CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the report and analysis of data obtained from the research questionnaires.
This analysis is only based on the responses from the questionnaire which are relevant to the
objective of the study. In this chapter presented the findings of “knowledge, attitude and
practices to words complication of cirrhosis on male adult.” that based on the results and facts
from the data analysis.
4.1.1 Gender of respondent

In the table 4.1.1 indicated that that most of the respondents 27(61.4 %) were female followed by
17(38.6%) of the respondents were male. This implies that the majority of gender were female.
Reported showed stated implies
s
Table:4.1.1 Gender of respondent

Frequency Percent
Male
17 38.6

Female 27 61.4
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.1.1 Gender of respondent

male female

61.4

27

38.6

17

Frequency Percent

Primary data
4.1.2 Age of respondent

The table 4.1.2 and figure 4.1.2 below reported that most of the respondents of this study
(43.2%) were aged between 15-20 years, followed by (40.9%) of the respondents aged between
25-30 years, and finally 7(15.9 %) of the respondents were aged between 35-40 years. this
implies that the majority of age were 15-20 years.

Table:4.1.2 Age of respondent

Frequency Percent
15-20 years 19 43.2

25-30 years 18 40.9

35-40 years 7 15.9
Total 44 100.0

Figure:4.1.2 Age of respondent

Frequency Percent

43.2
40.9

15.9
19 18
7
15-20 years 25-30 years 35-40 years
4.1.3 Education level

The table and figure below show that most of the respondents of this study 61.4 % were
bachelor degree, 22.7 % of the respondents were master degree , and finally 15.9 % of the
respondents were Secondary education.

Table:4.1.3 Education
level
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Secondary education 7 15.9 15.9 15.9
Bachelor degree 27 61.4 61.4 77.3
Master degree 10 22.7 22.7 100.0
Total 44 100.0 100.0

Figure: 4.1.3 Education level

Frequency Percent

61.4

22.7
15.9 27

7 10
Secondary education Bachelor degree Master degree

4.1.4 Marital status

The table and figure below show that most of the respondents of this study 54.5 % were married
and 45.5 % of the respondents were single.

Table:4.1.4 Marital status

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Single
20 45.5 45.5 45.5

Married 24 54.5 54.5 100.0

Total 44 100.0 100.0

Figure:4.1.4 marital status

Single Married

54.5

24
45.5
20

Frequency Percent

4.1.5 occupation
In the table 4.1.5 and figure 4.1.5 below showed that most of the respondents of this study
23(52.3%) of the respondents were students, followed by 10(22.7%) of the respondents were
unemployed, while 6(13.6%) of the respondents were employee and finally 5(11.4%) of the
respondents were housewife. This implies the majority of occupation were students.

Table:4.1.5 occupation

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Employee 6 13.6 13.6 13.6
Unemployed 10 22.7 22.7 36.4
Students 23 52.3 52.3 88.6
Housewife 5 11.4 11.4 100.0
Total 44 100.0 100.0

Figure: 4.1.5 occupation

Frequency Percent

52.3

22.7
13.6 23 11.4
6 10
5
Employee Unemployed Students Housewife

4.2.1 Cirrhosis is a major public health concern and leading cause of mortality
The table 4.2.1 and figure 4.2.1 below reported that most of the respondents of this study
22(50 %) were answered strongly agree, 10(22.7%) of the respondents were answered agree,
8(18.2 %) of the respondents were answered disagree, and finally (9.1%) of the respondents
were answered strongly disagree and this shows that cirrhosis is a major public health concern
cause of mortality.

Table:4.2.1 Cirrhosis is a major public health concern and

leading cause of mortality
Frequency Percent
Agree 10 22.7
strongly agree 22 50.0
Disagree 8 18.2
strongly disagree 4 9.1
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.2.1 Cirrhosis is a major public health concern and leading cause of mortality

Frequency Percent

50

22.7
18.2
22
9.1
10 8 4
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data
4.2.2 Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by the presence of fibrosis
and regeneration of nodules in the liver.
This study indicated that most of the respondents 20(45.5%) of the respondents were answered
agree, which menas implies that liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by the
presence of fibrosis.

Table: 4.2.2 Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease that is

characterized by the presence of fibrosis and regeneration of
nodules in the liver.
Frequency Percent
Agree 20 45.5
strongly agree 14 31.8
Disagree 6 13.6
strongly disagree 4 9.1
Total? 44 100.0

Figure: 4.2.2 Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by the presence of
fibrosis and regeneration of nodules in the liver.

Frequency Percent

45.5

31.8

13.6
20 9.1
14
6 4
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data
4.2.3 Hepatitis B (HBV) is the leading cause of cirrhosis
Table:4.2.3 Hepatitis B (HBV) is the leading cause of cirrhosis
Frequency Percent
agree 12 27.3
strongly agree 20 45.5
disagree 8 18.2
strongly disagree 4 9.1
Total 44 100.0

In the table indicated that most of the respondents of this study 20(45.5%) of the respondents
were answered strongly agree, 12(27.3%) of the respondents were answered agree, while 8(18.2
%) of the respondents were answered disagree and finally 4(9.1%) of the respondents were
answered strongly disagree and this shows that Hepatitis B (HBV) is the leading cause of
cirrhosis.

Figure: 4.2.3 Hepatitis B (HBV) is the leading cause of cirrhosis

Frequency Percent

45.5

27.3

18.2
20 9.1
12
8
4
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data
4.2.4 incidence of liver cirrhosis is significantly associated with older populations
In the table 4.2.4 reported that most of the respondents 17(38.6%) were answered disagree,
14(31.8%) of the respondents were answered agree, while 7(15.9%) of the respondents were
answered strongly agree and finally 6(13.6%) of the respondents were answered strongly
disagree and this shows that incidence of liver cirrhosis is significantly associated with older
populations.

Table:4.2.4 incidence of liver cirrhosis is significantly associated with

older populations
Frequency Percent
agree 14 31.8
strongly agree 7 15.9
disagree 17 38.6
strongly disagree 6 13.6
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.2.4 incidence of liver cirrhosis is significantly associated with older populations

Frequency Percent

38.6
31.8

15.9
13.6
14 17
7 6
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data

4.2.5 Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for cirrhosis

In the table 4.2.5 and figure 4.2.5 below shows that most of the respondents 13( 29.5%) of the

respondents were answered agree, while 13(29.5%) of the respondents were answered strongly
agree, also 12(27.3%) of the respondents were answered and finally 6(13.6%) of the
respondents were answered strongly disagree and this implies that excessive alcohol
consumption is a risk factor for cirrhosis.

Table:4.2.5 Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for

cirrhosis
Frequency Percent
agree 13 29.5
strongly agree 13 29.5
disagree 12 27.3
strongly disagree 6 13.6
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.2.5 Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for cirrhosis

Frequency Percent

29.5 29.5
27.3

13.6

13 13 12
6

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data

4.3.1 Ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis

In the table 4.3.1 and figure 4.3.1 indicated that most of the respondents 21(47.7%) of the
respondents were answered agree, while 15(34.1%) of the respondents were answered strongly
agree, 7(15.9%) of the respondents were answered disagree and finally 1(2.3%) of the
respondents were answered strongly disagree and this implies that ascites is the most common
complication of cirrhosis.

Table:4.3.1 Ascites is the most common complication of

cirrhosis
Frequency Percent
agree 21 47.7
strongly agree 15 34.1
disagree 7 15.9
strongly disagree 1 2.3
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.3.1 Ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis.

Frequency Percent

47.7

34.1

15.9
21
15
7 2.3
1
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data

4.3.2 Cirrhosis cause enlargement of the spleen ( splenomegaly).

In the table 4.3.2 indicated that most of the respondents (31.8%) of the respondents were
answered agree, followed by 12(27.3%) of the respondents were answered disagree, 9(20.5%) of
the respondents were answered strongly agree and finally 9(20.5%) of the respondents were
answered strongly disagree and this implies that cirrhosis cause enlargement of the spleen
( splenomegaly).

Table:4.3.2 cirrhosis cause enlargement of the spleen

( splenomegaly).
Frequency Percent
agree 14 31.8
strongly agree 9 20.5
disagree 12 27.3
strongly disagree 9 20.5
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.3.2 cirrhosis cause enlargement of the spleen ( splenomegaly).

Frequency Percent

31.8
27.3

20.5 20.5

14 12
9 9

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data
4.3.3 Many people with Cirrhosis have no symptoms in the early stages of the disease.
In the table 4.3.3 reported that most of the respondents 16(36.4%) of the respondents were
answered, 16 (36.4%) of the respondents were answered strongly agree, while 18.2(18.2%) of
the respondents were answered disagree and finally 4(9.1%) of the respondents were answered
strongly disagree and this implies that people with Cirrhosis have no symptoms in the early
stages of the disease.

Table:4.3.3 Many people with Cirrhosis have no symptoms

in the early stages of the disease.
Frequency Percent
agree 16 36.4
strongly agree 16 36.4
disagree 8 18.2
strongly disagree 4 9.1
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.3.3 Many people with Cirrhosis have no symptoms in the early stages of the
disease.

Frequency Percent

36.4 36.4

18.2

16 16 9.1
8
4
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data

4.3.4 The common cause of liver cirrhosis is:

In the table 4.3.4 and figure 4.3.4 indicated that most of the respondents 18(40.9%) of the
respondents were answered alcohol-related Liver disease, 14(31.8%) of the respondents were
answered Hepatitis C, 7(15.9%) of the respondents were answered Hepatitis B and 5(11.4%)
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and this implies that the common cause of liver cirrhosis is
Alcohol-related Liver Disease.

Table:4.3.4 The common cause of liver cirrhosis is:

Frequency Percent
Hepatitis C 14 31.8
Hepatitis B 7 15.9
Alcohol-related Liver Disease 18 40.9
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 5 11.4
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.3.4 The common cause of liver cirrhosis is:

Frequency Percent

40.9
31.8

15.9
18 11.4
14
7 5
C B e e
tis tis as as
ti ti ise ise
pa pa rD rD
He He iL ve iL ve
ed tty
le at Fa
-r lic
hol ho
o
A lco A lc
on-
N

Secondary data
4.3.5 Cirrhosis can cause weakness, loss of appetite, easy bruising, yellowing of the skin
(jaundice), itching, and fatigue

In the table 4.3.5 indicated that most of the respondents (38.6%) were answered agree, followed
by 17(31.8%) of the respondents were answered disagree, 7(15.9%) of the respondents were
answered strongly agree and finally 6(13.6%) of the respondents were answered strongly
disagree and this indicated that cirrhosis can cause weakness, loss of appetite, easy bruising.
Table:4.3.5 Cirrhosis can cause weakness, loss of appetite, easy
bruising, yellowing of the skin (jaundice), itching, and fatigue
Frequency Percent
agree 17 38.6
strongly agree 7 15.9
disagree 14 31.8
strongly disagree 6 13.6
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.3.5 Cirrhosis can cause weakness, loss of appetite, easy bruising, yellowing of the
skin (jaundice), itching, and fatigue

Frequency Percent

38.6

31.8

15.9
13.6
17 14
7 6
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

Secondary data

4.4.1 Does the knowledge of the person influence the incidence of cirrhosis?
In the table 4.4.1 indicated that most of the respondents 36(81.8%) were answered yes followed
by 8(18.2%) of the respondents were answered no and this implies that knowledge of the person
influence the incidence of cirrhosis.

Table:4.4.1 Does the knowledge of the person influence the

incidence of cirrhosis?
Frequency Percent
yes 36 81.8
no 8 18.2
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.4.1 Does the knowledge of the person influence the incidence of cirrhosis?

yes no

18.2

8 81.8

36

Frequency Percent

Secondary data

4.4.2 Individuals equipped with knowledge and education have been shown to be more
likely to practice preventive measures.
In the table 4.4.2 indicated that most of the respondents 16(36.4%) were answered agree,
14(31.8 %) of the respondents were answered strongly agree, 8(18.2%) of the respondents were
answered and finally 6(13.6%) of the respondents were answered strongly disagree and this
implies that individuals equipped with knowledge more likely to practice preventive measures.

Table:4.4.2 Individuals equipped with knowledge and education

have been shown to be more likely to practice preventive
measures Frequency Percent
agree 16 36.4
strongly agree 14 31.8
disagree 8 18.2
strongly disagree 6 13.6
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.4.2 Individuals equipped with knowledge and education have been shown to be
more likely to practice preventive measures

Frequency Percent

36.4
31.8

18.2
13.6
16 14
8 6
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree

4.4.3 People with a high education level have higher health literacy which makes
understanding of health information easier.
In the table 4.4.3 indicated that most of respondents 20(45.5%) were answered agree, (27.9%)
of the respondents were answered strongly agree, while (14%) of the respondents were
answered disagree and finally 11.6 % of the respondents were answered strongly disagree and
this shows that people with a high education level have higher health literacy which makes
understanding of health information easier.

Table:4.4.3 People with a high education level have higher health

literacy which makes understanding of health information easier
Frequency Percent
agree 20 45.5
strongly agree 12 27.3
disagree 6 14.6
strongly disagree 5 11.4
Total 43 100.0

Figure: 4.4.3 People with a high education level have higher health literacy which makes
understanding of health information easier

Frequency Percent

97.7

45.5

27.3
43
20 13.6 11.4
12 6 5 2.3
1
agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree Total System

Secondary data

4.4.4 Does the use vaccines reduce the risk of liver diseases.
In the table 4.4.4 indicated that majority of the respondents 34(77.3%) were answered yes
while 9(22.8%) of the respondents answered no and this implies that vaccines reduce the risk of
liver diseases.

Table:4.4.4 Does the use vaccines reduce the risk of liver diseases

Frequency Percent
Yes 34 77.3

No 9 22.8
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.4.4 does the use vaccines reduce the risk of liver diseases

Frequency Percent

97.7

77.3

20.5 43
34
9 2.3
1
Yes No Total System

Secondary data

4.4.5 Treatment of cirrhosis is designed to prevent further damage to the live

 In the table 4.4.5 reported that most of the respondent 14(32.6%) of the respondents were
answered strongly agree, 9(20.9%) of the respondents were answered disagree and finally
3(6.8%) of the respondents were answered strongly disagree.
As the result that treatment of cirrhosis is designed to prevent further damage to the save the
live.

4.4.5 Treatment of cirrhosis is designed to prevent further damage to

the live
Frequency Percent
Strongly agree 14 32.6
Disagree 9 20.9
Strongly disagree 3 6.8
Total 44 100.0

Figure: 4.4.5 treatment of cirrhosis is designed to prevent further damage to the live

Frequency Percent

38.6

31.8

20.5

17
14 6.8
9
3
Agree Strongly agree Disagree Strongly disagree

Secondary data

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 introduction
This chapter summarizes the results of the study and methods followed to achieve it. The
conclusion will be draw form the findings of the study.
5.2 Finding of the study.
The result indicated most of the respondents of this study 43.2 % were aged between 15-20
years. 61.4 % were bachelor degree in education and mostly 54.5 % were married were
married finally 61.4 % of the respondents were female.

The study found that 50% respondents of this study were answered strongly agree which shows
cirrhosis is a major public health concern and leading cause of mortality.

The result of the study indicates 45.5 % of the respondents were that liver cirrhosis is a chronic
disease that is characterized by the presence of fibrosis and regeneration of nodules in the liver.

Also the researchers found that 45.5% of the respondents answered that hepatitis B (HBV) is the
leading cause of cirrhosis among adult people.

The study found that 38.6% disagree that incidence of liver cirrhosis is significantly associated
with older populations and excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for cirrhosis.

The most of the respondents of this study 47.7 % of the respondents were answered agree and
indicates that ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis while 31.8 % of the
respondents answered cirrhosis cause enlargement of the spleen ( splenomegaly).

The study indicated that 36.4 % of the respondents answered that many people with Cirrhosis
have no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. While 40.9 % of the respondents replied
that the common cause of liver cirrhosis is alcohol-related liver disease.

The study found that 38.6 % agreed that cirrhosis can cause weakness, loss of appetite, easy
bruising, yellowing of the skin (jaundice), itching, and fatigue also 81.8 % of the respondents
were answered that the knowledge of the person influence the incidence of cirrhosis.

Finally 36.4 % of the respondents were answered that individuals equipped with knowledge and
education have been shown to be more likely to practice preventive measures.

5.3 Conclusion
Liver cirrhosis is defined as a progressive and chronic liver disease that cause deterioration and
destruction of liver cells. The connective tissue fibroids disturb the lymph and blood flow thus
interfere with the normal structure and physiology of the liver. The exact causes of liver cirrhosis
can’t be defined till now but many disorders could result in increasing the liver cirrhosis
morbidity and mortality around the world. It is also related to alcoholic liver disease and chronic
viral hepatitis as hepatitis C and B. The clinical symptoms differ among subjects according to the
first time for diagnosis, severity and duration of the disease.
Liver fibrosis is the consequence of a repeated wound-healing response to ongoing hepatic
injury. The onset of fibrosis is usually insidious and progresses slowly, often over decades.
Patients often remain asymptomatic until symptoms of cirrhosis emerge. Transition from early-
stage fibrosis to cirrhosis involves multiple cell types and cellular and molecular processes, not
all of which are fully understood.

5.4 Recommendation
 Avoid high-risk sexual behavior such as unprotected sexual contact.

 Get vaccinated against hepatitis B.

 If you have cirrhosis eat a well-balanced, low-fat diet.

 Don't drink alcohol. Whether your cirrhosis was caused by chronic alcohol use or another

disease, avoid alcohol.

 See your doctor regularly for check-ups. Follow medical recommendations to control

obesity, diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure).

 Cirrhosis is a major public health concern and leading cause of mortality so get checkup

annually to maintain your health.

 Old people are more susceptible to cirrhosis them they should avoid risk factors for cirrhosis.