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CnH2n+1COOH
Fermentation of sugars is one method of making ethanol. Vines produce
glucose by photosynthesis. The glucose collects in the grapes which grow in
clusters on the vine.
(a) The grapes are crushed to extract an aqueous solution of glucose. This
necessary.
(i) Yeast
Plants can make esters as well as sugars. The formula of a typical ester is
drawn below.
Deduce the names of the organic acid and of the alcohol from which the
organic acid………………………………………………………………………………
alcohol……………………………………………………………………………………..
3 A compound, X, has a molecular formula C4H8O2 and can be prepared by the reactions shown.
ethanol oxidation Y + ethanol X
What is the structural formula of X ?
A HCO2CH2CH2CH3 C CH3CO2CH2CH3
B CH3CH2CO2CH3 D CH3CH2CH2CO2H
A
B
C
D
5 In ripe fruit, the conversion of sugars into alcohol can occur naturally.
What is the name of this process?
A addition B cracking C fermentation D polymerisation
test result
add bromine water turns colourless
add aqueous sodium carbonate carbon dioxide formed
7 How many oxygen atoms and double bonds are there in one molecule of ethanoic acid?
number of oxygen atoms number of double bonds
A 1 0
B 1 1
2
C 2 0
D 2 1
8 Which formula represents a compound that will react with sodium carbonate to give off carbon
dioxide?
A CH3OH B HCO2CH3 C CH3CO2H D CH3CO2C2H5
11 Which structure shows a compound that reacts with ethanol to give a sweet-smelling liquid?
13 When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid, the ester ethyl ethanoate is formed.
14 An organic compound, Y, reacts with sodium hydroxide to give a compound with formula
C3H5O2Na.
What is compound Y?
A ethanol B propane C propanoic acid D propanol
What are the similarities and differences between the two compounds?
similarities differences
A molecular formulae reactions
B molecular formulae relative molecular masses
C structures molecular formulae
D structures relative molecular masses
20 A liquid reacts with each of sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and ethanol.
What is the liquid?
A aqueous ammonia B ethanoic acid C ethyl ethanoate D hydrochloric acid
test result
bromine water added decolourised
sodium carbonate added colourless gas evolved
25 What is the catalyst used in the preparation of ethyl ethanoate from ethanol and ethanoic
acid?
A concentrated sulphuric acid C nickel
B vanadium(V) oxide D yeast
26 A compound, X, has a molecular formula C 4H8O2 and can be prepared by the reactions
shown.
What is compound Z?
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1 All members of the carboxylic acid homologous series contain the –CO 2H group.
The table shows the formula of the first three members of this homologous series.
carboxylic acid formula
methanoic acid HCOOH
ethanoic acid CH3COOH
propanoic acid C2H5COOH
(a) Name the unbranched carboxylic acid that has four carbon atoms per molecule.
(b) Give the formula of the sixth member of the carboxylic acid homologous series.
(c) Ethanol, C2H5OH, reacts with ethanoic acid to make ethyl ethanoate.
Draw the structure of ethyl ethanoate.
(d) Name a reagent that can be used to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid.
(e) Magnesium reacts with ethanoic acid to make magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen.
Write the equation for this reaction. Use the equation to calculate the mass of
magnesium needed to react completely with 50 cm 3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 of ethanoic acid.
(f) Suggest why the reaction between magnesium and 1.0 mol/dm 3 ethanoic acid is much
slower than the reaction between magnesium and 1.0 mol/dm 3 hydrochloric acid
(g) Aqueous sodium hydroxide neutralises dilute ethanoic acid.
Write the ionic equation for this reaction.
2 This is the structure of an ester made in a reversible reaction between a carboxylic acid and an
alcohol.
3 This table shows some information about two homologous series; the alkanes and the acid
chlorides.
alkanes acid chlorides
formula name formula
C2H6 ethanoyl chloride CH3COCl
C3H8 C2H5COCl
C4H10 butanoyl chloride C3H7COCl
C5H12 pentanoyl chloride C4H9COCl
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Use the information in the table to answer the following questions.
(a) Name the acid chloride with the highest boiling point.
(b) Deduce the name of the acid chloride with the formula C2H5COCl.
(c) The general formula for alkanes is CxH(2x + 2).
Deduce the general formula for acid chlorides.
(d) (i) Name the products of the complete combustion of an alkane.
(ii) Would you expect the products of complete combustion of the acid chlorides to be
the same as in (i)? Explain your reasoning.
4 The table gives information about the first five members of the homologous series of
carboxylic acids.
name acid formula relative melting point/C0 boiling point/C0
molecular mass
methanoic acid HCOOH 46 8.4 101
ethanoic acid CH3COOH 60 17 118
propanoic acid C2H5COOH 74 -22 141
butanoic acid C3H7COOH 88 -8 164
pentanoic acid
(a) (i) Predict the formula and the relative molecular mass for pentanoic acid.
(ii) Explain why it is easier to predict the boiling point of pentanoic acid than the melting point.
(b) Draw the displayed formula for propanoic acid.
(c) Analysis of an organic acid isolated from red ants shows that it contains 0.060 g of carbon,
0.010g of hydrogen and 0.16 g of oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula for this acid.
(d) Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium oxide.
Name the products formed and write a balanced equation for the reaction.
(e) Describe how ethanoic acid can be converted into ethyl ethanoate.
A small volume of an alcohol was placed in the flask together with an oxidising agent. The
mixture was warmed and a colour change was seen in the flask.
(a) (i) Name and give the formula of the alcohol.
name .......................................................................................................................
formula ....................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest a suitable oxidising agent.
.................................................................................................................................
(iii) What colour change was seen using the oxidising agent stated in (a) (ii)?
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...............................................................................................................................
(b) Name the piece of apparatus marked B on the diagram. What is its purpose?
name ..............................................................................................................................
purpose ..........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(c) Suggest two items which the student should wear to ensure personal safety, when
carrying out the experiment.
1. .................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
Half of the alcohol was transferred to a flask and some acidified potassium dichromate(VI) was
added. The mixture was warmed.
(d) (i) What was the colour change during the reaction?
from .................................... to ....................................
(ii) What was the organic product of this reaction?
.....................................................................................
The compound from (d)(ii) was separated from the reaction mixture. It was added
to the other half of the alcohol from (c). A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid
were added and the mixture was warmed.
(e) (i) Name and give the formula of the organic compound formed.
name ................................................................
formula .............................................................
(ii) To which group of organic compounds does this product belong?
..........................................................................
Half of the alcohol was transferred to a flask and some acidified potassium dichromate(VI) was
added. The mixture was warmed.
8 When aqueous ethanoic acid was added to ethanol, a sweet smelling liquid was produced.
What type of reaction occurred?
A esterification B hydrolysis C oxidation D reduction
8
A methanol and methanoic acid. B methanol and ethanoic acid.
C ethanol and methanoic acid. D ethanol and ethanoic acid.
10 A student made an ester by reacting an alcohol with an acid. Which one of the following
produced an ester containing four carbon atoms?
A methanol and ethanoic acid
B ethanol and propanoic acid
C propanol and methanoic acid
D methanol and methanoic acid
11 A student was given some ethanol. They added half of it to some acidified sodium
dichromate(VI) and warmed the mixture.
The organic product X was separated and then reacted under suitable conditions with the other
half of the ethanol.
A product Y was formed.
What are X and Y?
X Y
A CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CO2H
B CH3CO2H C2H5CO2CH3
C CH3CO2H CH3CO2C2H5
D CH3OH CH3CO2H
12 Which of the following pairs of substances produces the compound shown below?
13A student did some tests on ethanoic acid. Which result was incorrect?
test result
A add sodium carbonate effervescence
B litmus paper turned red
C warm with ethanol together a sweet smelling liquid
with two drops of concentrated sulphuric acid
D warm with acidified solution turns green
potassium dichromate(VI)
15 Both ethanoic acid and butanoic acid are found in some plants and bacteria.
(a) Draw the structure of butanoic acid showing all atoms and bonds .
(b) Explain;
(i) Whatis meant by a weak acid?
(ii) How you could show that butanoic acid is a weak acid.
(c) Butanoic acid can be converted into an ester by heating it with an alcohol and a
few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid.
A sample of an ester contains 0.18 g carbon, 0.03g of hydrogen and 0.08g of
oxygen, The relative molecular mass of the ester is 116.
Calculate both the empirical and molecular formulae of this ester.
(d) Ethanoic acid can be produced by the bacterial fermentation of C 6H12O6. During
this process glucose is first oxidized to ethanol.
(i) Write an equation for the fermentation of glucose to form ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
(ii) state the reagents and conditions required for ethanol to be oxidized to
ethanoic acid in the laboratory.
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hydrogen.
Mg + 2C2H5COOH (C2H5COO)2Mg + H2
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