FUNCTIONS

1
 1.1.1: Angles and their
measure
Angles:
➢ An angle is formed by initial side and terminal side
➢ The common point for this 2 sides is the vertex of the angle
➢ An angle is in standard position if:
i) Its vertex is at the origin of a rectangle coordinate system
ii) Its initial side lies along the positive x-axis
➢ Positive angles generated by counterclockwise rotation
➢ Negative angles generated by clockwise rotation
➢ An angle is called a quadrantal angle if its terminal side lies
on the x-axis or the y-axis

2
Measuring angles using degrees
• One complete revolution = 360
• One quarter of a complete revolution = 90 = one right angle
• One degree equals 60 minutes, i.e. 1 60
• One minute equals 60 seconds, i.e. 1 60

Angles classified by their degree measurement:

.
a.Acute b. right c.Obtuse d.Straight
angle angle angle angle

3
1.1.2: Right Triangle
Trigonometry
The six trigonometric function
For any acute angle of a right angled triangle OAB (figure shown)
Opposite b Adjacent a Opposite b
sin cos tan
Hypotenuse c Hypotenuse c Adjacent a

1 1 1
cosec secant cotangent
sin cos tan

4
 Fundamental identities
Reciprocal identities
1 1 1
sin cos tan
csc sec cot
1 1 1
csc sec cot
sin cos tan
sin2 cos2 1

Quotient identities
sin cos
tan cot
cos sin

Pythagorean identities
1 tan 2 sec2 1 cot 2 csc 2

5
The signs of the trigonometric function
y

sine All (sin , cos, tan)

x
tangent cosine

If is not a quadrantal angle, the sign of a trigonometric function

depends on the quadrant in which lies
Example:
Given tan = -1/3 and cos < 0, find sin and sec

7
1.1.6: Graphs of the Sine
and Cosine Functions
Characteristics of the Sine Function:

Domain : all real numbers

Range : 1 y 1
Period : 2
Symmetry through origin : sin( ) sin
Odd function
x - intercepts : ...., 2 , ,0, ,2 ,3 ,......
y - intercept : 0
max value : 1 , occurs at
3 5
x ..... , , , , ...
2 2 2
min value : -1 , occurs at
3 7
x ..... , , , , ...
2 2 2

8
 Graphing variations of y=sin x
Graph of y=A sin Bx
1. Identify the amplitude and the period
Amplitude = |A| ; Period = 2
B
2. Find the values of x
3. Find the values of y for the one that we find in step 2
4. Connect all the points and extend to the left or right as desired

Graph of y = A sin (Bx – C)

This graph is obtained by horizontally shifting the graph of y=A sin Bx so
C
that the starting point of the cycle is shifted from x = 0 to x
B
This is called the phase shift
C
If 0 the shift is to the right
B

C
If 0 the shift is to the left
B

9
Characteristics of the Cosine Function:

Domain : all real numbers

Range : 1 y 1
Period : 2
Symmetry about y-axis : cos( ) cos
Even function
3 3 5
x - intercepts : ....., , , , , , ...
2 2 2 2 2

y - intercept : 1
max value : 1 , occurs at
x ..., 2 ,0,2 ,4 ,......
min value : -1 , occurs at
x ...., , ,3 ,5 ,......

10
Graphing variations of y=cos x
Graph of y=A cos Bx
1. Identify the amplitude and the period
Amplitude = |A| ; Period = 2
B
2. Find the values of x
3. Find the values of y for the one that we find in step 2
4. Connect all the points and extend to the left or right as desired

Graph of y = A cos (Bx – C)

This graph is obtained by horizontally shifting the graph of y=AC cos Bx so
that the starting point of the cycle is shifted from x = 0 to x B
This is called the phase shift
C
If 0 the shift is to the right
B
C
If 0 the shift is to the left
B

11
1.1.7: GRAPHS OF THE TANGENT,
COTANGENT, COSECANT, AND SECANT
FUNCTIONS

Characteristics of the Tangent Function:

Domain : all real numbers except odd multiples
2
Range : all real numbers
Period :
Symmetry with respect to the origin : tan( ) tan
Odd function
x - intercepts : x ..., 2 , ,0, ,2 ,3 ,......
y - intercept : 0
Vertical asymptotes : x ....., 3 , 3
, ,
,...
2 2 2 2

12
Characteristics of the Cotangent Function

Domain : all real numbers except integral multiples of

Range : all real numbers
Period :
Symmetry with respect to the origin : cot( ) cot Odd function
x - intercepts : x ..., , 2 ,0, , 2 ......
y - intercept : none
Vertical asymptotes : x ....., ,0, ,2 ...
13
Characteristics of the Cosecant Function:

Domain : all real numbers except integral multiples of

Range : all real numbers of y such that y 1 or y 1
Period : 2
Symmetry with respect to the origin :csc( ) csc Odd function
x - intercepts : none
y - intercept : none
Vertical asymptotes : x ....., ,0 , ,2 . . .

14
Characteristics of the Secant Function:

Domain : all real numbers except odd multiples of 2

Range : all real numbers of y such that y 1 or y 1
Period : 2
Symmetry with respect to y-axis: sec( ) sec Even function
x - intercepts : none
y - intercept : 1
Vertical asymptotes : x ..... , 3 , , ,
3
, ...
2 2 2 2
15
Find the following values:
sin 𝜋 − 𝜃
cos 𝜋 + 𝜃
cos 𝜋 − 𝜃
sin(𝜋 + 𝜃)

𝜋
sin( + 𝜃)
2
𝜋
cos( + 𝜃)
2