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.” However,
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prolonged stress has been related to many reasons of death like, heart failure, cancer
suicide, etc. (Jha et al. 2019).
Bliese et al. (2017) states that one among the favored theories called stress
appraisal theory suggested that our behavior and emotions arise from our appraisal of
events. Within the case of stress, true (the stressor) isn't the sole factor that determines
our response, our cognitive appraisal to the stressor plays an unconscious role in our
emotional response. The prolonged stress generally ends up in lower performance levels,
change in attitude and work withdrawals which regularly results in faulty decisions and
bad work relationships. Moreover, the prolonged stress can even cause many
psychosomatic diseases.
Nonetheless, any reasonably stress has to be handled carefully and by the
individual and their organizations by providing proper and appropriate support. Many
stress management intervention like counseling are often helpful in reducing the strain
and increasing the occupational health of employees. Another technique found effective
in various experiments and research finding is ‘mindfulness.’ Mindfulness may be a state
of mind and a mental training that permits the person to be highly privy to this without
getting emotionally involved and reacting. It may be achieved through meditation which
ends up in awareness and acceptance.
Almost three decades of research on stress have been focused on avoidance,
prevention and the way to cut back the frequency of stressful events however, the main
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target is now shifting on the influence of the mindset on handling stress (Jamieson et al.
2018). A recent study explored the way we will use our mindset to grasp and modify our
general understanding of stress. The negativity related to stress may lead people to avoid
or ignore it within the fear of not facing it. The mindset of coping with stress is altered by
reappraising it during a positive way called stress optimization.
According to Crum et al. (2020), the speculation explains that folks feel stressed
when their existing valuable resources are under threat and therefore the new additional
resources seem to be unreachable. It could help in understanding how the stressful events
like COVID-19 pandemic influences employees and their work and family. Under COR,
all work-related conditions like objects, conditions, personal characteristics are called
resources. Moreover, the speculation categorizes 74 resources into different categories,
for instance, primary resources (like food, shelter or clothing), secondary resources (like
social support, belongingness the group, hope and optimism) and tertiary resources (like
rank and splendid life style). For the current study, the resource list consisted of resources
like social support, time, hope and optimism as these resources are threatened by the
present crisis resulting in stress.
The conservation of resource theory has received a good acceptance across
countries (Lin et al., 2019). Studies have tested the COR theory and located that
providing resources like training to boost the abilities of employees (in the shape of
resource gain) actually lead to lower stress and heightened self-efficacy. The COR theory
has been applied to market the general public health by proposing a framework to stop
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resource loss and maintain the gain by engaging in healthy behavior. Similarly
(Brummelhius and Bakker 2012) applied the COR theory to look at the work-home
conflict of resources and located that non-public resources like time and energy may be
utilized to enhance the general outcome.
Local
The societal and organizational impact of the COVID-19 crisis naturally affects
employees. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO, 2020), worldwide
joblessness will in all likelihood increment by 400 million. Beside this, the decrease in
monetary exercises brought about underemployment and huge pay misfortunes to
workers (ILO, 2020). In created nations, there is a gigantic expansion in the quantity of
representatives looking for food support or petitioning for joblessness benefits (Mutikani,
2020). These overwhelming consequences for workers and their families are amplified in
asset compelled and agricultural nations that have less friendly security arrangements and
programs and where there are significantly more individuals living in neediness (Buheji
et al., 2020).
Accenture (2020) states that since associations expected to move to WFH game
plans or work carefully, representatives additionally expected to adapt to these better
approaches for working. These unexpected changes and vulnerabilities cause mental
pressure and may influence workers' every day working and profitability (Mactal, 2020).
Past emergency circumstances, for example, the 2007 worldwide monetary emergency
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prompted seriously deteriorated ailments (Case and Deaton, 2017) and enormous
frequencies of suicides in influenced nations.
The impacts of the pandemic to singular representatives are not simply molded by
what is befalling society and work associations. Representatives have shifting
dispositional attributes, differential admittance to assets outside of what the association
gives, just as assorted individual worries that might possibly be business related.
Consequently, the manner in which singular representatives react or adapt with the
impacts of the pandemic may differ. Albeit these reactions might be impacted by the
nature and degree of help given by the association, there may likewise be activities taken
by the person that are free from the association. These viewpoints mirror the
presumptions of CCT on the complementary relationship and reliant and free activities of
individual representatives and associations in emergency circumstances that control this
examination. Given this suspicions, the investigation saw autonomous activities of
associations and people to manage the impacts of the pandemic.
Synthesis
The literature and studies presented above focuses on the physical, emotional,
occupational aspect, financial aspect and the importance of developing different coping
mechanisms of the workers during this time of pandemic. It also explains different
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aspects where Covid-19 mostly affects businesses most especially to the workers that are
dependent to their financial wages to sustain their livings.
Related studies provide a strong references on how the pandemic turns some
businesses into immediate closure, job intervention for those no work no pay employees,
job- financial dependent workers, micro entrepreneurs, and even brought stress to all
consumers.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the process of conducting a research, the gathering of
information that was relevant and significant to the study. The data gathering were
compiled and summarize to ensure that the study can achieve its purpose and objectives.
The components of this chapter are research design, research respondents, research
instrument, data gathering procedure and validation of instrument.
RESEARCH DESIGN/METHOD
The study used the quantitative approach to find answers to the research
questions. To the workers working in the department stores in the locality by using the
Data given by the Department of Trade and Industries (DTI) of Tandag City, Surigao del
Sur. For the research topic of the effects of COVID-19 to the working environment of the
workers in department stores and asking close-ended questions thru questionnaire about
the current situation which would provide better insights into participant’s lived
experiences (Anderson, 2017). The inclusion criteria contained no minimum work
experience and willingness to share their thoughts and experience in the current scenario.
Ethics approval was granted by the research instructor and adviser before conducting
interview.
Random sampling was also used and all participants were informed about the
study one week before the survey for their availability and convenience. They agreed to
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participate in the research with the condition of anonymity/optional of their names and
their organization’s information. Therefore, respecting that, instead of names participants
will not be forced or obliged to include those in the study.
RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
The respondents of this study will be the selected department store workers that
are currently operating in Tandag City. They will answer the researcher’s made
questionnaire that the researchers have formulated in order to know the effects of
COVID-19 to the working environment of the workers in department stores.
The researcher will be using random sampling, where each respondent has an
equal probability of being chosen as a part of the sampling process. This is meant to be
unbiased representation of the total population. Each member of the workforce has an
equal opportunity of being chosen because all the workers were selected randomly.
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Table 1.
Distribution of Respondents
Department Stores No. of Workers No. of Respondents

Gaisano Capital Tandag Department
41 32
Store
TT & Campany Inc. New 13 10
Novo 31 24
Fedemart 2 2
V-Guerra 5 4
Yang Xin Shopping Center 12 9
Ming Ming Dry Goods 11 8
Total 115 89
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION
The studies used the researchers made questionnaire and are validated to the
subject expert who possesses the following characteristics: (a) at least master/doctorate
degree holder, (b) have deeper knowledge on the Working Environment of Department
Store Workers/ Human Resource/ management expert, and (c) must have working
experience. After ensuring the validity of the instrument, it is then subjected to reliability
test by conducting test and retest to the store workers that was not being part of the
identified store where the respondents are working like Prince Town, one of the big
stores in the said locality. Results of the validation and reliability are incorporated for the
improvement of instruments.
The survey questionnaires are distributed to the selected respondents. The
questionnaire was one of the tools in order to acquire sufficient and reliable information.
It is composed of two (2) part: first, is the demographic profile of the respondents as to
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age, civil status, financial, source of income and a years of working. Second, respondents
were asked to give their preference on the categories provided which is scaled in a 4-
point Likert Scale checklist since it used to measure the positive or negative response to
the statement. The scale is ranging from (1) Less Engaged, (2) Engaged, (3) Moderately
Engaged, (4) Highly Engaged in order to evaluate and to measure the level of effect of
COVID-19 in the working environment of the workers in department stores in each item.
The questionnaire vary on the statement of the problem indicates the effects of COVID-
19 on the working environment of workers in department stores based on the emergent
changes in working practices, health and sanitation, financial, and socialization.
Researchers then record their responses and later are analyzed. The mentioned
procedure used by the proponents in order to come-up with a further data, best
recommendation and a justified conclusion of the study.
RESEARCH LOCALE
The setting of the study is Tandag City, Surigao del Sur and it is located in the
middle part of the province which is also facing the pacific Ocean. The researchers
attempt to know and gather the effect of Covid-19 to the working environment of the
department stores workers.
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The study was conducted at Tandag City, Surigao del Sur, as the study area since
the said locality is the capital city of Surigao del Sur near to the researchers and because
it has numbers of small businesses and department stores operating before the spread of
Covid-19 until these times.
As reported by the Department of Labor and Employment March (2020), where
CARAGA Region-Tandag City is part, to deal with the impact of the COVID-19 on
global trade and domestic economies, a package of measures was prepared by the labor
department to mitigate any potential threat the disease might have on the country’s labor
market. The measures include the adoption of “flexitime” work arrangements for workers
in industries that could be affected by an outbreak.
Added to this, some department stores in Tandag City downsized the numbers of
employees/workers because of Covid-19 and this kind of situation became the alternative
action of the different stores in order to continue the operation. The said strategy of the
deferent establishments brought big effect and adjustment to all workers at work and yet
others losses jobs.
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Figure 2. Tandag City Map
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The study follows the following procedural phases in its implementation:
Phase 1: Preparatory Activity
Proper protocol is observed by securing a permit for the conduct of the study.
Researchers asked an approval to the college dean by sending a letter since the study will
be conducted outside the campus. After then, researchers sent a request letter to the
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concerned authorities like Department of Trade and Industry-Tandag City to get the
names of the department store currently operating in the said locality. After which,
researchers then sent a letter to the department store HR/in charge/manager as to the total
numbers of the workers they have and some store was asked/ interviewed personally as to
the numbers of workers in such store. Then determine who are and how many are the
respondents of the study by consulting the statistician. Upon grant of approval, the
researchers will finalize the list of respondents from the data given by the DTI and the
numbers of workers given by the authorized person of the department stores. Further,
safety health protocols such as wearing of mask, staying 6-feet apart and washing and
sanitizing hands are observed to ensure safety gathering of the necessary data of the
study.
Phase 2: Administration of the Survey Questionnaire
The questionnaire was designed suitably to answer the questions in the statement
of the problem. With the final list on-hand, the next step will be the administration of the
survey questionnaire. Upon giving the questionnaire, ethical approaches will be apply
and observed. Respondents will be given notice prior to the schedule for the availability
of the workers. Retrieval of the survey questionnaire is directly carried out after its
administration.
Phase 3: Data Analysis
The gathered data from the survey questionnaires are tallied, tabulated, and
treated based on the appropriate statistical tool. These are then analyzed and interpreted
28
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to answer the quantitative problems of the study and hopefully come up with the exact
conclusion and create effective recommendations.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
For the personal information and the effects of COVID-19 in the working
environment of the respondents, profile frequently counting and simple percentage was
used with the following formula:
N
n=
1+ Ne2
Where N is the total population, n is the sample size, and e is the degree of
marginal error, which could be 1 %, 5% or 10 %. For this study, the researcher used a
margin of error of 5%. Given the population of 115 department store workers, the
researcher needed 89 workers of the said store as sample size based on the computation
yielded using the given formula.
REFERENCES, APPENDICES AND CURRICULUM VITAE PREPARATIONS
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century of empirical trends reflecting theoretical and societal influences. Journal
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Building organization and employee resilience in disaster contexts,
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https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-09-20190122
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Abrigo, K. projected disease transmission, health system requirements, and
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Philippines.
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of Covid-19. Retrieve 03-17-2021
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impact.
Anderson, G. (2020). Psychological Stress and COVID-19: Interactions with Gut

Microbiome and Circadian Rhythm in Driving Symptom Severity. Retrieve 03-
17-2021
Anderson, V. (2017). Criteria for evaluating qualitative research. Human Resource

Development Quarterly, 1-9. Retrieve 03-19-2021
https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21282" \t "_top.
Buheji, M., et al (2020). The extent of COVID-19 pandemic socio-economic impact on

global poverty: A global integrative multidisciplinary review. American Journal
of Economics, 10(4), 213-224. Retrieve 03-17-2021
https://doi.org/10.5923/j.economics.20201004.02
Brummelhius and Bakker (2020). An action learning intervention on work-family

balance. Retrieve- 03-19-21.
Cadena, A., & Ferrari-Haines, F. (2020, April). Saving our livelihoods from COVID-19:
Toward an economic recovery. McKinsey & Company. Retrieve 03-17-2021
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/saving-
ourlivelihoods-from-covid-19-toward-an-economic-recovery
Case, A., & Deaton, A. (2017). Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. Brookings
Papers on Economic Activity. Retrieve 03-21-2021
https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/mortality-andmorbidity-in-the-21st-
century/
CNN Philippines. (2020, August 21). Philippines' COVID-19 cases rise to 182,365; death
toll nears 3,000. Retrieve 03-17-2021
https://www.cnn.ph/news/2020/8/21/covid-19-cases-update-182000.html.
Crum et al (2010). Optimizing stress: An integrated intervention for regulating stress
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Esguerra, D. J. (2020, August 17). Adult unemployment reaches record-high 45.5% in

July - SWS. INQUIRER.net. Retrieve 03-17-2021
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45-5-in-july-sws.
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Haines, F. (2020, April). Saving our livelihoods from COVID-19: Toward

aneconomic recovery. McKinsey & Company. Retrieve 03-17-2021
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing

stress. American psychologist, 44(3). Retrieve 03-17-2021
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Jha et al. (2019) Critical Supply Shortage- the need for ventilators and personal protective
equipment during the Covid-19 pandemic. Retrieve 03-19-21
Johnson, S. L. (2011). An ecological model of workplace bullying: A guide for

intervention and research Nursing Forum 46(2), 55-63
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17446198.2011.00213.x
Kniffin KM, et al (2020). COVID-19 AND THE WORKPLACE: Implications, issues

and insights for future research and action. Retrieve- 03-25-21
Lin et al (2019). Imaging and clinical features of patients with Covid-19. Retrieve -03-
08-21
Liu, Q., Luo, D., Haase, J.E., Guo, Q., Wang, X.Q., Liu, S., et al., 2020. The experiences
of healthcare providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study.
Lancet Glob. Health 8 (6), e790–e798. Retrieve 03-17-2021
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7.
Mactal, M. T. (2020, April 8). C.A.R.E.S.: A First-aid Protocol for Mental Health in the
Workplace. Retrieve 03-17-2021
https://www.facebook.com/notes/ateneo-cord/cares-a-first-aid-protocolfor-
mental-health- in-the-workplace/10157474167767408/
Maingat, T. A. (2020, May 14). Know the difference: ECQ, MECQ, GCQ, MGCQ in the
Philippines. Carpo Law & Associates.
Mckee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2020). If the world fails to protect the economy, COVID-19
will damage health not just now but also in the future. Nature Medicine, 26(5),
640–642.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0863-y
Mutikani, L. (2020). Coronavirus: Over 20 million Americans have now applied for
unemployment benefit. World Economic Forum. coronavirus-covid19/" \h
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Sanhi, Dr. Jolly. (2020), In “Impact of COVID-19 on Employee Behavior: Stress and
Coping Mechanism During WFH (Work from Home) Among Service Industry
Employees”
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.20226415v1.full" \l "ref-2
The Economist. (2020, July 11). The Philippines' fierce lockdown drags on, despite
uncertain benefits. Retrieve 03-20-2021
https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/07/11/the-philippines-fiercelockdown-
drags-on-despite-uncertain-benefits.
Vallejo, B. M., & Ong, R. A. C. (2020) Policy responses and government science advice
for the COVID 19 pandemic in the Philippines: January to April 2020. Progress
in Disaster Science, 7, 100115. Retrieve 03-17-2021
Workers assured of gov’t aid-DOLE. Retrieved- 04-03-21.

https://www.dole.gov.ph/php_assets/uploads/2020/07/March.pdf
World Health Organization. (2020, August 16). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Situation Report – 209. Retrieve 03-17-2021
https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200816-
covid- 19-sitrep209.pdf?sfvrsn=5dde1ca2_2
APPENDICES
A. LETTER OF APPROVAL
May 03, 2021
ERMIE LUX L. MATILDO, DBA, DM

Dean- College of Business and Management
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Ma’am:
Greetings!
We, the third year Financial Management Students of Surigao del Sur State University-
Tandag will conduct a research study this second semester of the Academic Year 2020-
2021 entitled: THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON THE WORKING
ENVIRONMENT OF WORKERS IN DEPARTMENT STORES.
Anent to this, we are requesting to your good office for allowing us to conduct a research
study outside the campus peripherals. Rest assured to follow the health protocols imposed
by the Local Government Unit of Tandag City with utmost observation of social
distancing, wearing of facemask, face shield and hand sanitizing.
The researchers will be using these data for the said study that intends to determine and
examine the effects of Covid-19 on the working environment of workers in department
stores.
May this letter merit your positive approval. Thank you for your continuous support. God
bless and more power.
Respectfully yours,
JOAN B. MONTERO LEAH MAE J. CANDIA JAY E. JAMISOLA

BSBA-Researcher BSBA- Researcher BSBA- Researcher
JEFF KENT E. BESAGAS JOWIE T. TUBO

BSBA- Researcher BSBA- Researcher
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Noted by:
LORNA M. LOPIO, MBA JENNILYN C. DOLORIEL, MBA

Research Instructor BSBA Program Coordinator
Recommending Approval:
ROVILYN K. DAGONDON, DBA, DM

Department Chair-DBMG
Approved by:
ERMIE LUX L. MATILDO, DBA, DM DR. NEMESIO LOAYON

Dean- College of Business and Management Campus Director
REQUEST LETTER
March 30, 2021
ROMEL M. ORIBE
Provincial Director
Department of Trade and Industry
Sir:
35
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Greetings!
2021 entitled: COPING MECHANISM OF DEPARTMENT STORE WORKERS IN
TANDAG CITY DURING THE PANDEMIC: MIXED METHOD.
Anent to this, we are requesting to your good office for a data as to the list of the
Department Store currently operating in the locality of Tandag City. The researchers will
be using these data for the said study that intends to determine and examine the coping
mechanism of the department store workers during pandemic.
May this letter merit your positive action and response. Thank you.
Respectfully yours,


Noted by:

April 12, 2021
ROLLY SUAREZ
SIC- Sales Concessioner In Charge
Gaisano Capital- Tandag City
Sir:
Greetings!
36
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
2021 entitled: COPING MECHANISM OF DEPARTMENT STORE WORKERS IN
TANDAG CITY DURING THE PANDEMIC: MIXED METHOD.
Anent to this, we are requesting to your good office for a data as to the list of the number
of employees that the Department Store have during this time of pandemic. The
researchers will be using these data for the said study that intends to determine and
examine the coping mechanism of the department store workers during pandemic.
May this letter merit your positive action and response. Thank you.
Respectfully yours,


Noted by:

B. RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondents,
As a requirement for the subject of Business Research (BAC-7), we would like to request
you to allow us in conducting an evaluation regarding the action research study entitled:
“THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT OF
WORKERS IN DEPARTMENT STORES.” Along this line, the proponents would like
37
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
to humbly request you to answer the following questionnaire. Rest assured that your
answers will be taken confidentially at the same time proper and strictly follow the
Health Protocols imposed by the government. Thank you very much. God Bless you all.
~Researchers
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Put a check (/) on the appropriate box on your

corresponding answer and write your specific answers to the given space if your answers
are not provided in the choices.
I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE:
Name of the Department Store (optional): _________________________
Location of Residence: ____________________ Age: ___________
Status: Years of Working:
B Single B Below 6 mos.
B Married B 6 mos- 1 year
B Widow B 1-2 years

Others, Please Specify:____ Others, Please Specify____
II. Note: PUT CHECK ( /) TO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT ON THE SCALE

PROVIDED AS YOUR BEST ANSWER .
4- Highly Engaged 2- Engaged
3-Moderately Engaged 1-Less Engaged
To What Extent COVID-19 Have Changed The Working Environment In Department

Stores
WORK PRACTICES 4 3 2 1
1. Reorganization of workplace in compliance to health protocols
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
standard
2. Implement health protocols and post posters in the workplace.
3. Customers are provided with basket upon paying their transactions
4. Staff always wear facemask and shield at the workplace
5. Imposed skeletal workforce provided that no work, no pay.
HEALTH AND SANITATION
1. Check staff and customer’s body temperature prior to entering the
premises.
2. Install sanitizing areas within the premises, such as the entrance,
counter, and exit.
3. Conduct disinfection of the workplace after the business hours.
4. Staff always adhere the sanitizing practices at the workplace.
5. Supervisor conduct monitoring of the sanitization practices is
observed at the workplace.
SOCIALIZATION
1. Promotional activities are minimized and less engagement of the
customer
2. Establish social distancing marks in the workplace and in the counter
area.
3. Staff and customer observed social distancing.
4. Staff avoided group conversation at the workplace.
5. Supervisor conduct monitoring on the social distancing is strictly
observed at the work place.
What are your suggestions and recommendation for other workers

:_______________________________________________________________________
C. VALIDATION FORMS
Name of Evaluator :
Degree :
Position :
Number of Years in Teaching/Services :
To the evaluation: Please check the appropriate box for your rating
Point Equivalent 5 -Excellent
4 -Very Good
3 -Good
2 -Fair
1 -Poor
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
1.) Clarity of Direction and items
The vocabulary level, language structure and concept of the questions suit the 3
level of respondents. The test direction and items are written in a clear and
understandable manner.
2.) Presentation/Organizations items 3
The items are organized in logical manner.
3.) Suitability of items
The items appropriately represent the substance of the research. The 3
questions are designed to determine the conditions, knowledge, skills and
attitudes that are supposed to be measured.
4.) Adequateness of items per Category
The items represent the coverage of the research adequately. The number of 3
questions per category is representative enough of all questions needed for
the research.
5.) Attainment of the Purpose
The instrument as a whole fulfills the objectives for which it was constructed. 3
6.) Objectivity
In each item question, there is only one specific answer to measure one 3
behavior and no aspect of the questionnaire suggests bias on the part of the
research.
7.) Scale and Evaluation in Rating System
The scale adopted is appropriate for the items. 3
Remarks: Please refer to the attached document for your reference on the suggested
indicators and scaling.
JAMES Q. GREFALDE, MBA

Signature over Printed Name 5.10.2021, 10:25AM
Suggested Scale
4-Highly engaged
3-Moderately engaged
2-Engaged
1-Less engaged
Suggested Indicators
1. Workplace Practices
1.1. Reorganization of workplace in compliance to health protocols standard
40
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
1.2. Implement health protocols and post posters in the workplace.

1.3. Customers are provided with basket upon paying their transactions
1.4. Staff always wear facemask and shield at the workplace
1.5. Imposed skeletal workforce provided that no work, no pay.
2. Health and sanitation
2.1. Check staff and customer’s body temperature prior to entering the premises
2.2. Install sanitizing areas within the premises, such as the entrance, counter, and
exit. 2.3. Staff always adhere the sanitizing practices at the workplace
2.4. Conduct disinfection of the workplace after the business hours
2.5. Supervisor conduct monitoring of the sanitization practices is observed at the
workplace
3. Socialization
3.1. Promotional activities are minimized and less engagement of the customer
3.2. Establish social distancing marks in the workplace and in the counter area
3.3. Staff and customer observed social distancing
3.4. Staff avoided group conversation at the workplace
3.5. Supervisor conduct monitoring on the social distancing is strictly observed at
the work place.
STATISTICIAN CONSULTATION FORM
TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT

OF WORKERS IN DEPARTMENT STORES
DATE OF CONSULTATION : May 03, 2021
ADVISER : JUDITH J. SANCHEZ, MBA
STATISTICIAN : GUIRLYN L. BANGOY, MST
Distribution of Respondents
Department Stores No. of Workers No. of Respondents
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Gaisano Capital Tandag Department Store 41 32

TT & Campany Inc. New 13 10
Novo 31 24
Fedemart 2 2
V-Guerra 5 4
Yang Xin Shopping Center 12 9
Ming Ming Dry Goods 11 8
Total 115 89
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Upon getting the distribution of the respondents, Sloven Formula was used as
shown below:
N
n=
1+ Ne2
Approved by:
N= Total Respondents
E=Margin of Error (5%) GUIRLYN L. BANGOY, MST

Statistician
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: Joan B. Montero
Address: Poblacion, San Miguel Surigao Del Sur
Birth Place: Poblacion, San Miguel Surigao Del Sur
Birthday: June 06, 1999
Age: 21
Religion: Roman Catholic
Gender: Female
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Citizenship: Filipino
Fathers Name: Eustaquio S. Montero
Mothers Name: Rosa B. Montero
EDUCATION ATTAINMENT
ELEMENTARY: Mabuhay Elementary School-Mabuhay Kadingilan Bukidnon
SECONDARY: San Miguel National High School
Poblacion San Miguel Surigao Del Sur
TERTIARY: Suriago Del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City
COURSE: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
MAJOR: Financial Management
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Leah Mae J. Candia
Address: Bolhoon San Miguel Surigao Del Sur
Birth Place: Bolhoon San Miguel Surigao Del Sur
Birthday: December 26, 1999
Age: 21
Religion: Eastern Catholic
Gender: Female
43
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Fathers Name: Melbert P. Candia
Mothers Name: Leah J. Candia
ELEMENTARY: Bolhoon Elementary School
SECONDARY: Bolhoon National High School
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Jeff Kent E. Besagas
Address: Prk-2, Amag, Bayabas Surigao Del Sur
Birth Place: Amag, Bayabas Surigao Del Sur
Birthday: August 08, 1999
Age: 21
Gender: Male
44
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Fathers Name: Jose L. Besagas
Mothers Name: Evelyn E. Besagas
ELEMENTARY: Amag Elementary School
SECONDARY: Solomon P. Lozada National High School
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Jay E. Jamisola
Address: Prk-3, Balete Bayabas Surigao Del Sur
Birth Place: Cagbuaya Bayabas Surigao Del Sur
Birthday: December 28, 1999
Age: 21
Gender: Male
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Fathers Name: Dominador U. Jamisola
Mothers Name: Irene E. Jamisola
ELEMENTARY: Bayabas Central Elementary School
SECONDARY: Solomon P. Lozada National High School
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Jowie T. Tubo
Address: Prk-1, Capandan Cortes Surigao Del Sur
Birth Place: Capandan Cortes Surigao Del Sur
Birthday: February 20, 1998
Age: 23
Religion: Iglisia Filipina Independente
Gender: Male
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Fathers Name: Romie G. Tubo
Mothers Name: Rosita T. Tubo
ELEMENTARY: Tandag Central Elementary School
SECONDARY: Felisberto Verano National High School
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SCREENSHOTS OF SPSS RESULTS
CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER 3
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DATA FROM DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY AS TO THE LIST

OF REGISTERED STORES/DEPARTMENT SOTRES OPERATING IN
TANDAG CITY
Figure 3.
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
DATA FROM GAISANO CAPITAL TANDAG AS TO THE NUMBERS OF

WORKERS OF DEPARTMENT STORE DURING PANDEMIC
Figure 4.
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
DATA FROM TT & COMPANY INC. OLD AND NEW AS TO THE NUMBERS
OF WORKERS OF DEPARTMENT STORE DURING PANDEMIC
Figure 5.
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
DATA FROM NOVO AS TO THE NUMBERS OF WORKERS OF

DEPARTMENT STORE DURING PANDEMIC
Figure 6.
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Telefax No. 086-214-4221
DATA FROM FEDEMART AS TO THE NUMBERS OF WORKERS OF

Figure 7.
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DATA FROM V-GUERRA AS TO THE NUMBERS OF WORKERS OF

Figure 8.
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DATA FROM YANG XIN SHOPPING CENTER AS TO THE NUMBERS OF

Figure 9.
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DATA FROM MING MING DRY GOODS AS TO THE NUMBERS OF

Figure 10.
58

Final The Effects of Covid-19 On The Working Environment of Workers in Department Stores

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Republic of the Philippines

Surigao del Sur State University

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

of workers in department stores in Tandag City in times of pandemic.

employees. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO, 2020), global

economic activities resulted in underemployment and significant income losses to

employees. In developed countries, there is a massive increase in the number of

Consequently, the way organizational operations were disrupted by the pandemic

demonstrates the ecological approach in understanding crisis situations. Reason why

information of the effects in the working environment of the workers in department

stores amidst pandemic.

livelihood/occupations and their working environment of every workers and hopefully to

framework to understanding human experiences, by examining and relating

organizational responses and individual employee coping behaviors to mitigate the

impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it looked at dependent and

independent organization and self-initiated actions that were perceived as helpful by

following: (i) Emergent Changes in Work Practices; (ii) Presenteeism; (iii)

Ecological perspective has been used in studies on work behaviors (Johnson,

organizational efforts to build organization and employee resilience in disaster situations.

The Effects Of COVID-19

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

This study is anchored the effects of COVID-19 to the working environment of

works, habits and even their daily expenses.

After determining the dependent variables it will be followed by the gathering of

from the respondents will be the last step.

In fulfilling the schematic diagram of both dependent and independent variables

environment of the department stores workers in times of world health crisis.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

COVID-19. More specifically it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of:

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Years of Working

2. To what extent COVID-19 have changed the working environment in department

stores in terms of:

2.1 Emergent Changes in Work Practices

2.2 Health and Sanitation

COVID-19 have changed the working environment in department stores?

4. On the basis of the findings, what proposals/intervention can be proposed?

extents COVID-19 have changed the working environment of workers in department

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

imposed effective protocols to its people.

difficulties difficult situation.

provide them concrete in sight about the specific matter.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is focused in determining the effect of Covid-19 on the working

attrition or downsizing of employees and some department stores strategized to layoff

kills over a thousand of lives around the globe.

spreading, a lot of changes happened unexpectedly.

government to protect oneself against Covid-19 or any diseases that spreads.

Pandemic. It is an epidemic occurring worldwide, or even over a very wide area,

crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people.

Sanitation. It is a practice of an individual for cleanliness and to be healthy. Sanitation

keeping oneself free from viruses.

Socialization. Is the act of ethical approach to the people/costumers. However as

mandated, people are keeping themselves a physical distancing. Socialization in

avoidance of handshaking and any body contact.

them to practice at work.

Working Environment. Used to describe all your surroundings when working, your

physical working environment is, for example, your work tools as well as air, noise and

light. But your working environment also includes the psychological aspects of how

your work is organized and your wellbeing at work.

workers in contributing to job performance standards that meet company guidelines.