• Neo + Plasia  New + Growth.

• Tumour  Swelling  any swelling*

• Willis definition:
“A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth
of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the
normal tissue and persists in the same manner after
cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change”
• “Cell division without control”
• Irreversible DNA damage, resulting in
autonomous growth of abnormal cells *
 • Proliferation  Differentiation  Apoptosis * Normal
Neoplasia
Benign - Malignant
Stem cell
Carcinogen
Initiator + Promotor

Inflam Organ / Tissue

1.Proto-Oncogenes (growth factors) RAS Apoptosis

2.Growth/Tumor suppressor genes. Rb
3.Genes controlling Apoptosis. MYC
4.Genes controlling DNA Repair. p53
 Non neoplastic Neoplastic
(Polyclonal) (Monoclonal)

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Aplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Normal Adaptation Benign Malignant

 MALIGNANT
•
BENIGN
Well differentiated - • Malignant
Poorly differentiated
• Slow growth • Rapid growth
• Cohesive, • Non Cohesive,
• expansile • No capsule
• Capsule • invasion/infiltration
• No invasion/infiltration • Metastases.

Necrosis

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 Oma - Tumour
Carcin-oma – Hard Tumour
Sarc-oma - Soft Tumour
Cell of Origin Benign Malignant
• Gland. Epithelium • Adenoma - Adencarcinoma
• Lining. Epithelium • Papilloma - Squamous cell ca.

• Fibroblast • Fibroma - Fibrosarcoma

• Osteoblast • Osteoma - Osteosarcoma
• Chondrocyte • Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
• Lipocyte • Lipoma Liposarcoma
• Smooth muscle • Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
• Skeletal muscle • Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Teratoma – Tumour of Germ cell – multiple tissues. Benign
(mature) or malignant (immature)
• Melanoma (Melano-carcinoma) – Malignancy of
melanocytes.
• Seminoma (Seminal carcinoma) –carcinoma of Testes.
• Leukemia – white blood – Ca. of Haemopoietic stem cells.
• Lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma)– Malignancy of lymphocytes.
• Mixed Tumours: Both epithelial & connective tissue
components. Pleomorphic adenoma (Salivary gland) &
Carcinosarcoma (breast/uterus)
Stage - Features
T0 In-situ
T1 Primary site
T2 Sec. Anat. site
T3 Tertiary site
T4 Adjacent region T4
N0 No LN mets.
N1 Primary LN
N2 Seondary LN T1
N3 Tertiary LN
M0 No metastases
M1 Metastases +

Based on - ANATOMY & LYMPHATICS

Pre-Cancer
Neoplasia
Cancer

Prostate Cancer Staging

Pathogenesis:
1. Cell loosening
2. BM degradation
3. Invasion
4. Locomotion
5. BV adhesion
6. Intra-vasation
7. Tumour embolus
8. Adhesion
9. Extra-vasation
10. Angiogenesis
11. Growth. • E-Cadherin, β-catenin
• Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)
• Collagenase (not in benign)
• Actin Cytoskeleton, chemokine
Chemical mediators involved
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