1. Because all the contents of size 2 periapical films are written in the choices.

These are black paper,

film, lead foil and film packet.

2. Because film receptor exposure is caused when x-ray beam is centered to the receptor

3. They are produced by heated filament of the cathode by passing a current through it. During tube
operation, the cathode is heated to a glowing temperature, and the heat energy expels some of the
electrons from the cathode.

4. The kilovoltage shows the peak potential applied to the x-ray tube, which accelerates electrons from
the cathode to the anode in radiography or computed tomography.

5. More limited by the anatomy of the patient’s mouth is one of the disadvantages because a shallow
palate or floor of the mouth makes it harder to position the film using the paralleling technique.

6. When detail is high, the edges and lines that make up the image are crisp and precise. Among the
factors that affect image detail are referred to as the focal spot size – the smaller the focal spot the
greater the detail

7. Light intensity decreases with distance from source to receiving surface (sink), and the rate of
decrease is in proportion to the square of the distance between emitter and receiver.

8. This increase in potential difference will accelerate the electron cloud to move towards the anode, as
there is a force of attraction between the positive anode and the negative cathode.

9. kilovoltage and half-value layer is used as a material to filter x-ray beams and also as a reference
material for measuring the penetrating ability (HVL) of x-rays. The value of the attenuation coefficient
decreases rather rapidly with increased photon energy and causes the penetrating ability to increase.

10. If the object under examination is positioned farther from the film, for a given source to film
distance, the casting shadow will noticeably increase.
11. From the word delay means it is needed an ample of time. The delay time should be sufficient to
allow personnel to avoid exposure to the beam.

12. The aluminum material is for low energy radiation and so has low atomic number therefore excellent
material for absorbing low energy x-ray photons and low in weight therefore make the x-ray tube lighter
in weight and easy handling

13. Roentgen diagnostics very soon found a use for intensifying screens. In the case of roentgen
radiation such absorption is quite small, however, a much greater exchange of energy-and
proportionately reduced exposure time can be attained by letting the roentgen rays be absorbed in a
substance with a relatively high atomic number.

14. Tungsten is a metal; it should be a conductor of electricity but tungsten is an exception in which it
does not conduct electricity at normal condition which makes it a poor thermal conductivity

15. the bisecting angle technique is more prone to shape distortion and is not recommended as a
primary technique. It is accomplished by placing the receptor as close to the tooth as possible.

16. Increasing the focal length also causes images to appear dimmer. This is because the rays of light are
more spread out by the time they hit the image plane.

When a film image is too light (insufficient density), a greater increase in mAs may be needed to correct
the density, or the mAs may need to be decreased to correct a film image that has excessive density.
The film characteristic, speed, and chemical processing determine the amount of optical density
produced on the image for a given mAs.

17. Source–Image Receptor Distance (SID) affects the image magnification of the x-ray beam. Each
dimension of the radiation field is proportional to the SID. Therefore, the field area is proportional to the
square of the SID and the radiation intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the SID.

18. This is due to the calcium and phosphorus in their inorganic component, the hydroxylapatite. These
elements are more concentrated in enamel than in dentin, making enamel more radiopaque than
dentin.

19. The third and final step is the collision of electrons with the ANODE and not cathode. This rapid
deceleration of electrons produces x-rays, also referred to as photons.
20. These electrons will form a cloud around the cathode, which will be collected by the CONCAVE and
not convex, focusing cup but they have no velocity to move.

21. The dentist owns the physical record of the patient and is the legal guardian of the chart and its
complete contents, including radiographs. While patients do not have the right to possess their original
record, they do have the right to see, review, and inspect their record, and to request and obtain a copy
of it.

22. The stored energy within the silver halide crystals forms a pattern and creates an invisible image
within the emulsion within the exposed film. the silver halide crystals in the film emulsion absorb x-
radiation during x-ray exposure and store the energy from the radiation. The stored energy within the
silver halide crystals forms a pattern and creates an invisible image within the emulsion within the
exposed film.

23. Fixing agent is made up of sodium thiosulphate (hypo) or ammonium thiosulphate. Its purpose is to
allow light to pass through the film image and permitting viewing of the radiographic image on a view
box.

24. Because the conversion of the invisible latent image into visible form is the aim of the film
processing.

25. Chemicals can be replenished automatically by machine.

26. Milliampere-seconds more commonly known as mAs is a measure of radiation produced

(milliamperage) over a set amount of time (seconds) via an x-ray tube. It directly influences the
radiographic density, when all other factors are constant.

27. A step-up transformer increases the voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary winding
turns than primary winding turns)

28. The fall in the intensity of light as you move away from the light source is defined by this formula:
Intensity = 1/Distance². This formula simply states that as the distance doubles, the intensity falls by 3/4.
In other words, only a quarter (1/4) of the amount of light reaches the second point.
29. kVp controls the penetrating strength of an x-ray beam (beam quality). Whenever an exposure is
made, the x-rays must be energetic (strong enough) to adequately penetrate through the area of
interest. The higher the kVp, the more likely the x-ray beam will be able to penetrate through thicker or
more dense material.

30. The only purpose of the 2-film packet is to protect the contents inside.

31. When the electron beam hits the positive anode (at the actual focal spot), interactions of the
electrons with the target material produces the x-ray beam. The anode angle is the angle between the
vertical and the target surface with most x-ray tubes having an anode angle of 12-15°.

32. Molybdenum is made up of focusing cup that is a negatively charged concave reflector cup that acts
as focusing to the electrons to a narrow beam to fall on the target. The high negative charge of the
cathode repels the negatively charged electrons, thus this cup collects the electron and repels them
until the anode attracts them.

33. These ionizing radiations or x-ray enter the living tissues and can destroy living cells, chromosomal
aberrations and carcinogenic effect. Ionizing radiation can randomly cause damage to all cellular
components and induces a variety of DNA effect. So, x-ray is utilized in well- prevent and protective
condition.

34. Characteristic radiation is a type of energy emission relevant for X-ray production. This energy
emission happens when a fast-moving electron collides with a K-shell electron, the electron in the K-
shell is ejected (provided the energy of the incident electron is greater than the binding energy of K-shell
electron) leaving behind a 'hole'.

35. Tissues of different density, or atomic number, in the body absorb x-rays differently and therefore
emit x-rays differently. The remnant beam contains a varied pattern of x-ray energies that reflects the
different absorption rates. The pattern of the remnant radiation creates the x-ray image.

36. When an x-ray beam enters a patient's body, a large portion of the photons engage in Compton
interactions and produce scattered radiation. Some of this scattered radiation leaves the body in the
same general direction as the primary beam and exposes the image receptor. This scattered radiation
reduces image contrast.
37. Leakage radiation transmitted through the equipment housing and shielding that surrounds the
source assembly

38. Correct answer for this is the Hard radiation

39. Hydroquinone is a benzene derivative and acts at slowrate but generates the black tones and the
sharp contrast of the radiographic image.

40. Sodium sulfite prevents oxidation of clearing agent and it retards deoxidation of thiosulfates

41. phenidone is now often used instead of elon or metol, this reaction can only occur in an alkaline
medium

42. Most developers also contain small amounts of potassium bromide to modify and restrain the
action of the developer to suppress chemical fogging.

43. Hardener contains aluminum chloride or aluminum sulfate that form complex with gelatin and
hardens the gelatin during fixing process

44. It should always be followed when choosing equipment settings to minimize radiation exposure to
the patient.

45. The collimator focuses a beam of light and aligns it to a different direction, making it parallel or
collimated. Collimators can also be used for reducing the spatial cross section of a light beams, thereby,
making it narrower.

46. Placing the film in the mouth backward or reversed causes the images on the film to be light and a
herringbone pattern (tire track) appears. If the film is reversed, the amount of x-rays that reach the film
is reduced by the lead foil.

47. Manufacturers govern the size of the focal spot, and it cannot be changed by the operator. However,
the focal spot can become enlarged over time due to continuous machine use. This enlargement is often
referred as “blooming” of the focal spot.
48. In vertical angulation, the position of the dental x-ray tube head in the vertical plane, measured in
degrees. The central ray is directed perpendicular to the film and the tooth when using the paralleling
imaging technique. When using the bisecting angle technique, the central ray is directed perpendicular
to the bisector.

49. In horizontal angulation, the position of the dental x-ray tube head in the horizontal plane. To avoid
errors in x-ray interpretation, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the curve of the dental arch
and film. Correct horizontal angulation produces a radiograph with “open” contacts.

50. Because the film is usually more upright when using the paralleling technique, it impinges more on
the palate or floor of the mouth, thus making it more uncomfortable