F4 Mathematics Chapter 5 Logarithmic Functions

5.3 Consolidation Exercise – Meaning of Logarithms

Level 1
1. Convert each of the following expressions into logarithmic form.
1
(a) 16 = 24 (b) 100 = 102 (c) 1 = 80 (d) = 3–3
27
1
(e) 5 = 125 3 (f) 24 = x4 (g) m = 3n (h) 12 = ab

2. Convert each of the following expressions into exponential form.

1
(a) 3 = log2 8 (b) 3 = log 1 000 (c) 0 = log7 1 (d) –4 = log2
16
1
(e) = log64 2 (f) 5 = log3 x (g) c = logd 5 (h) 8 = loga b
6

3. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following logarithms.

(a) log2 25 (b) log3 9 (c) log5 1 (d) log 100
1
(e) log27 3 (f) log3 (g) logx x3 (h) log y
y
9

4. In each of the following, find the value of x.

1
(a) log x = 5 (b) log5 x = 4 (c) log1.2 x = 2 (d) log4 x = 
2
1 1
(e) logx 64 = 3 (f) logx =2 (g) logx 9 = –2 (h) logx 3 = 
25 4

5. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.

(a) log6 4 + log6 9 (b) log4 2 + log4 32 (c) log 25 + log 4 (d) log 20 + log 0.5
9 7 3 1
(e) log5 0.4 + log5 12.5 (f) log3 6 + log3 (g) log7 + log7 14 (h) log4 + log4
2 2 16 12

6. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.

(a) log2 40 – log2 10 (b) log5 100 – log5 4 (c) log 300 – log 30 (d) log6 7 – log6 42
7 1
(e) log8 3 – log8 192 (f) log4 56 – log4 (g) log – log 20 (h) log3 0.04 – log3 1.08
2 5

7. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.

log 2 27 log 4 5 log 8 log 27
(a) (b) (c) (d)
log 2 3 log 4 25 log 4 log 81
log 3 16 log 5 1 log 8 0.09 log 6 0.2
(e) (f) (g) (h)
log 3 64 log 5 9 log 8 0.3 log 6 25

5B.1
8. Simplify the following expressions, where x > 0 and x  1.
3 log 5 x 5
(a) 4 log2 x – log2 x4 (b) log3 x + log3 (c) log (4x) – log (40x) (d)
x log 5 x 2
1
log
log 4 x x
(e) (f) (g) (log5 x)(logx 25) (h) (logx 8)(log4 x)
1 log x
log 4 2
x

9. If loga x = 3, find the values of the following expressions.

(a) loga x4 (b) loga x–6 (c) logx a (d) log a 2 x

10. If log 5 = m, express the following in terms of m.

1
(a) log 125 (b) log 0.2 (c) log (d) log 500
5
(e) log 2 (f) log 2.5 (g) log 40 (h) log25 100

11. If log 3 = a and log 5 = b, express the following in terms of a and b.

(a) log 15 (b) log 0.6 (c) log5 3 (d) log 1 5
3

12. Use a calculator to find the values of the following, correct to 3 significant figures.
32 5
(a) log 18 (b) log 0.37 (c) log (d) log 36
7

13. Use a calculator to find the values of the following, correct to 2 decimal places.
22
(a) log3 8 (b) log6 2.5 (c) log5 18 (d) log 6
7

14. Determine whether each of the following is true (T) or false (F).
(a) log3 43 = 4 (b) log 2 + log3 5 = 1
(c) log5 0 = 1 (d) log4 x = –2 has no solutions.
(e) log (–10) is undefined. (f) If x  0, then log x2 = 2 log x.
1
(g) log(–2) (–8) = 3 (h) log k = –k log x for x > 0.
x

Level 2
15. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.
3 1
(a) log4 45 (b) log 5
0.01
27 252
(c) log3 3
(d) log5
4
9 5 3

5B.2
16. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.
4 4 2
(a) log4 8 + log4 2 (b) log 2–3 + log
25
5
(c) log3 (4  9 3 ) – log3 12 (d) log6 3 108 – log6 3
3
1 25 3
(e) log5 45 + log5 3 (f) log 90 – log 0.27
2 27 2

17. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.

(a) log 12 + log 20 – log 24
8
(c) log2 0.4 + log2 + log2 60
3
(e) 3 log3 15 + log3 0.6 – 2 log3 5
(b) log4 3 – log4 75 + log4 100
(d) 4 log5 10 – 2 log5 12 + log5 45
1
(f) log6 120 – log6 150 – 2 log6
3

18. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following.

log 18  log 12 log 3 16
(a) (b)
log 6 log3 6  log3 96
log 4  log 54 log 6 40  2 log 6 0.2
(c) (d)
log 4  log 24 log 6 20  log 6 50
 1 
(e) (log3 7 3 )(log7 9) (f)  log 4 3  (log3 25 )
 9
log2 9 log3 45
(g) (h) log5 3 –
log 4 27 log3 25

19. Simplify the following expressions, where x > 1.

log x 5  4 log x log 3 x
(a) (b)
log x 3 log x 2  5 log x
1
log x 2  3 log x
4 log 6 36 x  1
(c) (d)
1 log 6 x  1
2 log 4 x  log x 3
2
2
1  log 3 3 x log 2 x 2
(e) (f)
1  log 3 x log 4 x
1 (log 5 x) 2  log 5 5 x 2
(g) 2 log4 x + 3 log8 (h)
x (log 5 5 x) 2

20. Simplify the following expressions, where x, y > 1.

log xy 3  2 log x log x 2 y  2 log xy
(a) (b)
log x  log y log 3 y
log x xy 2
(c) (d) (log y 3 x 2 )(log x 4 y 5 )
1  2 log x y
(e) log x 3 y  log x 3 y (f) (log x)(logx y2)(logy 1 000)
log x y (log x y )2  log x x 2 y 3
(g) (h)
(log y )(log x 100) (log x xy)(log x x 2 y )

5B.3
21. If log 3 = a and log 5 = b, express the following in terms of a and b.
log 27
(a) log 75 (b) log 225 (c) log 0.12 (d)
log125
log 5 2
(e) (f) log25 15 (g) log 1 50 (h) log
9 9
log 3
5

22. If log 2 = c and log 7 = d, express the following in terms of c and d.

49 log 49
(a) log 56 (b) log (c) log 1.75 (d)
8 log 8
7 35
(e) log 2 14 (f) log28 98 (g) log (h) log14
5 2

23. If log x = m and log y = n, express the following in terms of m and n, where x, y > 0 and x, y  1.
100 y2 x
(a) log (b) log (c) logx xy + logy (d) log x 2 4
x3 y 2
xy 3 y
x

24. If 10p = 2 and 10q = 7, express log 280 in terms of p and q.

25. If 10x = 2 and 5y = 3, express log 6 in terms of x and y.

26. In each of the following, express y in terms of x.

(a) 2 log x = 3 log y (b) log4 (x2y) = 3
(c) logy x = 5 (d) logx y = 8(logy x)2
(e) log (x + y) = log x + log y (f) log (x – y) = log y – 2 log x
(g) 4 log x + log y = 2 (h) 3 log5 x – log5 y = 2

27. Use a calculator to find the value of x in each of the following, correct to 3 significant figures.
22
(a) log x = 3.14 (b) log x = 
70
(c) log4 x = 1.6 (d) log 3 x   2

28. (a) Show that a log a x  x , where a, x > 0 and a  1.

(b) Find the value of 2 log6 13  3log 6 13 without using a calculator.
log (log m )
log k
(c) Simplify k , where k > 0, k  1 and m > 1.

29. (a) Show that alog x = xlog a, where a, x > 0.

(b) Using the result of (a), find the values of the following.
(i) (5log 8)(8log 2)
(ii) (3log 25)(2log 9)

5B.4
30. Find the value of (log2 4)(log4 6)(log6 8)…(log14 16) without using a calculator.

31. If x = log 5 + (log 2)i and y = log 4 – (log 25)i, where i =  1 , find the value of 2x – iy.

32. If z = log (x + 2) + [log (x2 + 5x + 5)]i is a real number, where i =  1 , find the values of x and z.

33. α and β are the two roots of the equation x2 – 100x + 10 = 0. Find the values of the following expressions.
(a) log α2 + 2 log β
1 1
(b) logα + β + logα + β
 
3
(c) log20 α + 3 log20 2β
(d) log (100 – α) + log (100 – β)

34. The minimum value of the quadratic function f(x) = (log4 a)x2  4x + 3 is –5. Find the value of a.

35. (a) By taking logarithms on both sides of y = abx, show that log3 y

log3 y = log3 a + x log3 b.

4
(b) The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log3 y and x. If y =
abx, find the values of a and b.
x
0 2

36. The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log y and log x. If y = cxn,
log y
find the values of c and n.
(Leave the radical sign ‘√’ in the answers.)

30
log x
–3 0

37. The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log8 y and x. Express y
log8 y
in terms of x.
x
0 3
–2

38. The figure shows the graph of y = mnx, where m and n are constants. Write down y
the relation between x and log2 y.

(–2 , 16)

4 y = mnx
x
0

5B.5
F4 Mathematics Chapter 5 Logarithmic Functions
5.4 Consolidation Exercise – Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

Level 1
1. Each of the following graphs of functions is reflected in the x-axis. What is the function represented by each
graph obtained?
(a) y = log x (b) y = log0.5 x
(c) y = log 1 x (d) y = log 7 x
6 2

Each of the following graphs of functions is reflected in the line y = x. What is the function represented by each graph
obtained? [Nos. 2–3]
2. (a) y = 5x (b) y = 1.5x
x
5
(c) y =   (d) y = (4 2 ) x
3

3. (a) y = log4 x (b) y = log0.7 x

(c) y = log 3 x (d) y = logπ x
4
y
4. The two curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic functions y =
log4 x and y = log0.2 x. Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C1 C1
and C2.
x
O
C2

5. In the figure, the two curves represent the graphs of the logarithmic functions y = y
log3 x and y = log6 x.
C3
(a) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C3 and C4.
C4
(b) C3 and C4 intersect at a point P. Find the coordinates of P.
x
O P

6. The two curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic functions y =
y
log0.1 x and y = log0.4 x.
(a) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C5 and C6.
(b) The straight line x = k passes through the point of intersection of C5 and C6.
Find the value of k.
x
O
C5

C6

5B.6
According to the graph given in each of the following, sketch the graph of the required function in the same given graph.
[Nos. 7–9]
7. (a) y = log 1 x (b) y = log6 x
4

y y

2 2
y = log4 x
1 1

x x
0 0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
–1 –1 y=

–2 –2

8. (a) y = log3 x (b) y = log0.3 x

y y

3 y=x 3 y=x
2 2

1 1
y = 3x y = 0.3x
x x
0 0
–2 –1 1 2 3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 –1

–2 –2

9. (a) y = 2x (b) y = 0.7x

y y

3 y=x 3 y=x
2 2

1 y = log2 x 1

x x
0 0
–2 –1 1 2 3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 –1

–2 –2
y = log0.7 x

5B.7
Level 2
10. In each of the following, the graph of the function is reflected in the x-axis, and the image is then reflected in the
line y = x. What is the function represented by each of the final graphs?
(a) y = log2.5 x
(b) y = log0.8 x

11. In each of the following, the graph of the function is reflected in the line y = x, and the image is then reflected in
the y-axis. What is the function represented by each of the final graphs?
(a) y = log 2 x
7

(b) y = log1.6 x

12. The four curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic functions y = log0.4 x, y = log0.6 x, y = log3
x and y = log5 x.
y

C1
C2

x
O

C3

C4

(a) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C1, C2, C3 and C4.
(b) The straight line y = 2x + k passes through the point of intersection of the four curves. Find the value of k.

1 2
13. The three curves in the figure represent the graphs of the functions y = log0.2 x, y = 0.5x and y = x 1.
2
y

C5

C6
x
O
C7

(a) Write down the corresponding functions for C5, C6 and C7.
(b) C5 cuts the y-axis at the point P(0 , k). Angela claims that C7 cuts the x-axis at the point Q(k , 0). Do you agree?
Explain your answer.

5B.8
14. The graph of y = logp x is the image of the graph of y = logq x when reflected in the x-axis, where p and q are
constants with p > q. If the sum of p and q is less than 3, suggest a pair of possible values of p and q. Explain your
answer.

15. The graph of y = log(k – 1) x is the image of the graph of y = (k – 3)2x when reflected in the line y = x, where k is a
constant. Find the value of k.

16. The figure shows the graphs of y = logm x, y = logn x and y = log3 x, where m and n are constants. The graph of y =
logm x is the image of the graph of y = log3 x when reflected in the x-axis.
y

y = log3 x

x
O y = logn x

y = logm x

(a) Find the value of m.

(b) Write down two possible values of n. Explain your answer.

17. (a) According to the graph of y = 5x, sketch the graph of y = log5 x in the same given graph.
y
y = 5x
3 y=x
2

x
0
–2 –1 1 2 3
–1

–2

(b) From the graph of y = log5 x obtained,

(i) write down the range of values of y when x  1,
(ii) write down the range of values of x when y < 0.
(c) Using the result of (a), sketch the graph of y = log0.2 x in the same given graph.

5B.9
18. In the figure, C is the image of the graph of y = 3x when reflected in the line L: y = x.
y
y = 3x

L: y = x
H

G
C
x
O

(a) Write down the corresponding function for C.

(b) The y-coordinate of the point G is 2. The point H is the image of G when reflected in the line y = x.
(i) Find the equation of the straight line passing through G and H.
(ii) Is L the perpendicular bisector of GH? Explain your answer.

19. The two curves C1 and C2 in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic functions y = log4 x and y = log2 x.
y

C1

C2

x
O

(a) Write down the corresponding functions for C1 and C2.

(b) It is given that P(8 , k) is a point on C1.
(i) Find the value of k.
(ii) Q and R are two points on C2. Q has the same y-coordinate as P and PQ  PR. Find the coordinates of Q
and R.

5B.10
F4 Mathematics Chapter 5 Logarithmic Functions
5.5 Consolidation Exercise – Exponential Equations and Logarithmic Eqns
Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 1–6]
1. 42x = 43 + x 2. 62x + 3 = 64 – x

3. 34x – 1 = 27 4. 52x + 1 = 3 52

1
5. 103 – x = 3 100 6. 2 3 + 2x = 5
4

Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures. [Nos. 7–12]
7. 5x = 8 8. 8x = 1.6

9. 1.2x = 6 10. 3x = 7

1
11. 6x + 2 = 18 12. 41 – 2x =
7

Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 13–20]

13. log3 (x – 2) = 2 14. log7 (4 – x) = 0

15. 3 log4 x – 2 = 1 16. 3 log8 x + 1 = 0

17. log5 (x + 2) = 3 log5 2 18. log (8x) – 2 log 4 = 0

19. log8 (1 + 2x) = –2 log8 3 20. log6 (2 – 3x) + 4 log6 2 = 0

21. The value $P of an antique vase after n years is given by the formula:
P = 3 000  1.06n
If the value of the antique vase will be $6 030 after k years, find the value of k.
(Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.)

22. One end of a metal rod is heated to 400C. The temperature TC at a point d m from that end point on the metal
rod is given by the formula:
log T = A – 0.8d, where A is a constant.
(a) Find the value of A.
(b) Find the temperature at the point 0.3 m from that end point on the metal rod.
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.)

5B.11
Level 2
Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 23–34]
1
23. 92x + 1 = 31 – x 24. 83 + x = 2 x  1
4

2x
1 6x  2
25.   = 25x + 2 26. 36 =
5 363  x

27. 24 – x  4x + 3 = 32 28. 27x + 1  92 – 2x = 3

5
29. 6x + 1 – 6x = 30. 2x + 2 + 2x = 10 2
36

31. 5x – 52 + x + 120 = 0 32. 33 + 2x – 9x + 1 – 54 = 0

33. 3x  6x + 2 = 9x + 1 34. 24x + 3 + 42x + 28 = 16x + 1

Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.
[Nos. 35–42]
35. 5(3x + 1) = 12 36. 2(10x + 1) – 0.5 = 0

7
37. 2x 1
= 11 38. 4x = 7x – 2
2

39. 6x  4x + 2 = 24 40. 53x = 8(33 – x)

41. 8x + 2 – 3(23x + 1) = 9 42. 2x + 2  3x + 1 = 4x

Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 43–52]

43. log100 x + log x2 = 5 44. log4 x – 2 log8 x = –1

log 9 27 x
45. =2 46. log7 (5 – x) – log7 (3 + x) = 1
log 3 x

47. log (2x + 3) + 1 = log (4x – 2) 48. log3 (2x + 1) = log3 (7x – 1) – 1

49. 2 log25 (x – 3) + 1 = log5 (3x + 1) 50. log2 (x + 3) + log4 (x + 3) = 3

51. log (log x) = 0 52. log3 [log2 (log4 x)] = 1

53. Solve log4 (22x + 1 + 8) = x + 1.

54. (a) Solve log u = log (2u + 4) – 1.

(b) Using the result of (a), solve log 2x = log (2x + 1 + 4) – 1.

5B.12
55. (a) It is given that 9  log k < 10.
(i) Find the range of values of k.
(ii) Hence, determine the number of digits of k.
(b) It is given that log 2 = 0.301, correct to 3 decimal places. Find the number of digits of 230 without using a
calculator.

56. The depreciation rate of a mobile phone is 20% every year. Find the minimum number of years required for the
mobile phone to be less than half of its original value.

57. Billy deposits $100 000 into a bank at an interest rate of 3% p.a. compounded monthly. At least how many months
later can Billy receive an amount more than $115 000?

58. Alfred deposits $30 000 into a bank at an interest rate of 12% p.a. compounded yearly. At the same time, Cathy
deposits $50 000 into a bank at an interest rate of 5% p.a. compounded yearly. At least how many years later will
the total amount received by Alfred be more than that received by Cathy?

59. A reservoir holds 3 000 000 m3 of water initially. The volume of water in the reservoir decreases by k% every
month, where k is a constant. The volume of water in the reservoir after 6 months is 2 205 000 m3.
(a) Find the value of k, correct to the nearest integer.
(b) The reservoir is said to be emergent if the volume of water in the reservoir is less than 1 000 000 m3. At least
how many months later will the reservoir be emergent?

60. The total cost C (in thousand dollars) of producing n electronic devices in a factory can be estimated by the
following formula:
C = a + log3 (n + 1), where a is a constant.
The total cost of producing 80 electronic devices in the factory is $9 000.
(a) Find the value of a.
(b) Find the number of electronic devices produced in the factory with a total cost of $12 000.
(c) 100 electronic devices are produced in the factory on a day and packed in box A. 50 electronic devices are
produced on another day and packed in box B. The production manager claims that the cost of each electronic
device in box A is less than half of that in box B. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

61. An astronomer defined Scale A and Scale B to represent the magnitudes of Scale Formula
brightness of stars as shown in the table. S and T are the magnitudes of A S = 3 – log10 L
brightness on Scale A and Scale B respectively, while L is the relative brightness B T = 5 – log5 L
of the star. The magnitude of brightness of star X is 2 on Scale A.
(a) Find the magnitude of brightness of star X on Scale B, correct to 3 significant figures.
(b) The relative brightness of another star Y is 10 times that of star X. Is the magnitude of brightness of star Y half
of that of star X on Scale B? Explain your answer.

5B.13
F4 Mathematics Chapter 5 Logarithmic Functions
5.6 Consolidation Exercise – Applications of Logarithms

[In this exercise, unless otherwise stated, give the answers correct to 1 decimal place if necessary.]

Level 1
1. An earthquake of magnitude 9 occurred in an area. By using the formula M = log A + 4.24, find the amplitude of
the earthquake, correct to 3 significant figures.

2. An earthquake occurred in a region. The amplitude of the earthquake was measured to be 42 units. By using the
formula M = log A + 4.24, find the magnitude of the earthquake.

3. An earthquake occurred in two cities P and Q. The amplitudes recorded were 80 units and 320 units respectively.
Find the difference in the magnitudes of the earthquake in the two cities.

4. Two earthquakes occurred in a city. The amplitude recorded in the first earthquake was 5 times that recorded in the
second earthquake. Find the difference in the magnitudes of the two earthquakes.

2 E
5. The magnitude of an earthquake is 8. Using the formula M = log , where M represents the
3 E0
magnitude of the earthquake, E units represents the energy released and E0 = 6.3  104, find the energy released in
the earthquake.

6. The intensity level of the sound recorded in a library is 30 dB. Find the intensity of the sound.

7. The intensity of the sound produced by an engine is 1 W/m2. Find the intensity level of the sound.

8. The intensity levels of sound measured in two offices are 35 dB and 36 dB respectively. Find the difference in the
intensities of sound of the two offices, correct to 3 significant figures.

9. People feel ear pain when hearing a sound at intensity level of 130 dB, which is called the threshold of pain. The
intensity of the sound recorded in a concert is 11 W/m2. Is the intensity level of the sound recorded in the concert
above the threshold of pain? Explain your answer.

10. For the two numbers 5234 and 2543, which one is larger? Explain your answer.

123
1
11. For the two numbers –0.4–321 and    , which one is larger? Explain your answer.
8

5B.14
Level 2
12. The magnitude of an earthquake that occurred in area P was 8. Another earthquake occurred in area Q, where the
1
amplitude recorded was of that recorded in area P. Find the magnitude of the earthquake recorded in area Q.
50

13. An earthquake of magnitude 7.4 occurred in a town. Later, there was an aftershock of magnitude 7 in the same
town. How many times was the amplitude of the first earthquake as large as that of the aftershock?

14. The magnitudes of two earthquakes that occurred in a region differ by 2. Find the ratio of the amplitude of the
stronger earthquake to that of the weaker earthquake.

15. An earthquake occurred in both city X and city Y. The amplitude recorded in city X was 300 units less than that
recorded in city Y. If the magnitudes of the earthquake in the two cities differ by 0.3, find the amplitude recorded
in city Y.

16. Three earthquakes occurred in a region. The magnitudes of the first and second earthquakes are 8.2 and 7.5
1
respectively. The amplitude of the third earthquake is times that of the first earthquake.
8
(a) Which earthquake, the second or the third earthquake, has a larger magnitude? Explain your answer.
(b) Find the difference between the magnitudes of the second and the third earthquakes.

17. The intensity of the sound from a speaker is 10–5 W/m2.

(a) Find the intensity level of the sound produced.
(b) If the intensity level of the sound is increased by 5 dB, find the new intensity of the sound, correct to 3
significant figures.

18. The intensity level of the sound recorded near a residential area is 60 dB. After a construction site is set up near the
area, the intensity of the sound becomes 30 times of that before. Find the intensity level of the sound after the
construction site is set up.

19. The intensity level of a sound is 50 dB. If the intensity level of the sound is decreased by 20%, is the new intensity
1
of the sound of the original? Explain your answer.
10

20. The intensity level of the sound recorded near a highway is 120 dB. If noise barrier A is set up, the intensity of the
1
sound will become of that before. If noise barrier B is set up, the intensity level of the sound will be decreased
40
by 15 dB. Which noise barrier is more effective? Explain your answer.

21. If the intensity I W/m2 of a sound is increased to 100 times the original, the new intensity level of the sound will
be doubled.
(a) Find the original intensity of the sound.
(b) If the intensity I W/m2 of the sound is increased to 10 times the original, will the new intensity level of the
sound be increased by 50%? Explain your answer.

5B.15
 (c) F (d) F
Answers (e) T (f) F
(g) F (h) T
Consolidation Exercise 5.3
5 2 5 13
1. (a) 4 = log2 16 (b) 2 = log 100 15. (a) (b) (c) (d) 
3 5 6 4
1
(c) 0 = log8 1 (d) –3 = log3 1 7
27 16. (a) (b) –2 (c)
1 2 3
(e) = log125 5 (f) 4 = logx 24 2 7 7
3 (d) (e) (f)
3 6 2
(g) n = log3 m (h) b = loga 12
17. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 6
2. (a) 8 = 23 (b) 1 000 = 103
5
1 (d) 5 (e) 4 (f)
(c) 1 = 70 (d) = 2–4 2
16
1 18. (a) 3 (b) –1 (c) –3 (d) 1
(e) 2 = 64 6 (f) x = 3 5 5 8 1
(e) 3 (f)  (g) (h) 
(g) 5 = d c (h) b = a8 6 3 2
3. (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 2 1
19. (a) 3 (b)  (c) –2 (d) 1
1 9
(e) (f) –2 (g) 3 (h) 2
3 (e) 2 (f) 4 (g) 0 (h) 1
4. (a) 100 000 (b) 625 5
20. (a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 1 (d)
1 6
(c) 1.44 (d) 1
2 (e) 0 (f) 6 (g) (h) 1
1 4
(e) 4 (f)
5 21. (a) a + 2b (b) 2a + 2b
1 1 a
(g) (h) (c) a – 2b (d)
3 81 b
5. (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 b ab
(e) (f)
(e) 1 (f) 3 (g) 2 (h) –3 4a  2b 2b
6. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) –1 b 1 1
(g)  (h) (1 – 2a – b)
(e) –2 (f) 2 (g) –2 (h) –3 a 2
1 3 3 22. (a) 3c + d (b) 2d – 3c
7. (a) 3 (b) (c) (d) 2d
2 2 4 (c) d – 2c (d)
2 1 3c
(e) (f) 0 (g) 2 (h)  cd c  2d
3 2 (e) (f)
5 2c 2c  d
8. (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) d 1  2c  d
2 (g) c + – 1 (h)
1 3 2 2(c  d )
(e)  (f) –2 (g) 2 (h)
2 2 m
23. (a) 2 – m – n (b) 2n –
1 3 3
9. (a) 12 (b) –18 (c) (d) m n 3m  2n
3 2 (c)  (d)
10. (a) 3m (b) –m n m 8m
m 24. 2p + q + 1 25. x + y – xy
(c)  (d) m + 2
2
(e) 1 – m (f) 2m – 1
1
(g) 3 – 2m (h)
m
a b
11. (a) a + b (b) a – b (c) (d) 
b a
12. (a) 1.26 (b) –0.432 (c) 0.660 (d) 0.311
13. (a) 1.89 (b) 0.51 (c) 0.90 (d) 1.28

14. (a) F (b) F

5B.16
 2
64 Consolidation Exercise 5.4
26. (a) y = x 3 (b) y = 1. (a) y = log 1 x (b) y = log2 x
x2
1 10

(c) y = x5 (d) y = x2 (c) y = log6 x (d) y = log 2 x

7
x x3
(e) y = (f) y = 2 2. (a) y = log5 x (b) y = log1.5 x
x 1 x 1
(c) y = log 5 x (d) y = log 4 2 x
100 x3 3
(g) y = 4 (h) y =
x 25 3. (a) y = 4x (b) y = 0.7x
27. (a) 1 380 (b) 0.485 (c) 9.19 (d) 0.460 3
x

28. (b) 13 (c) log m (c) y =   (d) y = πx

4
29. (b) (i) 8 (ii) 9
4. C1: y = log4 x, C2: y = log0.2 x
30. 4 31. 0
5. (a) C3: y = log3 x, C4: y = log6 x
32. x = –1, z = 0
(b) (1 , 0)
1
33. (a) 2 (b)  (c) 3 (d) 1 6. (a) C5: y = log0.1 x, C6: y = log0.4 x
2
(b) 1
1
34. 2 35. (b) a = 81, b = 10. (a) y = 0.4x (b) y = 1.25x
9 x
1 7
36. c = 10 3 , n = 37. y = 22x – 6 11. (a) y =   (b) y = 0.625x
3 2
38. log2 y = 2 – x 12. (a) C1: y = log3 x, C2: y = log5 x,
C3: y = log0.4 x, C4: y = log0.6 x
(b) –2
1
13. (a) C5: y = x 2  1 , C6: y = 0.5x,
2
C7: y = log0.2 x
(b) yes
1
14. p = 2, q = (or other reasonable answers)
2
15. 5
1
16. (a)
3
1 1
(b) , (or other reasonable answers)
4 5
17. (b) (i) y  0 (ii) 0 < x < 1
18. (a) y = log3 x
(b) (i) x + y – 11 = 0
(ii) yes
19. (a) C1: y = log2 x, C2: y = log4 x
(b) (i) 3
 3
(ii) Q(64 , 3), R  8 , 
 2

5B.17
Consolidation Exercise 5.5 Consolidation Exercise 5.6
1 1 1. 57 500 units 2. 5.9
1. 3 2. 3. 1 4. 
3 6 3. 0.6 4. 0.7
7 17
5. 6.  7. 1.29 8. 0.226 5. 16
6.3  10 units 6. 10–9 W/m2
3 10
9. 9.83 10. 0.886 11. –0.387 12. 1.20 7. 120 dB 8. 8.19  10–10 W/m2
1 9. yes 10. 5234
13. 11 14. 3 15. 4 16. 123
2 1
4 31 11.    12. 6.3
17. 6 18. 2 19.  20. 8
9 48 13. 2.5 times 14. 100 : 1
21. 12
15. 601.4 units
22. (a) 2.60 (b) 230C
16. (a) second earthquake
1
23.  24. –1 25. –6 26. 2 (b) 0.2
5
3 17. (a) 70 dB
27. –5 28. 6 29. –2 30.
2 (b) 3.16  10–5 W/m2
1 1
31. 1 32. 33. –2 34. 18. 74.8 dB
2 2
19. yes
35. –0.203 36. –1.60 37. 0.174 38. 6.95
20. noise barrier A
39. 0.128 40. 0.907 41. –0.896 42. –6.13
21. (a) 10–10 W/m2
43. 100 44. 64 45. 3 46. –2
(b) yes
47. no real solutions 48. 4 49. 8
50. 1 51. 10 52. 65 536 53. 1
1
54. (a) (b) –1
2
55. (a) (i) 109  k < 1010
(ii) 10
(b) 10
56. 4
57. 56 months
58. 8 years
59. (a) 5 (b) 22 months
60. (a) 5 (b) 2 186
(c) no
61. (a) 3.57 (b) no

5B.18