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A Study on Smart Agriculture Using Various Sensors and Agrobot: A Case

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Chapter 48
A Study on Smart Agriculture Using
Various Sensors and Agrobot: A Case
Study

Shraban Kumar Apat, Jyotirmaya Mishra, K. Srujan Raju,

and Neelamadhab Padhy

Abstract The agricultural sector is rising as a high-tech industry, attracting young

workers, new enterprises, and buyers. The technology is increasingly evolving,
improving farmers’ processing capability, and progressing robotics and automation
technology as we know it. The introduction of sensors and agrobot has sparked a new
path in agricultural and farming science. Smart agriculture is an innovative theory
about the technologies since different sensors provide information on agricultural
fields. Most agriculture these days is fully automated with programmed autonomous
robots. We addressed a seed sowing agrobot in our article. It is intended primarily
to ease farmers’ work. In this article, we have used the decision table and cluster
approach. The main aim is to limit the work of farmers. The rudimentary power of
soil seeds and soil covering is illustrated by frameworks such as the temperature,
moisture, and even movement of animals, giving results in agriculture. With the IoT
application, AI sensors will track the crop field and provide farmers with preventive
measures to alert them of any errors via SMS. This paper has developed an IoT
system to use arms, performance, and analysis to control crop development agrobot
seeds.

S. K. Apat (B)
School of Engineering and Technology (Department of CSE), GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha,
India
e-mail: shraban.apat@giet.edu
J. Mishra · N. Padhy
School of Engineering and Technology, Dept of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India
e-mail: jyoti@giet.edu
N. Padhy
e-mail: dr.neelamadhab@giet.edu
K. S. Raju
CMR Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 531
V. Bhateja et al. (eds.), Smart Intelligent Computing and Applications, Volume 1,
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 282,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9669-5_48
532 S. K. Apat et al.

48.1 Introduction

Substantive innovations have been made throughout human history to increase agri-
cultural yield with less effort and resources. Nonetheless, during all these times, the
high population rates never match demand and supply. The forecast figures suggest
that the world’s population will reach around 9.8 billion people in 2050, roughly
25 percent higher than the current figure. Nearly the entire population growth in the
developing countries listed is expected to occur. On the other hand, the urbanization
trend is expected to continue to intensify, with about 70% of the world’s population
anticipated to be urban by 2050 (now 49%). In addition, the levels of income are
numerous, contributing to more food demand in the developed world in particular.
Agricultural robotics automate long, routine, and boring operations, encouraging
farmers to concentrate more on growing average productivity. Some of the most
popular robotics in agriculture are used: cultivation, planting, pest and disease detec-
tion, weed control, autonomous mowing, pruning, seeding, spritzing and dilution,
phénotyping, triage and packaging, cultivation, and choice. Owing to their accuracy,
these are the essential robotic applications in agriculture. In our proposed paper, we
have used an agrobot and have tracked crop growth on the agricultural side by the
IoT unit.

48.2 Literature Survey

It looked at the differences in WSNs and their potential to promote different improve-
ments in agricultural applications. It optionally examines the suitability of WSNs for
increased efficiency and profitability for most applications in agriculture and agri-
culture. It covers system design, node design, and agricultural communication tech-
nology standards. Nodes can be found in real wireless devices and various sensors
such as soil, air, pH, and plants. It provided a comprehensive overview of sophisti-
cated farm WSN applications. It contains details regarding the WSN system, node
architectures, related components, and a unique application classification. It lists all
of the wireless equipment nodes that are present, as well as the various methods for
communicating with the sensors.
Exactness agriculture uses WMSN to alter good irrigation. It is particularly in
inexperienced house atmospheres in IoT and WMSN applications in agriculture.
The power of feedback handling techniques in inexperienced household irrigation is
often explained and unquestionably. A diode check to visualize these two methods
was a semiconductor. The irrigation unit techniques are mainly irrigated on a time-
line or with feedback. The planned irrigation shall provide the plant with water at a
specific time. The primary basis for irrigation feedback should be irrigated when wet
conditions or medium levels are predetermined. The check shows that the average
saving per tree is one, 500 mL per day. During the WSN or WMSN greenhouse
atmosphere, the test shows that the most effective contrast to scheduled irrigation
48 A Study on Smart Agriculture Using Various Sensors … 533

lies between an in-depth bowl system or associated automatic water irrigation. Auto-
mated irrigation will improve the use of water and fertilizer and further preserve the
condition or humidity of the field in the same way that the expert indicated. The wire-
less sensors network (WSN) mainly uses call support systems. This system solves
several problems.
Exactness in agriculture is the main attention-grabbing field, along with a growing
need for call assistance systems. Agriculture is often connected to IoT by device
networks, which helps US agriculturists, farmers, and crops to establish relations
between farmers as an alternative to geographical variations. The benefit of this
scheme gives a period for farmers to make reasonable choices on lands and crops.
Agriculture (PA) might minimize water fertilizer use, although increasing crop
production and increased output may improve the industry’s weather inquiry. Various
benefits include applying the WSN in precision. It isolates the administration of the
entire structure. This can make it easier for naive users to reach and understand the
results. Even the farmer keeps getting the notifications for almost every connected
event occurring in the field. The computer network structure that allows agricul-
ture to be linked to the IoT is focused in particular. The relationship establishes
connexions between agronomists, and farms and enhances the assembly of agri-
cultural products. It is an extensive system to achieve agricultural precision. WSN
is another economic approach to improve and depend on agricultural resources.
Precision farming systems that are hit by net of things (IoT) technologies are espe-
cially well-illustrated on the hardware and network architecture of the irrigation
system’s software package management method. The machine gathers data from
sensors and tracks data on a circuit that activates predetermined threshold values
assisted by management gadgets. Weeding, watering, signing rain, treating birds and
cattle, tracking, and following up are examples of adaptive and responsive GPS-
based remote operating systems. It also includes sensitive irrigation, with receptive
management and smart decision-making in real-time data. Finally, the warehouse
organization provides temperature regulation, moisture conservation, and theft detec-
tion in the warehouse. These operations govern every remote responsive gizmo or
laptop connected to the Internet and the function of connecting sensors, Wi-Fi or
angularity units, camera, microcontroller, and Raspberry Pi through the exploita-
tion. Agricultural measurement temperature and wetness by using single-chipped
sensors CC3200. To collect images and send images via the mms to mobile phone
wireless farmers, the CC3200 interfaces with the camera.CC3200 victimization is
mainly based on microcontrollers, Network processors, and Wi-Fi systems. This is
a compact, low-cost, safe, and quick association for battery-operated systems.
Baz-Lomba et al. [1] proposed a model for selecting a particular crop that can
be grown in a particular soil. The dataset includes the soil parameters like nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium (N, P, K) and pH value of the soil. It is implemented
using machine learning algorithm, i.e., K-nearest neighbor with cross-validation
having obtained an accuracy of 88% to predict the type of crop that can be grown. In
the future, this prediction can be made by using IoT to obtain real-time soil values.
Baz-Lomba et al. [2] suggested a model of the cultivable in a particular soil using
a Naive-Bayes algorithm, which contains two site suitability datasets: soil and crop
534 S. K. Apat et al.

requirement datasets specifying the conditions required to grow the soil and crop
requirement datasets. The machine learning algorithm was found to give an accuracy
of 60%, which gave a successful result. In the future, we can add more data of the
different locations of the country so that it helps the farmer of any location predict
the type of crop that can grow. Shahhosseini et al. [3] suggested a model that uses
a hybrid approach (crop modeling + ML) to predict crop yield by considering five
ML models, i.e., linear regression, LASSO, LightGBM, random forest, XGBoost,
and six ensemble models. Here, agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM)
is used as input to ML models. The dataset was from USDA National Agricultural
Statistics Service from the year 1984- 2018. This model increased the crop yield
prediction by 8%-9%.
In the future, we can add more data to the dataset, further improving crop yield
prediction. Paudel et al. [4] proposed a workflow on how machine learning algorithms
help forecast crop yield in multiple locations. Four machine learning algorithms, i.e.,
Ridge regression, K-NN support vector regression, and gradient boosted, decision
tree are used to assess and compare among the state of the art of the other techniques.
It with the prediction of the “null” technique. This model uses MARS Crop Yield
Forecasting System (MCYFS) data from the year 1993–2015. The workflow showed
a better accuracy of prediction than the null method. New data sources can be added
in the future, and more algorithms can be applied for more accurate predictions.
Cao et al. [5] integrated data from multiple sources and used machine learning
methods, i.e., least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random
forest (RF), and deep learning method, i.e., long short-term memory networks
(LSTM), to predict rice yield across China. The dataset for this study includes the
satellite data, climate data, and soil properties data from the year 2001–2015. The
LSTM model performed better than the other two, with the highest R2 value of
0.85/0.86/0.82 and the lowest RMS E values of 357.59/347.80/614.92 kg/ha early
rice, late rice, and single rice, respectively. The LSTM model also showed the highest
RMSE and lowest R2 at the “early” and “peak” stages. The study concluded that
ML and DL methods showed better yield prediction than traditional yield predic-
tion methods. Further improvements can be made by using different crop prediction
models and including more farming data for more accurate predictions. Abbas et al.
[6] proposed a study where different machine learning algorithms, i.e., linear regres-
sion (LR), elastic net (EN), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), and support vector regression
(SVR), were implemented to predict potato tuber yield from six fields in Atlantic
Canada. The data of soil and crop properties were collected through proximal sensing
for 2017 and 2018. Four datasets were formed, i.e., PE-2017, PE-2018, NB-2017,
NB-2018, by combining data points from the studied fields. The study showed that
SVR performed better with RMSE of 5.97, 4.62, 6.60, and 6.17 t/ha for the four
datasets. In the future, large datasets can be used to make more accurate predictions
using different machine learning models.
48 A Study on Smart Agriculture Using Various Sensors … 535

Fig. 48.1 Seed showing agrobot

48.3 Proposed System

The AI sensors play an important part in data sensing and provide data to ARM
controllers with overall agricultural performance. Wireless sensors with high accu-
racy are used for the early checking and detection of unwanted seeds. Our paper’s AI
sensor in smart agriculture better understands agricultural improvements, increased
productivity, and more precision and general efficiency. AI is the most serious diffi-
culty as the model has to reproduce the parameters found in the data. To solve
problems in agriculture, parametric calculations in AI can be very useful. In our
work, different IoT sensors have been used to detect and respond to certain physical
entertainment by using this type of optical, electrochemical, and moisture sensor
Fig. 48.1. It is also found in existing packages of time.

48.4 Design Process of Seed Sowing Agrobot

With the assistance of the ATMEGA8-16PU controller, the agricultural robot can be
built. The 600Mah 12 V DC power battery is linked to the L293D power supply unit,
similar to the 12 V 30 RPM power supply, connected to the ATMEGA2560 versions
LP3 and LP4. Figure 48.1 indicates that the chambers 1 and 2 middle elements may
select the location and shift it. Therefore, the combined rotor body of each chamber
is usable.
Mechanism: Both the body component’s configuration and characteristics are
considered. Part 2 is the seeds rotor body. The rotor body, the third section of the
mid-van, includes four blades, which the blade can raise from the tank and push at
536 S. K. Apat et al.

the outlet, in compliance with the time and place required. In CAD programming,
it has developed base features, robot body, and mid-car. The base component has a
void over the seed component, a distance long absent from the case. The rotor body
has a stretch cylinder, which can fall as the outlet for the frame shown in Fig. 48.1.
The same interface is connected on either side of the seeds to be reduced accordingly.
The V ATMEGA microcontroller fireboard drives the device. The composition of
the natural clay and the moisture content of the soil is calculated.

48.5 Proposed Model Used

A. Optical Sensors
Optical sensors essentially measure and record crop and soil data in real time with
the light reflection shined on growing crops. As a result, applicators will advise them
to use less nitrogen in healthy plants and more nitrogen in healthier, harmful plants.
The soil was measured with natural clay and moisture content.

B. Electrochemical Sensors
It is used in the production of processes, diagrams, and soil chemical records. The
PH is obtained utilizing the ions used for these electrodes, which gives the sensa-
tion that these ions’ behavior tinges nitrate, potassium, or hydrogen tinges. This
sensor provides the status required for precisión agriculture, soil nutrient, and pH.
Soil testing for the formulated fertilization is to decide the number of soil nutrients
observed using a specific recommendation on nutrient requirements and location of
fertilization.

C. HTE MIX Sensors

It is used to determine both soil and environmental moisture content and temperature.
It is a common environment parameter that regularly occurs and is very critical in
several areas for its manipulation. It is an electric capacity-type sensor that meets the
cell of a smart soil moisture sensor.

D. Motion Detector Sensors

Motion sensors are utilized all over the field. When the records take place around
the camp, those sensors can perform a server-to-server operation and then transmit
a message for each other tool after data processing, which is furthermore operating
within the limits of the farm. This gadget can also be used to produce noise to remove
animals from harmful crops or plants. The below mentioned Fig. 48.1 shows seed
showing agrobot.
48 A Study on Smart Agriculture Using Various Sensors … 537

48.6 ARM Cortex-M Processor

The sensors provide plant color information and soil reflections for every minute
connected by digital pin port 1 with the arm Cortex-M processor in AI Optical Sensor
Degree Residencies and varied light wavelengths reflecting near-infrared, mid-
infrared, and polarized light spectrum. The START read sensor data is distributed,
and the electric chemical sensor drives a motor via a circuit with a specific number
of transistors. The microcontroller calculates these devastating factors by stretching
past 10 RH percent. By using rims (1RH percent to 100RH percent), process map
and ground chemical information associated with the use of digital pinport4 can
generally be obtained. This sensor contains information needed for agriculture with
precision, soil nutrients, and pH. High-end linearity, low use of resources, large esti-
mation extended quick responses to pollution, extreme sensitivity, elite performance
percentage highlight AI sensors. The HTE MIX sensor serves to determine both the
soil moisture content and the ambient temperature. Motion sensors can be connected
to pin 5 to detect an unexpected moment that reaches the sphere and produces an
umbrella noise. The results are ship to the cloud, in which, after data analysis, an
action may be conducted. It gives a message to a separate instrument which is also
exercised from the farm limits. It is used when it listens to sounds, makes noise,
and expels animals. The IoT is the interconnected networking system that allows all
objects to communicate to collect and share information. The module can also be
adapted to operate as an independent Wi-Fi Internet access. A solar power panel 3 V
supplying electricity to the ARM processor is provided in the module.

48.7 Analysis and Implementation

Data is collected in the cloud-based IoT, and the crop analysis output is used to
increase farmers’ yield. It replaces the conventional IOT-based AI sensors with cloud
connectivity features such as field visualization, access to data stock from anywhere,
live tracking, and end-to-end communication. This cloud-based IoT increases the
productivity of soil and water, nutrient quality, and chemical products. The processing
of environmental information that eliminates crop injury can be done with high
precision. IoT-based farming that produces on time lowers labor costs to crop quality
and increases farmers’ output.

48.8 Message Sending to Farmers

The AI sensor can continuously monitor crop growth, transmit it through cloud-based
IoTs, and collect data to process and analyze crops. This sensed data is saved from
all sensors, and performance analysis is performed in the cloud. The data is then sent
to the farmers by SMS by using the GSM module.
538 S. K. Apat et al.

48.9 Result

Agrobot helps to demonstrate the temperature changes and track plant growth in
sensor-based smart agriculture. Sensed data is stored in the cloud, their output anal-
ysis is performed, and mobile data is delivered to farmers—the change in temperature
influences plant and manufacturing productivity.
We have collected the dataset from the different sensors and applied classifier
rules to the dataset. There are 295 instances used and having eight attributes.

48.9.1 Decision Table

In this section, we have done the decision table model. We have applied the dataset
having 295 records. The number of training instances is 295 and made 41 rules—
nonmatches covered by majority class.

48.9.2 Evaluation on Training Set

The below mentioned Table 48.1 for analyzing the decision tree where the different
performance parameters were discussed.
In Fig. 48.2, training set is evaluated with respect to their root relative squared
error,RMS,mean absolute error, and correlation coefficient.
Here, we have taken 100 instances and 11 attributes. All these 11 attributes
are divided into ten classes, i.e., a0 to a9. Here, several clusters selected by
cross-validation, but we have analyzed only two clusters a0 and a1.
Below-mentioned Table 2a shows the clusters ratio 66:34 and hence describes the
cluster analysis. However, Table 2b, c represents true/false for cluster 0 and cluster
1, respectively. Table 2d shows cluster instances for cluster 0 and 1 with 68% and
32% accuracy, respectively.
Like this, there are ten classes formed, and the time taken to build the model (full
training data): 0.34 s. Finally, the model is built and evaluated on the training set.

Table 48.1 For decision

Correlation coefficient 0.6864
table analysis
Mean absolute error 0.2768
Root mean squared error 0.3841
Root relative squared Error 72.7195%
Total no of instances 295
48 A Study on Smart Agriculture Using Various Sensors … 539

Fig. 48.2 Evaluation of the training set

Table 48.2 For cluster

Cluster
analysis
(a)
Attribute 0 1
(0.66) (0.34)
Cluster: a0
(b)
False 30.2327 17.7673
True 37.8843 18.1157
[Total] 68.117 35.883
Cluster: a1
(c)
False 32.2914 20.7086
True 35.8256 18.1157
[Total] 68.117 35.883
Clustered instances
(d)
0 68 (68%)
1 32 (32%)

48.10 Conclusion and Future Scope

So, this study confirmed the potential effectiveness of integrating AI algorithms into
a decision-making system that implements precision farming while improving yields
of crops, agriculture in tomorrow’s future. This must be developed into complete agro
 540 S. K. Apat et al.

technologies with artificial intelligence, deep knowledge, and massive data systems,
integrating the end system into one unit for seeding to be handled in the production
forecast utilizing current technology like robotics to usher in a new era. Agrobot can
be introduced by planting the soil seeds to increase average crop production consid-
ering the related criteria such as atmospheric conditions, humidity, and temperature.
Based on the environment of this specific area, humidity may be regulated. This
smart agricultural IoT deployment can increase crop quality. This can be humiliated
by expanding the frame into the end definition via SMS, which explicitly encourages
farmers to use their flexible GSM package instead of the transportable device. This
process can be modified over time and manual power reduction.

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