BSN 1 SUBJECT: NCM100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING

FOUR WAYS OF KNOWING NURSING - Nurse Moses places himself in the “patient’s
shoes” when communicating to the patient and
4 WAYS OF KNOWING NURSING
giving judgement.
- This is a conscious and subconscious practices - Nurse Ace, shows compassion, mercy, and
of a nurse. understanding to the patient.
- There are four ways of knowing namely the ff: - Nurse Miguel uses layman terms in explaining
1. Empirics the needs of the patient.
2. Ethics
3. Personal
4. Aesthetics ETHICAL KNOWING

EMPIRICAL KNOWING - Requires knowledge of different philosophical

positions regarding what is good and right in
- the principal form relating the factual and
making moral actions and decisions.
descriptive knowing aimed at the expansion of
- The code of morals or code of ethics that leads
abstract and theoretical.
the conduct of the nurse.
- The first primary model of knowing.
- Deeply rooted in the concepts of human
- It emphasizes the scientific research as
dignity, service, and respect for life.
important in the nursing knowledge.
- Lessening, suffering & preserving health.
- Evidence – Based Practice – promotes quality
- It includes jurisdiction of ethics and
care that has been demonstrated to be
professionalism.
effective.
- Involves accurate and thoughtful decision Examples:
making about health care delivery to the
- Nurse Carl presents himself as a patient
clients.
advocate and defends the client’s right to
Examples: choose care.
- A nurse instructor, reprimands a student who
- Nurse Michael, practices nursing interventions
cheated on the exam.
based from the accepted clinical practices.
- Nurse Renato, explains the concept behind
- Elmer, a nurse researcher, uses scientific
organ donation to the patient.
method to produce desired results.
PERSONAL KNOWING
AESTHETIC KNOWING (SUBCONSCIOUS)
- Encompasses knowledge of the self in relation
- Talks about the attitude and point of view as a
to others and self.
nurse
- It is the difficult to master and to teach.
- It is also called as Esthetics Knowing
- It involves therapeutic use of self.
- Related to the understanding what is significant
to particular patients such as feelings, attitudes, Example:
point of view.
- We should conduct Self-assessment first, if we
- It is also the manifestation of the creative &
are healthy enough in handling patients who
expressive styles of the nurse.
are experiencing mental aberration or
- Focuses on the empathy----which is the primary
psychological problem.
form of aesthetic knowing.
- Manner of the nurse in rendering care to the
patient. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THEORY
Examples: - The process of analysis is valuable in learning
about the theoretical works and serves as a

PDL NOTES
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BSN 1 SUBJECT: NCM100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING
helpful tool for nurse researchers who would
like to expand or extend the works.
- Vital process of learning.
- There are five criteria in evaluating a
theoretical work according to Chinn & Kramer.

Five Criteria in Evaluating a Theoretical work

1. Clarity
2. Simplicity
3. Generality
4. Accessibility
5. Importance

PDL NOTES
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