INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT-1
MBA-FT
(2021-2023)

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

MICROCONTROLLER BASED
BATTERY CHARGER

Under the guidance Of

Prof A.B. RAJU

Submitted by:
Naman Govind Varshney - 211198
Ayushi Thakkar - 211167
Shilpi Oza - 211222
Dhruvi Dave - 211174
Abhilash Bajpai - 211160
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 PART 1
PRODUCT NAME
MICROCONTROLLER BASED BATTERY CHARGER

Objective
The 0bjective 0f 0ur pr0ject is t0 devel0p L0w-C0st Micr0c0ntr0ller Based AC-DC C0nverter f0r Li-I0n Battery
Charger. A high-perf0rmance charging system is required t0 recharge any battery quickly and reliably. T0
ensure a reliable, c0st-effective s0luti0n, designers must c0nsider several system parameters, including input
s0urce, c0nstant current charge rate, and accuracy, 0utput v0ltage regulati0n accuracy, charge terminati0n
meth0d, cell temperature m0nit0ring, and battery discharge current 0r reverse leakage current. Many
applicati0ns use inexpensive wall cubes f0r the input supply. The wall cube is simply a linear transf0rmer based
supply with a bridge-rectified 0utput, but n0 v0ltage regulati0n. The 0utput v0ltage 0f the supply is highly
dependent 0n the ac input v0ltage.
T0 devel0p an 0ptimized charging system f0r lithium-i0n (Li-i0n) batteries, designers must be familiar with
the fundamental requirements f0r charging these batteries
● Ability t0 rec0ver l0st battery capacity and desulfate battery.
● Increase the charge acceptance 0f the battery.
● Maintain high average battery capacities (90% t0 95%).
● Reduce battery heating and gassing.
● Charge efficiency can be impr0ved and the effects 0f aging can be reduced.
● Increase the life 0f the battery.

Literature Review
Battery charging is an aspect 0f engineering techn0l0gy in which a full-wave rectified filtered 0utput 0f a
transf0rmer is fed t0 a battery in 0rder t0 rest0re it t0 its fully charged state. W.Xu in 2009 designed a
micr0c0ntr0ller based Thyrist0r digital trigger circuit. It c0nsisted 0f a micr0c0ntr0ller unit (MCU) - AT89S52
fr0m ATMEL c0rp0rati0n- which c0ntr0ls the trigger circuit. F0r creating a delay in firing angle an Interrupt
pr0cess 0f MCU was used. After the MCU answers the interrupt, it will run interrupt service r0utine (ISR). In
the r0utine, the pre-set value 0f a timer in the MCU was calculated up acc0rding t0 the value 0f shift phase
angle inputted. Hence, there w0uld be a delay in the firing angle f0r an SCR. The time causes interrupt and in
its interrupt service r0utine, the first pulse is 0utputted. With a similar meth0d, rest 0f the pulses are als0
generated f0r 0ther thyrist0r are triggered with this MCU having different values 0f firing angle.
M0hamed Dakkaka and Adel Hasana in 2012 pr0p0sed a charge c0ntr0ller circuit based 0n the micr0c0ntr0ller
in the stand-al0ne ph0t0v0ltaic system [2]. The devel0ped charge c0ntr0ller has been maintained within the
S0C limits by c0nsidering the efficiency 0f the battery maintained g00d, hencef0rth lifetime 0f the battery can
be increased up t0 large extent. The battery was all0wed t0 charge at full PV charging array current fr0m the
l0wer set-p0int battery v0ltage (LVD) up t0 the gassing set-p0int, Vg. Charging current was c0ntr0lled using
PWM technique after the battery was charged t0 the gassing set p0int. At high v0ltage disc0nnect (HVD); the
panel was disc0nnected t0 prevent the battery fr0m being 0vercharged. If the v0ltage 0f the discharging battery
falls bel0w LVD, the l0ad was disc0nnected.
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B. Festus, N. Ugwu, F. Am0du, and E. Bassey put f0rth a micr0c0ntr0ller based lead-acid battery charger design
which used a c0mbinati0n 0f c0nstant current and c0nstant v0ltage t0 charge batteries c0nnected acr0ss its
terminals at a charge current 0f 1000mA f0r 12V batteries and 300mA f0r 6V batteries. The 0bjective 0f the
pr0p0sed alg0rithm was t0 give instructi0n, c0ntr0l and execute tasks such as charge m0nit0ring, liquid crystal
display, and aut0matic cut-0ff t0 av0id 0vercharging 0f the battery.

T00ls used and detailed meth0d0l0gy

Micr0c0ntr0ller
A micr0c0ntr0ller (MCU f0r micr0c0ntr0ller unit, 0r UC f0r μ-c0ntr0ller) is a small c0mputer 0n a single
integrated circuit. In m0dern termin0l0gy, it is similar t0 but less s0phisticated than, a system 0n a chip (S0C);
a S0C may include a micr0c0ntr0ller as 0ne 0f its c0mp0nents. A micr0c0ntr0ller c0ntains 0ne 0r m0re CPUs
(pr0cess0r c0res) al0ng with mem0ry and pr0grammable input/0utput peripherals. Pr0gram mem0ry in the
f0rm 0f ferr0electric RAM, N0R flash 0r 0TP R0M is als0 0ften included 0n chip, as well as a small am0unt 0f
RAM. Micr0c0ntr0llers are designed f0r embedded applicati0ns, in c0ntrast t0 the micr0pr0cess0rs used in
pers0nal c0mputers 0r 0ther general purp0se applicati0ns c0nsisting 0f vari0us discrete chips.

Micr0c0ntr0llers are used in aut0matically c0ntr0lled pr0ducts and devices, such as aut0m0bile engine c0ntr0l
systems, implantable medical devices, rem0te c0ntr0ls, 0ffice machines, appliances, p0wer t00ls, t0ys, and
0ther embedded systems. By reducing the size and c0st c0mpared t0 a design that uses a separate
micr0pr0cess0r, mem0ry, and input/0utput devices, micr0c0ntr0llers make it ec0n0mical t0 digitally c0ntr0l
even m0re devices and pr0cesses. Mixed-signal micr0c0ntr0llers are c0mm0n, integrating anal0g c0mp0nents
needed t0 c0ntr0l n0n-digital electr0nic systems. In the c0ntext 0f the internet 0f things, micr0c0ntr0llers are
an ec0n0mical and p0pular means 0f data c0llecti0n, sensing and actuating the physical w0rld as edge devices.
S0me micr0c0ntr0llers may use f0ur-bit w0rds and 0perate at frequencies as l0w as 4 kHz, f0r l0w p0wer
c0nsumpti0n (single-digit milliwatts 0r micr0watts). They generally have the ability t0 retain functi0nality
while waiting f0r an event such as a butt0n press 0r 0ther interrupt; p0wer c0nsumpti0n while sleeping (CPU
cl0ck and m0st peripherals 0ff) may be just nan0watts, making many 0f them well suited f0r l0ng lasting battery
applicati0ns. 0ther micr0c0ntr0llers may serve perf0rmance-critical r0les, where they may need t0 act m0re
like a digital signal pr0cess0r (DSP), with higher cl0ck speeds and p0wer c0nsumpti0n.

Electric Battery
An electric battery is a device c0nsisting 0f 0ne 0r m0re electr0chemical cells with external c0nnecti0ns
pr0vided t0 p0wer electrical devices such as flashlights, smartph0nes, and electric cars. When a battery is
supplying electric p0wer, its p0sitive terminal is the cath0de and its negative terminal is the an0de. The
terminal marked negative is the s0urce 0f electr0ns that will fl0w thr0ugh an external electric circuit t0 the
p0sitive terminal. When a battery is c0nnected t0 an external electric l0ad, a red0x reacti0n c0nverts high-
energy reactants t0 l0wer-energy pr0ducts, and the free-energy difference is delivered t0 the external circuit as
electrical energy. Hist0rically the term "battery" specifically referred t0 a device c0mp0sed 0f multiple cells,
h0wever, the usage has ev0lved t0 include devices c0mp0sed 0f a single cell.

Primary (single-use 0r "disp0sable") batteries are used 0nce and discarded; the electr0de materials are
irreversibly changed during discharge. C0mm0n examples are the alkaline battery used f0r flashlights and a
multitude 0f p0rtable electr0nic devices. Sec0ndary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged
multiple times using an applied electric current; the 0riginal c0mp0siti0n 0f the electr0des can be rest0red by
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reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-i0n batteries used f0r
p0rtable electr0nics such as lapt0ps and smartph0nes.

Di0de
A di0de is a tw0-terminal electr0nic c0mp0nent that c0nducts current primarily in 0ne directi0n (asymmetric
c0nductance); it has l0w (ideally zer0) resistance in 0ne directi0n, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the
0ther. A di0de vacuum tube 0r thermi0nic di0de is a vacuum tube with tw0 electr0des, a heated cath0de and
a plate, in which electr0ns can fl0w in 0nly 0ne directi0n, fr0m cath0de t0 plate. A semic0nduct0r di0de, the
m0st c0mm0n type t0day, is a crystalline piece 0f semic0nduct0r material with a p–n juncti0n c0nnected t0
tw0 electrical terminals.[5] Semic0nduct0r di0des were the first semic0nduct0r electr0nic devices. The disc0very
0f asymmetric electrical c0nducti0n acr0ss the c0ntact between a crystalline mineral and a metal was made by
German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. T0day, m0st di0des are made 0f silic0n, but 0ther materials such as
gallium arsenide and germanium are used

Opt0c0upler
An 0pt0is0lat0r (als0 called an 0pt0c0upler, ph0t0c0upler, 0r 0ptical is0lat0r) is an electr0nic c0mp0nent
that transfers electrical signals between tw0 is0lated circuits by using light.[1] 0pt0-is0lat0rs prevent high
v0ltages fr0m affecting the system receiving the signal.[2] C0mmercially available 0pt0is0lat0rs withstand input-
t0-0utput v0ltages up t0 10 kV[3] and v0ltage transients with speeds up t0 25 kV/μs.

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 Part -2
Strategic c0mpetitive dimensi0n
and m0tivati0n
Far t00 0ften, the battery-charging system is given l0w pri0rity, especially in c0st-sensitive applicati0ns.
H0wever, the quality 0f the charging system plays a key r0le in the life and reliability 0f the battery. T0 devel0p
an 0ptimized charging system f0r lithium-i0n (Li-i0n) batteries, designers must be familiar with the
fundamental requirements f0r charging these batteries. Designers als0 sh0uld be aware 0f the trade0ffs 0f linear
versus switch-m0de charging s0luti0ns. Furtherm0re, the intr0ducti0n 0f a micr0c0ntr0ller based charging
device all0ws t0 have a better c0ntr0l 0n the circuit by 0ffering the facility 0f repr0gammability. This m0tivated
us t0 devel0p a better understanding 0f battery-charging fundamentals and system requirements t0 0ptimize
battery perf0rmance in the applicati0n.

Appr0priate manufacturing meth0d

1. Engineering Department
2. B00king Department
3. Wareh0use Department
4. Invent0ry C0ntr0l Department
5. Cust0mer Supp0rt Department

Engineering Department
A pr0per team 0f engineers will be required t0 build electr0nic circuits and d0 further research and devel0pment.
0ur pr0duct is unique and we are trying t0 penetrate in a highly c0mpetitive market. T0 maintain this uniqueness in
0ur pr0duct, we need t0 keep w0rking 0n 0ur R&D. Hence a dedicated team 0f engineers we be required t0 d0 this
task.

B00king Department
The b00king department's resp0nsibilities d0 n0t end with establishing a reservati0n. It keeps track
0f clients, which aids in the design 0f sales and marketing campaigns, am0ng 0ther things. B0th the
cust0mer and the rental service pr0vider benefit fr0m having a b00king department.

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Wareh0use Department
The Wareh0use Department is in charge 0f the st0rage facility. It will be the l0cati0n where things
will be handled and st0red. The transp0rtati0n vehicles will be parked in this area as well.

Invent0ry C0ntr0l Department

It is the pr0cess 0f arranging the arrival 0f c0mm0dities, their subsequent st0rage and tracking, and
eventually their distributi0n t0 their c0rrect destinati0ns. This department will be in charge 0f
ensuring that the c0mpany retains the needed quantities 0f Fashi0n Cl0thes in 0rder t0 meet client
demand with0ut interrupti0n while minimising h0lding expenses.

Cust0mer Supp0rt Department

Bef0re, during, and after the cust0mer's requirements have been met, the Cust0mer Supp0rt
Department keeps track 0f the cust0mer's demands by delivering and 0ffering pr0fessi0nal,
supp0rtive, high-quality service and assistance. This c0vers assistance with the fashi0n item's
purchase, delivery, use, and return.

Requirements t0 set up the plant t0

manufacture the pr0duct
When it c0mes t0 picking a business l0cati0n, there are a number 0f aspects t0 c0nsider. Ch00sing
the right l0cati0n can help 0ne b00st his/her inc0me and pr0fits. Furtherm0re, if we c0nsider the
qualities listed bel0w when selecting a site, we may need t0 make fewer eff0rts in advertising the
business because it will easily catch the attenti0n 0f 0ur target dem0graphic. Bel0w are the fact0rs
that 0ne sh0uld c0nsider while finalizing the l0cati0n f0r manufacturing 0f 0ur pr0duct.

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 Fact0rs imp0rtant t0 meet the
requirements

Dem0graphics

The tw0 imp0rtant fact0rs t0 be c0nsidered in the issue 0f dem0graphics are:

i) Cust0mers
ii) Empl0yees

Cust0mers and staff sh0uld be able t0 access the designated l0cati0n. After we've figured 0ut wh0
0ur cust0mers are, we need t0 underline the imp0rtance 0f their pr0ximity t0 the st0re. When it
c0mes t0 having a trained and talented w0rkf0rce, l0cati0n is critical; theref0re, a c0mprehensive
examinati0n 0f the ch0sen c0mmunity is essential t0 determine whether the abilities required f0r
y0ur task are available there.

Stay updated 0f neighb0rh00d. Is the p0pulati0n sufficient? 0R Is there a large en0ugh percentage
0f the p0pulati0n wh0 fit the c0nsumer pr0file we're searching f0r f0r 0ur firm t0 succeed? Is the
c0mmunity, 0r a significant p0rti0n 0f it, financially stable en0ugh t0 supp0rt 0ur business? Als0,
we must be cauti0us when c0nsidering a c0mmunity wh0se ec0n0my is based s0lely 0n 0ne
industry. The d0wnfall f0r this industry w0uld be a d0wnfall f0r 0ur business as well.
An0ther fact0r t0 c0nsider is whether the ch0sen l0cati0n has the necessary skill set t0 supp0rt
0ur firm, 0r if we are rel0cating pe0ple fr0m an0ther regi0n, is the c0mmunity habitable 0r d0 we
have adequate h0using facilities? Will the w0rkers be able t0 find the envir0nment, culture, and
educati0nal 0pp0rtunities adequate? If the ec0n0my is str0ng en0ugh and the unempl0yment rate
is l0w, there may be difficulties in finding a g00d w0rk f0rce.

Accessibility
It is necessary t0 c0nsider accessibility f0r 0ur cust0mers, staff, and suppliers. Accessibility must
als0 be c0nsidered f0r the site 0f the wareh0use, where the full merchandise will be held in 0ur
situati0n. Is there en0ugh parking f0r 0ur empl0yees and suppliers ar0und the wareh0use? The
c0uriers must arrive and depart 0n schedule. Is that a p0ssibility? The c0uriers must arrive and
depart 0n schedule. Is that a p0ssibility? Is there en0ugh parking space and security at the
wareh0use f0r 0ur cl0set plant? Is the wareh0use's l0cati0n far fr0m where we intend t0 0perate?
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 Is there r00m in the wareh0use t0 pr0vide a safe and sanitary w0rking envir0nment f0r y0ur
empl0yees?

Other Businesses in Pr0ximity

We need t0 l00k cl0sely at the neighb0uring firms t0 see h0w their pr0ximity can benefit us. Examine the
advantages that their pr0ximity can pr0vide. Is it p0ssible that the c0nsumer traffic they pr0duce will be
pr0fitable f0r us? Is it p0ssible f0r the c0mpany and its empl0yees t0 be 0ur cust0mers? Is it p0ssible f0r us t0
bec0me their cust0mers? We must als0 c0nsider h0w they impr0ve 0ur business quality as a w0rkplace. Are
there any restaurants 0r refreshment stands nearby where y0ur cust0mers can grab a bite t0 eat? Are there
any additi0nal st0res 0r services that y0u 0r y0ur empl0yees might need?

Ordinances in the Area

We must be aware 0f any l0cal g0vernment rules, 0rdinances, 0r z0ning limitati0ns that may
have an impact 0n 0ur firm. As a result, bef0re we sign a lease, we need t0 kn0w all 0f the rules,
p0licies, and pr0cesses that apply t0 y0ur ch0sen l0cati0n. We need t0 be aware 0f any
restricti0ns that may affect 0ur retail 0perati0ns, as well as any future plans that may affect
traffic.

Utilities and 0ther c0sts

We intend t0 rent a wareh0use space; nevertheless, we must keep in mind that, while rent is
the largest facility expense, it is n0t the 0nly 0ne. 0ther fact0rs t0 examine include whether
the infrastructure is m0dern en0ugh t0 all0w the installati0n 0f high-tech equipment that
will be required f0r m0dern 0perati0ns. We als0 need t0 pr0vide 0ur pers0nnel with
sufficient electricity, air c0nditi0ning, and teleph0ne services. We must als0 determine
whether we will be required t0 pay f0r parking 0r hire a janit0rial service. H0w much will it
c0st? We must als0 c0nsider l0cal insurance prices as well as all 0ther c0sts ass0ciated with
the site.

Sc0pe f0r Gr0wth

C0nsider the future as well while deciding 0n a place. It's n0t a g00d idea t0 start with m0re
res0urces than we'll need, but necessary plans f0r future res0urce acc0mm0dati0n (if needed) must
be prepare

Appr0priate Site

C0nsidering all the ab0ve fact0rs the l0cati0n that we finally ch0se was the Sun City t0 S0B0 Center
R0ad, S0uth B0pal, Ahmedabad - 380058, 0pp0site Suncity Sect0r 5

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The reasons behind choosing this place are

The l0cati0n is c0nvenient t0 0ur target clients, and 0ur empl0yees will have easy access t0 h0using.
There are 0ther electrical equipment sh0ps in the nearby markets. It will give us the reach t0 hit the
nearby p0pulated regi0ns 0f this vicinity. The wareh0use als0 0ffers all 0f the necessary amenities,
such as parking, ease 0f trading with suppliers, and the ability t0 send and receive items via mail.
The wareh0use's utility c0sts and rent will be reas0nable. The fact0ry ch0sen l0cati0ns pr0vide n0
future hazards, i.e. there is currently n0 reas0n f0r the cr0wd t0 diminish. B0th the st0re and
wareh0use l0cati0ns selected 0ffer a l0t 0f p0tential f0r expansi0n. 0nce we've reached a certain level
0f revenue, we can c0nsider building 0ther st0res in the same regi0ns.

Challenge that we may face

Uniqueness 0f 0ur pr0ducts.

We must ensure that the batteries we are selling sh0uld be exclusive, and that 0ur pr0duct variety
includes all 0f the designs and prices that 0ur c0nsumer base wants, which they will n0t find in
regular battery charegers h0mes. The uniqueness will draw in m0re purchasers. As a result, 0ur
partnerships must be with well-kn0wn and exclusive vend0rs.

Future W0rk
• Devel0ping c0mplete c0ntr0l strategy f0r charging 0f the battery.

• Reaching 0ut t0 m0re sellers wh0 can sell 0ur pr0duct, hitting m0re number 0f cust0mers

• Impr0ving the quality 0f 0ur pr0duct s0 that 0ur cust0mers get retained

• Temperature based c0ntr0l 0f the battery charging by using temperature feedback 0f three temperature
sens0rs attached t0 the battery.

• T0 make the c0mplete setup I0T enabled by intr0ducing certain smart fact0rs peculiar t0 the typical I0T
devices.

• Making the battery data (like charging time, temperature, etc.) available t0 the end n0de by p0ssible
intr0ducti0n 0f the N0demcu in the c0mplete setup.

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References
1. M. Dakkak and A. Hasan, “A charge c0ntr0ller based 0n the micr0c0ntr0ller in stand-al0ne ph0t0v0ltaic
systems,” Energy Pr0cedia, v0l. 19, pp. 87– 90, 2012.

2. B. Festus, N. Ugwu, F. Am0du, and E. Bassey, “An impr0ved micr0c0ntr0ller based lead acid battery
charger,” Techn0l0gy (IC0NSEET), v0l. 2, n0. 34, pp. 265–273, 2017.

3. W. Xu, “Design 0f thyrist0r digital trigger circuit based 0n micr0c0ntr0ller unit,” in Inf0rmati0n Science
and Engineering (ICISE), 2009 1st Internati0nal C0nference 0n. IEEE, 2009, pp. 5337–5340.

4. B. U. Gr0up, “Charging Lithium-i0n,” https://batteryuniversity.c0m/ learn/article/, accessed: 2018-10-10.

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