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SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES, ETHICS AND HUMAN RELATIONS

CRIM. 5: HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Human Behavior
- anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a
given situation.
- the sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings act

Human Beings
Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend,
infer and think in rational ways.

Views in Human Behavior

1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation to events taking place inside the
body such as the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of the human being that can be
observed and measured.
3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information
into various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious motives that originate from aggressive
impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation
toward self-actualization.

Two Basic Types of Behavior

1. Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by
people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection.
2. Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human
beings’ ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the
chances of survival.
Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training.

Classifications of Human Behavior

 Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.
 Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which can
be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
 Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and
shown through symbols or body signs.
 Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones.

Causes of Human Behavior

 Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause that leads
to a particular reaction or behavior.
Human Senses:
 a. Visual – sight
b. Olfactory – smell
c. Cutaneous – touch
d. Auditory – hearing
e. Gustatory – taste
 Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to
determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation
 Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of past
experiences with a given stimulus or object.

Factors that affect Human Behavior

 Heredity – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the
process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the
characteristics of its parent cell or organism.
 Environment – refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and factors
that surround and influence behavioral pattern.
 Learning – is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of
experience or practice.

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior

1. Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of people
and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.
2. Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of
experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable.
3. Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is normally
comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away
from the crowd.
4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody, touchy,
depressed, sensitive and anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to environmental
stress, and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations
as hopelessly difficult.
5. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger,
troublesome behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A person high on
psychoticism tends to be impulsive, aggressive individual without appreciable concern for
others.

Frustration in Human Behavior

Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the individual’s motivated behavior. Sustained
frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.

Three Basic Forms of Conflict

1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - occurs when an individual moves closer to a seemingly
desirable object, only to have the potentially negative consequences of contacting that object
push back against the closing behavior.
2. Approach-Approach Conflict - This is a conflict resulting from the necessity of choosing
between two desirable alternatives. There are usually two desirable things wanted, but only one
option can be chosen.
3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - This form of conflict involves two undesirable or
unattractive alternatives where a person has to decide of choosing one of the undesirable
things.
Coping Mechanism
It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ in the way they react to
frustration. This could be attributed to individual differences and the way people prepared in the
developmental task they faced during the early stages of their life.

Frustration Tolerance
It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of response
such as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.

Broad Reactions to Frustration

 Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means
of breaking down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
 Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration

 Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle their problems in a very
objective way. They identify first the problem, look for the most practical and handy way
to solve it, and proceeded with the constructive manner of utilizing the solution which will
produce the best results.
 Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem,
he always end up with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or
change direction first and find out if the solution or remedy is there.
 Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan
intended to solve the problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most
practical way to face the problem, is to look for most possible or alternative means.
 Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding to running away from the problem or flight
which to some is the safest way.
 Developing feeling of inferiority - comes when a person is unable to hold on to any
solution which gives a positive result. Being discourage to go on working for a way to
handle a frustration could result to diminishing self-confidence, until the time when
inferiority complex sets in.
 Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly.
Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards
life both in the personal and professional aspect.
 Use of Defense Mechanism – is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a
man’s last result when a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation
or event.
Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious psychological process that serves as safety valve
that provides relief from emotional conflict and anxiety.

Common Defense Mechanisms

 Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person or
object as the recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the person
or object which originally was the cause of said emotion.
 Rationalization - is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their
behavior to themselves and others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially
approved arguments to convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and
acceptable
  Compensation - is the psychological defense mechanism through which people attempt
to overcome the anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is
of personality or body image, by concentrating on another area where they can excel.
 Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or the
superego and are projected onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or
ideas, which free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
 Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the
opposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act
in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his
urges and impulses under control.
 Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because
of strong inner needs.
 Repression – is unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful traumatic
experiences are completely prevented from entering consciousness.
 Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a conscious
activity by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and
experiences by pushing them out of his mind.
 Identification - an individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy,
loneliness, or inferiority by taking on the characteristics of someone who is important to
him.
An example is a child who identifies with his parents who are seen as models of
intelligence, strength and competence
 Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome
feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications.
 Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives do
not materialize.
 Regression – a person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was
appropriate to an earlier stage of development.
 Sublimation – is the process by which instinctual drives which consciously
unacceptable are diverted into personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive
and constructive mechanism for defending against own unacceptable impulses and
needs.

Normal Behavior
This refers to a lack of significant deviation from the average. Another possible definition
is that "a normal" is someone who conforms to the predominant behavior in a society.
Social norms – rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values,
beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.

Abnormal Behavior
Literally means "away from the normal". It implies deviation from some clearly defined
norm. In the case of physical illness, the norm is the structural and functional integrity of the
body.

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS
I. PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER
A disorder in which the physical illness is considered to be highly associated with
emotional factors. The individual may not perceive that his emotional state is contributing to his
physical illness.

II. NEUROSIS
 Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions
nor hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms. The
distinguishing feature of neurosis is a sustained characteristic of showing anxiety, fear, endless
troubles that carries significant aspects of the individual’s life.

III. ANXIETY DISORDERS

Anxiety disorders are blanket terms covering several different forms of abnormal
and pathological fear and anxiety. People experience excessive levels of the kind of negative
emotions that we identify as being nervous, tense, worried, scared, and anxious. These terms
all refer to anxiety.

 Forms of Anxiety
A. Phobias
This is an intense, unrealistic fear. In this case, anxiety is focused so intensely on some
objects or situations that the individual is acutely uncomfortable around it and will often go to
great pain to avoid it.
 TYPES OF PHOBIAS
 Acrophobia - high places
 Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places
 Malgophobia - pain
 Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning
 Gynophobia – fear of dogs
 Claustrophobia - closed places
 Hematophobia - blood
 Mysophobia - contamination or germs
 Monophobia - being alone
 Nyctophobia - darkness
 Ochlophobia - crowds
 Hydrophobia - water
 Pathophobia - disease
 Pyrophobia - fire
 Syphilophobia - syphilis
 Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals

B. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
1. Obsession – This is an anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away. Thoughts and
impulses which occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep them out. They seem
uncontrollable, as if they do not belong to the individual's mind.
2. Compulsion – It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform some actions against
his free will and with duress as a result of external factors. This is an irresistible urge to engage
in certain pattern of behavior.
EXAMPLES OF COMPULSION
1. Arithomania – the impulse to count anything.
2. Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor.
3. Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill.
4. Kleptomania – the impulse to steal.
5. Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power.
6. Pyromania – the impulse to set fire.
7. Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s life.
IV. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
"Soma" means body, and somatoform disorders involve a neurotic pattern in which the
individuals complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of a physical problem, but
for which no organic basis can be found. Such individuals are typically preoccupied with their
state of health and with various presumed disorders or diseases of bodily organs.

Three Distinct Somatoform Patterns

1. Somatization Disorder
This is an intensely and chronically uncomfortable condition that indirectly
creates a high risk of medical complications. It takes the form of chronic and recurrent aches,
pains, fever, tiredness and other symptoms to bodily illness. Individuals frequently experience
memory difficulties, problems with walking, numbness, block-out spells, nausea, menstrual
problems and a lack of pleasure from sex.
2. Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders
 Conversion disorders – are somatoform disorders in which individuals experience
serious somatic symptoms such as functional blindness, deafness, paralysis, fainting,
seizures, inability to speak or other serious impairments in the absence of any physical
cause.
 Somatoform pain disorders – are somatoform disorders in which the individual
experiences a relatively specific and chronic pain that has a psychological rather than
physical cause. It is very similar to conversion disorders except that the primary
symptom is pain that has no physical cause.
3. Dissociative Disorders
This covers a broad category of loosely related rare conditions involving sudden
alterations in cognition, characterized by change in memory, perceptions or "identity".
 defined as conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness,
identity and/or perception.

Types of Dissociative Disorders

a. Amnesia – This refers to loss of memory that can have either physical or psychological
cause. It most often occurs after a period of intense stress and involves loss of memory for all or
part of the stressful experience itself.
b. Psychogenic Fugue State – This resembles amnesia in that there is a loss of memory but the
loss is so complete that the individuals cannot remember his or her identity or previous life.
c. Depersonalization – This refers to experiences in which the individual feels that he or she has
become distorted or "unreal" or that distortions have occurred in one's surroundings. One might
feel that she is a real robot - even though she knows she is a real person - or that her room is
not real or that her parents are not real people.
d. Multiple Personality – This is a dissociative disorder in which the individual shifts abruptly and
repeatedly from one personality to another as if more than one person were inhabiting the same
body. This is commonly known as "split personality disorder."

V. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of
personality types and behaviors defined as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and
behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who
exhibits it”. This category includes those individuals who begin to develop a maladaptive
behavior pattern early in childhood as a result of family, social, and cultural influences.

Types of Personality Disorders

1. Paranoid Personality – This is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity,
envy, excessive self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for
one's own mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.
2. Schizoid Personality – Individuals with this personality disorder neither deserve nor enjoy
close relationship. They live a solitary life with little interest in developing friendships. They
exhibit emotional coldness, detachment, or a constricted affect.
- characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary
lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.
3. Schizotypal Personality – Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd
behaviors based on a belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual
experiences.
4. Histrionic Personality – this is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention through
the use of theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal
relationships are stormy.
 characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive
need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.
5. Narcissistic Personality – Individuals with this type of personality have a pervasive sense of
self-importance.
A disorder and its derivatives can be caused by excessive praise and criticism in
childhood, particularly that from parental figures.
6. Antisocial Personality – This is characterized by a lifelong history of inability to conform to
social norms. They are irritable and aggressive" and may have repeated physical fights. These
individuals also have a high prevalence of morbid substance abuse disorders.
7. Borderline Personality – This is characterized by instability, reflected in drastic mood shifts
and behavior problems. Individuals with this type of personality are acutely sensitive to real or
imagined abandonment and have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense interpersonal
relationships that alternate between extreme idealization and devaluation. Such individuals may
abuse substances or food, or be sexually promiscuous.
8. Avoidant Personality – Individuals with this personality are fearful of becoming involved with
people because of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.
9. Dependent Personality – This is characterized by inability to make even daily decisions
without excessive advice and reassurance from others and needs others to assume
responsibility for most major areas of his or her life.
10. Compulsive Personality – This is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order
efficiency, and work coupled with insistence that everyone do things their way and an inability to
express warm feelings.
11. Passive-Aggressive Personality – The individual with personality disorder is usually found
to have overindulged in many things during the early years to the extent that the person comes
to anticipate that his needs will always be met and gratified.

VI. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

The term affect is roughly equivalent to emotion or to mood. The affective disorders are
mood disorders in which extreme and inappropriate levels of mood
– characterized by periods of depression or elation or both.
- A manic-depressive psychosis

VII. SCHIZOPHRENIA
- a psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality, indifference concerning
everyday problems, and tendency to live in a world of fantasy.
- formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a German psychiatrist.
- the term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means “splitting of minds”.
Types of Schizophrenia
 Simple Schizophrenia – is characterized by a gradual decline of interest and ambition.
The person withdraws from social contacts as well as irritable and inattentive.
 Paranoid Schizophrenia – is characterized principally by delusions of persecutions
and/or grandeur. Hallucinations, usually auditory, are most of time present.
 Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – manifests severe integration of personality and can be
observed through inappropriate giggling and smiling without apparent reasons which to
an untrained observer may only be childish playfulness.
 Catatonic Schizophrenia – manifests extreme violence and shown with excessive motor
activity, grimacing, talkativeness and unpredictable emotional outburst.

VIII. PARANOIA
  Paranoia refers to cases showing delusions and impaired contact with reality but without
the severe personality disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia.
- The main symptom is characterized by suspicion

COMMON TYPES OF PARANOIA

1. Persecutory Paranoia – having delusions of persecution.
2. Litigious Paranoia – both delusions of persecution and grandeur
3. Erotic Paranoia – delusion that a certain person is in love with him or her.
4. Exalted Paranoia – with great power of importance.
5. Jealous Paranoia – characterized by irrational jealousy.

Copycat Crime
Copycat crime is crime inspired by another crime that has been publicized in the news
media or fictionally or artistically represented in which the offender incorporates aspects of the
original offense.

SEXUAL DEVIANCY
A sexual act that seeks gratification by means other than heterosexual relationship.
HETEROSEXUALITY – normal sexual relationship between members of the opposite sex which
could lead to reproduction.

TYPES OF SEXUAL DEVIANCY

 Homosexuality
- sexual desire towards the same sex
 Transvestitism
- obtaining sexual gratification by wearing the clothes of the opposite sex.
 Voyeurism
- obtaining sexual pleasure by watching the members of the opposite sex
undressing or engaging in sexual activities.
 Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by exposing one’s genitals to others.
 Fetishism - obtaining sexual gratification primarily and exclusively from specific objects.
 Sadism – by inflicting pain to others
 Masochism – by inflicting pain upon themselves .
 Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of another human being.
 Froilism – a form of sexual perversion in which three (3) persons are participating in
sexual act.
 Pluralism – a group participates in sexual orgies (sexual festival).
 Cunnilingus – licking of woman’s genitals
  Fellatio – sucking the penis
 Pedophilia – obtaining pleasure from sexual contact with children.
 Incest – sexual relations between persons related by blood.
 Bestiality – sexual intercourse with a living animal.
 Necrophilia – desire to engage in sexual intercourse with a dead body.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Crisis
This refers to unstable and dangerous social condition characterized by an impending
abrupt change involving economic, military, political, police, societal or personal affairs that is
approaching emergency level event.
- came from the Greek word “CRISIS” which means to separate.

EMERGENCY
Came from the Latin word “EMERGENTIA” which means dipping; plunging. It is a sudden
condition or state of affairs calling for immediate action.

Crisis Management
It refers to the action undertaken to unify and coordinate resources and efforts to
effectively and efficiently quell a given criminal/life threatening situation.
Also defined as the expert handling of emergency or crisis to reduce or eliminate danger
or damage.

EMERGENCY, CRISIS AND DISASTER DISTINGUISHED

 If the situation is still controlled and the response given is for the purpose of containing
the situation from getting out of control, then it is just an EMERGENCY.
 If the situation is already beyond normal control what is happening is already a CRISIS.
 If the effects of the crisis can no longer be controlled even by its author, it is now a
DISASTER.

Types of Crisis
 Natural crisis – is typically natural disasters considered as acts of God, such as
environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and
hurricanes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, storms, and droughts that threaten life,
property, and the environment itself.
 Man-Made Crisis
- civil disturbance, revolt, revolution, border incident, war, kidnapping, hijacking, hostage-
taking, terrorists activities, attacks on government facilities, etc.

Objectives of Crisis Management

 Resolve without further incident.
 Safety of all participants.
 Apprehension of all perpetrators.
 Accomplishment of the task within the framework of current community standard.

PURPOSE OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT:

“SALVARI VITAS” – to save lives

PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

 Proactive Phase
 - includes prediction, prevention and preparation.
 Reactive Phase
- performance, initial action, action, and post action.

LEGAL REGIMES IN DEALING WITH CRISIS

 Sec. 6, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution
- The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in
scope and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by the NPOLCOM. The
authority of local executives over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law
 Sec. 444 and 445, R.A. 7160
- The mayor shall act as the deputized representative of the NAPOLCOM, which shall
exercise operational control and supervision over the local police forces in the city and
municipality.

Hostage Incident
It is any incident in which people are being held by another person or persons against
their will, usually by force or coercion, and demands are being made by the hostage taker.

Characteristics of a Negotiable Incident

 There must be a need to live on the part of a hostage taker.
 There must be a threat of force on the part of the authorities.
 There must be demands by the hostage taker.
 The negotiator must be seen by the hostage taker as a person who can hurt the hostage
taker but is willing to help him.
 There must be time to negotiate.
 A reliable channel of communication must exists between the hostage taker and the
negotiator.
 Both the location and the communications of the incident need to be contained in order
to encourage negotiation.
 The negotiator must be able to deal with the hostage taker making the decisions.

Hostage - Is a person held as a security for the fulfillment of certain terms

Negotiate - It means to arrange or settle by conferring or discussing.
Crisis Negotiation - means the use of communication techniques and strategies to influence a
person to change his behavior in accordance with goals within legal, ethical and moral
constraints.

PRIORITIES IN HOSTAGE SITUATION

 Preservation of live
 Apprehend hostage taker
 To successfully negotiate; there must be need to live on the part of the hostage taker
and a threat of force by the authorities.

CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE-TAKER
 PERSONS IN CRISIS
- people who take hostages during a period of prolonged frustration, despair and
problems.
 PSYCHOTICS
- mentally-ill people who take hostage during a period of psychiatric disturbance.
 COMMON CRIMINALS
- people who take hostages for personal reason.
  PRISONER
- people who take hostage because of dissatisfaction and discontent regarding their
living condition in prison.
 POLITICAL TERRORIST
- people who take hostages because of political and ideological beliefs.

HANDLING OF SPECIFIC HOSTAGE SITUATION

1. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
- easiest to handle
- rational thinker
- after assessing the situation and weighing the odds, usually come to terms with the
police.
PROPER HANDLING: show force but refrain from unnecessary violence or useless killing.

2. PSYCHOTIC INDIVIDUAL
- present different and somewhat complex problems
- irrational
PROPER HANDLING: the hostage taker may feel a degree of pleasure if he finds himself
important, being the center of attraction
- prolonging the time

3. TERRORIST
- more difficult to handle
- when caught, they rationalize by claiming to be revolutionaries a situation they resolve
to die for a cause.
PROPER HANDLING: their causes may deteriorate in the passage of time.
- if they kill one of the hostages, the negotiators then must set to save the remaining
hostages.

HOSTAGE TAKER’S DEMANDS

 Negotiable
- food, cigarettes, drinks, alcohol, transportation, media coverage, freedom
 Non-Negotiable
- weapons, ammunitions, drugs, release of prisoners, exchange of hostages

PRINCIPLES IN HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION

 the hostage has no value to the hostage taker
 the priorities in the hostage situations are the preservation of life and the apprehension
of the hostage taker, recover and protect property.
 hostage situation must not go violently
 there must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker

IMMEDIATE ACTIONS OF THE NEGOTIATOR UPON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE OF

INCIDENT
1. Containment
 controlling situation and area by people involved.
2. Establish Contact
 communicate with the leader
3. Time Lengthening
 give more time to the police to organize and coordinate plan of action.
4. Telephone Negotiation Technique
 4.1. Be the caller (talk with the leader only)
4.2. Plan and prepare
4.3. Be ready with graceful exit
4.4. Discipline yourself to listen.
4.5. Do not tell that you are the commander, neither your rank
4.6. Just tell “My name is…I am a police negotiator and willing to help.
4.7. Delay tactic – to wear down hostage taker, physically, psychologically and
emotionally. Will also give more time for police organize and coordinate plan course of
action.
4.8. In case hostage taker won’t talk, continue negotiating. Don’t loss hope!

Advantages of Telephone Conversation

1. easier to say NO
2. easier to conclude the conversation
3. conversation is quicker
4. important items are more easily committed
5. caller has the advantage
5. Need for face-to-face conversation
 Don’t be over anxious
 wear body armor
 have tactical back-up (snipers)
 Face-to-face, maintain proper distance;
◦ Proper distance – 1 to 3 feet.
◦ Intimate distance – about 6 inches
 in retreating, face hostage taker slowly backing out of the door.
6. Surrender approach– start with a position approach, act as if hostage taker will surrender. Do
not talk too much. Gradually ask him to surrender. Reassurance is the wisest thing to do. Talk
details of surrender process. And explain why now is better than later.

Crisis Negotiation Bargaining Techniques

 The use of time to increase basic needs, making it more likely that the subject will
exchange a hostage for some basic needs.
 The used of time to collect intelligence on the subject that will help develop a trade.
 The use of time to reduce the subject’s expectation of getting what he wants.
 Trades can be made for food, drink, transportation and money.
 Trades cannot be made for weapons or the exchange of hostages.
 The boss does not negotiate.
 Start bidding high to give yourself room to negotiate.
 Never draw attention to the hostages, it gives the subject too much bargaining power.
 Manipulate anxiety levels by cutting off power, gas, etc.

Stockholm Syndrome
It is the development of unique relations between the hostages and the hostage taker. A
strong attachment of the hostage victim to the hostage takers after a long period of captivity, by
the hostage became sympathizer of the hostage takers.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM

Team – is a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common
purpose, performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves mutually
accountable.

The Negotiating Team

 Negotiator Supervisor – is responsible for the overall functioning of the negotiating
team. In addition to his supervisory skills, the supervisor must have leadership ability. He
should see to it that the situation is negotiable, appropriate personnel is available,
intelligence is gathered in timely manner, communications are established, negotiation
strategy is working-out, an appropriate record of the negotiation is kept and the
commander is well informed.
 Primary Negotiator – is the direct communication link to the hostage taker and is
responsible for developing verbal tactics, monitoring and assessing the hostage taker’s
level of emotional arousal and helping the hostage taker engage in problem solving.
 Secondary Negotiator – is the pipeline between the negotiation team and primary. He
helps to develop verbal tactics, provides moral support for the primary.
 Intelligence Officer – is responsible for gathering intelligence from various sources,
interviewing all relevant persons involved in the incident, collating and disseminating that
information, maintaining and updating status boards and making sure that all response
units are receiving accurate and timely intelligence.
 Mental Health Consultant – is responsible for evaluating the personality of the hostage
taker, recommending negotiation strategies, monitoring team stress, monitoring stress
among the hostage takers and hostages.
 Equipment Officer – is someone who understands technical information regarding
radios, computers, phone systems, mechanical systems, etc. and can make minor
repairs.

Command Post
It is the position from which a unit commander and his staff exercise command over the
hostage incident.

Ground Commander is the designated senior officer in command of the incident. Also termed
“incident commander”

Inner and Outer Perimeter

 Inner Perimeter – is the immediate area of containment as designated by the on ground
commander
 Outer Perimeter – is a secondary control area surrounding the inner perimeter, providing
a safe zone for access to the inner perimeter.

The Tactical Team

Is an assault team responsible in carrying out assault operation whenever negotiation
fails. A unit of specially selected, appointed, trained and equipped officers that provides
assistance in those incidents that would require special tactics, techniques and equipment.

Tactical Team Components

Tactical Supervisor – is responsible for the mobilization of the members of the team,
deployment of the containment team, development of the tactical plan and operation of the
assault and arrest teams.
The tactical team is divided into three major components:
 1. First Component – this component is responsible for maintaining perimeter control
both inner and outer. Also called containment sub-team.
2. Second Component – the second component is apprehension and assault team.
Members of this sub-team make an undetected approach to the location, plan and prepare for
the release of hostages, and make an assault if necessary. Also called apprehension and
assault sub-team.
3. Third Component – is the sniper / observer sub-team. The sniper/observer sub-
team (third component) has two responsibilities:
 Provide intelligence on factors present at the location. These factors may include
physical layout, placement of walls, furniture, specific location of hostages and hostage
takers, clothing and mental state of hostages and hostage takers.
 Prepare for a shot on the hostage taker.
Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communications
 Concerned attitude – the negotiator communicates with an attitude that he has genuine
interest in the hostage taker. Example: “Tell me what happened” “That must have been
hard/sad/threatening” and “I’d really like to help you”
 Reasonable-problem solver – the negotiator assumes the role of a leader. Example:
“Let’s work together to be sure everyone is safe” “What would you like to do about this”
Let’s see what other solutions are possible”
 Buddy-fellow traveler – it is one of commiseration with the hostage taker and works
well with trapped felons, impulsive people and antisocial personalities. Example: “Man I
hear you, bosses never understand” “You know how they are about”
 Columbo-dumb but trying persona – the negotiator does not have all the answer but
is trying to do the best he can. Example: “I know it’s taking a long time but we are trying”
“I hate that I can’t help any faster but ____”
 Non-judgmental and directing – the negotiator is compassionate but firm and
competent. It is good with depressed persons, disoriented or dependent people.
Example: “You sound pretty excited, take a deep breath and relax” “Let’s take this next
step slow so nobody gets hurt” “Check on your people for me to be sure everyone is
alright”

Active Listening Techniques

 Open-Ended Questions/Statements –question or statements directed at the hostage
taker designed to get him to open up and give a long, verbal answer.
 Effective Pauses – not saying anything when the hostage taker finishes talking,
encouraging him to fill the empty or blank space with additional communications or
information. Periods of silence that is used to emphasize a point or to encourage the
subject to say more.
 Minimal Encouragement – saying yes, ok or other verbal indicators that the negotiator
is actually listening to the hostage taker. Brief, well-timed response that let the subject
knows the negotiator is paying attention. It is a neutral non-threatening response that
can be used with any subject.
 Mirroring (Reflecting Feelings) – a response in which the negotiator mirrors back to
the hostage taker the emotions of the hostage taker in communicating, the negotiator
repeats the last word or phrase.
 Paraphrasing – a response in which the negotiator gives the hostage taker the essence
of his message in the negotiator’s words. The negotiator repeats the subject’s meaning
in the negotiators words. It shows that the negotiator is listening and understands the
content of the subject’s message.
 Emotional Labeling (Reflecting Meaning) – a response in which negotiator let the
hostage taker know he understands the facts and the feelings the hostage taker is
 communicating. The use of emotionally descriptive words to show that the negotiator
understands the feelings the subject is experiencing.
 I-Messages – a response in which the negotiator expresses his emotions in response to
the hostage taker. These are messages that personalize the negotiator without
becoming a personal attack and allow negotiator to introduce new ideas without raising
excessive resistance.
 Summative Reflections – a response in which the negotiator summarizes the main
facts and feelings that the hostage taker has expressed over a relatively long period.

Implementation of Methods to Deal with Hostage situation

Rule 22. Hostage Situation of the revised PNP Operational procedures
Sec.1. Procedures to be followed in a Hostage Situation – the following steps shall be
undertaken:
a. A crisis management task group shall be activated immediately
b. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated
c. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to the incident scene
d. Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other information shall be recorded. Witnesses
shall be directed to a safe location.
Sec.2. Ground Commander – there shall be only one Ground Commander in the area.
Sec.3. Negotiators – negotiators shall be designated by the Ground commander. No one
shall be allowed to talk to the hostage-taker without clearance from the negotiating panel
or Ground Commander
Sec.4. Assault team – an assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case the
negotiation fails. Members of the assault team shall wear authorized and easily
recognizable uniform during the conduct of the operation Bonnets shall not be used.
Sec.5. Assault plan – the assault shall be planned to ensure minimal threat to life for all
parties.
Sec.6. Support Personnel – an ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be
detailed at the incident.
Sec.7. Coordination – proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to
consolidate efforts in solving crisis.
Sec.8. Safety of Hostage(s) – in negotiating for the release of a hostage, the safety of the
hostage shall always be paramount.
Sec.9. Procedures to be followed during negotiations

The following shall be undertaken in the conduct of negotiations:

a. Stabilize and contain the situation;
b. Select the right time to make contact with the hostage-taker;
c. Take time when negotiating;
d. Allow hostage-taker to speak;
e. Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What he will ask for will be part of the negotiation;
f. Avoid directing frequent attention to the victim when talking to the hostage taker;
g. Do not call them Hostages. Be as honest as possible; avoid tricks; be sincere;
h. Never dismiss any request from the hostage-taker as trivial or unimportant;
i. Never say “NO”
j. Soften the demand
k. Never set deadline; try not to accept a deadline;
l. Do not make alternate suggestions not agreed upon in the negotiation;
m. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process,
unless their presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis; provided that they
shall be properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations;
n. Do not allow any exchange of hostages, unless extremely necessary; in particular, do not
exchange a negotiator for a hostage;
o. Avoid negotiating face-to-face; and
p. Law enforcement officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in hostage
negotiations.

The Aftereffects of Captivity

 Emotional Aftereffects – the hostage taker is unable to emotionally relax, remains
fearful of the future, and becomes apprehensive, tense, and nervous, experiencing an
anxiety like attack. The ex-hostage may shake uncontrollably, experiencing unexplained
fear.
 Cognitive Aftereffects – the hostages believed they failed themselves, co-workers,
friends and family. That somehow they are less of a person for having been captive.
Self-criticizing and second-guessing are common. Statements such as “if only I had
done so and so I wouldn’t have been captured”, are commonly heard.
 Behavioral Aftereffects – this include social and self-isolation, uncontrollable crying,
and increase or decrease in aggression, poor concentration, intrusive thoughts, trouble
with authority figures, an increase startle response and alcohol and drug abuse.
 Physical Aftereffects – this include the following:
a. Sleep disorder – most common physical aftereffects. Some cannot sleep the entire
night, some sleep too much than they did before captivity, some sleep much less, some
can only cat-nap. Some requires medication to sleep. Some do not enter into Stage 4
sleep and some very seldom engage in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.

Stage 4 Sleep – is the deep sleep that immediately precedes REM sleep, it is necessary
for the body to replenish itself and it is the sleep where the greatest physiological
benefits are derived.

b. Nightmares – include sights, sounds, smells, tastes, physical pains and emotions of
captivity.

c. Withdrawal from Close Personal Relationship – the ex-hostage may erect an

invisible wall and not allow anyone inside that wall.

 Medical Aftereffects – majority of hostages do not experience medical aftereffects,

however to a few who experienced prolonged, severe, and physical abusive captivity,
medical aftereffects may be an issue.

 Positive Aftereffects – some hostages may experienced positive effects of the incident
in which instead of having lowered self-esteem, have heightened self-esteem. They
believed themselves to be better people for having suffered and endured captivity and it
made them a better person.