NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Functionally is divided into somatic and autonomic nervous system (visceral part) each of which
contains both central and peripheral elements.

 Autonomic is further divided into symphathetic and parasympathetic, and enteric

 Anatomically is divided into central and peripheral nervous system. Central is further divided
into brain and spinal cord. Peripheral is divided into spinal and cranial nerves, and autonomic
nerves

SOMATIC

o senses and responds to the EXTERNAL environment

o soma “the body (wall)”

o supplies almost everything other than the organs contained within the body cavities

o sensory nerves from skin, bones & joints

o motor nerves to skeletal (striated) muscle (including the diaphragm)

o voluntary (NB reflexes)

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

o auto = self; nomos = law

o senses (sensory - to organs) and responds (motor - cardiac and smooth muscle, glands)
to the INTERNAL environment (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, glandular
secretions)

o involuntary (we don’t have to think about controlling our heart rate – it just happens!)

CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Neurons= main cells of the nervous system that conduct electrical impulses. A typical neuron
consists of a cell body and two types of extensions; axon and dendritis. Dendrites brings in
impulses while axon take away the impulse to the dendrites of the next neuron at the synapses
junction

 Supportive cells= these are migloglia, oligonderoglia, astrocytes and epedymal in the CNS, and
schwann cells in the PNS

 Oligondedroglia and schwann cells produce myelin sheath

 Accumulation of cell bodies in the PNS is known as ganglion and nucleus in the CNS
EFFECTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN VARIOUS BODY ORGANS AND TISSUES

Symphathetic is for flight/fight while parasymphathetic is for calm

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM=BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

BRAIN

The parts of the brain are cerebral hemispheres, the brain stem and the cerebellum. The brain stem
consists of the mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata
LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
MENINGES

Three layers:

Dura mater: outer tough layer of connective tissue (means tough mother.

Arachnoid mater: relatively thin layer that is usually apposed to the dura mater. Thin, wispy cords of
connective tissue (like the silk of a spider’s web, hence the name) connect this layer to the pia.

Pia mater: very thin inner layer that is apposed to the surface of the brain. A layer of pia mater
accompanies arteries penetrating into the brain.

DURA REMOVED

DURA AND ARACHNOID REMOVED

CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID
  secreted by choroid plexus within the ventricular system of the brain (volume ~120ml, 400-
500ml/day)

 circulates around the brain AND spinal cord from the 4 ventricles to the subarachnoid space

 cushions the brain (like a waterbed) both internally (the ventricles full of CSF) and externally (the

 subarachnoid space full of CSF)

Ventricular system of the brain – Connecting channels

 CSF flow=lateral ventricles - 3rd ventricle -4th ventricle-subarachnoid space- brain sinuses

1=lateral ventricles (1&2) in cerebral hemispheres (most CSF made here)

2=foramen interventricular (of monro)

;3= 3rd ventricle; 4=Sylvian aqueduct

5=4th ventricle; 6=median aperture of the 4th ventricle (foramin of magendie)

; 7=lateral apertures of the 4th ventricle (foramina of luschka); 8=spinal canal filled with csf;
9=subarachnoid pace; 11=venous sinuses

Blood supply to the brain

 right and left internal carotid arteries branches of respective common carotid arteries

 right and left vertebral arteries, branches of respective subclavian arteries. Vertebral arteries
join infront of medulla oblongata to form basilar artery
Blood supply to brain

SPINAL CORD

 Extends from medulla oblongata superiorly and terminates in the lumber region
  In adults, it terminates at the level of L1-L2 while in infants and children terminates at L3-L4

 The distal end of the cord 9the conus medullaries) is cone shaped

 A fine filament of connective tissue (filum terminale) continues inferiorly

 Cauda aquina area bunch of spinal nerves that descends and emerge from the vertebral column
at various levels

Cervical nerves

 They arise from the spinal cord and emerge from the vertebral column through interventricular
foramen.

 They consists of motor and sensory parts and innervate the peripheral structures of the body

 They are 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumber, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal

 The right and left Sciatic nerves are the longest nerves in the body and innervates the lower
limbs. They arise from lumber sacral nerve plexus

CAUDA AQUINA AND FILUM TERMINALE

ARTERIAL SUPPLY

From spinal segmental arteries which arises from posterior intercostal arteries and branches of vertebral
arteries. These branches are anterior and posterior spinal arteries
ARTERIAL SUPPLY

Cranial nerves

These nerves arises from the brain and supplies the peripheral body structures, and are numbere I
-XII

 I-olfactory=sense of smell

 II-optic= vision

 III-oculomotor=movement of eye ball

 IV-trochlear=movement of eye ball

 V-trigeminal. Consists of ophthalmic. Maxillary and mandibular branches= sensory to the

feacial region and motor to muscles of mastication

 VI-abducen=lateral movement of eye ball

 VII-Facial=motor to muscles of facial expression. Taste from tongue, secretory to salivary

glands

 VIII-Vestibulocochlea= hearing and balance

 IX-Glossopharyngeal=taste and sensory to tongue, secretory to parotid gland and motor to

pharyngeal muscle
 X-Vagus= parasympathetic to viscera, motor to laryngeal muscles

 XI-Accessory=motor to muscles of the neck-sternomastoid and trapezius

 XII-Hypoglossal=motor to the muscles of the tongue