Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Can Do Test
Can Do Test
TEST
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CONTENTS
TENSE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………01
TAG QUESTIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………….29
INDIRECT SPEECH…………………………………………………………………………………………….34
COMPARISONS………..………………………………………………………………………………………..41
MODALS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...48
CLAUSES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….71
MISCELLANEOUS SECTION………………………………………………………………………….85
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TENSES
FUTURE I’m going to I’ll be working I’ll have I’ll have been
work worked working
A. The simple present is a tense that expresses actions which occur within a certain
frequency (affirmative or negative).
Examples:
Affirmative frequencies:
- I go to work every day.
- Pam usually has breakfast very early.
- Does your class begin at 8:00?
- We sometimes listen to the radio in the afternoon.
Negative frequencies:
- I hardly ever see my boss.
- George never goes out on weekdays.
- They don’t have classes on Sunday.
- Susan doesn’t study in the morning.
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B. The simple present also expresses general statements of fact.
Examples:
C. When we ask questions, always follow fixed patterns. Also, when we ask questions
with interrogative words (who – what/which – when – why – where – how – whose –
etc.), we use the auxiliary only when we mention the subject.
Examples:
- I go to Mary’s house at weekends.
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Tom and I study with the short girl at night.
Simple question : Do you and Tom study with the short girl at night?
Answers : Yes, we do. No, we don’t.
I. W. questions : Who studies with the short girl at night?
: Tom and I do.
: Who do you and Tom study with at night?
: We study with the short girl.
: Which girl do you and Tom study with at night?
: We study with the short one.
: When do you and Tom study with the short girl?
: We study with her at night.
A. The present continuous (or present progressive) expresses actions that are in
process at present.
Examples:
B. Even though all verbs in English have an ING form, not all of them can be used in
continuous tenses (state verbs).
Here is a list
Examples:
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- The boy resembles his father.
We do not use these verbs in continuous tenses, but we have to keep in mind that they all
have – ING forms (nouns)
Examples:
Note: When we find one of the stative verbs in continuous, that is because the verb has
some especial meaning.
Examples:
EXERCISES
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4. I won’t go out now because it ________________ and I ______________
(rain) neg. (have)
an umbrella.
10. They usually _______________ out of town on their vacation, but this year,
(go)
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14. Unfortunately, the number of people without jobs______________ .
(increase)
A. The simple past expresses completed events. Some verbs have regular past forms
and others have irregular past forms.
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B. PRONUNCIATION HELP (REGULAR VERBS)
1. When the simple form ends in a voiceless sound (p, k, f, s, sh, ch), the past form is
pronounced with a final /t/ , and the number of syllables remains the same.
3. When the simple form ends in “t” or “d” sound, the past form is pronounced /id/, and
an extra syllable is added.
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D. SPECIAL CASES
HANG
1. When it means to put something somewhere, the past form is HUNG.
- I hung my clothes in the closet yesterday.
SHINE
1. When it means to send off light, the past form is SHONE.
- The sun shone all day yesterday.
A. The past continuous expresses an action that was going on in the past when
something else happened.
Examples:
- I was leaving when the telephone rang.
(When the telephone rang, I was leaving)
-When I was leaving, the telephone rang.
B. We can use WHEN before the past – ING or the simple past. The expression
(JUST) AS can also be used.
Examples:
- (Just) as I was leaving, the telephone rang.
- The telephone rang (just) as I was leaving.
Just as you were coming for the classes my mother called me.
Frank bought the shoes for her girlfriend just as i was entering the mall.
C. The word WHILE can be used the same way as WHEN, but it can also join two
continuous statements.
Examples:
- He was working while she was studying.
(While she was studying, he was working)
-I was sleeping while they were out.
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(While they were out, I was sleeping)
- They were at home while she was working.
(While she was working, they were at home)
D. The past continuous also expresses actions that were in process at some time in
the past.
Examples:
- We were cleaning the house all morning
- What were you doing this afternoon?
- It was raining all day yesterday.
E. There is a verb phrase used to expresses unfulfilled plans (not finished). This
verb phrase isn´t the Past continuous, but it is similar in structure (was/were +
going + v)
Examples:
-They were going to buy a Toyota, but they finally bought a Nissan.
- I was going to take a trip, but I changed my mind.
EXERCISES
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(come) (sit)
10. The police _________________ for the thief when they __________ with the stolen money.
(look) (run across)
12. The waiter __________________ up the pieces of the broken dish that _______________ out
(pick) (slip)
of his hand.
13. I ___________________ about the robbery while I_________________ for the bus.
(hear) (wait)
17. While the teacher ___________ my paper, he ____________ only two mistakes.
(correct) (find)
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18. I _______________________ her some advice, but she __________________ to me.
(give) (listen) neg
BE + GOING TO + V: This is the best way to express the future since it does not have any other
uses. The degree of certainty is high.
Examples:
- I’m going to see Henry next week.
- They aren’t going to watch TV.
- Is she going to call you later?
WILL + V: A lot of grammarians say that WILL is not simple future since it has special meanings
and uses.
Examples:
1. Future Promise : Don’t worry. I will help you.
2. Future Determination : I will pass the test!
3. Inevitability : She’s sad because she’ll repeat the course.
4. Predictions : Do you think Laura will get the job?
NOTE: Many times you can use will or going to in the same sentence, of course with different
meanings. For instance, will expresses things that have just been decided. Whereas, going to
expresses things were decided earlier.
NOTE: The only adverb that can be used with “about to” is JUST.
- She’s just about to start.
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THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR THE SIMPLE PRESENT
Here we express actions that have been scheduled or planned. A time expression is obligatory.
Examples:
- I have a meeting tomorrow.
- The concert is next week.
- My sister is coming the day after tomorrow.
- They are graduating in March.
EXERCISES
Put the verb into the correct form, using will or going to.
9. Who do you think will win the first place in the marathon?
10. When you go back to Lima, you ________________________ notice a lot of new things.
11. I’m studying very hard, but I don’t think I ______________________ pass.
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12. It’s already 7:00 We _________________________ be late for the movie.
15. They are very much in love. Do you think they _______________ get married soon?
NOTE: You can also use going to instead of will, but the structure is not
colloquial.
- I’m going to be resting all day on Sunday.
NOTE: This does not mean that we “have to” use time expressions with the
simple past.
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We can say: Peter brought you the papers. (No time expression)
BUT
If we want to use definite time expressions (last week, yesterday, two days
ago, etc), we must use them with the simple past.
NOT
With the present perfect.
B. There are, however, some time expressions that are considered “indefinite”,
and that may be used with the present perfect.
Examples:
IN
Negative statements we use YET
She hasn’t come yet / They haven’t called yet.
We can find “just” in negative statements, but with a different meaning, in a
different position and not as a time expression.
Example:
- I just haven’t had time (just = simply)
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6. Other expressions:
- She still hasn’t made up her mind.
- He has seen that movie 3 times so far.
- They have done all the exercises now.
So far I have studied for three hours today.
So far i have travelled to the north 6 times this month.
NOTE: We have to keep in mind that these expressions of time can be found
in other tenses as well.
Examples:
BUT if we say: I have been sick for a week. (estoy enfermo desde hace una semana).
We are saying that the action is still in process.
More Examples:
- Tom has worked in a bank = not anymore?
- Tom has worked in a bank since 1988 = and he still does
Compare
Tom worked in the bank in 1988.
Tom has worked in the bank since 1998.
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Examples:
- I’ve been working a lot lately = I have worked a lot lately.
- They’ve been studying English since 1990 = They’ve studied English since
1990
EXERCISES
7. My parents ______________ married in 1957, but they _______________ divorced for almost 13 years.
(get) (be)
9. How many countries _______________ you _________________ during your last vacation?
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(visit)
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He has been married for five years
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18. Hace 3 días que no está enfermo
Marissa entered the class when the exam had already started.
A. The past perfect (had + past participle) refers to an action that happened before another
Examples:
- l had (already) finished the letter when you called.
(When you called, l had (already) finished the letter)
B. The following sequence words can be used with the past prefect or the simple past without
difference in meaning.
She (had) sold her car before she bought the house
(Before she bought the house, she (had) sold her car)
EXERCISES
Join the 2 sentences using the past perfect and the given words.
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1. l got home. l called them. (as soon as)
___________________________________________________________________
2. The students got their exams. The teacher corrected them. (after)
A. The past perfect continuous (had + been + - ING) expresses the same thing as the past
perfect, but it requires the presence of two time expressions:
1. A duration phrase.
2. A clause stating an end point.
Examples:
- l had been working there for a year when l got my first promotion.
- When we got home, he had been sleeping for an hour.
They had been playing on the field for 2 hours before the coach arrived
The studends had been decorating the room since early morning, before their parents entered.
A. lt refers to an action that will be completed before an expected time in the future.
Examples:
- They will have finished the bridge by December.
(When December comes, it will be already finished).
- We will have done our homework by 4:30.
(We will finish it before 4:30).
Future simple
I will go to the market.
I will play tennis
Future continuous
I will be reading a book at 7pm tonight.
I will be sleeping at 12 am this morning.
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Will+be+ing form
Future perfect
By the year 2010 I will have got married.
Will+have+past participle
By the year 2015 I will have had 2 children.
By the year 2020 I will have bought a new car.
Compare:
1. A duration phrase.
2. An end point phrase.
Examples:
- l will have been working here for 3 years by June.
- By then, she will have been living there for a long time.
EXERCISES
ALL TENSES
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(complete)
Some nouns are usually considered mass nouns in English, but often considered count nouns in other
languages. Remember that they don’t have plural forms.
There are some nouns that can be mass or count nouns; usually with a different meaning.
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1. Paper
EXERCISES
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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8. Can anybody bring my luggages?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. You can’t go to the party. You don’t have your father’s permission.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
COUNT NOUNS
Have plural forms. When they are singular, they usually have “a / an / the”; they can´t go alone.
We use “some”.
EXERCISES
Fill the blanks with A / AN, THE, SOME or an X when no determiner is needed.
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1. He’s bought _____________________ interesting book.
9. When l went shopping, ___________________ stores were open; the others were closed.
NOUNS DETERMINERS
l. ARTICLES
A. INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A – AN
Not specific things
We use them in front of indefinite singular nouns.
Note: We also use a – an when we first mention a noun, and we use “the” when the noun has been
identified.
Examples:
A man is coming this way. The man is carrying a package.
The package is full of meat. The meat is fresh.
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A dog is following
the man. The dog is looking at the package.
ll. DEMOSTRATIVES
SINGULAR PLURAL
NEAR THIS THESE
FAR THAT THOSE
lll. QUANTIFIERS
SOME ANY NO
uncountable and uncountable and Replaces ANY when
count nouns count nouns, the structure is
affirmative and negative and affirmative.
offers. questions.
Examples:
- Can you lend me some money ? request
- Yes, l can
- No, l can’t.
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with: A / AN, THE, SOME, ANY or an X when no determiner is needed.
The first time l saw _____________ American film l didn’t like it at all. ____________
accent of _____________ actors was very different from ___________ one l had. They
spoke _____________ English, but it didn’t sound like ________________ language l had
learned at _____________ school. l became very bored. l wanted to buy
_____________ chocolate, but l didn’t have ______________ money left. l took
___________ look at ___________ people near me. ____________ old man was asleep,
__________ another man was yawning, ____________ couple sitting next to me stood up
and left. l was very happy when _______________ film ended. Now that l live in
____________ United States l like _______________ American films very much. I’ll go to
____________ movies with ______________ friends tonight.
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Follow the same procedure
Examples:
- ls there much milk in the refrigerator?
No, there isn’t
Yes, there is
Yes, there’s lots (of milk) there.
C. A LITTLE – A FEW
A LITTLE A FEW
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mass nouns, affirmative and questions. count nouns affirmative and questions.
** in negative we use ANY. ** in negative we use ANY.
Examples:
Note: OF follows MANY, MUCH, A FEW, A LITTLE, SOME and ANY when the noun they
quantify is identified.
EXERCISES
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SPECIAL CASES:
Examples:
EXERCISES
Rewrite the following sentences using: LITTLE, FEW, QUITE A LITTLE and QUITE A FEW.
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ANOTHER - OTHER - OTHERS - THE OTHER - THE OTHERS
* a = modifier / b = pronoun
SINGULAR PLURAL
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with: ANOTHER, OTHER, OTHERS, THE OTHERS or THE OTHER.
10. l found two kittens: one was alive and ____________________ was dead.
Examples:
- Which one do you like?
Either one will do.
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- We bought both records.
Examples:
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with : EITHER, NEITHER, BOTH, ANY, NONE, or ALL.
5. _________________ one of your parents can help you. I’m sure they will.
7. All the girls know the answer. __________________ of them will help you.
9. Can you speak English and French? Yes, l can speak them ___________________
10. We can see ____________________ one of the movies. lt doesn’t matter, l like them both.
EACH directs attention to the separate members of a group whereas EVERY emphasizes the unity.
Examples:
- Each student has to work individually.
- Every boy had to participate.
EXERCISES
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2. ___________________ student must hand in a paper on Friday.
5. You must talk to ____________________ person you find at the exhibit individually.
7. l took some pictures from __________________ place l visited during the tour.
TAG QUESTIONS
SPECIAL CASES:
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2. After an imperative, the tag is will you ? or would you ?
- Open the window, will you?
- Don’t do that again, would you?
EXERCISES
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VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS
Some verb always take objects (like, buy, use, etc.) and some others never do (go, sleep, get,
up, etc.) there are, however, some verbs that frequently have two objects, a direct object and
indirect object.
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GROUP ll V + D.O + P + I.O.
Admit (for)
Announce (to)
Borrow (from)
Buy (from)
Cash (for) Can you explain this to me ?
Change (for) V D.O. P I.O.
Describe (to)
Design (for) l introduced my boss to my parents.
Do (for) V D.O. P I.O.
Explain (to)
Introduce (to) She´s cashed a check for them.
Mention (to) V D.O. P I.O.
Prepare (for)
Prescribe (for) He translated the letter for Jane.
Pronounce (for) V D.O. P I.O.
Recommend (to)
Repeat (for) Will they borrow some money from Chris ?
Say (to) V D.O. P I.O.
Speak (to)
Suggest (to)
Translate (for)
Note : When the direct object is too long and we are using a verb that belongs to the second group,
The order of the objects is inverted, but we still have to use the preposition.
Examples:
Note : lf we want to use pronouns, we have to keep in mind that two definite object pronouns (me –
you – him – her – it – us – them) cannot be used together:
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He brought us it (this sentence is wrong since the two definite
pronouns are together).
BUT
lf the direct object is one of the indefinite pronouns (one – some – any – other or any other
quantifier), we can put them together.
All the following sentences are correct:
- She got me one.
- l´ll show her some.
- They charged me a lot.
- Will you give us another?
EXERCISES
Put the words in the correct order. lf it´s possible to form two sentences, do it both ways.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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5. buy / Thomas / going to / (from) / me / furniture / some / soon /is.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. question / the / asking / you / how long / same / her / been / (to) have ?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10. (to) / himself / sins / Joe / priest / killed / his / forgave / the / as soon as/him.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11. the / (for) prepare / didn´t / why / lesson / his / teacher / the / students?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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13. had / my lovely / was / l (to) / when / neighbour / very / my / sorry / to / car / sell / l.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
INDIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
lt has 4 cases:
- REPORTED SPEECH (sentences)
A. Reported Speech deals with sentences. We report what is being said or what has already been
said.
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Past becomes past perfect
Will becomes would
Can becomes could
May becomes might
Must / have to becomes had to
Would, could, might, should, ought to and the past perfect all remain the same.
Examples:
As you can see in the above examples, the word THAT can be omitted if desired. More examples will
be given now. But there´s something we have to remember when we use Reported Speech, we´re only
changing the form of the verbs (not the tense), so as to make the sentence sound better, with
harmony of tenses.
- l live in Lima.
She said (that) she lived in Lima, (and she still does)
More examples:
- Martin is sleeping.
You said (that) Martin was sleeping.
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B. lndirect ideas have the same rules as Reported Speech, but there is a change of word order in
most sentences.
Examples:
- Where is Mary?
Nobody knew where Mary was.
Note: When there is no interrogative Word in the question, we use IF in the corresponding slot.
Examples:
- Do you have relatives here?
He asked her IF she had any relatives here.
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- May l borrow your pen?
He asked me IF he might borrow my pen.
Examples:
- Call me as soon as you get home.
He asked her to call him as soon as she got home.
D. Indirect Suggestions are a more formal way and require a noun clause introduced by
THAT.
Recommend
Insist
Suggest
Demand
Subject + prefer + That + Subject + V (simple form) + Com.
Propose
Request
Order
Require
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Examples:
Note: there are some expressions that can be used with the same sentence pattern.
Examples:
- It´s important that everyone be present.
- It´s necessary that the class begin on time.
- It´s advisable that we study more.
- It´s forbidden that the children stay out late.
- It´s obligatory that the students hand in the reports.
- It´s essential that she be taken to the hospital.
EXERCISES
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5. Has your uncle finished his project?
I asked them _______________________________________________________________
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21. Look for my pen as soon as you get there.
She told him ___________________________________________________________
COMPARISONS
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Mr. Evans is as fat as his brother.
(Mr. Evans is as a fat man as his brother)
D. SPECIAL COMPARISONS
- Similarity in only one respect (THE SAME + NOUN + AS / THE SAME + NOUN)
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SOMEWHAT – A LITTLE (suggest less difference)
- Those chairs are somewhat different.
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with the comparative, the superlative or the comparison of equality or inequality.
7. Most students can’t speak English _____________________ they can write it.
(well)
11. ____________________ grade I’ve ever gotten is 78. That isn’t a very good grade,
(bad)
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70. 78 isn’t _______________ grade ________________ 70, but isn’t ______________ 85.
(bad) (good)
14. My new coat didn’t cost ______________________ I thought it would, but it cost
(a lot)
get _________________ coat they had, but it wasn’t their ____________________ one.
(cheap) (expensive)
16. All the members of John’s family are fat. Even though his sister isn’t _________________
(fat)
he is, she’s ________________ his second brother. His second brother is ______________
(fat) (thin)
of all the family. Their parents eat _______________________ the children, but the children
(a lot)
17. Tom isn’t ___________________ his brother. His brother is __________________ Tom, but
(old) (old)
company in town.
18. Sue likes Tchaikovsky’s music. She says that he wrote ____________________________ and
(sweet)
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_______________________ Tchaikovsky. Unfortunately modern musicians can’t make
19. When I went shopping. I saw ________________________________ coat in the word. It was
(beautiful)
______________________ coat __________________ the one that was next to it. I didn’t
(expensive)
20. Last night I heard ______________________________ scream. My sister said that it wasn’t
(frightening)
______________________ scream ___________________ the one she had heard in the old
(spooky)
Two – word verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb which somehow changes the
meaning of the verb.
blow up - explode
break down - stop working
come back - return
come to - regain consciousness
come over - visit
get along - progress
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get over - recover
give up - surrender
make out - become friends again, apply cosmetics on
pass out - succeed
pass away - die
show up - appear
take off - leave the ground
wear out - become useless
Separable two-word verbs are those that have the object after the two-word verb or between the
two parts. When the object is a pronoun, it is always placed between the two parts.
Examples - I called up my sister I called my sister up (or) I called her up
blow up - cause to explode
call off - cancel
call up - telephone
do over - redo, do it again
figure out - calculate
fill in / out - complete through writing
fill up - fill completely
find out - discover
give back - return
give up - stop something
hand in - submit
leave out - omit
let down - disappoint
look over - examine
look up - seek something written
make up - invent
mix up - confuse
pass out - distribute
pass up - refuse (an opportunity)
pick out - choose
pick up - lift, give a ride to
point out - indicate
put away - store in a safe place
put off - postpone
put on - dress oneself in
take down - write from dictation
take off - remove (clothes)
tear down - destroy (buildings)
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throw away - discard
try on - put on to see if it fits
turn off - stop the operation of
turn on - start the operation of
wear out - use (something)until it’s no longer useful
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of TWO-WORD VERBS.
1. We had to _______________________the meeting. (CANCEL)
3. She _______________________a few minutes later (REGAIN CONSCIUOSNESS)
4. I _________________________Mr. Jones yesterday. (MEET BY CHANCE)
5. We________________________ some exercises from now on (OMIT)
6. You ______________________ the rehearsal, haven’t you ? (POSTPONE)
7. He _______________________his parents last week (VISIT)
8. _________________________ your car often______________? (STOP WORKING)
9. She _____________________that word, didn’t she? (SEEK IN A BOOK)
10 Helen always ______________the best dresses. (CHOOSE)
11. Please ___________________the books. (STORE)
12 We have to _______________the reports soon. (SUBMIT)
13. They are going to ____________that building. (DESTROY)
14. You shouldn’t ____________ that offer. (REFUSE)
15. He has to _______________his parents. (TELEPHONE)
16. I hope to _______________better tomorrow. (PROGRESS)
17. She __________________yesterday, did she? (APPEAR)
18. He always ______________very well. (SUCCEED)
19. I ____________________that she was lying. (DISCOVER)
20. We ___________________the baby last night. (TAKE CARE OF)
21. She ___________________her sickness yet. (RECOVER FROM)
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22. When are you going to _____________ smoking? (STOP)
23. Don’t __________ me ______________any more. (CONFUSE)
24. I have no one to __________________ (RELY ON)
25. He has to _________________________the exercises. (REDO)
26. Because of the accident, Mary’s father ________________ (DIE)
27. I failed to __________________the teacher’s exercises yesterday (DISTRIBUTE)
28. He can’t find his pants. He’s __________ them. (SEEK)
29. My uncle ________________some new exercises now. (INVENT)
30. When he heard the news, he ____________________ (EXPLODE)
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MODALS
CAN
1. Present ability = be able to
- I can swim well = I’m able to swim well.
- She can speak 4 languages= She’s able to speak 4 languages.
2. Permission
- Can I use your phone? informal
- Can I leave early today?
3. Request (favours)
- Can you help me?
- Can you do something for me?
4. IF Clauses (1st case)
- He can go if he wants.
- I will help you if I can.
5. Present and future probability
- This tree can reach a height of 100 feet.
- The doctor can see you at 4 o’clock.
COULD
1. Past ability = be able to
- I could stand on my head when I was younger = I was able to……
- We could add and subtract at a very early age = We were able…..
2. Permission
- Could we talk to you?
- Could I see you later?
3. Request (favours)
- Could you give me a hand?
- Could you do me a favor?
4. IF Clauses (2nd case)
- I could do it if I had time.
- He would go if he could.
5. IF Clauses (3rd case)
- I could have bought it if I had gotten the money.
- She would have come if she could have borrowed the car.
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6. Past opportunity
- He could have won the race, but he didn’t want to take part.
- They could have done their homework while they were there
7. Present and future probability
- She could be at the office now.
-They could call you tonight.
BE ABLE TO
Replaces CAN and COULD when these can’t be used.
1. After prepositions
- I’ll be glad to be able to help you.
- He studied a lot before being able to solve the problem.
2, Future ability
- We will be able to swim well soon.
- Will you be able to pass the next test?
3. Ability in the Present Perfect
- She has been able to get a good job.
- I have never been able to skate well.
4. Past fulfillment
- The prisoners were able to escape from prison
- I was able to get to the appointment on time.
WILL
1. Future promise
- Don’t worry. I’ll help you.
- My son will pick you up at the airport.
2. Future determination
- I will pass the course.
- We will get the scholarship.
3. Simple future (only with going to)
- He’s going to have a test next week.
- Are they going to come to the party ?
4. Request
- Will you lend me some money?
- Will you please close the door?
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5. IF Clauses ( 1st case)
- She will go out if her father lends her the car.
- They won’t come to class if they are sick.
6. Negative Refusal in the Present
a) With inanimate subjects
- My car won’t start (It refuses to start)
- This key won’t turn (It refuses to turn)
b) With lining subjects
- My uncle won’t go to the movies. (He never goes)
- Fish won’t live without water. (They would die)
WOULD
1. Sequence of tenses
- I’ll come tomorrow He said he’d come tomorrow.
- We will be at home They said they would be at home.
2. Request
-Would you open that window?
- Would you pass me the mustard?
3. IF Clauses (2nd case)
- I would buy that building if I were rich.
- Would you be reading if you had your glasses?
4. IF Clauses (3rd case)
- They would have done it if they had wanted to.
- She would have called you if she had had your number
5. Past habits or customs (usually with a frequency adverb)
- I would often mow the lawn on Saturdays. (I used to ……)
- She would always go to bed early. (She used to….)
6. Negative Refusal in the Past
- I asked him to lend me some money, but he wouldn’t.
- They tried to convince her, but she wouldn’t listen.
MAY – MIGHT
1. Present and Future possibility
- She may call you tonight.
- We might take a trip this month.
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2. Past possibility
- They may have gone out last night.
- He might have been sick yesterday.
3. Permission
- May I borrow your newspaper?
- Might I ask you something?
SHOULD
1. Unfulfilled obligation in the present or future = ought to
- I should (ought to) do my homework, but I’ll go out instead.
- You should (ought to) be studying.
2. Unfulfilled obligation in the past = ought to
- I should (ought to) have studied last night, but I didn’t.
- He should (ought to) have come earlier.
3. Advisability = ought to
- You look sick. You should (ought to) go to the doctor.
- Your grades are low. You should (ought to) study more.
4. Offer (same as SHALL)
- Should I close the door / Yes, please (do). /No, thanks.
- Where should I put the boxes? / Let’s take them to Jack.
MUST
1. Present and Future obligation = HAVE TO (necessity)
- I must do my homework = I have to do my homework.
- He must go to the office = He has to go to the office
Note: In negative contexts, MUST and HAVE TO are different.
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2. Past obligation
- She had to stay in bed for a week
- We had to review our lessons.
3. Present deduction
- She doesn’t look so young. She must be around 50.
- He’s wearing a white uniform. He must work at the hospital.
4. Past deduction
- She didn’t get in on time. She must have gotten up late
- He looks happy. He must have won the game.
OTHER AUXILIARIES
1. WOULD RATHER (Preference)
- I’d rather stay home than go out.
- We’d rather not watch TV
2. HAD BETTER (Advisability) should
- You’d better go to Hawaii on your vacation.
- He’d better not make any more mistakes.
3. WOULD LIKE
- I’d like to smoke a cigar.
- We’d like some ice cream.
EXERCISES
Choose the correct MODAL and provide the appropriate form of the verb Some blanks
require NEGATIVE forms.
1. I can’t find my key. I _________________it. (MUST-WOULD) (LOSE)
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5. Nobody answered the phone. They ____________out when I called.
(MIGHT – CAN) (be)
6. She ______________________it if she had wanted to.(MAY – COULD) (DO)
11. She _________________________ to the party but she was a little tired.
(MUST – COULD) (COME)
18. She was late, so she _____________ a taxi (MUST – HAVE TO) (TAKE)
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19. This pen __________________ (WOULD RATHER – WILL NOT) (WRITE)
21. I’ve just lost my notebook. __________ you _________me some paper?
(SHOULD – WILL) (LEND)
26. Why is she so late? I think she ______________ (MUST – SHOULD) (GET LOST)
27. I’m sure they _______________ it if you ask nicely (MUST -. WILL) (DO)
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THE PASSIVE VOICE
We use the passive voice when we want to emphasize the object rather than the
subject, or when we simply want some variation while speaking or writing. The
performer of the action is omitted in most cases.
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Compare the differences:
She types all the letters all the letters are typed by her
She is typing the letters the letters are being typed by her
She has typed the letters all the letters have been typed by her
She might teach the class the class might be taught by her( possibility in
the present)
She could have taught the class the class could have been taught by her
(possibility in the past)
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Will they have completed the bridge by June?
Will the bridge have been completed by June?
- How should she have made the cake?
How should that cake have been made?
SPECIAL CASES
a) Passive Voice with Noun Clauses:
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We never expected them to print the article.
They were never expected to print the article.
We never expected the article to be printed.
The article was never expected to be printed.
EXERCISES
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7. After they had washed the car, they took it to the garage.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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10. He was painting all the rooms.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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21. They say that she makes good money.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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He can paint
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He will paint
He could paint
He should paint
Might , may,
Auxiliaries
Compare
She has painted the wall. The wall has been painted
She painted the wall the wall was painted by her
She will paint the wall the wall will be painted
She should paint the wall the wall should be painted
When we want to use a verb after a preposition, the verb is almost always an -ING
form
Example:
- I’m interested in learning French.
- We are keen on skating.
- She is good at rafting.
- They are fond of his swimming.
- I prevented her from making that mistake.
She accused me of stealing her money
- We always review before taking an exam.
- She usually listens to the radio while studying.
- They left without saying good bye.
- I was surprised by Ted’s arriving so late.
When the preposition we are working with is FOR or AFTER, we have two possibilities:
Thanks for coming = Thanks for having come.
He left after writing the letter = He left after having written the letter.
EXCEPTION:
The preposition “To” is almost always followed by a simple form.
Examples:
- I’d like to have some coffee
-We are (supposed) to do the exercises now.
- He used to work in a bank, but not anymore.
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We´ re looking forward to receiving our checks.
I object to his doing that.
Verbs may be followed by other verbs, with or without an object noun or pronoun
between them. We will work with infinitives, -ING forms and simple forms:
1.VERB + INFINITIVE
The following verbs can be used only with infinitives:
Examples:
- He failed to win the race.
- I hope to pass the course.
- She has decided to be an actress.
- You promised to take me to the circus.
Examples:
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- I’ll advise them to study more.
- Why don’t you encourage him to try harder?
- They have invited us to have dinner with them.
- Sue taught Bill to add and subtract.
These verbs may be used with or without an object, but with different meanings.
ask like prepare would like
expect need want
Examples:
- I expect to get a good job.
- I expect you to get a good job.
- He wants to buy the tickets.
- He wants them to buy the tickets
4. VERB + -ING
These verb can only be followed by –ING forms. We are including some useful
expressions as well.
admit deny it’s no use appreciate
enjoy it’s (not) worth practice recall
avoid finish keep (on) can’t help
get through mind regret suggest
consider give up postpone go through with
Examples:
- I can’t help hating him.
- He denies taking the money.
- We enjoy working for this company.
- It’s no use crying for that money.
- That problem is not worth worrying about.
Examples:
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6. FORGET- REMEMBER-STOP
These verbs can be followed by infinitives or –ING forms, but with different meanings.
Examples:
- I remembered to close the door.
(First I remembered that I had to close the door, an then I did it)
- I remembered closing the door.
(I closed the door and now I remember that I did it)
- Don forgot to close the door.
(He did not close it)
- Don forgets closing the door.
(He just doesn’t remember whether he did it or not).
- She stopped to smoke
(She stopped in order to smoke).
Examples:
- I heard them sing = I heard them singing.
- We like to see you work = We like to see you working.
The only difference between the two structures is that when we use –ING we are
emphasizing the continuity of the action.
8. CAUSATIVES
These constructions explain the one person causes another person to do something.
a) HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING
- I always have my secretary go to the bank for me.
- She had her son paint the house last week.
- We haven’t had the mechanic check the car yet
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- Tom is having the tailor make him a new suit.
- I’m going to have them count their money again.
- He was having her type some letters when I arrived.
- She said she had already had the electrician fix the radio.
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EXERCISES
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
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17. It’s no use ___________________________ an old - fashioned car
(buy)
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EXERCISES
6. I _______ ________my car ___________ at the same place since I bought it.
(wash)
10. He ____________ his son __________ him when the earthquake began.
(help)
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COMPOUND SENTENCES AND INVERTED STRUCTURES
COMPOUND SENTENCES
1. Echo structures:
AFFIRMATIVE
I am a teacher, and my sister is too
I am a teacher, and so is my sister.
NEGATIVE
He wasn’t there, and his parents weren’t either.
He wasn’t there, and neither were his parents.
CONSTRASTIVE
They are working, but their cousin isn’t.
They aren’t working, but their cousin is.
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We have to do it, but she doesn’t.
We don’t have to do it, but she does.
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He speaks German. He speaks Danish.
He speaks either German or Danish.
: Both………..and
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I know. Mr.Williams. I know Mr. Carter.
I know both Mr. Williams and Mr. Carter.
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EXERCISES
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3. I’ll eat with you, but she _________________________________
4. She hasn’t slept for 14 hours, but he _______________________
5. They have to clean the house, but I _________________________
9. They were going to help you. I was going to help you. (either…or)
__________________________________________________
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10. She didn’t call him. She didn’t visit him. (neither….nor)
__________________________________________________
11. Susan will wash the dishes. Her sister will wash them. (either …or)
__________________________________________________
12. The front door wasn’t painted. The back door wasn’t painted. (neither…
nor)
__________________________________________________
13. She sells furniture. She sells gold necklaces. (not only… but also)
__________________________________________________
14. I’ve bought a new car. I’ve bought a gold ring. (both…and)
__________________________________________________
16. The maid may clean the house. The maid may go shopping. (either…or)
__________________________________________________
18. She hasn’t brought the new tapes. They haven’t brought them.
(neither ... or)
__________________________________________________
19. She saw the doctor. She went dancing. (not only…but also)
__________________________________________________
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CLAUSES
Clauses are groups of words that work as units in a sentence. For instance, an adjective clause
works as an adjective; a time clause works as a time expression; and a purpose clause expresses a
purpose. Clauses have subjects are related verbs.
ADJECTIVES CLAUSES:
Adjective clauses modify the noun which precedes them. and are introduced by relative pronouns
(that/who/which/whom/when/where and whose). They are of these kinds:
RESTRICTIVE clauses are those that are essential to the meaning of the sentences in which they
occur.
NON-RESTRICTIVE clauses are those that can be omitted and are separated by commas from the
rest of the sentence.
Examples:
- The boy who / that is standing at the door works with me.
- Paul, who is standing at the door, works with me.
- The car which / that crashed yesterday belongs to Jane.
- That car, which crashed yesterday, belongs to Jane.
Note: When the relative pronoun of a restrictive clause is not the subject of the clause. It may be
omitted. (in other words, we can leave out the relative pronoun if it refers to the object or to an
adverbial expression).
Examples:
- The boy whom / that I was talking to works with me
- Paul, whom I was talking to, works with me.
- The car which / that I’m driving today, belongs to Jane.
- That car, which I’m driving today, belongs to Jane.
- I was born the year when my uncle graduated.
- I was born in 1958, when my uncle graduated.
Note: WHERE and WHOSE are exceptional. WHERE can be omitted only if a preposition is added
at the end of the clause. WHOSE is never omitted.
Examples:
- Yesterday I went to the town where I was born.
(Yesterday I went to the town I was born in).
Yesterday I went to Chosica, where I was born.
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EXERCISES
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: Join the following sentences, omit the relative pronouns when possible.
3. They have put off the play. Mr. Smith told me about it.
9. I met a girl from Hawaii last year. Tom is going to marry her.
10. Mr. Todd bought his wife a gift. She‘s just had a baby.
11. Mr. Nelson teaches English. We have just met his wife.
12. Everyone went to the art show. They were interested in art.
14. This watch keeps very good time. I’ll give it to my brother.
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IF CLAUSES
If clauses express conditions in three different clauses: Present, Past and Future. They
are also called Contrary – to – fact if clauses.
Examples:
- I will call you if I have time tomorrow.
(If I have time tomorrow, I will call you)
- She could have passed the course if she had wanted to.
(If she’d wanted to, she would’ve passed the course)
Note: The modals CAN and COULD may also be found in the IF clause.
Examples:
I will help you if I can.
He would pay you if he could get the money.
We would have won the race if we could have taken part.
EXERCISES
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2. I …………………………. more if I ………………………….. more time than I do.
(read) (have)
WHETHER CLAUSES
Whether clauses are considered the opposite of IF CLAUSES. Whether indicates that the condition
described has no effect on the fact mentioned in the main clause.
Example:
- I will go whether I get a ride or not
(I will go whether or not I get a ride)
Note: As you can see. The OR NOT can follow WHETHER or it can be used at the end of the sentence.
Also notice the WHETHER clauses have the same grammar as IF CLAUSES.
Examples:
- You (will) have to work whether you like it or not
(You (will) have to work whether or not you like it)
- She would have passed the test whether she’d studied or not.
(She would have passed the test whether or not she’d studied).
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UNLESS CLAUSES
UNLESS CLAUSES also have the same grammar as IF CLAUSES. They are the negative of IF. The
meaning is IF NOT.
Examples:
- I won’t go out unless (if)I have to.
- He would come to class unless he were sick.
- They would’ve bought the car unless they hadn’t had enough money.
Note: WHETHER CLAUSES and UNLESS CLAUSES can be used before main clauses as well.
REASON CLAUSES
Reason clauses are introduced by BECAUSE, SINCE, AS or FOR. Only FOR cannot
be used in initial position.
Examples:
- He didn’t come to class BECAUSE he was sick.
- I never drink coffee SINCE it makes me nervous.
- She always loses her pens AS she’s very absentminded.
- They won’t go out FOR they don’t have enough money.
- BECAUSE he was sick, he didn’t come to class.
- AS she is very absentminded, she always loses her pens.
Wish clauses express events or states that are unreal or contrary-to -fact. When we
want to refer to the present, the verb in the clause is in the past subjunctive (unreal
present), and when we want to refer to the past, the verb in the clause is in the past
perfect. People sometimes use COULD in present clauses and COULD HAVE + P.P.
in past clauses as well.
Examples:
(PRESENT) - I wish (that) she were here.
Wish + past simple
- We wish (that) he worked harder.
- She wishes (that) I didn’t have to work.
- I wish (that) I didn’t have to work.
- He wishes (that) he could go to the party.
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- We wish (that) we had been there.
- He wishes (that) he could have gotten a ride.
The clauses also express unreality and have the same grammar as classes after
WISH.
Examples:
CLAUSES OF MANNER
Examples:
- Why don’t you do it as I told you?
- He is working as we taught him to.
COMPARATIVE CLAUSES
Comparative clauses are also called the double comparative structure. They express
that the degree of on action or state depends on the degree of another.
Example:
- The more you study, the higher your grades will be.
- The less one spends, the more one saves.
- The farther we live from work, the earlier we have to get up.
EXERCISES
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MIXED CLAUSES. Complete the following sentences. Some forms must be negative.
PURPOSE CLAUSES
Purpose clauses contain one of the following modals: CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT,
WILL or WOULD. They have a specific rule.
Present
Present –ING
Future + SO THAT + WILL / CAN / MAY / (Present)
Present Perfect
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Past
Past –ING + SO THAT + WOULD / COULD / MIGHT + V. INFIN.
Past Perfect
Examples:
- I always study very hard so that I can get good grades.
- He is checking everything so that there won’t be any trouble.
- She is going to get up early so that she can get to work on time.
- They’ve started saving money so that they will buy a car.
- I went to bed early so that I could get enough sleep.
- We were practicing so hard so that we would learn the lesson well.
RESULT CLAUSES
Result Clauses also use the word SO. However, they express a result, a consequence
rather than purpose. A comma is placed before SO, and there is no rule of tenses at
all.
Examples:
- I’ve been working a lot this week, so I’m very tired now.
- She didn’t come yesterday, so she will surely come today.
- He is on vacation, so he’s planning to take a trip.
- I’d like to buy a car, so I’ll start saving money.
- We know Mr. Allen, so he invited us to his party last week.
TIME CLAUSES
Time clauses are introduced by one of the following words. WHEN, WHILE, BEFORE,
AFTER, UNTIL, SINCE or the expressions AS SOON AS and THE MOMENT.
Time Clauses are usually expressed in the Present or in the Past (Never in the future)
Examples:
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- I often get headaches when I read.
- We will call you after we get home.
- She is going to wait until he comes.
- Look at his letter before you go out.
- I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
- They are going to recognize her the moment she arrives.
- I waited until they called me up.
- She was eating lunch while I was out.
- He had mailed the letter when he realized it was the wrong one.
- They have lived in that house since they came to Lima.
- She had finished before we went out.
Note: Sometimes people use the Present Perfect instead of the Present in time
clauses. Look at the following examples.
- I will call you as soon as she has arrived (… arrives ..)
- Brush your teeth after you’ve had dinner (… have …)
- He’s going to bed the moment he’s got home (… gets …)
- They will faint when they’ve heard the news (… hear …)
Note: All the examples above can change their order. That is, they could be used to
start a sentence.
Examples:
- Since she graduated, she had had three different jobs.
- While he was in the Navy, he learned to cook.
- When he calls her, she will tell him the truth.
- The moment you have finished your work, you can go out.
Note: Review the special cases with WHILE in the past Continuous, and AFTER / AS
SOON AS in the Past Perfect.
EXERCISES
PURPOSE CLAUSES: Complete the following sentences.
1. I always have breakfast at 7 so that I …………………………… my things earlier.
(DO)
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2. He set his alarm clock so that he …………………….. on time. (GET UP)
3. We are going to buy the tickets early so that we …………………………… worried
about them. (BE)
4. Harry was studying hard so that he ………………………. an “A” on the exam. (GET)
5. She’s saved her money so that she ……………………. a bigger house. (BUY)
6. I gave her some money so that we……………………. something to eat (GET)
7. We usually do exercises so that we …………….…………. the new patterns (LEARN)
8. He took a taxi so that he ……………………. at home on time. (ARRIVE)
9. I took my son to the dentist so that he ………………….. any cavities. (HAVE)
10. She never drives fast so that she ………………………. a ticket (GET)
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5. I’ve known the Allens since they ……………………. from their country (COME)
6. When we have finished the course, we …………………. a party. (HAVE)
7. They don´t want to get married until they …………………..better jobs. (FIND)
8. I’ll be studying while Tom ………………….. at the party. (BE)
9. Before we left the house, we …………………….. the windows (CHECK)
10. She often goes to bed after she …………………… the dishes. (WASH)
11. He went out as soon as he ………………….. the car horn. (HEAR)
12. What did you do while I ……………………….. at the store? (BE)
13. The moment he arrived, everybody ………………… him. (GREET)
14. I’m not going to stop studying until I ……………………. everything. (FINISH)
15. Had you already had lunch when I …………………… you? (CALL)
She doesn’t have a job. She helps around the house, though.
I tried some Thai food last week. I didn’t like it, though.
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I lost the game in spite of the fact that I tried hard.
(I lost the game despite the fact that I tried hard)
In spite of the fact that I tried hard, I lost the game.
(Despite the fact that I tried hard, I lost the game)
EXERCISES
Join the following sentences using the words in parentheses.
1. The class is interesting. I want to go home. (ALTHOUGH)
2. There’s bad weather. We’ll go to the beach (IN SPITE OF) (NOUN)
_____________________________________________________________________
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5. Bob’s team won. He scored all the goals. (MOREOVER)
11. Nobody knew about the quiz. No one got a bad grade. (IN SPITE OF THE FACT
THAT)
13. I never set the alarm. I never get to work late either. (NEVERTHELESS)
14. There was a hurricane. People kept their faith. (DESPITE) (NOUN)
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15. I’ve finished today’s homework. I’ve done tomorrow’s. (FURTHERMORE)
17. They like to practice a lot. They’re excellent players. (AS A MATTER OF FACT)
18. I’ve had breakfast. I’m still hungry. (IN SPITE OF – ING)
19. I’m saving all my money. I’m going to buy a house. (AS A RESULT)
20. I studied hard. I failed the exam. (DESPITE THE FACT THAT)
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MISCELLANEOUS SECTION
1. So Vs. Such
- She was so fat that she broke the chair.
She was such a fat woman that she broke the chair.
Note: MUCH – MANY – FEW and LITTLE are always used with SO.
- She has so much money that she doesn’t know what to do with it.
Special Case: In formal English we may use SO instead of SUCH but the order
changes.
- It was such a beautiful day that we went to the beach.
- It was a so beautiful day that we went to the beach.
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- Only by hard work can you succeed.
- Only after a child is 2 years old does it begin to show gestures of independence.
(Not only a child is 2 years old does it begin to show gestures of independence)
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- This is the first time we have gone there.
Fill in the blanks:
a) It’s the first time he ……………………. so sick. (BE)
b) This is the 2nd time I …………………… that movie (SEE)
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a) The driver was ……………………… injured (serious – seriously)
b) Be …………………. . I’m trying to concentrate. (quiet – quietly)
c) I waited ……………….. in the living room (nervous – nervously)
d) It rained ………………… for 3 days (continuous – continuously)
e) They are very …………… married. (happy – happily)
f) His French is very ………………. . (fluent - fluently)
g) She dances very ………………… . (good - well )
h) Ann is wearing ………………… clothes (colorful – colorfully)
i) The car was ……………………. cheap. (reasonable – reasonably)
j) She’s ………………….. upset about it (terrible – terribly)
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- Not all teachers promote children’s creativity.
12. Even:
- Nobody studied for the quiz. Jane is the best student, but on yesterday’s quiz, even
Jane got a bad grade.
- My neighbour is very stingy. He doesn’t give tips; not even a coin.
- He surprised us all; he even washed the dishes.
- She never hurries; even when she is late.
- Each team has won 2 sets. They are even (on the same level).
- Even numbers vs. odd numbers.
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- It’s in this office that the applicants are interviewed. (not where)
- It was there that I lost my watch (not where)
- It was in this way that Joan of Arc was tortured (not how)
- It’s in that way that the products are manufactured. (not how)
- It’s on Friday that I’m going to get married (not when)
- It was last Monday that I met him (not when)
- There are 20 students in Mr. Brown’s class. Mr. Jones has 40.
Mr. Jones’s class has twice as many students as Mr. Brown’s.
- The blue car costs $60.000. The red car costs $20.000.
The blue car is 3 times as expensive as the red car.
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-He likes dancing, swimming, running and acting. (correct)
- He hates going to parties, eating vegetables and to sleep late. (wrong)
- You have to take History, English and how to solve math problems (wrong)
21. By + V(ing):
- Answers questions about actions. How ………………….?
How did he win the game? By cheating.
He won it by cheating
How did they find the tent? By following the stars.
They found the tent by following the stars.
How did he learn English? He learned English by practicing with his friends.
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- I don’t know why I hate him, and I just can’t help it.
24. BE WILLING TO: (be anxious to) (have the will to)
- He’s willing to start his new job (he’s anxious to ………..)
- Don’t worry, I’m willing to help you (……………… have the will ………..)
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Afterwards.- Time adverb. Used ALONE. Synonym of later / then
- I got the money. I bought some groceries afterwards (later)
- She took a nap. She went to the office afterwards (then)
b) To express a hope related to another person, we can only use a that clause:
- I hope (that) my children are well.
- She hopes (that) her friend won’t travel to Australia.
c) When a hope is about the present unknown, the verb in the clause is one of the
present tenses.
- I hope she’s having fun.
- We hope our son has arrived safely.
- I hope my sister is fine.
d) When a hope is about the past unknown, the verb in the clause is a past:
- We hope we delivered the packages in the correct houses yesterday.
e) Sequence of tenses:
- I hope she will come to the party.
- I had hoped she would come to the party.
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30. EFFECT + ON:
- The decisions had a direct effect on the new policy.
- The effect of fluorocarbons on the ozone layer is terrible.
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- An attitude TO / TOWARD someone / something
- His attitude to / toward his job is very negative.
- A relationship / a connection / contact WITH someone / something:
- Do you have a good relationship with your parents?
- The police want to question a man in connection between the robbery.
But: a relationship / a connection / a difference BETWEEN two things:
- The police have said that there is no connection between the two murders.
- There are some differences between British English and American English.
EXERCISES
1. I just received an invitation ……………………….. a wedding next week.
2. The company has rejected the worker’s demands ………………… an increase
…………….. pay.
3. There has been a sharp rise ………………… the cost of living in the past few years.
4. Bill and I used to be good friends, but I don’t have much contact ……………….. him
now.
5. What were George’s reasons ………………. giving up his job?
6. Money isn’t the solution ………………….. every problem.
7. The front door is locked. Do you have the key ………………….. the back door?
8. I’ve never met Carol, but I’ve seen a picture …………………… her.
9. When he left home, his attitude …………….. his parents seemed to change.
10. The two companies are completely independent. There is no connection
…………………. them.
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- IN (my) opinion:
- In my opinion the film wasn’t very good.
- IN time (= soon enough for something / soon enough to do something):
- Will you be home in time for dinner? (= soon enough for dinner).
- We got to the station just in time to catch the train.
- ON time (= punctual, not late)
- The 11:45 train left on time. (=? It left at 11:45)
- The conference was well organized. Everything began on time.
- (to be) ON fire:
- Look! That car is on fire.
- (to be) ON the telephone / ON the phone or BY phone
- I’ve never met her but I’ve spoken to her on the phone.
- ON television / ON the radio:
- I didn’t watch the game on television. I listened to it on the radio.
- (to be / to go) ON a diet:
- I’ve put on a lot weight. I’ll have to go on a diet.
- (to be / to go) ON strike:
- There are no trains today. The railroad workers are on strike.
- (to be / to go) ON vacation / ON business / ON a trip / ON a tour / ON a cruise /
ON an expedition, etc.
- Did you go to Paris on business or on vacation?
- One day I’d like to go on a world tour.
But you can also say “go to a place FOR a vacation / FOR my vacation”.
- Tom has gone to France for a vacation.
- Where are you going for your vacation this year?
- (to go / to come) FOR a walk / FOR a swim / FOR a meal, etc):
- She always goes for a walk with her dog in the morning.
- After work we went to the restaurant for a meal.
- (to have something) FOR breakfast / FOR lunch / FOR dinner.
- What did you have for lunch?
EXERCISES:
1. Next month I’m going to Mexico …………………. a short vacation.
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2. The store clerk wouldn’t accept my check and insisted and I pay …………….. cash.
3. It was only ………………….accident that I found out who the man really was.
4. Ann liked the dress, but …………… my opinion it didn’t look very good on her.
5. I wouldn’t like to go ……………… a cruise. I think I’d get bored.
6. Do you know any songs ………………. the Beatles?
7. When we went to Rome, we went ………………… a tour around the city.
8. A dog ran across the street in front of the car, but I managed to stop just ………….
time.
9. I’m hungry. What’s ……………….. dinner this evening?
10. I would like to get up ……………… time to have a big breakfast before going to
work.
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- Excited / worried / upset ABOUT something:
- Are you excited about going on vacation next week?
- Ann is upset about not being invited to the party.
- Afraid / frightened / terrified / scared OF someone / something:
- Are you afraid of dogs? Yes, I’m terrified of them.
- Proud / ashamed OF someone / something:
- I’m not ashamed of what I did. In fact, I’m quiet proud of it.
- Jealous, envious, suspicious OF someone, something:
- Why are you always so jealous of other people?
- He didn’t trust me. He was suspicious of my intentions.
- Aware / conscious OF something:
- Did you know when they were married? No, I wasn’t aware of that.
- Good / bad / excellent / brilliant AT (doing) something:
- I’m very good at repairing things.
- Married / engaged TO someone:
- Linda is married to an American. (not with an American).
- Sorry ABOUT something:
- I’m sorry about the noise last night. We were having a party.
But: sorry FOR doing something:
- I’m sorry for shouting at you yesterday.
You can also say:
- I’m sorry I shouted at you yesterday.
- (to feel / to be) sorry FOR someone:
- I feel sorry for George. He has no friends and no money.
- Crazy ABOUT something:
- Ann is crazy about Westerns. She’d go to the movies every night if a Western
were playing.
- Impressed BY / WITH someone / something:
I wasn’t very impressed by / with the movie.
- Famous FOR something:
- The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures.
- Responsible FOR something:
- Who was responsible for all that noise last night?
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- Different FROM someone / something (in informal English we sometimes say
different THAN).
- The movie was quiet different from what I expected.
- Interested IN something:
- Are you interested in Art and architecture?
- Capable / Incapable OF something:
- I’m sure you are capable of passing the examination.
- Fond OF someone / something:
- Mary is very fond of animals. She has three cats and two dogs.
- Full OF something:
- The letter I wrote was full of mistakes.
- Short OF something:
- I’m a little short of money. Can you lend me some?
- Tired OF something:
- Come on, let’s go. I’m tired of waiting.
- Similar TO something:
- Your writing is similar to mine.
- Crowded WITH (people, etc):
- The city was crowded with tourists.
EXERCISES:
1. It wasn’t very polite …………………….. him to leave without saying thank you.
2. We enjoyed our vacation, but we were disappointed …………….. the hotel.
3. I was shocked …………… what you said. You should be ashamed ………………...
yourself.
4. Bill has been doing the same job for too long. He’s bored ……………….. it.
5. Mr. Davis spends a lot of time gardening. His garden is very well-kept, and he’s very
proud ……………….. it.
6. Joe failed his driving test many times. He isn’t capable ………….. driving a car.
7. Our house is similar ……………… theirs, but I think ours is a little bigger.
8. We’re short ……………….. staff in our office at the moment. There aren’t enough
people to do the work that has to be done.
9. Travelling is great at first, but you get tired ……………………. it after a while.
10. I’m sorry …………………… the smell in this room. It’s just been painted.
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34. VERB + PREPOSITION:
- Apologize (TO someone) FOR something:
- When I realized I was wrong. I apologized to him for my mistake.
- Apply FOR a job / admission for a university, etc:
- I think you’d be good at this job. Why don’t you apply for it?
- Believe IN something:
- Do you believe in God? (= Do you believe that God exists?)
- I believe in saying what I think (= I believe that it is a good thing to say what I
think).
- Belong TO someone:
- Who does this coat belong to?
- Care ABOUT someone / something (= think someone / something is important):
- He is very selfish. He doesn’t care about other people.
- Care FOR someone / something:
I. = like something (usually in questions and negative sentences).
- Would you care for a cup of coffee? (= Would you like …?)
- I don’t care for hot weather. (= I don’t like…?
II: = look after someone:
- She is very old. She needs someone to care for her.
- Take care OF someone / something (=look after):
- Have a nice vacation. Take care of yourself.
- Will you take care of the children while I’m away?
- Collide WITH someone / something:
- There was an accident this morning. A bus collided with a car.
- Complain (TO someone) ABOUT someone / something:
- We complained to the manager of the restaurant about the food.
- Concentrate ON something:
- Don’t look out the window. Concentrate on your work.
- Consist OF something.
- We had an enormous syllabus. It consisted of seven courses.
- Crash / drive / bump / run INTO someone / something:
- He lost control of the car and crashed into a wall.
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- Depend ON someone / something:
- What time will you arrive? I don’t know. It depends on the traffic.
You can leave out on before question words (when/where/how, etc)
- Are you going to buy it? It depends (on) how much it is.
- Die OF an illness:
- What did he die of? A heart attack
- Dream ABOUT someone / something:
- I dreamed about you last night.
- Dream OF being something /doing something (=imagine)
- I often dream of being rich.
Also: (I) wouldn’t dream (of doing something)
- Don’t tell anyone what I said. No, I wouldn’t dream of it.
- Happen TO someone / something:
- A strange thing happened to me the other day.
- What happened to that gold watch you used to have?
- Hear ABOUT something (= be told about something):
- Did you hear about the fight in the club on Saturday night?
- Have you heard about Jane? She’s getting married.
- Hear OF someone / something (=know that someone /something exists):
- Who is Tom Brown? I have no idea. I’ve never heard of him.
- Have you heard of a company called “Smith Electronics”
- Hear FROM someone (= receive a letter / telephone call from someone):
- Have you heard from Ann recently? Yes, she wrote to me last week.
- Laugh / smile AT someone / something:
- I look stupid with this haircut. Everyone will laugh at me.
- Listen TO someone / something:
- We spent the evening listening to records.
- Live ON money / food:
- George’s salary is very low. It isn’t enough to live on.
- Look AT someone / something (= look in the direction on):
- Why are you looking at me like that?
Also: have a look AT, stare AT, glance AT.
- Look FOR someone / something (=try to find):
- I’ve lost my keys. Can you help me look for them.
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- Look AFTER someone / something (=take care of)
- She’s very old. She needs someone to look after her.
- Meet WITH someone / something (=have a meeting with):
- Our representatives met with the president of the company.
- Pay (someone) FOR something:
- I didn’t have enough money to pay for the meal.
But: pay a bill / a fine / $50 / a fare / taxes, etc (no preposition).
- Rely ON someone / something:
- You can rely on Jack. He always keeps his promises.
- Search (a person / a place / a bag, etc.) FOR someone / something:
- I’ve searched the whole house for my keys, but I still can’t find them.
- The police are searching for the escaped prisoner.
- Shout AT someone (when you are angry):
- He was very angry and started shouting at me.
But shout TO someone (so that they can hear you)
- He shouted to me from the other side of the street.
- Speak / talk TO someone (with is also possible):
- (on the telephone) Hello, Can I speak to Jane, Please?
- Who was that man I saw you talking to in the restaurant?
- Suffer FROM an illness:
- The number of people suffering from heart disease has increased.
- Think ABOUT someone / something (=consider, concentrate the mind on):
- You’re quiet this morning. What are you thinking about?
- I’ve thought about what you said and I’ve decided to take your advice.
- Will you lend me the money? I’ll think about it.
- Think OF someone / something (remember, bring to mind, have an idea):
- She told me her name, but I can’t think of it now. (not think about it).
- That’s a good idea. Why didn’t I think of that?
We also use think OF when we ask for or give an opinion:
- What did you think of the movie? I didn’t think much of it
The difference between think OF and think ABOUT is sometimes very small. Often
you can use OF or ABOUT:
- My sister is thinking of (or about) going to Canada.
- Tom was thinking of (or about) buying a new car, but changed his mind.
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- When I’m alone, I often think of (or about) you.
- Wait FOR someone / something:
- I’m not going out yet. I’m waiting for the rain to stop.
- Write TO someone or write someone (without to):
- I’m sorry I haven’t written (to) you for such a long time.
- I wrote her a letter.
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- Ask (someone) FOR something:
- I wrote to the company asking them for more information about the job.
But ask (someone) a question (no preposition)
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- Protect someone / something FROM (or against) someone / something:
- He put some lotion on his body to protect his skin from the sun (or against
the sun).
- Provide someone WITH something:
- The school provides all its students with books.
- Regard someone / something AS something:
- I’ve always regarded you as one of my best friends.
- Remind someone OF someone / something (= cause someone to remember):
- This house reminds me of the one I lived in when I was a child.
- Look at this photograph of Carol. Who does she remind you of?
But: remind someone ABOUT something (= tell someone not to forget)
- I’m glad you reminded me about the party. I had completely forgotten.
- Sentence someone TO (a period of imprisonment):
- He was found guilty and sentenced to six months in prison.
- Spend (money) ON something:
- How much money do you spend on food each week?
Note that we usually say “spend (time) doing something.
- I spend a lot of time reading.
- Throw something AT someone / something (in order to hit them)
- Someone threw an egg at the mayor while he was speaking.
But throw something TO someone (for someone to catch)
- Ann shouted “Catch it and throw the keys to me from the window.
- Translate (a book, etc) FROM one language INTO another language.
- George Oliver’s books have been translated into many languages.
- Warn someone ABOUT someone / something (Of is also possible sometimes):
- I knew she was a bit strange before I met her. Tom had warned me about her.
- Everybody has been warned about the dangers of smoking.
EXERCISES:
1. The driver of the car was taken to the police station and later charged …………….
reckless driving.
2. I’ve been invited ………………… the wedding but unfortunately I can’t go.
3. When I saw Dave, I congratulated him …………… passing his driving test.
4. It’s a very large house. It’s divided …………….. four apartments.
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5. It’s not very pleasant when you are accused …………….. something you didn’t do.
6. When we went on our skiing vacation last year, the organizers provided us ………….
all the equipment we needed.
7. Do you prefer your present job ……………. the one you had before?
8. He was sentenced ………………….. life imprisonment for the murder of a police
officer.
9. Don’t throw stones …………… the birds. It’s cruel.
10. They wore warm clothes to protect themselves ……………….. the cold.
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