Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 170 (2020) 105257

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Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compag

Environmental monitoring in a poultry farm using an instrument developed T

with the internet of things concept
⁎
Wariston Fernando Pereiraa,b, , Leonardo da Silva Fonsecac, Fernando Ferrari Puttid,
Bruno César Góesa,d, Luciana de Paula Navese
a
José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS), School of Agronomic, 37132-440 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
b
University Center South of Minas (UNIS), 37010-540 Varginha, MG, Brazil
c
Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Department of Animal Science, 39100-000 Diamantina, MG, Brazil
d
São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science and Engineering, 17602-496 Tupã, SP, Brazil
e
Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Animal Science, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Animal welfare is a major concern these days, as well as the factors that have impact on animal productivity.
Animal welfare Constant monitoring of environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, levels of ammonia and lu-
Ammonia minosity is crucial because these variables directly impact poultry performance and welfare. Along these lines, it
IoT is necessary to look for solutions that allow the monitoring of these variables in a practical, reliable and cheap
Technological innovation
way. In the agribusiness, the scenario for the IoT (Internet of Things) is very promising, because it has emerged
Data loggers and biosystems engineering
to fill this gap and deliver sensed data, widely increasing the connectivity of the devices. Therefore, this paper
describes a low cost, hardware and software proposal for monitoring these environmental parameters in poultry
farms. In addition, experiments were done to compare the proposed prototype with commercial devices. The
measured variables showed a correlation above 0.90 between the sensors used in the prototype and the cali-
brated equipment, also having the cost of only 13% of that of the conventional equipment. The prototype
displayed favorable results, indicating that its implementation is viable.

1. Introduction
Poultry has evolved greatly in recent decades due to the genetic
improvement of birds, associated with advances in other related areas,
such as nutrition, management and health (Pessôa, 2012). In view of
the high world demand for food, Brazilian poultry production is pro-
minent in both chicken meat production (ABPA, 2017), and chicken egg
production (Damasceno et al., 2010). Following a worldwide interest,
there is also a growing concern, in Brazil, that birds should be raised
under conditions that promote animal welfare (Souza and Molento,
2015). In this sense, the environmental conditions of the breeding
houses need to be considered, especially the temperature, relative hu-
midity, ammonia concentration in the air and luminosity, since pro-
ductivity is related to the environmental conditions in which the birds
are raise (Soliman et al., 2017). It is important to mention that the
monitoring of such variables needs to be frequent so that, if necessary,
the producer can intervene more quickly by adopting management
practices in order to ensure an adequate environment. For example, by
detecting that the house temperature is rising too much, the poultry
farmer can intervene by handling the house's curtains and activating
equipment such as fans, exhaust fans and/or nebulizers.
In general, these environmental parameters in poultry houses have
been measured manually or using commercially available individual
data loggers (Winkel et al., 2015). However, besides the need for a
person to be present in the shed to collect the measured data, such
equipment has a relatively high cost (Castell et al., 2017). Another re-
levant aspect is that these devices operate mostly in isolation, requiring
the acquisition of more than one device to monitor several variables
related to the environment in the sheds (Rapson, 2014).
Technological advances allow the interconnection of several devices
(Vanelli and Silva, 2017) and speed up data transport. Quick access to
data is very important for professionals involved in agribusiness be-
cause it enables faster and more efficient decision-making processes
(Zambon et al., 2019). The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is in-
serted in this scenario, to expand the connectivity of field sensors to
information systems, increasing the degree of innovation and tech-
nology in the field (Mahale and Sonavane, 2016)
Therefore, the present work reports about a low-cost device that

⁎
Corresponding author at: São Paulo State University – UNESP, 17602-496 Tupã, SP, Brazil.
E-mail addresses: fernando.putti@unesp.br (W.F. Pereira), fernando.putti@unesp.br (F.F. Putti).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105257
Received 18 November 2019; Received in revised form 28 January 2020; Accepted 30 January 2020
0168-1699/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
W.F. Pereira, et al.
allows the agile and simplified monitoring of temperature, relative
humidity, air ammonia content and luminosity, through the application
of remote sensing, using the internet as a communication network for
the data that can be stored and analyzed later.
1.1. Poultry farming environment
The productivity and welfare of chickens and broiler chickens is
directly related to the environmental conditions under which poultry
are bred (Janczak and Riber, 2015). The thermal comfort range of
poultry varies mainly depending on their age, but throughout the
breeding period it is desirable that the temperature in the shed remain
within the recommended range for each age group. Heat or cold stress
is undesirable because it can influence poultry welfare and food intake,
as well as increase susceptibility to disease and flock mortality rate
(Gebregeziabhear and Ameha, 2015).
In general, the relative humidity inside the shed should be between
50 and 70%. Low relative humidity increases the rate of heat dissipa-
tion by evaporation, resulting in airway and mucosal dryness. On the
other hand, high relative humidity associated with high temperatures
may worsen broiler chicken performance (Najafi et al., 2015).
In the conventional broiler chicken breeding system, the birds are
housed in a masonry shed in which the floor, usually made of wood, is
covered by broiler litter. One of the purposes of broiler litter is to ab-
sorb moisture from bird excreta (Sousa et al., 2016). When it comes to
laying poultry in the intensive system, chickens are mostly caged, and
excreta are often kept in the shed for several weeks (Oro and Guirro,
2014). Therefore, in both types of poultry farming, the organic matter
present in excreta and/or litter can be degraded by microorganisms,
resulting in ammonia production (Nkoa, 2014). As ammonia is a toxic
gas, it is recommended that the content of it in the air be monitored and
kept below 10 ppm (parts per million) in order to avoid impairing an-
imal performance and bird and staff health (David et al., 2015; Othman
and Mahmood, 2014).
Because birds are photosensitive, exposure to a daily light period
shorter or longer than recommended influences food intake and even
sexual maturity of chickens (Jácome et al., 2014; Pan et al., 2014).
Therefore, in view of the above, the need for constant monitoring of
temperature, relative humidity, air ammonia content and luminosity in
poultry houses is justified. This practice is of paramount importance, as
it allows the quick recognition of the need for intervention by the
poultry farmers to ensure adequate environmental conditions for the
animals.
1.2. Internet of Things
Technological advances in areas such as information, internet and
electronic devices allowed many devices, that were previously unable
to have connectivity to the internet, to have this feature today (Vanelli
and Silva, 2017). In this context, the expression Internet of Things
(IoT), was first introduced by Kevin Ashton as he referred to the po-
tential of RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) in the multinational
supply chain Procter & Gamble (Uckelmann et al., 2011). IoT presents
business opportunities in various solutions through optimization of
production processes, among others. In Brazil, the scenario is favorable
since the application and demand for products and services adequate to
the country needs are already discussed by companies. It is estimated
that the origin of the term IoT was significant between 2008 and 2009,
when the number of connected devices exceeded the number of people
in the world. It is estimated that, by 2020, there will be 50 billion
connected devices, or more than 5 devices per person on the planet
(Mahdavinejad et al., 2018).
Wireless sensor networking technology is increasingly being used
for different applications in various sectors such as industry and agri-
culture (Gomes and Bianchini, 2016). Wireless systems expand the
connectivity possibilities for IoT, with Wi-Fi being the widely used
2
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 170 (2020) 105257
technology (Al-Falahy and Alani, 2017). The Wi-Fi standard, also
known as 802.11, was first proposed in 1990 and was then widely used
in society for its low cost. With proper directional antennas, it can reach
distances of up to 40 km between interconnected points. Wi-Fi networks
are easily installed operating at frequencies such as 2.4 GHz (giga-
hertz) and 5 GHz with varying signal range and coverage (Schreiber
et al., 2018).)
The ESP8266 module is an embedded system with integrated TCP/
IP network protocol support that can give any microcontroller access to
its Wi-Fi network (Hlaing et al., 2017) This module is cost-effective and
has a huge and growing user base. The Wemos D1board is easy to use
and apply to IoT solutions, with all basic functions that facilitate de-
velopment and prototyping (Asnawi and Syukriasari, 2019).
2. Material and methods
The device described in this article aims to monitor environmental
parameters using low-cost hardware and the object connectivity con-
cept proposed by the Internet of Things paradigm. Using this device and
its associated application, it is possible to record and track, in real time,
the temperature, relative humidity, airborne ammonia concentration,
and luminosity, allowing fast data analysis and decision making by the
poultry farmer.
2.1. Proposed hardware
The sensors were selected considering their cost and detection
range. The DHT22 sensor was used to record air temperature and re-
lative humidity, being able to measure temperatures between −40 and
80 °C, and relative air humidity between 0 and 100% (Pereira et al.,
2017). Ammonia concentration in the air was measured by the MQ-137
electrochemical sensor, which has a detection range of 5 to 200 ppm.
For the monitoring of luminosity, the LDR (light dependent resistor)
sensor was used, which is a light-controlled variable resistor. Thus, the
photo resistor has high resistance in the dark, and low resistance under
light.
The device developed has a CPU (Central Processing Unit) Wemos
Mini D1with chipset ESP-8266EXwith standard Wi-Fi 2.4 Ghz con-
nectivity. The CPU is able to read the three used sensors, having a bivolt
power supply of 5 V (Fig. 1). After the reading, the data is stored in the
CPU and transmitted to the internet or computer through the wireless
network. The stored data can be read, processed and tracked through
the software and devices connected to the proposed device's internet or
Fig. 1. Basic components of the proposed device.
W.F. Pereira, et al.
Fig. 2. Task cycle of the proposed device.
wireless network.
The sensors are connected to the CPU's only analog port through a
4051 multiplexer that aims to extend the ports to 8 inputs.
CPU programming follows a logical routine as can be observed
(Fig. 2).
The steps fulfill specific tasks: initialization, collection, pre-analysis
and transmission as follows:
• Initialization: The CPU tries to connect to a previously programmed
wireless network and internet, in case of failure. The CPU creates its
own wireless network that can be accessed over the network.
• Collection: The CPU initializes the sensors and performs their
reading. Sensors are read from the applied and resulting voltage
difference. Thus, the higher the resistance on the sensor, the lower
the resulting measured voltage and the lower the value of the
measured parameter.
• Analysis: The values obtained from the DHT22 sensor do not require
adjustment. In the case of the MQ-137 and LDR sensors, the values
obtained must undergo a specific treatment.
• Transmission: When the CPU is connected to the internet, the col-
lected data is sent to the server and stored for later collection of the
client application.
At the end of the tests in protoboard, the device was optimized for
field use, thus reaching its final version (Fig. 3).
2.2. Proposed software
For the monitoring of the collected data, it was developed an ap-
plication for mobile devices on the Android® platform (Le et al., 2015).
The application consists of a graphical view of the data in real-time and
overtime (Fig. 4). The application has the proposed device location and
configuration function on the network. This feature allows the identi-
fication of the sensor on the connected wireless network and the
making of the necessary adjustments. Possible settings include wireless
network connection, calibration, and measurement range as follows:
• Wireless Network Connection: Allows the user to enter the wireless
network configuration data for device connection.
Fig. 3. Proposed device finalized.
3
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 170 (2020) 105257
• Calibration: Puts the device into calibration mode, where values are
read, and equations are automatically adjusted as needed.
• Measurement range: Allows adjustment of time between parameter
measurements.
In general, the ammonia concentration in the air should be kept as
low as possible with a maximum level of 10 ppm. Thermal comfort and
relative humidity zones, as well as luminosity programs, vary according
to, for example, the age of the birds. Therefore, it is ideal that the
poultry farmers monitor the parameters in the house and make deci-
sions considering their particular reality and the recommendations of
the scientific literature and pedigree manuals. However, in addition to
the basic monitoring functionality, the application makes re-
commendations, alerting the user about the need for a possible inter-
vention to control a specific parameter.
2.3. Calibration
The DHT-22 sensor is already pre-calibrated, when acquired, which
makes any kind of measured values conversion unnecessary. Therefore,
to prove its operation, it can be directly compared with a commercial
thermo hygrometer.
The LDR sensor linearly converts the amount of light into voltage.
Therefore, it can be compared to a commercial lux meter by applying an
appropriate coefficient.
x=
vLux
vLDR
Where vLux represents the value read by the commercial lux meter
and vLDR represents the value read by the CPU digital analog converter.
Thus, the estimated lux value can be found by using:
lux = x × vLDR
The MQ-137 sensor requires a different procedure for calibration. It
is recommended that the sensor be exposed to a target gas free en-
vironment for a period of 24 h. After this period the resulting values are
read (Kaushik et al., 2015). To obtain the calibration curve, the values
obtained by the conventional sensor (DG-2000; Instruterm®; sensitivity
range from 4 to 100 ppm; 1 ppm resolution and ± 5% accuracy) were
compared to the values read by the CPU analog converter, thus estab-
lishing an approximate regression curve. For this, both sensors were
housed in a PVC box measuring 40 cm long, 30 cm wide and 35 cm
high. Inside the box was placed a drop of 5% ammonia solution. After
the sensor stabilization period (MQ-137 and the commercial ammonia
meter) the ammonia concentration values obtained from the commer-
cial sensor and proposed device were noted in a spreadsheet. This
procedure was performed 20 times, and all results were analyzed in
order to plot the exponential regression curve shown in Fig. 5.
From the calibration curve, the best mathematical equation that fit
the data was detected (R2 = 0.9648) and the exponential equation was
obtained, represented by:
y = 6 E− 16x 4,1092
The exponential equation was used as a basis for the calculation of
ammonia content in air by the device proposed in this work, where x is
the value read by the MQ-137 sensor and y, the resulting value in
ammonia content expressed in parts per million (ppm).
2.4. Experimental procedures for validation of the proposed device
An experiment was carried out in August 2017 in a poultry house of
the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South
of Minas Gerais (Machado Campus / MG) to compare the proposed
device with a commercial thermo hygrometer (Table1).
The shed (Fig. 6) was built with East-West orientation having nat-
ural ventilation. It has dimensions of 6 m wide × 24 m long × 3.5 m
W.F. Pereira, et al. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 170 (2020) 105257

Fig. 4. Example of application screens.

As ammonia levels within the shed were below the detection limit of
both sensors, and given that any management strategy made to increase
internal ammonia concentration could negatively affect bird perfor-
mance and welfare, it was opted to adopt laboratory conditions, using
the same PVC box described in item “C. Calibration” of section IV of this
article. For the determination of air ammonia content by the proposed
device and conventional equipment (Table 2), 20 measurements were
performed simultaneously.
Luminosity measurements were also obtained in the laboratory,
using light sources with variable illumination controlled by dimmer.
Twenty measurements were performed simultaneously by the proposed
device and the conventional equipment (Table 3), at different illumi-
nation intensities.
Fig. 5. Calibration Curve. For connectivity analysis and data transmission, the proposed de-
vice was connected to the wireless network and internet, thus applying
the concept of Internet of Things. In order to validate the integration
Table 1
between the proposed device and the proposed application, the data
Term Features Digital Hygrometer 7666 (INCOTERM®).
was updated through Smartphone by comparing the data exhibited on
Characteristic Temperature Humidity the display of the proposed device and the application at the same time.
For cost analysis, market values of each equipment and components
Sensibility Range 0 °C–50 °C 15%–95%
Resolution 0.1 °C 1% RH required to create the proposed device were considered.
Accuracy ± 1 °C ± 5% RH For the results analysis, the software Microsoft Excel® (2016 ver-
sion) was used to establish linear regressions using the Least Squares
Method (MMQ). Thus, it was compared how much the data obtained by
ceiling height, and is covered with fiber cement tiles. The shed housed the proposed device resembled the data of the equipment admitted as
2000 Hy-Line Brown Chickens. The production system adopted for reference. This method obtained the equation of the regression line that
poultry farming is intensive, following the nutrition and management most closely approximated the data set and the correlation coefficient
recommendations of the pedigree manual.Fig. 7. R2.
For five consecutive days, both devices were positioned inside the
shed next to each other and at the same floor height (approximately 3. Results and discussion
1.60 m). During this period, five daily recording times were defined for
the temperature and relative humidity measurements (8:00, 10:00, As it can be seen inFigure7, 20 records of temperature and relative
14:00, 16:00 and 20:00 h), obtaining a total of 20 data recorded for humidity were collected for each equipment evaluated.
each equipment in this period. A high correlation (R2) was observed between the data provided by

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W.F. Pereira, et al. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 170 (2020) 105257

Fig. 6. Laying house used to compare the proposed device with a commercial thermo hygrometer.

Fig. 8. Temperature correlation between the commercial thermo hygrometer

and the proposed device.

Fig. 7. Temperature (a) and relative humidity (b) recorded by the proposed
device and the commercial thermo hygrometer.

Table 2
Dg-2000 Ammonia Detector Characteristics (INSTRUT-
ERM®). Fig. 9. Correlation of humidity between the thermo hygrometer and the pro-
posed device.
Characteristic Brightness

Sensibility Range 4–100 ppm the two devices for air temperature and relative humidity parameters
Resolution 1 ppm
(Figs. 8 and 9), with correlations higher than 0.97, indicating that the
Accuracy ± 5%
proposed device represents an effective alternative compared to con-
ventional equipment.
Table 3 Compared to the commercial lux meter, the proposed device was
Characteristics of the mlm-101 Digital Lux Meter also efficient in monitoring the luminosity, with a correlation close to
(Brand: MINIPA®). 1.0 (R2 = 0.9965) (Figs. 10 and 11).
Regarding the determination of the ammonia content in the air, it
Characteristic Luminosity
was observed that there is a greater similarity in the values detected
Sensibility Range 0–10,000 lx between the sensors at lower ammonia concentrations (Fig. 12). This
Resolution 1 lx result indicates the possibility of using the MQ-137 sensor for air am-
Accuracy ± 4–5% monia concentrations of up to approximately 60 ppm. This result may
be related to the physical properties of the sensor and its construction,
as well as the influence of temperature and humidity, a fact that can be

5
W.F. Pereira, et al. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 170 (2020) 105257

Fig. 13. Correlation of ammonia between the commercial equipment and the
Fig. 10. Luminosity recorded by the proposed device and commercial lux proposed device.
meter.

proposed device, in relation to commercial equipment, is its ability to

communicate with the network and the possibility of combining several
sensors in a single equipment, that is, to monitor several environmental
parameters at the same time in an automated way. These elements
corroborate that the use of connectivity and the Internet of Things
concept facilitates and expands the possibilities of using technology in
the field (Santoro et al., 2018). Real-time monitoring of the environ-
mental conditions of poultry houses is essential to ensure adequate
conditions for the birds and to facilitate rapid decision making when
necessary (Ben Sassi et al., 2016).
Considering the monitoring of temperature, relative humidity, lu-
minosity and ammonia content in the air, the cost of the material used
(reference August/2017) for the assembly of the proposed device re-
presents only 12.66% of the market price of commercially sold equip-
Fig. 11. Correlation of luminosity between the lux meter and the proposed ment for the same purpose (Table 4 and Table 5).
device.

4. Conclusion

In addition to high efficiency in the recording of environmental

parameters and speed of data transmission, the proposed device re-
presents a low-cost alternative for monitoring temperature, relative
humidity, luminosity and concentration of ammonia in the air.
Although the experimental validation was performed in poultry houses,
the proposed device has the potential to generate a technological pro-
duct that can be used in other production sectors such as pig farming,
for example.
There is, also, the possibility of new studies that consider the im-
provement of the software engineering, and the inclusion of sensors
that allow the monitoring of other environmental parameters related to
the maintenance of air quality.
Fig. 12. Ammonia concentration in the air recorded by the proposed device and
the commercial equipment.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

corrected by considering these variables in the adoption of the cali-
bration curve in future versions. However, it must be considered that Wariston Fernando Pereira: Investigation. Leonardo da Silva
airborne ammonia concentrations above 10 ppm may compromise the Fonseca: Writing - review & editing. Fernando Ferrari Putti: Writing -
welfare and health of poultry and farm staff (van Weeghe et al., 2016; review & editing. Bruno César Góes: Writing - original draft. Luciana
Costa, 2017) de Paula Naves: Conceptualization.
Although the correlation coefficient for ammonia was lower than
that observed for the other environmental parameters evaluated, the
value of R2 = 0.9128 (Fig. 13) can be considered a good result.
Regarding the connectivity of the proposed device, it was observed Table 4
that 97.8% of the transmitted data were properly made available to the Cost of commercial equipment used.
client over the application, based on the comparison between the data Equipment Cost (R$)
stored in the memory of the proposed device and the data stored in the
application. Importantly, the low volume of data sent makes it more Model DG-2000 Ammonia Detector, brand INSTRUTHERM® R$ 2524.43
Model MLM-101 Digital Lux meter, brand MINIPA® R$ 194.82
accessible for those using slower connections. Untransmitted data
Model 7666 Digital Hygrometer, brand INCOTERM ® R$ 67.82
(2.2%) were mostly related to the quality and instability of the internet Total R$ 2787.07
connection and not directly to the device itself. A positive aspect of the

6
W.F. Pereira, et al. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 170 (2020) 105257

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