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APIOMO! i Kupioc KBavrikdc api6udc (principal quantum number. n) > Tepiypdqel ro péyeBog TOU ‘TpoxlaKou (BNAGH xspou) yea Tov oTTOIO TTOpEI va Bpeéei TO NAEKTPEVIO. O KupIog KBaWTIKOg ApIBLOG EivaH CTTOAUTWG ITOBUVALOS Le TOV cKEPAIO ApIBLS n TwV evepyelakiov eTriméBwv Tou LlovtéAou Bohr Kai Traipvel Tic TIE 1,2,3,4,... O1 oTToIeG TiposBiopiZouv Ta KUpia evepyeiaké errimteBa Ge éva Gro". Ooo peyaAurEpo eval on Togo Tio HEyGAN sivar n YEON arréoTaaN TOU NAEKIPGvIOU OTS Tov TrUpHVG. Zeina Tpdupa K L uM N n 1 2 3 4 Augnon peyéBous TpoxtaKod KBANTIKOI APIOMOI 2 KBavrikd¢ apr6u6¢ Tn¢ oTPO@opUIHg (Subshell quantum number. 1) > Treplypc@el TO ‘OXfiHa Tou TpoxIaKoU KBavrikés apiepiég THs aTpOPOPLTg TPoGBIopiZel Ta Sidpopa evepyeiaKa evrimeda (uTTogToIBaSe¢) oTa oTTOIA UTTOSIAIPOUVTa! Ta KUPIC EvepyElaKd ETTiTeSa TOU Treplypapovral aTTé Tov KUpIO KBavTiKé apIBYE N. KBavTik6s apiBuss Th¢ GTPO@EPLTS Traipvel TPES ATTO 0, 1, 2, Bsns (M1). ZUVETIIG, 0 ONIKOS APIBUOS Tw evepyEtaKdov EMMEDwy ora orroia uTTODiaipeira KBE KUpIO evepyElaKd Errimedo 1oUTaI TaVTa ME THY Tih 2n + 1. Ta Téscepa TIpWTa OTOLIKd TpoxIaKd OvoLszovTal §, p, d and f Kar avticToXouv orig MapaKdTw TILE Tou SeuTepetovTog KBavTiKOU apiByoU 0, 1, 2, 3. Ta Ypdpara s, p. d, FipOgpXovral anT6 TIC AgEeIg sharp, principal, diffuse Kau fundamental. Fedppa s Pp d t 1 0 1 2 3 ; , , by KBANTIKOI APIOMO! pid 3. IHikoc KBavrixéc ApI6yd< (Magnetic quantum number, m,) > Trepiypdgei tov TrpogavaTONGyd Tou TpoX!aKoU. ErreiS Ta NAeKTpovia HTTOpE! va KaTAAGHBGVoUY Biapoperikes TIEPIOXES TOU KWPOU, Ta ATOLIKE TPOXIAKA GUVTEWS UTTOBIAIPOUVTAI CE IooBivauing evépyeiag Tpoxlakd (EKUAIHEVa TpOXIaKd). Ta oTOia SiagopeToIoUvTaI XWPIKA WE TIDES THY TEpIOXH OTHV OTTO! ELpaviteTal n WeyaAUTEPN NAEKTPOVIKT TTUKVOTNTa. AUTO ETTITUYXAVETAI [Je To HAYVNTIKG KBAVTIKG APIO UO M, TOU Traipvel 6AEG Tig aKépaies TPES AITO —/ Ewg +1. EuveTIaG, To TpOYIAKO s (= 0) eival ovaSIKO, Evid uTMdpxouV Tpia IsoBuvapa p TpoxiaKd (= 1), TEvte eoBUvaya d tpoyiaKd (7= 2) Ka enmrd 1scBUvapia f Tpoxiaka (/ = 3). Zeinal spa, spon 2, opts 22, KBANTIKOI APIOMO! | YK | 4. KBavriké¢ Api6ué¢ Tou Spin (Electron Spin Quantum number, m,) > Trepiypagel To TIpogavaroAlops Tou spin tou nAeKkTpoviou. Kae NAEKTPOvIO Héca GE Eva TpOXIAKS eKTOg aTTS THY TrEpIpOpA Tou yEpw ATS Tov TupriVva TepIOTpEpETaI KOI YOU aTTO Tov equTé Tou. Erropévwg Ta nAeKTpovia ExoUV IGIOdTPOPOPHT} (spin). ETTIF Ta nAeKtpovia eivall NAEKTPIKG POPTIOLEVA, n IDIOOTPOPOPHA Ta avayKAZEI Va CULTEPIPEPOVTAI ca bikpockomikoi wayviites, aTroKTévtag HayyNTKA PoTM). H TrepIGTPOgH Tw NAEKTPOViLY ‘yUpw aT16 Tov equTd Tous ’TTOpei val Exel BO TIPOGaVATONGPOUS, OTHE PaivETaI OTO xtc. O KBavik6s apieuids TOU spin ms Traipvel BUo TIpés THY + % Kal THY — Ye TrOU ekOPZOUV Tig BUO avTIBeTEs KaTEUBUVGEI TS HayvNTIKK|G TOUS POTTS. Zeina : m, = -1/2 EYNONTIKOZ NINAKAE KBANTIKQN APIOMQN yi 4g 8 Hivaxas 1.1. Awaipean evepyeraxdy ota0nov ot tpopaKd KBavnixoi apw0yoi Tpoyaxte aft my Eidos | Apwude EvpBoAo Tpox!aKou fo 0 s 1 18 2 [0 0 s 1 as 1 =10s1 P 3 2p, 2p, 2p, 30 0 s i 3s 1 =1.041 Pp 3 3p, 3p, 3p, 2 HAD a 5 3d,, 34, 3d,,34,2,? 3d? 4i0 0 s | 4s p 4p, 4p, 4p, d 4d, 4d, 4d,,4d2,? 4d? is oon T TPOXICKG 151,2,3,4, 12,3, 0 (net) |} [mye TH, 12, HA BD Kae tpoxiaxé propel va éxe1 2 nAeKpovia aepou o KBaVTIKOs apIBLSs TOU spin éxe1 2 MES 3D EXHMATIKH NAPAETAEH TPOXIAKON IK {30,2,2 302 2Py 2P, 2Py AEKHEEIE | IK | 1, Travrmpoowmetel 10 '3' kai To ‘p’ ata TpoyiaKd Sp; Moca Tpoxlaxd uTdpxouy oTHy uTToaToIBaa 3p ; Tpawere ddoug Tous THBavoUs GUVOUACLOUS KBAVTIKHV ApIELWY Ta oTToia propouv va uTMdpouv cTopariivras oTa TpoxlaKd 3p Zeina © apiéuds 3 avimpoownedal Tov Kupiws KBaVTIKO apiéuo > n= 3 To ypayiya p avrictolxei oTOV KBaVTIKO OpIEHO Thg oTPOPOPHS > /=1 Ol CUVOUASHO! KBAVTIKWV APIBNLV Elva! > (3,1,-1,4%)(3,1,0,414)(3,1,1,4%) (3.1,-1,-Y\(3,1,0,-%2)(3,1,1,-%) 2. EgaxpiBwore av KaBepia amo Tig akOAoUBEs TeTpdbEg KBaVTIKIY apIeLWDv sive eTIITpETITA yict Eva NAEKTPOVIO. AV KATIOIG Bev eval eTMTpETTTH, EENyHOTE vlan ; (a) n=KI=1,m,=0, m, (8) n=3,1=4,m,>%2, m, (y) n=2.054, (8) n=2,1=0,m,=0, ee 1 3. Tloldg aTrd Tous TrapaKéTw CUUBOASHOUs ATOLIKUY TPOXIAKWV Elva AGEOS Kal YloTl 18,96. 7d, 95, 3f, 4f Ke at n= i 2 3 4 nel I PA, 2 AZKHEEIE | IK | 4. Ze Told ei6n TpoxlakwWv ave@pépovtai Ta THo Kew GXAYEHTE ; Zeina (aa? az ENEPFEIEE TPOXIAKON I Tia dropa ue ToAAd nheKrpévia Zeina Tia to dopo Tou Yépoyévou (1¢) Tia oXe50v Oa Ta UTPOAOITTA GTOUA, TA OTIOIA Mato topo Tou uépoyévou cro oTOIO— pouy Trepicadrepa aTré éva NAEKTPOVIC IOXUE! UmTgpxet HOvo eva NAEKTpOVIO Ta 1) To Travw Sidragn evepyeiaxwy emmméowy. H TipdyHara elval GTAG. OA TA TPOXIAKE TA Siagoportoinan GUTH OgEINETAI Ge ATWCTIKEG OTTOIG EXOUV TOV 151 KUPIOV KBAVTIKG Ga rnrermBpaceic [1eTAEU € O1 OTTOIeC aUgavoUV THY ‘api6ys (n) éxouv Kat Thv fia evépyeta. eS pund Grceapajasea le Hepa pO HET apIBHO TA oTPOPOPHING (I). AIATONIOE KANONAE - APXH AOMHEHE IK | Zeina con 2 po= t EvepyeiaKa errimeda Atayuiviog TpoxiaKiy kavovas tes w1 iaywviog Kavovas tivat éva uvnpovikd Sidypapya amo To oTToio prropotNe va Bpotye TroIoTIKG: THY GEIpG Evepyelcig Tw Siapopwy TpOxlaKWv. Ta Slerycovier BEAN OTO Se&i Sictypayya Seixvouv THY GeIps le THY OTTOIa Ey@pavizovtal Ta TPOXIaKd GTO EVEpyelaKd Sidypapa ota apiotepd. H ApXt, ‘Adpnong (Aufbau Principle) ya SnAdvei oni Ta nheKTpOvia KaTaAGYBavoUY TIpGsTA TpoxraKd Ta ‘OTTOIA Eival KALMASTEPA GE EVEPYEIA Kall KOAOUBWIG WNAOTEPA CE evEpyela. ZuvOudovtas Tov Biaytsvio Kavéva Kai Thy apxr Sdynons uTIopoUpe va ypsWoULE thy NAEKTPOVIKF Soph EvoC GTOMOU. H NAEKTpOVIKE} Sor) sive BagIKG N KaTavOUF Tw NAEKTpOViW TOU aTONOU GTa Siagopa poy. HAEKTPONIKH AOMH ATOMON LK | Zeina AMI Tov Atayiovio Kavéva (Tov oTtolo elval KANG va aTroyvnpioveuaere) SEpoUpE O11 o| evépyEIEG TwWY TpOXIaKtov yid GTO PE TEpIodGTEpG aTIO éva NAEKTpOvia ExoUV THY efrIg EI 18 < 2s <2p <3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p <5s < 4d < Sp < 6s < 4f< 5d < 6p < 7s <5 < 6d <7p Beovgio Seong Sow H K Padeiagh He a 20996325964? L s wPae2f8seapisdae Be h 222383 b4r 8 y LeaeasSarphaeae c G 1222246323 p8sba8 N Mn P22 piaeaynbar ° Fe Pad: oF co ite 10 Ne Ni eaeapSaraphad Ne Ge 2272432383898 2 Mg Zn \atapcaphaetea? 3 Al Ga 22g “oS Ge aos Pabalag BP As PrbepSsapod2ay 6s se 2p 3 aps 2A va Br psa bP Ae Kr aps 2sphsd 424 Yrrdipxouv 15, 3p, 5d Kaul 7f tpoxiaKd. KdGe TPOXIAKS pTTopel va éXel HEXpI 2 NAEKTPOVIC. AMALOPEYTIKH APXH PAULI K | Zeine Kara thy rorro8éman nAeKtpoviwy o1a Siéqopa evepysiakd errimeda eves aToyou MpéTte, ‘va egapyszovrai oi 1. ATrayopeurixr} apxt Pauli, 2. Kavévag rou Hund Kai 3. n APXt EAdyiotng Evépysias. . ArrayopeuTikr apxrh Pauli > opizei 71 uo nAeKTpOViE Ge Evel cTOLO Sev ETTOPOUY va x Exouv Tous TéaaEpg KBaVTIKOUS apIeyoUs i6loUG. ETc! NAeKTpOvia Ta OTIOIa ExoUV TOUS Bioug TIpditous TpEIG KBavTIKOUS apIBHOUS (BNAAEH PpicKoVTai GTO Gio TPOX!GKs) Ne BAon THY apx" UT aTrayopEceral o KBavTIKds apIeUds TOU spin va iva o iSI0G. Ero1 Try. 2 NAekTpOvia Ta oTTOfa avAKOUV GTO 2s TpoXlaKé Bev [TropouV va EXOUY TapGAANAA Spin TapdSeiyya 1 A OC NC) 2] OOO ADV S x 2p 2p & $ ay 3s a ce) Y 1s mrapaderypa 2 _ \ \ Dada 8 5 Z| z= 3 5 KANONAE HUND Kavévag tou Hund -> Orav ta nAektpovia TomroBeToUVTaI GE EKQUAICHEVG TpOXIaKG (tpoxiaKa tng iSiac evépyeia) tore TIpérTe! va ToTIOBeTOUVTaH NE TETOIO TpSTIO TIOU va EAGYIOTOTIOIEITAL 0 AILS Tuy ZeUyav NAEKTpOViW mapdderypa 1: C A OO) Os lan OOO S| Se P Ss a] @ / oy A ADO) L Ap SYN i © * 3 ~ a WD Y APXH EAAXIETHE ENEPTEIAE LK | Apxti EAdxiomns Evépyeiac > Ta niextpévia KaToAoyBavouy Mpuira Ta SiaBéouaL GTOLIKG TpOXIaKd XauNASTEpNE evépyelas Kal Herd Ta TPOXIaKa UYNAdTEPNS EvEpyEIaG Squroupydavtag yuia Sour pe tn aKpOTEpN Suvari evépyeia. Zeina) A OCG gi} 20 s so “ a Y N \ aie) 8) i aM oO ae “a S $ Si) “ss a a) QD Y AEKHEEIE IK ‘(|g 8 Toto eival To evepyeiakd Sidypappa Kal NAEKTPOVIKA SIaLSp@wan (a) TOU AiBiou Kat (B) TOU ofuyévou, (a) O atopiKog apiGyds Tou Li cival 3 > Z=3 > ro Li éxei 3 nAeKTpovIa N OO”) 1 MN’ WY fon 28 WY 1s Evépyeia, H nAektpovikr| Siapoppwon tou Li eivai > 1872s! (B) © atopiKdg apieydg Tou O eivar 8 > Z=8 > To O Exel 8 NAeKTpovia OOO \ \ 3 @ gq) * a} QD 1s H niektpovikr) Siayoppwan Tou O elvan > 15728*2p4 HAEKTPONIA EQENOYE | Or nextpovikés Gopés atopy He TIOAAG NAeKTpOvia LTTOpOUY va YpagTOuY YE GUVTOSTEpO TPOTIO KAVOVTAG XPrOT| TO XNUIKOU GULBOACU TOU KOPHOU euyevous aepiou. Ta nextpovia ta oTtola BpickovTal ékTos TOU KOPLOU ovoLaZovTal NAEKTpévia ‘oBEVOUS. Zeina [inp 1°32 4 [Hejaz jury toto 192° 2p%32 a [INe|3? 2729 16323,42 v (ange asbéotia 1926 2p83r3p4e yy (Are 1 feo a / — J a a KOpHos euyevous aepiou —_AeTpdviat BévouS, AEKHEH yi | Tota givat n neKTpoviKH SiaHopeWwen TwY Tol KéTW aTOIXE;W HE Bdon Tov Sayiavio kavova; Enfong wore thy nektpovikr} SiapSppwon He Bdion TOV KOH TOU EUyEVoUS ‘acpiou C9 Z=6 > #e=6 > 152s°2p? > [He] 2s°2p? OD Z=8> #e=8 > 15°2s22p! > [He] 2822p F3Z=9> He =9 > 1822822p° > [He] 2822p? KD Z=19 D#e = 19 > 18228°2p°3s3p%Us! > [Ar] 4st PZ = 15> He = 15 +1 = 16 > 18°28°2p"3s’3p! > [Ne] 3573p! Cat Z= 20 He =20-2= 18 > 1572s?2p%3s?3p% > [Ne] 3573p? S* > Z=16 9 #2 = 16 +2= 18 > 15°2s?2p°3s73p" > [Ne] 35°3p* OF SZ=8 > He =8+2= 10> 1522822p* > [He] 352306 Cu > Z=29-> 18°2s*2p°3s*ap%4s"3d > [Ar] 45°3d° Cu > Z=29 > #e =29-2=27 > 18°2s!2p%3s°3ph4s?3d7 > [Ar] 4s°3d7 Fe® > Z=26 > #e = 26-3 = 23 > 18°28°2p°3s"3p%4573d" > [Ar] 45°30" Au Z=79 > 13%2s?2p83s?Spids23d!Uap*5st4d WSpiss2atSd® > [Xe] 6s24t"45a° 18 < 2s < 2p <3s < 3p < ds < ad < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s <4 < 8d < 6p <7s < 5f<6d<7p Zeina)

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