INTRODUCTION Smart Agriculture Using Smart Sensors

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The internet of things (IoT) is a promising technology that provides answers to problems in a
variety of sectors. Kevin Ashton of MIT’s Auto-ID lab invented the term in 1999. The IoT is a
network of billions of connected devices that can sense, collect, and transmit data without
human intervention affecting a wide range of industries including health care monitoring,
building automation, logistics connected vehicles, smart city infrastructure, smart grid, smart
home, smart retail, smart agriculture and smart farming. This chapter describes the use of IoT
in Smart Agriculture, including an introduction to IoT, Wireless Sensor Networks, Smart
Agriculture Using Wireless Sensor Networks, Motivation for Research, Challenges, Research
Objectives, and Research Contributions (Haseeb et al., 2020).

Agriculture has experienced multiple revolutions, including plant and animal

domestication, crop rotations, and the “green revolution.” ICT is viewed as the catalyst for a
fourth agricultural revolution. Smart farming is a management approach that employs cutting-
edge technology to measure, monitor, automate, and evaluate operations. It is managed by
sensors and controlled by software. Because of population expansion, growing use of
technology, and climate-smart agriculture, smart farming is becoming increasingly vital. It is a
cyber-physical system that controls and manages the whole farm system using smart devices
connected to the Internet. Traditional tools are improved by smart gadgets, which provide
autonomous context awareness, built-in intelligence, and the capacity to undertake autonomous
or remote operations. Humans are still involved in the process, but at a higher cognitive level,
with robots performing the majority of operational activities (Alghazzawi et al., 2021).

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables wireless hardware to share data via a network,
resulting in a significant increase in the number of electrical, connecting devices in the 1980s
and 1990s. M2M and IoT communication have facilitated the growth of linked devices, with
Cisco forecasting that there would be 50 billion connected devices by 2020. The Internet of
Things is envisioned as the foundation of a networked, safe, intelligent, and inventive
civilization of the future. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ubiquitous computer system that
enables devices to connect directly with one another and exchange related information,
allowing humans to concentrate on choices and actions rather than filtering and integrating
data.

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INTRODUCTION Smart Agriculture Using Smart Sensors

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has improved greatly, allowing the use of
motes and sensor nodes to monitor ecological occurrences across a vast geographic area. By
engaging with a gateway, sensor nodes may communicate wirelessly and relay data to a base
station or coordinator node. WSNs can monitor a broad range of surroundings and acquire
exact information since the communication is based on numerous sensors. The detecting,
storage, processing, and transmission capabilities of sensor nodes have increased. WSNs have
found applications in the military, agriculture, sports, medicine, and industry. Precision
agriculture (PA) aims to enhance field management by avoiding the same manage- ment routine
no matter what the site conditions are. PA lowers pesticide waste while also ensuring crops
receive the nutrients they require, leading in efficient, ecologically responsible agriculture. PA
is a management strategy that employs information technology to improve agricultural quality
and output. It consists of five steps: data collection, diagnosis, data analysis, precision field
operation, and evaluation. WSNs are used to boost agricultural production and anticipate crop
health and product quality by predicting irrigation plans based on weather and soil moisture.
Additional sensor nodes can be added to the present WSN to improve the monitoring
characteristics of the smart farming system and make the network scalable.

The integration of big data analytics into the agricultural sector, often termed as "smart
agriculture," has emerged as a transformative approach to address the complex challenges faced
by modern farming practices. In recent years, the proliferation of advanced technologies,
coupled with the exponential growth of data generated from various sources, has paved the
way for innovative solutions to optimize agricultural production, enhance sustainability, and
improve food security.

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INTRODUCTION Smart Agriculture Using Smart Sensors

Smart agriculture leverages big data analytics to harness insights from vast amounts of
data collected from sensors, satellite imagery, weather stations, and other sources, enabling
farmers to make data driven decisions in real-time. WSN deployment techniques, measurement
times, routing protocols, energy efficiency, cost, communication range, scalability, and fault
tolerance have all been challenges. Although dispersed sensor node deployment might assist
increase network lifetime, selecting a distribution zone can be problematic. WSNs are battery-
powered, which eliminates the requirement for connections to the main power source. It is
critical to decrease power depletion and extend battery life in order to reduce power depletion
and extend battery life (Rao et al., 2022).

IoTs give important data and learning opportunities, and a WSN created a system to
examine plantrelated sensor data for social events. This review employed WSN data to discover
learning through data mining. Leaf spot disease was monitored using remote sensors and field
level identification. As an Internet-based observation approach for IoTs, distributed computing
was proposed. Knowledge mining was utilized to extract useful data and learning; however,
this activity might jeopardize the information provided by IoT. Data mining uses IoTs to extract
useful and actionable knowledge from enormous amounts of data, hence addressing
Information Creation Mechanisms. The electronic framework assists an executive in tracking
the water requirements of yields and may be enhanced to estimate harvest water requirements.
The suggested system is divided into three layers: the natural layer information, the information
and correspondence layer, and the application layer. The ecological information collecting layer
gathers data from sensors and device control on natural elements, and the framework layer
utilizes the gathered data to track and monitor harvesting and deliver information to the board
(Burugari et al., 2021).

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard for control and control systems for wireless personal area
networks is central to Zigbee connectivity (WPANs). These WPANs operate on wavelengths
of 868 MHz, 902-928 MHz, and 2.4 GHz, with a data rate of 250 kbps for occasional two-way
information transfer. Zigbee is a low-power communication technology that can manage and
track applications with a range of 10-100 meters. It is more dependable and straightforward
than other short-run remote sensors, and it may be enlarged to need the use of several hubs to
interface with one another. A Zigbee network is composed of three components: an organizer
Zigbee, a modem, and an end computer, with one facilitator serving as the system’s root and
extension. Zigbee switches are used to transfer data between devices, hence minimizing battery
use. The number of switches, facilitators, and end machines is determined by the system type.
The Zigbee module for wireless channel data transfer is seen.

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INTRODUCTION Smart Agriculture Using Smart Sensors

In the realm of agriculture, AI is revolutionizing traditional farming practices, ushering in an

era of smart agriculture. By harnessing the power of artificial intelligence, farmers can make
data-driven decisions to optimize crop yields, reduce resource waste, and enhance
sustainability. AI-driven technologies such as drones, sensors, and satellite imagery enable
farmers to monitor crops and soil conditions with unprecedented accuracy. Machine learning
algorithms analyze this data to provide insights into crop health, pest infestations, and
environmental factors, empowering farmers to take timely actions to mitigate risks and
maximize productivity. Moreover, AI-powered predictive analytics forecasts crop yields,
market trends, and weather patterns, enabling farmers to plan and manage their operations more
effectively. Additionally, robotic automation and autonomous vehicles streamline farming
tasks, increasing efficiency and reducing labor costs. By integrating AI into agricultural
practices, farmers can achieve greater profitability, environmental stewardship, and resilience
in the face of evolving challenges.

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