Applied Social Research A Tool for the Human

Services 9th Edition Monette Sullivan DeJong

128507551X 9781285075518
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Monette/ Sullivan/ DeJong/Hilton, Applied Social Research: A Tool for the Human Services, 9e
Test Bank

Chapter 9: Field Research and Qualitative Methods

Multiple Choice

1. The term "observational techniques," as it is used in research, refers to:

a. direct observation of the content of documents.

b. direct observation made on a probability sample.
c. the collection of data through the direct visual or auditory experience of
behavior.
d. all forms of data collection that involve some direct or indirect observation of
behavior.

ANS: C
PG: 220

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding field research?

a. Field researchers actually see or hear the behaviors that are the data for the
research.
b. It involves making observations of people in their natural settings.
c. It is most consistent with the positivist paradigm.
d. Field researchers actually see or hear the behaviors that are the data for the
research and it involves making observations of people in their natural settings.
ANS: D
PG: 220

3. Qualitative research stresses the idea that:

a. knowledge emerges from an understanding of the full context in which people

behave.
b. knowledge emerges from the use of objective and value-free research methods.
c. knowledge can emerge if social scientists isolate variables in the laboratory for
close scrutiny.
d. direct observation of behavior is not necessary to developing an understanding
of it.

ANS: A
PG: 220

4. Which of the following would be most likely to agree that objective and quantitative
measurement techniques can be used to discover what is important in the social world?

a. positivists
b. subjectivists
c. those who adopt the verstehen perspective
d. interactionists

ANS: A
PG: 220

5. Which of the following research methodologies most clearly takes the stance that theory
should be developed by letting it emerge from the data in a somewhat inductive fashion?

a. experiments
b. surveys
c. available data
d. grounded theory

ANS: D
PG: 221-222

6. The verstehen approach in the study of human behavior emphasizes:

a. the study of German culture.

b. the importance of the subjective experiences of people in understanding human
behavior.
c. that only those aspects of behavior that can be observed and recorded
objectively should be studied.
d. that empathy with research participants can lead to bias in research results.

ANS: B
PG: 223

7. Which of the following statements is true regarding grounded theory methodology?

a. It is entirely inductive in nature.

b. It is entirely deductive in nature.
c. It can involve both induction and deduction.
d. It does not engage in theory verification.

ANS: C
PG: 222

8. The text states that the research technique called “participant observation” involves gaining
knowledge from two distinct sources:

a. participation and objectivity.

b. participation and observation.
c. observation and measurement.
d. observation and reactivity.

ANS: B
PG: 223-224

9. In participant observation research, one danger is that the observer may become an
involved participant of the scene being observed. This is a problem because:

a. the researcher may lose his or her objective, scientific perspective.

b. the researcher may become too objective and not perceive things from the
perspective of group members.
c. verstehen may be irreversibly lost.
d. it becomes difficult to conduct time sampling.

ANS: A
PG: 225

10. Which of the following is NOT an observer role that can be adopted by a researcher?

a. participant-as-observer
b. observer-as-participant
c. complete participant
d. observer-as-observer

ANS: D
PG: 225

11. A researcher who is doing disguised observation would be adopting which observer role?

a. complete participant
 b. participant-as-observer
c. complete observer
d. observer-as-observer

ANS: C
PG: 227-229

12. Which of the following would be the preferred way of gaining entry into a group for
purposes of conducting participant observation research?

a. Gain the cooperation of those with less status and power in the group first.
b. Describe the abstract scientific goals of the research to the members of the
group.
c. Tell the group members that one of the research goals is to evaluate them and
their performance.
d. Gain the cooperation of those with more status and power in the group first.

ANS: D
PG: 230

13. In field research, the term “informant” refers to:

a. a group insider who can introduce you to others in the group.

b. a research confederate who helps analyze the data.
c. a person who “goes native” to help further the research goals.
d. a person who “outs” the researcher by telling group members of his or her
status as researcher.

ANS: A
PG: 230

14. In participant observation, rapport between researcher and informants is likely to be

improved by all of the following EXCEPT:

a. the informants view the researcher as a nice person who will do them no harm.
b. the investigator shows through behavior that he or she sympathizes with the
perspective of the people being studied.
c. the informants agree with the research goals of the investigation.
d. both the researcher and the group members have something that the other
needs and wants.

ANS: C
PG: 230-231

15. In field research, becoming “invisible” refers to:

a. taking on the complete observer role.

b. conducting hidden observations.
 c. reducing reactivity to a minimum.
d. coming to be seen as a natural part of the setting being observed.

ANS: D
PG: 231

16. According to the text, all of the following terms characterize an appropriate attitude for field
researchers to have toward the people being studied EXCEPT:

a. detachment.
b. openness.
c. respect.
d. reciprocal.

ANS: A
PG: 231, 233

17. Sometimes a field researcher becomes so involved in and identified with the people being
observed that he or she takes on those people’s perspectives and can’t see them from other
perspectives. This is referred to as:

a. becoming invisible.
b. turning a leaf.
c. going native.
d. achieving verstehen.

ANS: C
PG: 225

18. Qualitative researchers would be more likely than quantitative researchers to use in
recording observations.

a. coding sheets
b. numbers and counts
c. field notes
d. physical traces

ANS: C
PG: 234

19. Which of the following would NOT be included in the field notes that are recorded as a part
of observational research?

a. a running description of what occurs

b. a description of the statistical procedures used in data analysis
c. previous episodes that were forgotten at the time but are recalled while in the
field
d. personal impressions and feelings
ANS: B
PG: 234-235

20. All of the following would be recorded in field notes EXCEPT:

a. a description of the research design.

b. a description of the setting.
c. a description of individual actions and activities.
d. a description of group behavior and relationships.

ANS: A
PG: 235-236

21. When conducting field observations, personal impressions and feelings are included in field
notes in order to:

a. assess the possibility that bias is coloring one’s observations.

b. reduce the likelihood of going native.
c. encourage informants to share their feelings openly with the researcher.
d. make it possible to do quantitative data analysis.

ANS: A
PG: 234-235

22. In observational research, the recording of field notes is most problematic for:

a. those in the participant-as-observer role.

b. observers whose status as observer is disguised.
c. those using unobtrusive measures.
d. research that is based on time sampling.

ANS: B
PG: 235

23. A coding scheme would be used by researchers to:

a. classify observations in observational research.

b. stop welfare recipients from defrauding the government.
c. send data over telecommunications lines.
d. determine the time interval to be established when conducting time sampling.

ANS: A
PG: 236

24. Coding sheets are used in field research when:

a. it is desirable to collect qualitative data.

 b. there is a danger that the researcher might “go native.”
c. there is a high likelihood of reactivity.
d. it is desirable to collect quantitative data.

ANS: D
PG: 236

25. Coding categories should:

a. have very general coding categories.

b. have coding categories that involve no subjective interpretation.
c. be highly specific and behavioral.
d. be different for each coder.

ANS: C
PG: 237

26. The text describes a field study of alcohol-related aggression in bars in which the observers
took on the role of patrons in the bars. This is most clearly an example of:

a. disguised observation.
b. hidden observation.
c. the complete observer role.
d. focus group observation.

ANS: A
PG: 238

27. Complex coding schemes would be most appropriately used when:

a. observers are required to make observations only for a short period of time.
b. recording of observations will be done after observations have been completed.
c. the group being observed is large and shifting in composition.
d. one observer will make and record all of the observations.

ANS: A
PG: 239

28. Which of the following is NOT a qualitative research method as discussed in the text?

a. available data
b. in-depth interviewing
c. field research
d. case studies

ANS: A
PG: 239-241
29. The text characterizes the description that is achieved in case studies and life histories as:

a. medium descriptions.
b. thick descriptions.
c. thin descriptions.
d. objective descriptions.

ANS: B
PG: 241

30. The primary goal of most case studies and life histories is:

a. nomothetic explanation.
b. idiographic explanation
c. positivist explanation.
d. deductive hypothesis testing.

ANS: B
PG: 241

31. According to the text, which of the following statements is true about sampling in field
research?

a. Snowball sampling is rarely used.

b. Targeted sampling is rarely used.
c. Nonprobability samples are widely used.
d. Probability samples are widely used.

ANS: C
PG: 242

32. A type of sampling that is used in observational research, and that enables us to avoid
making continual observations over long periods of time, is:

a. time sampling.
b. simple random sampling.
c. snowball sampling.
d. quota sampling.

ANS: A
PG: 244

33. Which of the following has the greatest face validity as a measure of behavior and events?

a. surveys
b. questionnaires
c. observational techniques
d. secondary data analysis
ANS: C
PG: 244

34. Which of the following is a (are) factor(s) that can affect the validity of observations in
observational research?

a. whether people being observed have anonymity or not

b. the expectations of the observer
c. the conditions under which the observations are made
d. all of the answers are factors that can affect the validity of observations

ANS: D
PG: 245-246

35. When doing field research, why is it methodologically desirable to look for behavior that is
illegal, stigmatizing, or risks punishment to the people being observed?

a. It can help assess the validity of observations.

b. It makes for more interesting research reports.
c. It makes it possible to use field notes.
d. Hypotheses in field research typically deal with such behavior.

ANS: A
PG: 245-246

36. The reliability of observations is most difficult to assess when:

a. there are many observers studying a single group.

b. the observations are recorded using a coding scheme.
c. a number of observers use field notes to record observations on one group.
d. there is a single observer studying one group at one time period.

ANS: D
PG: 246

37. The problem of "reactivity" in observational research refers to:

a. observers reacting to the behavior they observe and introducing bias into the
data.
b. people behaving differently because they are being observed.
c. statistical artifacts that commonly arise in analyzing observational data.
d. people refusing to let observers make audio tapes or videotapes of their
behavior.

ANS: B
PG: 246
38. The “big man bias” in field research most accurately refers to:

a. the tendency of ethnographers to ignore females and attend to males.

b. the tendency for ethnographers to be males rather than females.
c. the tendency for more powerful or assertive individuals to come to the
attention of ethnographers.
d. the tendency for reactivity to occur with male ethnographers but not female
ethnographers.

ANS: C
PG: 247

39. One advantage of observational research is:

a. it focuses on nonverbal behavior without the interference of verbal behavior.

b. it can focus on both verbal and nonverbal behavior.
c. it reduces the likelihood of observer bias affecting the research results.
d. data recorded in field notes are easy to quantify.

ANS: B
PG: 248-249

40. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of observational research?

a. It is easier to study very large samples than is the case with survey techniques.
b. It provides deeper and more insightful data than do most other research
techniques.
c. It makes the study of "closed" settings possible.
d. It is inherently longitudinal.

ANS: A
PG: 248-249

Essay Questions

1. What are the characteristics of qualitative research methods? Include in your answer a
discussion of grounded theory.

2. What does participant observation have to do with the positivist paradigm, the interpretive
paradigm, and empathic understanding?

3. Define and describe participant observation research. In your answer, discuss the various
roles that such researchers can take on and the advantages and disadvantages of each role.

4. Identify and discuss the steps involved in conducting field or participant observation
research.
5. Identify and discuss the elements that should be a part of field notes.

6. Describe each of the qualitative research methods discussed in the text other than field
research.

7. Describe time sampling, indicating what it is, how it is used, and how it is similar to
probability sampling.

8. The textbook mentions a variety of factors that may work to reduce the validity of
observational research. Identify and discuss those factors and what can be done to reduce
their impact.

9. Discuss the problem of reactivity in observational research and indicate methods to

minimize its effects.

10. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of field research and qualitative methods.