Roll No.

: U18EC078

EXPERIMENT – 1
Date: 03/08/2021

AIM: Design and Implement Voltage to Current converter (V to I) for given specification.
THEORY:
The circuits in instrumentation for analog representation of certain physical quantities
(weight, pressure, motion etc), DC current is preferred. This is because DC current signals will
be constant throughout the circuit in series from the source to the load. The current sensing
instruments also have the advantage of less noise.
So sometimes it is essential to create current which is corresponding or proportional to a
definite voltage. For this purpose, Voltage to Current Converters (also known as V to I
converters) are used. It can simply change the carrier of electrical data from voltage to current.

Floating Load Voltage to Current Converter

As the name indicates, the load resistor is floating in this converter circuit. That is, the resistor
RL is not linked to ground. The voltage, VIN which is the input voltage is given to the
noninverting input terminal. The inverting input terminal is driven by the feedback voltage
which is across the RL resistor.
This feedback voltage is determined by the load current and it is in series with the V D, which is
the input difference voltage. So this circuit is also known as current series negative feedback
amplifier.

Ground Load Voltage to Current Converter

This V to I converter is also known as Howland Current Converter. Here, one end of the load is
always grounded. For the circuit analysis, we have to first determine the voltage, V IN and then
the relationship or the connection between the input voltage and load current can be achieved.
 Roll No.: U18EC078

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(i) Voltage to Current Converter with Floating Load
 Roll No.: U18EC078

(ii) Voltage to Current Converter with Grounded Load (Howland Current

Converter)

SIMULATION RESULT:

(i) Voltage to Current Converter with Floating load

 Roll No.: U18EC078

(ii) Voltage to Current Converter with Grounded Load (Howland Current

Converter)

CALCULATION:

(i) Voltage to Current Converter with Floating Load

IL = Iin = Vin/Rin
For Vin = 1V and Rin = 1K ohm
=> IL = 1/1K
=> IL = 1mA

(ii) Voltage to Current Converter with Grounded Load (Howland Current

Converter)

IL = Vin/R
For Vin = 1V and Rin = 1K ohm
=> IL = 1/1K
=> IL = 1mA
 Roll No.: U18EC078

OBSERVATION TABLE:

(i) Voltage to Current Converter with Grounded Load (Howland Current

Converter)

𝑽𝒊𝒏 (𝑽) 𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝒎𝑨) 𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝒎𝑨)

(Theoretical) (Practical)
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.7 0.7 0.7
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.9 0.9 0.9
1.0 1.0 1.0
1.1 1.1 1.1
1.2 1.2 1.2
1.3 1.3 1.3
1.4 1.4 1.4
1.5 1.5 1.5
1.6 1.6 1.6
1.7 1.7 1.7
1.8 1.8 1.8
1.9 1.9 1.9
2.0 2.0 2.0
(ii) Voltage to Current Converter with Floating Load

𝑽𝒊𝒏 (𝑽) 𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝒎𝑨) 𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝒎𝑨)

(Theoretical) (Practical)
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.5 0.5 0.5
 Roll No.: U18EC078

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.7 0.7 0.7
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.9 0.9 0.9
1.0 1.0 1
2.0 2.0 2
3.0 3.0 3
4.0 4.0 4
5.0 5.0 5
6.0 6.0 6
7.0 7.0 7
8.0 8.0 8
9.0 9.0 8.82
10.0 10.0 8.82
11.0 11.0 8.82
12.0 12.0 8.82
GRAPH:

(i) Voltage to Current Converter with Grounded Load (Howland Current

Converter)
 Roll No.: U18EC078

(ii) Voltage to Current Converter with Floating Load

CONCLUSION:
In this experiment we have learned about Floating and Grounded Loaded V to I converters.
In simple V to I converter the output current of the converter changes with change in load
resistance so we have used Op-Amp based V to I converters because there are independent
of load resistance.