Statistical Analysis

ARVIN A. ASNAN, MA-MathEd

 Correlation Analysis
• The Pearson Product Moment
Correlation r is the index of the
relationship between two variables.
• The value of r is +1, 0 to -1.
• +1 = there is a positive correlation
between x and y.
• -1 implies a perfect negative
correlation.
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 Correlation Analysis
• It can be said that x influence y or y
depends x.
• However, if r = 0, then x and y are
independent of each other.

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Correlation Analysis

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 Correlation Analysis
Value of r Interpretation
±0.80 𝑡𝑜 ± 0.99 High Correlation

±0.60 𝑡𝑜 ± 0.79 Moderately High Correlation

±0.40 𝑡𝑜 ± 0.59 Moderate Correlation

±0.20 𝑡𝑜 ± 0.39 Low Correlation

±0.01 𝑡𝑜 ± 0.19 Negligible Correlation

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 Correlation
• Denote strength of relationship between variables

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 Correlation Analysis
• When do we use r?
We use r because we want to
analyze if a relationship exists between
two variables.

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 Correlation Analysis
Examples:
1. A personnel manager would like to
know if there is a relationship between
knowledge factors and practical factors
of a training course. The following scores
were obtained by six trainees on the
knowledge factors X and the practical
factors Y, in a training. Test at 0.05

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 Correlation Analysis
Trainee Knowledge Factors X Practical Factors Y

A 2 4
B 4 10
C 4 8
D 5 8
E 7 14
F 8 16

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 Correlation Analysis
a. 𝑯𝟎 = There is no significant linear
relationship (p = 0) between knowledge
factors and practical factors in a training
course.
𝑯𝒂 = There is a significant linear
relationship (p ≠0) between knowledge
factors and practical factors in a training
course.
b. 0.05 significance level, p = 0.000.
c. Reject Ho when r > p value

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 Correlation Analysis
d. Since r = 0.9583 and 𝒑𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 0.000 then
0.9583 > 0.000
Decision: Reject the 𝑯𝟎 (Type I Error)

e. 𝑯𝒂 = There is a high positive correlational

linear relationship between the knowledge
factors and practical factors among the
trainees.

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 chi² test
• Used to test strength of association
between qualitative variables
• Used for categorical data

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 Requirements
• Data should be in form of frequency
• Total number of observed must exceed 20
• Expected frequency in one category or in
any cell must be >5 (When 1 of the cells have <5
in observed yats correction) or if (When 1 of the cells
have <5 in expected fischer exact)
• The group compared must be
approximately the same

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 chi² test
• Chi-square Goodness of Fit – used when
ratio is employed.

• Chi-square of Homogeneity – used when

we compare significant difference
between two or more groups.

• Chi-square Test of Independence – used

to find out if there is a significant
relationship between the two variables.

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 chi² test of Goodness Fit
Example 1:
A certain machine is supposed to
mix peanuts, hazelnuts, cashews, and
pecans in the ratio of 4:3:2:1. A can
containing 500 of these mixed nuts
was found to have 270 peanuts, 110
hazelnuts, 80 cashews and 40 pecans.
At 0.05 level of significance, test the
hypothesis that the machine is giving
the nuts at the ratio of 4:3:2:1.
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 chi² test of Goodness Fit
a. 𝑯𝟎 = The machine is giving the nuts at
the ratio of 4:3:2:1.
𝑯𝒂 = The machine is not giving the nuts
at the ratio of 4:3:2:1.

b. 0.05 significance level,

df = n – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
𝒙𝟐 tab = 7.815

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chi² test of Goodness Fit

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 chi² test of Goodness Fit
a. 𝑯𝟎 = The machine is giving the nuts at
the ratio of 4:3:2:1.
𝑯𝒂 = The machine is not giving the nuts
at the ratio of 4:3:2:1.

b. 0.05 significance level,

df = n – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
𝒙𝟐 tab = 7.815

c. Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑 > 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒃

***Compute.
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 chi² test of Goodness Fit
Nuts Ratio Observed Expected

Peanuts 4 270 200

Hazelnuts 3 110 150
Cashew 2 80 100
Pecans 1 40 50
Total 10 500 500

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 chi² test of Goodness Fit
d.

From the table, the observed frequency

and expected frequency are O(270, 110, 80,
40) and E(200, 150, 100, 50), respectively.
The computed chi-square is 41.167. Since
𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑 = 41.167 and 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 7.815 then
41.167 > 7.815, reject Ho (Type I error).
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 chi² test of Goodness Fit
e. 𝑯𝒂 = The machine is not mixing the nuts
in the ratio of 4:3:2:1.

It implies that the machine is not in good

order or condition because it does not
anymore mix the nuts as expected.

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 chi² test of Homogeneity
Example 2:
We can evaluate the attitude of sample
of Lakas and Laban Parties on the issue of
peace and order in Mindanao. To carry out
such study, a separate random sample of
members of each party is drawn from the
nationwide population of Lakas and Laban
and each individual in both samples
responds to the scale. Scores are then
classified into “Favorable” or “Unfavorable”.
The table are obtained:
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 chi² test of Homogeneity
Favorable Unfavorable Total

Lakas 65 35 100
Laban 50 50 100
Total 115 85 200
Test the significance at 0.05 level.

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 chi² test of Homogeneity
a. 𝑯𝟎 = There is no significance difference
between the attitude of the Lakas and
Laban parties on the issue of peace and
order in Mindanao.
𝑯𝒂 = There is a significance difference
between the attitude of the Lakas and
Laban parties on the issue of peace and
order in Mindanao.
b. 0.05 significance level,
df = 2 – 1 = 1
𝒙𝟐 tab = 3.841
c. Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑 > 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒃
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chi² test of Goodness Fit

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 chi² test of Homogeneity
d.

From the table, Lakas party obtained

the mean and SD of favorable (57.5:0.98)
while unfavourable (42.5:1.32)
Since 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑 = 4.604 and 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 3.841 then
4.604 > 3.84, reject the 𝑯𝟎 (Type I Error)

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 chi² test of Homogeneity
e. 𝑯𝒂 = There is a significance
difference between the attitude of the
Lakas and Laban parties on the issue
of peace and order in Mindanao.

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 chi² test of independence
Example 3.
Ninety individuals, male and female,
were given a test in psychomotor skills and
their scores were classified into high or low.
Sex High Low Total

Male 18 28 46

Female 32 12 44

Total 50 40 90

Use the chi-square test of independence at

0.05 level of significance.
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 chi² test of indepdence
a. 𝑯𝟎 = There is no significance difference
between the psychomotor skills of male
and female individuals.
𝑯𝒂 = There is a significance difference
between the psychomotor skills of male
and female individuals.
b. 0.05 significance level,
df = (n – 1) = 1
𝒙𝟐 tab = 3.841
c. Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑 > 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒃

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 chi² test of indepdence
d. Sex High Low Total

Male 18 (25.56) [2.23] 28 (20.44) [2.79] 46

Female 32(24.44) [2.34] 12 (19.56) [2.92] 44

Total 50 40 90

From the table, the means and

standard deviations were …..
Since 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑 = 10.28 and 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 3.841 then
10.28 > 3.841, reject the 𝑯𝟎 (Type I Error).

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 chi² test of indepdence
e. 𝑯𝒂 = There is a significance
difference between the psychomotor
skills of male and female individuals.

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