Scientific African 18 (2022) e01398

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Scientific African
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sciaf

Remote poultry management system for small to medium

scale producers using IoT
Justice Chigwada, Felix Mazunga∗, Cloud Nyamhere, Victor Mazheke,
Nicholas Taruvinga
Applied Physics and Telecommunications Department, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The demand for poultry products continues to increase in the world. The prevailing global
Received 19 November 2021 climate change calls for improved poultry management systems to maintain optimal en-
Revised 10 August 2022
vironmental conditions for boosting productivity. Increased food security based on sound,
Accepted 12 October 2022
equitable and sustainable food production systems that utilize modern automation tech-
nologies is essential for all nations to be able to achieve the United Nations Sustainable
Editor: DR B Gyampoh Development Goals (UNSDGs). This proposed study seeks to help achieve some of the
UNSDGs which include ending poverty, having zero hunger, good health and well-being,
Keywords:
industry innovation and infrastructure. In this article, the design and implementation of
Poultry management
a low-cost IoT-based remote poultry management system for small to medium scale pro-
IoT
Chicken eggs ducers is presented. Poultry farmers in developing countries are relying on manual poultry
Remote monitoring management methods which are labor-intensive. The proposed system which was built
Web portal around the WiFi-enabled ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller is capable of monitoring and
Microcontroller regulating temperature, humidity, water level, ammonia gas and the lighting system. Se-
curity is facilitated by the PIR sensor. The system minimizes employment costs and saves
time. Besides, the system has unique capabilities of light scheduling and automatic switch-
ing control. The light schedules are pre-configured, and the user can select the required
times of illumination. The illumination times in the evening are guided by the age of the
birds. Light scheduling improves egg production and also conserves energy. The proposed
light scheduling for the system was possible by executing a “cron job”. A “cron job” en-
ables the web server to perform repetitive and specific tasks at specific times. Remote
monitoring and ease of accessibility of the system via the internet anywhere in the world
using devices like smart phones and laptops is facilitated by our proposed web-based por-
tal 13:italic www.agrorun.co.zw//13:italic. The web page also allows users to turn ON
or OFF the actuators like fans, blower fan/extractor fan, water pump and the lights.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Institute of
Mathematical Sciences / Next Einstein Initiative.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mazungaf@staff.msu.ac.zw (F. Mazunga).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01398
2468-2276/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Institute of Mathematical Sciences / Next Einstein Initiative. This is an
open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
J. Chigwada, F. Mazunga, C. Nyamhere et al. Scientific African 18 (2022) e01398

Introduction

The projected growth in human population in the world which is expected to emanate mainly from developing countries
in Africa will translate to an increase in the demand for poultry products [2,10]. Most people in developing economies rely
on livestock production for livelihood and food security. This is especially true for Zimbabwe which has been facing food
security and economic challenges for the past few decades. Therefore, it is critical to boost poultry production so as to
realise huge profits and reduce food imports. Currently, most of the small and medium scale poultry farmers are relying on
the traditional manual processes [14], which are inefficient to manage poultry farming. Hence, there is need for the design
and implementation of low-cost but effective and efficient poultry management systems that address the poultry’s welfare
and health.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast-emerging technology which is gaining increasing importance in countless applica-
tions including smart farming. The IoT is a system of interconnected devices which are utilised to automate a variety of
aspects while communicating via the internet [16]. Other technologies that have been proposed in literature for large-scale
and intensive poultry farming include RF identification technology [6], cloud technology [17], edge computing and artificial
intelligence [3]. Techniques such as poultry disease detection [17], poultry diet monitoring, environmental monitoring in
poultry houses [2], product tracking and traceability, and abnormal condition detection [7] in poultry houses have also been
reported.
A remote poultry management system aims to automatically regulate the variables that affect the welfare and health
of birds. Due to the prevailing global climate change, it is imperative to regulate poultry house parameters and conditions
such as temperature, humidity, lighting, “noxious” ammonia, water supply and so on. Increased ammonia levels “(>25 ppm)
in poultry houses decrease the body weight gain, feed conversion, survival potential, carcass conviction rate, and immune
system of chickens” [15].
Undesirable poultry house conditions may cause reduction in the food intake, increase in water consumption, reduction
to no egg production and ultimately raises the mortality rate and chances of diseases [4]. In our proposed poultry manage-
ment system, we focus much attention on layers breeding i.e., egg production for small to medium scale farmers as shown
in our inspirational image in Figure SM1. A layer’s welfare depends largely on numerous “ecological or climatic parameters
that affect the laying time, egg weight, and average hen weight” [4].
As reported by the United Nations (UN), investing in smallholder farmers is an important way to increase food security
and nutrition for the poorest, as well as food production for local and global markets. Increased food security based on
sound, equitable and sustainable food production systems that exploit modern automation technologies is vital for all na-
tions to be able to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). This proposed study seeks to help
achieve some of the UNSDGs which include ending poverty, having zero hunger, good health and well-being, industry inno-
vation and infrastructure. The target is to “ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural
practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation
to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters” like COVID-19.
In this article, we propose a low-cost IoT-based poultry management system that allows users to remotely interact with
the system via a web application over the internet. The proposed system seeks to reduce the level and intensity of food inse-
curity and malnutrition in developing and least developed countries by enhancing poultry production and productivity. The
main contributions of the remote poultry management system include monitoring and controlling of temperature, humidity,
water supply and ammonia gas. The system minimizes employment costs and saves time. Besides, the system offers biose-
curity capabilities, unique light scheduling and automatic switching control. Remote monitoring and ease of accessibility of
the system anywhere in the world is facilitated by our proposed web-based portal 13:italic www.agrorun.co.zw//13:italic.
Light scheduling improves egg production and also conserves energy. The proposed light scheduling for the system was pos-
sible by executing a “cron job” on the web page. A “cron job” enables the web server to perform repetitive and specific tasks
at specific times. The light schedules are pre-configured to enable users to select the required times of illumination. The il-
lumination times in the evening are guided by the age of the birds and the selection is done by making use of the web
page. The web page also allows users to turn ON or OFF the actuators like fans, blower fan/extractor fan, water pump and
the lights.

Literature review

An “IoT Smart Broiler Farming Model for Low Income Farmers’ built mainly around the Arduino Uno, ZigBee, GSM and
GPRS was presented by [13]. The proposed scheme detects temperature, humidity, intruder motion, and measures the dis-
tance of the object/intruder from the PIR sensor. However, the proposed model can be improved by also monitoring the
level of toxic gases and incorporating actuators for regulating the poultry conditions. Authors in [5] demonstrated a poultry
environment monitoring system that detects carbon dioxide, temperature, ammonia, humidity and oxygen levels. The pro-
posed system utilizes a GSM module and a Raspberry pi for SMS notifications and connecting to the internet. One of the
limitations of the system is that it does not offer real-time regulation of the conditions being monitored. Instead, it sends
alert messages to the farm personnel or doctor to react if there are abnormal conditions. An IoT-based system for checking
temperature and humidity, and controlling lighting for chicken warehouses was demonstrated by [11]. However, the pro-

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J. Chigwada, F. Mazunga, C. Nyamhere et al. Scientific African 18 (2022) e01398

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the proposed remote poultry management system.

posed system does not remotely monitor and control other essential conditions like ammonia level, water supply and so
on.
A Raspberry pi-based poultry house monitoring system for checking temperature, humidity and availability of electric-
ity was investigated by [9]. The user is notified via a smartphone with a mobile app [12] developed an egg-laying house
monitoring system based on Wireless Fidelity (WiFi). However, the system only monitors the house conditions without auto-
matically regulating the conditions. The work by [6] studied the design of a remote monitoring system for poultry breeding
management. Such a system is not suitable for low-resourced small-scale farmers in developing countries and is based on
5G IoT. The poultry management system by [8] is based on the nodeMCU and Raspberry pi. The system monitors and con-
trols temperature, humidity and ammonia gas. The system was proposed for low-income small holder farmers in Tanzania
and is capable of operating both online and offline. However, the authors did not consider the issues of lighting and water
supply regulation. A home automation system was recently proposed by [1]. It utilizes Bluetooth, Arduino and a web ap-
plication for controlling home appliances. However, regarding remote poultry farm management, Bluetooth is not a suitable
candidate due to its short communication range limitations.

Method and materials

The proposed remote poultry management system is made up of various blocks/units which are the input sensors, Wi-Fi
enabled microcontroller unit, relay board, output devices/actuators, user devices, internet and the web server as shown in
Fig. 1. Our low-cost remote poultry management system monitors and regulates temperature, humidity, water supply and
ammonia/gas. Besides, the system provides with biosecurity, light scheduling and automatic switching control capabilities.

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J. Chigwada, F. Mazunga, C. Nyamhere et al. Scientific African 18 (2022) e01398

Remote monitoring and ease of accessibility of the system anywhere in the world is facilitated by our proposed web-based
portal 13:italic www.agrorun.co.zw//13:italic. The proposed system offers unique capabilities of light scheduling and au-
tomatic switching control. The light schedules are pre-configured enabling the user to select the required times of illumina-
tion. The illumination times at night are guided by the age of the birds and the selection is done by making use of the web
page. Light scheduling or intermittent lighting improves egg production and conserves energy.

Hardware system design

As shown in Fig. 1, the proposed IoT-based remote poultry management system is made up of the various blocks/units
which have been interlinked via the microcontroller, connected to the internet, and automated to achieve a smarter, cheaper,
effective and efficient way to poultry farming paying particular attention to layers that have reached production phase.

Input sensors
A “DHT11 sensor” was employed to provide temperature and humidity readings for the poultry house. A fan or a heater
gets switched on automatically depending on real time readings from the temperature sensor. A relative humidity below
30% will cause increased agitation of the chicks and may cause aggressive behaviour. On the contrary, extreme moisture can
lead to wet litter conditions, allied with high ammonia concentrations, poor air quality, intestinal diseases, and respiratory
problems. Ideally, the relative humidity should be between 50 and 70%.

Ammonia/gas detection and control

The “MQ-2 Sensor” was utilized for detecting ammonia levels. Ammonia builds up in poultry houses due to bedding
issues and high concentration of ammonia in the air which adversely affect the health of the birds which can lead to loss
of the birds. Once the sensor detects high level concentration of gas/ ammonia exceeding 26%, the blower fan is switched
ON to reduce the percentage of ammonia to permissible levels before the blower/extractor fan gets switched OFF.

Water supply control

An ultra-sonic sensor was exploited to detect when the water level goes below a given threshold value (in this case 50
cm from the sensor). The ultra-sonic sensor sends a signal to the microcontroller which in turn sends a “high” output to the
pump. The pump is switched on to refill the water feeder tank. Once the water reaches the required upper level, a signal is
sent to the microcontroller and the microcontroller sends a command to the relay to turn off the pump.

Light scheduling and automatic switching control

Light scheduling is one of the unique features of our proposed remote poultry management system. Layers in production
require enough lighting hours for them to be able to lay eggs consistently. Light scheduling also saves energy. The remote
poultry management system can schedule the times when the lights should be switched ON and time to switched OFF. In
this proposed research, the light schedules are pre-configured, and the user can select the required times of illumination.
The illumination times in the evening are guided by the age of the birds and the selection is done by making use of the
web page. Thus, the user can remotely control the lighting hours.
Light scheduling was possible by executing a “cron job” to enable the web server to perform repetitive and specific
tasks at specific times. The scheduled times are defined on the web page and all the details are resident on the .json
files which are read by the ESP8266 Microcontroller. The MCU then sends the commands to trigger the relay to turn the
lights ON or OFF. When the door to the poultry house is opened, a PIR sensor detects movement and sends a signal to the
microcontroller. The microcontroller in turn sends a signal to the relay board to turn on the light. When motion is no longer
detected the light goes off.

Microcontroller and relay board

The “ESP8266 NodeMCU” microcontroller was selected due to its ability to offer a low cost, complete and self-contained
Wi-Fi networking solution. The microcontroller has several features which made it the perfect candidate for the proposed
IoT-based remote poultry management system which is an IoT based project. Amongst several other features, the ESP8266
NodeMCU consists of 4 MB flash memory, 64 KB static random access memory (SRAM) and a clock speed of 80 MHz.

Four-channel relay module

For our proposed remote poultry management system, the “FL-3FF-S-Z” 4-channel relay module is used to supply ade-
quate voltage and current to the output devices.

Output devices
The propose remote poultry management system has the following output devices: pump, blower/extractor fan, fan,
buzzer and lights. The microcontroller controls whether to switch ON or OFF the output devices for the poultry house
depending on the real time sensor readings.

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User devices
These are any gadgets like personal computers, laptops, palmtops, and smart phones that can be used by farmer or user
to access the web page for monitoring and controlling the system.

Web server
In this study, the web server hosts the webpage which is used to monitor and manage the remote poultry management
system on our proposed domain 13:italic www.agrorun.co.zw//13:italic.

Software system design

Arduino C was used to program the ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller. The programming of the components was done
on the Arduino platform. The platform seeks to make writing of codes simpler without unjustifiably limiting the user’s
flexibility and it also takes care of the unnecessary complexities. The Arduino software is open source, and it consists of two
main parts: the development environment known as the IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and a core library. The
Arduino IDE is a minimal but complete source code editor. All programming functions are accessed on the toolbar.
The environment which includes a serial monitor enabled sending and receiving of data from the board, easing debugging
without requiring additional software. The compiled binary file is then uploaded to the MCU board. In this case, the Arduino
did what it was told to do rather than what we wanted it to do. Detected errors were cleared through debugging.

Web page creation

The webpage page for this proposed remote poultry management system facilitates the remote monitoring and control
of poultry house systems from anywhere over the internet. Our proposed web page was developed using Hypertext Pre-
processor (PHP) scripting language. “Apache NetBeans and WampServer” programs had to be installed on the computer to
establish an environment suitable for php scripting language use. These programs can be installed individually or from pre-
configured packages on operating systems like Windows/Linux. WampServer was chosen in this study because it permits a
user to create applications with Apache NetBeans, Apache2, PHP and a MySQL database providing ease access and manage-
ment of databases using PhpMyAdmin tool. For synchronized execution of lights schedule, a “cron job” was implemented. A
screen shot indicating cron job development is shown in Fig. SM2.

Results

The snapshots of the prototype of our proposed IoT-based remote poultry management system are shown in Fig. 2 and
Fig. SM3. The proposed remote poultry management system was experimentally tested for several times.

Web page

The management portal for our proposed remote poultry management system is on the webpage www.agrorun.co.zw. A
screen shot of the login page of the system’s proposed portal is shown in Fig. 3. The webpage is accessible to multiple users
from anywhere over the internet.
The webpage was able to display real time temperature and humidity readings from the “DHT11” sensor, real time gas
concentration readings, as well as the real time water level (Fig. 4). The buttons on the webpage show the status of the
output devices and changes the label corresponding to any variations. The graphical representation of the input parameters
can also be accessed and the real time variations can be displayed.

Automatic temperature control

A “DHT11” sensor was used during the experimental setup. When the temperature exceeds the required maximum value
of 26 °C, the fan is switched ON to cool the poultry house until the temperature drops to the required range. When the
temperature falls below the threshold value of 11 °C, the heat source is turned ON until the desired range is achieved.

Automatic humidity control

The “DHT11” sensor is used to monitor the humidity. During tests, the humidity was increased by blowing the “DHT11”
sensor. Birds are very sensitive to extremes of relative humidity.
When humidity was increased to above 50%, the relay was energised to switch ON the fan. This ensures that the humidity
levels in the poultry house are always maintained within the acceptable range.

Automatic water supply control

When the water in the tank is full the readings will be above 95%. The ultra-sonic sensor triggers the water pump to
switch ON and fill the tank when the water level is below 5% (in tour case, a distance of 50 cm from the sensor). The pump
can be switched ON and OFF manually if so required.

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Fig. 2. Snapshot of the prototype of our proposed IoT-based remote poultry management system.

Fig. 3. Proposed webpage portal.

Automatic gas control

Tests were performed by blowing into the “MQ-2 gas sensor”. When the ammonia levels reach 26%, the microcon-
troller triggers the relay to switch ON the blower/extractor fan to extract the toxic gases. Similarly, the buzzer is also
triggered at this instant and once the optimal gas conditions have been attained the blower and buzzer are turned
OFF.

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Fig. 4. Web page showing results of the proposed IoT based remote poultry management system.

Fig. 5. Light scheduling options.

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Table 1
Recommended lighting schedule for egg production by layers.

Age (Weeks) Hours of artificial lighting Lights On Lights Off

18 1 18:00 19:00
19 2 18:00 20:00
20 3 18:00 21:00
21 -72 4 18:00 22:00

Automatic lighting control and scheduling

For our proposed remote poultry management system, light schedules were pre-programmed as guided by Table 1. By
selecting the desired week of age for the layers as shown in Fig. 5, lights would be automatically switched ON and OFF
according to the preconfigured times. This continues to repeat daily until reset by the user. There is also an option for
manually switching ON and OFF the lights.
Layers become highly productive when they have adequate lighting with at least 16 h of lighting a day. The light from
the sun is adequate during the day. However, there is also need for lighting in the evening.

Conclusions

The design and implementation of a low-cost IoT based remote poultry management system for small to medium scale
farmers was presented in this article. The proposed system which was built around the wi-fi enabled ESP8266 NodeMCU
and is capable of monitoring and regulating temperature, humidity, water level, ammonia gas and lighting system. Security
is facilitated by the PIR sensor. The system significantly reduces labour costs and saves time. Besides, the system has unique
capabilities of light scheduling and automatic switching control. Light scheduling improves egg production and conserves
energy. The light schedules are pre-configured, and the user can select the required times of illumination. The proposed
light scheduling was possible by executing a “cron job”. Remote monitoring and ease of accessibility of the system any-
where in the world is facilitated by our proposed web-based portal 13:italic www.agrorun.co.zw//13:italic. The system
remotely monitors and controls the poultry house conditions for efficient and effective egg production. Although the system
offers flexibility, it was mainly targeted for layers from the point of lay stage to the end of production (18 weeks to 72
weeks). The proposed system is especially important to resource-constrained small to medium scale poultry farmers in de-
veloping countries like Zimbabwe. The potential for economic growth due to the proposed system is high due to enhanced
productivity. This study also seeks to help achieve some of the UNSDGs which include ending poverty, having zero hunger,
good health and well-being, industry innovation and infrastructure.
Policy makers should therefore support the development, adoption and implementation of automated poultry monitoring
systems to address the challenge of food insecurity. In Zimbabwe, the agricultural sector policy framework seeks to assure
national and household food and nutrition security, increase agriculture’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
improve animal health and welfare, facilitate generation of income and so forth. Facilitate investments in disease surveil-
lance and prevention measures It is anticipated that this proposed work would also facilitate further research for building
resilience to fight the effects of climate change and contribute to expedited implementation of the UNSDGs in developing
countries. It is also recommended that the Government should promote research on appropriate and applicable technologies
in poultry production. Early poultry disease detection can also be incorporated in future.

Funding

The authors received no funding.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01398.

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