UNIT-V Shear Strength of Soils 5.1 Shear Strength of Soil Q.4 Define the shear strength of soil. Ans. deformation, it’s value is equal to the shear stress on It is the resistance offered by soil against shear critical plane. + In simple word, she as the maximum res before the failure strength of a soil may be defined ance offered by shear stresses + The critical plane is that plane on which resultant s has maximum angle of obliquity with the normal of that plane, sir 5.2 Mohr-Coulomb Theory Q.2 What is the mohr-coulomb theory of failure? [INTU : Nov.-15, Marks 5, March-17, Marks 2] ‘Ans,; Mohr-coulomb failure criterion : + Coulomb observed that one component of the shearing strength cohesion (or apparent cohesion) for a given soil and is independent of applied stress. called intrinsic is constant + The other component, namely the frictional resistance, varies directly as the magnitude of the normal stress on the plane of rupture + Coulomb equation is written as, % = C+otang Where 1, = Shear strength of soil C = Apparent cohesion S = Normal stress on plane of rupture Mohr-coulomb failure criteria can be expressed in the form of. 1 op = C+ Opp tan 0 Also, angle of failure can be expressed in the term of iance ¢. = 45° +672 angle of shearing resist 6, + The strength envelope will be tangential to any Mohr cirele at failure as follows Fig.0.24 Based on values of shear strength parameters, soil can be classitied as 1) Cohesive soit 2) Cohesionless soil 3) Purely cohesive soil + The strength envelops for the three cases are shown in Fig, 2.2, case 1c -9 sol case2 c=0Soil Mechamtcs ‘Shear Strength of Solis cases 4x0 Fig.0.22 Q.3 Discuss the characteristics of Mohr's circle. 1 (INTU : Dec-16, Marks 2) ‘Ans. : Characteristics of Mohr's circ = Major poneipal wire \ fos Major principal plane © Fig. 0.3.4 + There are three mutually perpendicular planes at any stressed point on which no shearing stresses act, which fare known as principal planes. The stresses acting on these planes are called major principle stress (o;) minor principle stress (:) and intermediate principle stress (02) When ‘a,’ and *0;’ are known, shown on any plane AB inclined at angle ‘@” The normal stress ‘o” is plotted on x-axi stress °T' is plotted on y-axis, and shear + The centre of circle is at C [4 0 and radius is ¢ 21) z Q.4 Explain in short important of shear strength of soil. Ans, : importance of shear strength of soll: + The knowledge of shear strength is very important some of the uses are provided below : 1. In the design of foundations the evaluation of beating capacity is dependent on the shear strength. For the design of embankment for dams, roads, pavements, excavations, levees etc, The analysis of the stability of the slope is done using shear strength, In the design of earth retaining structures like retaining walls, sheetpile, coffer dams, bulks heads, and other underground structures ete, + The shear strength of a soil mass is essentially made up of 1. Due to the interlocking of the grains the structural resistance of the movement of the soil is very essential, Il, An other important component is the frictional resistance between the individual soil grains at their contact point on sliding IIL The resistance due to the forces which hold the particles together or the cohesion. Q.5 Discuss skepmpton’s pore pressure parameters. EP [March-17, Marks 5] Ans, : + Skempton’s gave the pore pressure parameters which express the response of pore pressure due to change in the total stresses under undrained conditi + These parameters are used to predict pore water pressure in the field under similar conditions. + Ifa soil specimen is subjected to triaxial incremental stresses Ao,, Ao, and Ao, (Ao, = Ac.) it results in aSoil Mechanics 3 Shoar Strength of Soils volume decrease AV, and a consequent increase in pore pi The pore pressure increase may be expressed by ‘Skempton pore pressure equation as under AU = BiAa, + A(Ao, ~ Ao,)] ssure of AU. -() B and A are known as Skempton’s pore pressure parameters For saturated soils B= 1, B= 0 for S, = 0. The A parameter depends on the stress history and strain The values of A and B parameters may be used to predict pore pressure in the field. 4 au 4 B= io, AU, = AB(Aa, ~ Aa,)= A (Ao, ~ Ao.) au A =X, Ao, + The parameter B is determined by measuring AU, due to change in cell pressure Ao, Then AU, ao. B= ha, + The parameter A is determined when AU, measured during, when deviator stress (9,) is applied at constant cell pressure AU, __] . + Thon A= AB= 55g knowing Band A. can i a be computed, I I 5.3 Shear Strength Parameters and ‘ 49;~ 05 , Determination Q6 Explain direct shear test and unconfined compression test. EB NTU : Novn15, Dec-16, Marks 5] Ans.: 1) Direct shear test : + This is oldest shear test, still in use, quite simple to oman perform. Fig. 5.1 + The soil specimen to be tested, is confined in a metal Determination of A and B : + In an undrained triaxial test stress changes are usually made in two changes, ‘A) An increase in the cell pressure Ac, resulting in an all round change in the stress. B) An increase in the axial load resulting ina change in the deviator stress AG, = (AG, ~ AG). Let U, be the change in the pore pressure during the first stage and AU, be the change in pore pressure . Then when deviators stress is applic AU = AU, +AU, @) By comparing equation (1) and (2) we get AU, = Baa, because or square cross-section that is split into two halves horizontally, @ small clearance being maintained between the two halves of the box. This testis also called shear box test. There is no control over drainage condition and no ‘mechanism to measure pore pressure, Hence this test is preferred for drained condition (CD), Also a constant shear strain rate of 1,25 mm/min applied. Two type of app which the shear stress is controlled and the other in tion of shear are possible : one in which the shear strain is controlled, Generally, shear is applied at constant rate of strain,Soll Mechanics + Normal stress and shear on the failure plane are obtained by dividing the normal force and the shear resistance of the soil is recorded by proving ring dial gauge at failure. © Values of shear stress at failure are plotted against effective stress for each test, The shear strength parameter C and are obtained from the best fit straight Line through the points Mohr’ falture ‘envelope Fig. 6.41 ‘Advantages : 1) 3) No need of technical skill imple and quick 2) Apparatus is cheaper Disadvantages : 1) Itis useful only for freely draining soils like sand. 2) Drainage condition cannot be controlled and pore ‘water pressure cannot be measured. Fig. Q.6.2 Direct shear test 3) Unconfined compression test : + It is a special case of triaxial test in which confining pressure is zero. It means only deviator or shear stress is applied. 4 Shear Strength of Soils + Since the specimen is laterally unconfined, the test is known as unconfined compression test. + The axial or vertical compressive stress is the major principal stress and the other two principal stresses are ze10. + Since there is no cell pressure, no rubber membrane required. Therefore, without rubber membrane, sand and dry soils cannot be held in position, Hence this test is applicable for saturated clay and silts + This test cannot be conducted on coarse grained soils such as sands and gravels + Ifaxial force at failure is P, then a de = AF The axial stress at failure is called unconfined compressive strength since confining pressure, 0, hence Let *q,” be the unconfined compressive strength 4 = (6), = (0) (45 +8) +20 aan[as +3] 1 Using, 6, = 05 ai 6, = 2ctan [45 +02] [+ 0, 4, = 2ctan [45 +62] For frictionless soils ic. for clays (= 0) 4, = 2etan 45° Hence shear strength for clays 4 =erotang=c+0=> In this test 0, = 0 and (0,), = (G,)- Therefore there is a ‘unique Mohr circle which passes through origin.Soll Mechanics Deformation dial gouge {a) The unconfined compression tester oa, jor a {b) Fig. @.6.3 Unconfined compression test, Q.7 Explain Triaxial shear test and vane shear test. B&F [NTU : Dec.-17, May-18, Marks 5] ‘Ans. : 1) Triaxial compression test : This test was introduced by ‘C” ‘Terzaghis in 1936, . ysagrande and In this test, specimen is compressed by applying all the three principal stresses, 6,, 6, and 6,. ‘Thus, soil specimen used in the test is cylindrical in shape with length 2 to 2.5 times the diameter. + Iteonsist, 1) Triaxial cell Shear Strength of Soils 2) Loading frame with accessories for applying gradually increasing axial load on specimen as constant rate of strain 3) Provision for measuring axial force and axial displacement, 4) Constant pressure system to apply and maintain constant cell pressure, 5) Pore pressure measuring apparatus, 6) Volume change gauge. + The soil specimen is kept inside the triaxial cell with porous plates at top and bottom, + The loading cap is placed on top porous plat. Fig. .7.4 Triaxial coll ‘The specimen is enclosed in the rubber membrane to prevent its contact with the cell fluid. After filling the cell with fluid required, cell pressure is, applied by means a constant pressure system, ‘The additional axial force called the deviator force is applied through the phinger and the deviator force corresponding to different axial deformation at regular intervals is noted. ‘The test continues until the specimen fails. If the test continuous even after 20 % strain, it may be stopped and failure point defined at desired strain level upto 20 %.Soil Mechanics 5-6 ‘Shear Stngth of Sos + The deviator stress 0, at any state of the test is given by wal zerepsanss a? Deviator force Corrected area of cross-section of specimen at that stage, when axial compression is AL and change in volume is AV and L, = Initial length of specimen We have initial volume VAL, and volume at any stage of compression (V+ AV) = A(L, + AL) vt+av = Vctav. A= TAL ‘# In the case of undrained test on saturated s € = Axial strain at the stage + After finding deviator stress, at failure, we have major principal stresses at failure 6, = (0, + 6,) with this set of (6,, 0) values, mohr circle at failure is drawn, 6, acts all round the specimen Fig. 7.2 Further, in the triaxial compression test on cylindrical soil specimen we have, 9, = 9, Te (oy- BH +4 Fig. 0.7.3 ‘Advantages : 1) There is complete control over the drainage condition. Test can be easily conducted for all three types of drainage condition. 2) Pore pressure changes and the volumetric changes can be measured directly. 3) The stress distribution on the failure plane is uniform. 4) The specimen is free to fail on the weakest plane. Disadvanta 1) The apparatus is elaborate, costly and bulky, 2) The drained test takes a longer petiod as compared with that in a direct shear test. 3) The consolidation of the specimen in the test is isotropic, whereas in the field, the consolidation is generally anisotropic 2) Vane shear test : + The vane shear test is used to determine the undrained shear strength of soils especially for soft soils like clay. + The test ean be performed in laboratory or in the field directly and provide accurate results for soi shear strength, ined shear strength of nor saturated clay. + Itapparatus required for vane shear test. 1, Vane shear apparatus consisting steel rod to which, four steel vanes are fixed at right angles. 2. Soil specimen container 3, Vernier callipersSoil Mechanics ‘Shar Stength of Soils Procedure : + The vane apparatus is cleaned properly and then grease is applied to the lead screw for the smooth movement of handles. + The soil specimen is taken in the container of 75 mm height and 37.5 mm jameter, then soil is levelled from the top and mounted on the container on the base of vane shear test apparatus using screws provided. + The vane is gradually towered into the soit specimen until the depth of vane is 10-20 mm from the top of soil specimen, and the reading of pointer on circular graduated seale is noted. * Then the vane from inside is rotated using torque applying handle at a rate of 0.1" per second, + The strain indicator pointer move backwards on the circular graduated soil, when the specimen fails at which the test to be stopped and final reading of the pointer to be noted. + The difference of initial and final reading is calculated which gives angle of torque + The procedure is repeated for two more soil specimens, Then the average shear strength value is calculated, which is given by, “lr Where, D ~ diameter of vane H—Height of vane T— Torque =< ———SPring constant __ ‘orque = 780 [Initial reading — Final reading] Torque and angular displacement scale 4 K handle to apply torque |__— sei sampie A" Fig. 7.4 Applied Torque T ed oylindoricl ‘surface with ‘tees = Cy, ‘at maximum torque 65 % and loose if <35.% + The influence of relative density on the behaviour of saturated sand can be seen from the plots or CD test performed at the same effective confirming stress + For the dense sand sample, the deviator stress reaches at peak at a low value of axial strain and then drops down, whereas for the loose sand sample, the de stress builds up gradually with axial strain Rar aean Devater Te 7 asta ‘ o Danes sand Shear atain @ Fig. Q.10.1 Stress-strain versus volume change curves from triaxial test on sand (CD tests) + The behaviour of the medium sample is in between. + All samples approach the same ultimate condition of shear stress and void ratio, irrespective of the initial density. + The denser sample attains higher peak angle of shearing resistance in between. + Initially dense sample expands or dilate when shared and initially loose sample compress. Pore prossure Vs Axial strain + The shape of the curve is similar to that obtained in consolidated-drained test. + In a consolidated-undrained test, there is an increase in the pore water pressure throughout for loose sand. + However, in the case of dense sand, the pore water pressure in increases at low strains but at large strains it becomes negative,Soil Mechanics 5-10 Shear Strength of Sots 1 Normally consolidated clay (Loose sand) av =) — over consolidated clay (Dense sand) Fig. 0.10.2 Q.11 Explain about drainage conditions in Triaxial tests. EE [NTU : Nov.-15, Marks 5) Ans. : The drainage conditions in Triaxial tests a explained as follows : + The drainage conditions occur when the rate at which loads applied are slow compared to rates at which soil, ‘material can drain (j.c, k~ dependent), + As sands drain fast compared to other types of soils, so under most loading conditions, drained conditions, exist in sands. + But in cases of pile driving, earthquake loading in fine sands, the drained conditions donot exist in sands, + The drainage does not occur quickly in clays, therefore excess pore water pressure does not dissipate quickly. + Therefore in clays the short term shear strength may correspond to undrained conditions. ‘+ The long term shear strength is estimated even in clays, assuming drained conditions © When then sno change in pore water pressure due to external loading in such case drained conditions occur. + In drained condition, the pore water can drain out of soil easily, causing volumetric strains in the soil. Q.12 Discuss about shear strength of sands. 1 [NTU : Nov.-15, Marks 5) Ans. : Shear strength of soils * The sands are generally sheared under drained conditions as they has relatively higher permeability. + The shear strength of cohesionless soil i.e, sand is represented by following equation, y= C+o;tang — where, C=0 = ortang Where, t) = Shear stress at failure plane oF ® C = Cohesion intercept in terms of total Total normal stress at failure plane Friction angle in terms of total stresses stresses ‘The friction angle get influenced by the state of compaction and the void ratio of the soil. The friction angle increases with decr sing the void ratio i.e. increasing the density (not linearly). + The angular grains interlock more effectively compared to rounded ones thereby causing larger friction angle. + The grain size distribution of sand influence the friction angle. The dense well graded sand normally cause higher friction angle compared to dense uniform size sand. + The characteristies of dry and saturated sands are same for the applied condition when the excess pore water pressure is zero in case of saturated sands, + The shear strength can get altered with change in pore pressures of sand which is given by, 1) = (6-u) tan =6- tang Where, 6 = Effective stress Pore-water pressure © When the pore water pressure approach ‘o’, shear strength becomes zero which further causes impending, instability slope failures, boiling, + The fluctuation in the water table causes commonly significant variations in the pore stress and shear strength of the soilSoll Mechanics 3-1 Shear Strength of Soils 4 Strength Envelope Q.13 Explain strength envelope. Ans. Strength envelope : ‘The soil strength is evaluated from the shear strength. It is done with the soil sample for estimating the shear strength, ‘When the vane shear test is done using the soil sample, the soil sample will fail, ‘The failed sample will determine its shear strength on the failure plane. This failure plane is the plane on. which the maximum shear stress exists. The failure plane is measured in the lab through the application of principal stress by means of triaxial test in the laboratory. ‘The known parameters of the principal stresses are used to determine the plane of failure, with the parameters of the principal stress, the mohr cit the stress te for failure is drawn, The data regarding the principal stress value from different test made on the different samples is used to draw the series of mohr circles. The intercept line is drawn touching the entire circle ‘and goes tangentially over them. This series of mohr circles are joined tangentially, which is called the strength envelope. The Fig. Q.13.1 below shows the strength envelope represented as drawn over the mohr circle, The circle numbers I, Il and IIT represents the number of sample. Fig. 0.13.4 + Iftest result give a mohr circle that will go above the strength envelope, the sample will fail. No failure can occur in case of the circle lying below the strength envelope, + The equation of the strength envelope is written as below C+ortang Where, t) = Shear stress on failure plane Normal stress on failure plane Appearent cohesion = Intemal friction angle 5.5 Dilatancy Q.14 Define dilatancy. EB [INTU : Nov.-15, Maye18, Marks 2] Ans. : Dilataney : + Tis the volume change observed in granular materials when they are subjected to shear deformations. + Unlike most other solid materials, the tendency of a compacted dense granular material is to dilate (expand in volume) as it is sheared, + This occurs because the grains in a compacted state are interlocking and therefore do not have the freedom to move around one another. + Itisa common feature of the soils and sands. Q.15 Explain liquefaction. E&P [INTU : May-18, Marks 3] Ans. : Liquefaction : + The phenomenon in which the strength and stiffiness of soil get reduced due to earthquake shaking or other rapid loading is called liquefaction, + It generally occurs in saturated soils in which sj between individual particles is completely filled with water. This water exerts pressure on the soil particles hh influence the pressing of the particles together tightly.Soil Meckanics + Due to liquefaction, the strength of soil decreases and reduces the ability of a soil deposit to support foundations for buildings and bridges. © The liquified soil exerts higher pressure on retaining walls, which can cause them to tilt or slide. 5.6 Critical Void Ratio Q.16 Define critical void ratio. BG [INTU : Nov.n15, Marks 2, Dec.-17, May-18, Marks 3] Ans. : Critical void ratio : + An increase or decrease of volume means change in the void ratio of soil, defines critical void ratio. = The nature of the change of the void ratio with strain for loose and dense sand is shown in Fig. Q.16.1 Loose sand Void ratio Critical void ratio Strain Fig. Q.16.4 : Definition of critical void ratio 5.7 Numericals Q.17 In an unconfined compression test, a sample of 7.5 em long and 3.5 cm in diameter fails under a load of 90 KN at 10 % strain. Compute the unconfined compressive strength and shear strength of the sample. BG NTU: Nov.-15, Marks 5] Ans.: Given; d = 35cm t= 75cm p= 90N Shear Strength of Soil © = 10% =0.10 The initial cross-sectional area is given by, x Ay = Gxd 4xG5) Ay = 9.02 The cross sectional area at failure is given by, Ay 9.62 8 1-010 A, = 10.69 em? i) The unconfined compressive strength of the sample i ssiven by. 90 £10.69 f, = 8.419 N/em’ ii) The shear strength at failure is given by, }xsaig f= 4.21 Nicm a=b=4.21 N/em* Shear stress Nem Normal sess Niem™ Fig. 17.4 Q.18 For a normally consolida of a drained triaxial te: pressure = 112 kN/m’, Deviator stress at failure 175 kN/m’, Find the normal stress, ‘o’ and the shea ‘stress ‘t’ on the failure plane. Ans. : Given : 04 = 175 kN/m?Soil Mechnties 13 Shear Strengts of Sls 6, = 112K 03 = G.= 12 KN/m? G)= 6, + 6 = 175 + 112 = 287 KNim? We know that, sing = ceato+( C= 0, for normal consolidated clay, @) o sme aT 2 Sing = 0.439 @ = 26.01° no =| P56 0 = tan '(1.6) @ = 58° The normal stress is given by, 0, = (25%) + (25%) cox 20) 2 ) 22) ow axsey Oy = 161.143 kN/m? 12 The shear stress is given by, t (252) sin20 -@ ? 12) sin 2x 58°) 1 = 78.64 KN/m? Q.19 The effective stress shear strength parameters of a completely saturated clay are : C’ = 30 kNim’, ¢ = 35°, A sample of this clay was tested in U-U test under a cell pressure of 200 kN/m* and the principal stress difference at failure was 110 kN/m*, What was the value of pore water pressure at failure ? Ans. C= 30 kN y= 35° Cell pressure, 0 = 200 kN/m? Given: Principal stress difference = 110 kN/m? ie. 6,0) = HO KN/n? 4.6) ~65 = (6 -u)~(6,—u) = (6, ~9,) = LO KN/m ca) (6, -0,) = (0, +01) sino’ + 2c" cos o 110 = (6, + 6%) sin 35° + 2.(30) cos (35°) 110 = 0,576 (6, + 0,)+ 49.15 60.85 = 0,576 (0, + 01) (6, +01) = 105.64 2) From Equation (1) and (2), o,-0, = 110 01 +0, = 105.64 0, = 107.82 kN/m? ©, = 2.18 KNA The pore water pressure at failure is given by, u=o,-6, = 200-218 u = 197.82 kN/m? Q.20 In an insitu vane shear test on a saturated clay, a torque of 35 Nm was required to shear the soil. The diameter of the vane was 50 mm and length 100 mm. Calculate the undrained shear strengths of the clay. ‘The vane was then rotated rapidly to cause remoulding of the soll. The torque required to shear the soll in the remoulded state was 5 Nm. Determine the sensitivity of the clay. SP [INTU : Dec.-16, Marks 5] Ans. Given: d= 50mm= 0.05 m H = 100mm=0.1 m T=35Nm Remoulded torque, Tx = 5 Nm Using the equation, tanec, G+) 35. = 2 (0.05)Soil Mechnics 5 u Shear Strength of Sls Cy = 76.394 x 10° Ni C, = 76.39 kNim? ‘The undrained = 76.39 kN/m? the shear strength of clay Using remoulded torque, Ty = 5 Nm Tr anes 5= 2 (0.05) c@ 10.9 x 10! Nim? 4. 10.9 kN/n +. Sensitivity is given by, G Sensitivity == 759° Sensitivity = 7 Q.21 In a direct shear test the major and minor principal stresses were found to be 500 kNim? and 300 kNim*, respecti shear stresses on a plane inclined at 30° to the minor principal plane in a clock-wise direction. ER [BNTU : May-17, Marks 5] Determine the normal and Ans. : Given 500 KN/n? 300 KN/m? 30 ven by, Major principal stress, 6, Minor principal stress, 6: 6 normal stress i 6 = ESB 65 (2.0) + 41 sin (28) 0 on principal planes. o eT (520300) cs (2x 30°) +0 © = 450 kN/m? ‘The shear stress is given by, (2) sin (2 0) ~t12 cos (2.0) = a) sin (2x 30°) T= 86.60 kN/m? pressure parameters for the clay A and B were 0.45 and 0.8 respectively, calculate the pore pressures in a specimen of clay at the beginning and end of each of the two stages of one of the test (i) consolidation stage when the cell pressure was 150 kN/m’, (Ii) Shear stage with a cell pressure raised to 300 kNim*. BBP [NTU : Dec.-16, Marks 5] 50. KN? Case -1 Foro, The total stress is given by, 6, = 6, tan’ + 2c! tan ot oo a= 45°45 a= 45422 a= 56° * G, = 150 tan’ (56) +2 (20) tan (56) 6, = 389.02 kN/m* + Pore pressure u= Blo, +AG,-9,)) 0.8 [150 + 0.45 (389.02 ~ 150)] 206.05 kN/m* 300 KN/m™ a Case «II Fora, 6G, tan? o. + 2c" tan © = 300 tan“(56) + 2 (20) tan (56) 504,084 kN/m" 9, +, Pore pressure, u= Bio, + A(o,—9,)] = 0.8 [300 + 0.45 (504.084 13.47 kNim™ 300)] Q.23 From a direct shear test on an undisturbed soil sample, the following data have been obtained. Evaluate the strength parameters by plotting the results. un-drainedSoil Mechanics Shoar Strong of Sols Normal stress (kPay | 70 | 96 | 14 Shear stress (kPa) | 138 | 186 | 170 WE [INTU : Dec.-17, Marks 5] Ans. : Given: Normal stress (kPa) | 70 | 96 | 114 Shear stress Pay | 138 | 186 | 170 Using details from above table, the graph is plotted for shear stress V, normal stress 175 150 125 100 78 (Pa) Shear stress, « 50 25 2 40 60 80 100 120 Normal stress, « (KPa) Fig. 0.23.1 : Graph of shear stres Shear parameters, vvs Normal stre © = 70kPa 25 tno = 35 = tan’ '(0.625) o =a .24 An embankment consists of clay fill for which cohesion is 25 kPa and angle of internal friction is 27° (from consolidated un-drained tests with pore - pressure measurement). The average bulk unit - weight of the fill is 20 kN/m’. Estimate the shear - strength of the material on a horizontal plane at a point 20 m below the surface of the embankment, If the pore pressure at this point is 180 kPa as shown by a piezometer. GP [INTU : Dec.-17, Marks 5] Ans.: Given: c= 25 kPa, = 27° H=20m y = 20kNim’ Pore pressure, u = 180 kPa + Original stress, o =H = 2020 400 kN/mn? = 400 kPa Effective stre o = o-u = 400-180 of = 220 kPa Shear strength of the material is given by, S=c'to'tang = 25-+220 an (27) 8 = 137.10 kPa Q.25 A vane of 80 mm diameter and 160 mm height has been pushed into an in-situ soft clay at the bottom of a bore hole. The torque required to rotate the vane was 76 Nm. Determine the un-drained shear strength of the clay. After the test, the vane was rotated several times and the ultimate torque was found to be 50 Nm. Estimate the sensitivity of the clay. HP [INTU : May-18, Marks 5] Ans.: Given: D = 80 mm=0.08 m H = 160mm=0.16m T, = 76Nm 50.Nm ‘The equation for shear strength is given by, 276 For undisturbed undrained strength, z 6 s= eH 2 (Gor undisturbed sample) Case | CO8LO.16) (0.08Soil Mechanics 5-16 Shear Strength of Sols S, = 40.5 kN/m? Case -I1: For remoulded undrained strength, Fill n the Blanks for Mid Term Exam 8, -|\ ao eee 3 [2 160 x (0.08) | (0. 8 1000 Q.1. Vane shear test is conducted for type of 4, § soil. 5; “Akh EN Q.2 The volume of dense sand during shear. +. Sensitivity of the clay is given by, __ Undisturbed undrained strength ~ “Remoulded undrained strength, - 405, ~ 26.64 = 152 s Q.26 A soil has failure angle as 60°, then estimate its angle of internal friction. Ans. Given : The angle of internal friction is given by, w= 45d nase 60 = 45 2 £ s=7 Review Questions: Define the shear strength of sil Discuss Skempton's pore pressure parame Explain dict shear test ani unconfined compression test Explain triaxial shear test and vane shear test, Define critical void ratio. Discuss about shear strength of sans. 2.3 The consolidated drained test is also called as Q.4 The stress distribution across the soil sample is Q.5. Soils most susceptible to liquefaction are Multiple Choice Questions for Mid Term Exam Q.1 The length of rod in vane shear testis [a] 45mm [b] 55mm [e] 60mm [a] 50 mm Q2 The minor principle stress in unconfined compression testis, ero [B] constant [e] one [d] none of the above Q.3 Shear strength of plastic undrained clay depends on [a] Internal friction [b] Cohesion [e} Both (a) and (b) [d] None of the above Q4 Which of the following equation at plastic equilibrium is valid ? [a] a= (45 + 6/2) [e] both (a) and (b) Q.5 The equation for cross-sect [b] Ny = tan? (45 + 6/2) Answer Keys Fill in the Blanks : soft clay Q2_| increases Qu Q33 | slow test Q4_| complex Q.5 | saturated fine sandsSoil Mechanics 1 Shear Strength of Soils Answer Keys Multiple Choice Questions : 22, 2-4, ded} ai] c¢ | Q2) a [Qs b a4] ic jas} ia Match the Following : List List II 1) | Stability of a clay foundation of an embankment, | a) Undrained triaxial test whose rate of construction is such that some consolidation occurs. 2) | Initial stability ofa footing on saturated clay | b) Drained triaxial test 3) | Long-term stability of a slope in stifY fissured | c) Consolidated —undrained clay test 4) | Foundation of soft marine clay deposits a Quick vane shear test Tans ie, Memory Map ‘Shear strength of sol } test UU. Test test ©.U. Test C.D. Test test } | srear tera | [svengh Emvelore] | Distarey Critical void ratio END 1.8