UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI

SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS
ELE-LAB REPORT

TITLE : COMMON EMITTER CONFIGURATIONS

TO : MR H SAUTENI AND MR E KACHOKOLA

FROM : MR EDUAR AARON MHANGO

REG NO : BSC-ELE-06-20

COURSE : ELE316 PRACTICALS

COURSE CODE : ELE316

CONDUCTED ON: 14th November, 2023

DATE OF SUBMISSION: November 21, 2023

1
 AIM
To study the input and output characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor in
common emitter.
THEORY
Transistor is three terminal active devices having Collector, Base and
Emitter.Transistor is widely used in amplifier, oscillator, electronic switch and other
electronic circuits of application. To understand the operation of transistor , we use 3
configurations common emitter , common base and common collector. In this
experiment we understand collector emitter configuration. Emitter is common
between input and output. Input is applied to the base and the output is taken from
collector.Then , we obtain input and output characteristics of (CE) configuration. We
connect variable DC power supply at Vbb and Vcc to obtain characteristics. Input
voltage in CE configuration is base emitter voltage Vbe and input current is base
current Ib. output voltage in CE configuration is collector to emitter voltage Vce and
output current is collector current Ic . we use multi-meter to measure these voltages
and currents in different characteristics. Collector to emitter junction is reverse biased
and those emitter junction is forward biased. The CE configuration is used in
amplifier circuits because it provides voltage gain and current gain. In CB
configuration current gain is less than unity. In CC configuration voltage gain is less
than unity . input resistance of CE configuration is less than CC configuration and
more then CB configuration. Output resistance of CE configuration is more than CC
configuration and less than CB configuration.

β
Input resistance (Ri) is defined as the resistance offered by the collector junction and
∆ Vb
has a very small resistance due to forward biasing. It is given as: Ri = Output
∆ Ib
resistance (Ro) is defined as the resistance offered by the collector junction and has a
∆ Vc
high value due to reverse biasing. It is given as: Ro = . Current gain (β) is
∆ Ic
defined as the ratio of change in collector current to the change in base current. It is
∆ Ic
given as: β=¿ .
∆ Ib

2
 METHODS
In the connection we started connecting the input characteristics of the collector
emitter configuration. The circuit diagram was connected as show in the figure below
where the input characteristics .

In the first place the collector to emitter voltage VCE was kept to zero by varying
VCC, the collector supply voltage. While increasing the VBB, the base supply voltage
from zero onwards ranging from 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 to 0.75v. while varying the base
voltage,the base current was observed for different value of Base emitter
voltage(VBB).
The same process was repeated for different collector to emitter voltage (VCE) i.e. 3v
and 6v.Then the results were tabulated and the graph was plotted.
Output Characteristics
In the output characteristics the collector supply voltage (VCC) was kept to zero
meanwhile the the base supply voltage (VBB) was increased until the base current
recording was 3µA. After that the collector supply voltage was increased (VCC) was
increased from zero to onwards and observed the collector current IC for different
values of collector to emitter voltage (VCE) without exceeding the rated value of
collector current (IC) of 15m. Thereafter the values were tabulated and the graph was
plotted
DATA AND TABULATION

3
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS

VCE = VCE = VCE =

0 3 6
VBE IB VBE IB VBE IB
0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1 0
0.2 0 0.2 0 0.2 0
0.3 0 0.3 0 0.3 0
0.4 0 0.4 0 0.4 0
0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 0
0.6 0.2 0.6 0 0.6 0
0.7 3.8 0.7 4.4 0.7 0
0.71 4.2 0.72 6 0.71 0
0.72 5.2 0.74 10 0.8 0
0.74 8 0.75 12 0.99 2
0.75 10 1.01 5.8
1.15 9
Table 1
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

IB = 5 IB = 10 IB = 15
IC VCE IC VCE IC
VCE
(mA) (v) (mA) (v) (mA)
0 0 0.01 0 0 0
0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.1 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.07
0.03 0.12 0.04 0.1 0.03 0.1
0.04 0.2 0.05 0.12 0.04 0.16
0.05 0.31 0.06 0.14 0.05 0.28
0.06 0.41 0.07 0.16 0.06 0.34

4
 0.07 0.49 0.08 0.18 0.07 0.4
0.08 0.59 0.09 0.2 0.08 0.43
0.09 0.66 0.10 0.21 0.09 0.53
0.10 0.73 0.10 0.58
Table 2

RESULTS
Graphing the input and output characteristics of common emitter configuration from
the data tabulated in table 1 and 2 respectively.

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
14

12

10
Base Current (Ib)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Base emitter voltage (VBE)

5
 OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
0.8
0.7
0.6
Collector Current

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Collector Emitter Voltage (VCE)

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
In the analysis of the collector emitter configuration,our experimental results revealed
crucial insights into the circuit behavior. The observed voltage and current values
were consistent with theoretical expectations under nominal operating conditions,
affriming the reliability of the circuit design. However,deviviations were noted when
the circuit was subjected to high valuea of VCC which affected the obervation of
results but this was rectified when we checked the componet and replaced it with
another. Most of the values might not be that close and that anticipating cause most of
the componts that were used are outdated and not matching the current designs of
engeneering course.

CONCLUSION
In conclusio our exploration of the collector emitter configuration highights its
effectiveness perfomance under normal conditions,with voltaage and current aligning
well with theoretical expectations.through the graphs it shows that the circuit remains
a reliable amplification toolwithin specified parametres. Our findings suggest that
potential areas for improvement include optimizing operating conditions and
addressing discrepancies between theoretical predictions and and practical
measurements. Adjusutment to component values could enhance the overall
efficiency of the collector emitter configuration
. This study provides valuable insights for both practical and further refinement of
similar circuit designs

References

6
[1] T. L. FLOYD, PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS.
[2] J. MLATHO, PRACTICALS IN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS, LILONGWE:
UNIVERSITY OF MALWI, 2019.
[3] Jacob Millman, Halkias,CC and Satyabrata,G, Millman's electronics Devices and
circuits, Mac-Graw Hill, 1996.
[4] K. K.L, Operational Amplifier and Linear Intergrated Circuits, Pearson Education,
2006.