Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. How will the rise of Artificial Intelligence and technology be the end of
capitalism?
Ever since the beginning of civilization, people has been making progress
used for survival, hobby or other things to sustain our needs/wants and to
armaments and destructive weapons for example, help people to survive the
changes that occurred in the past. Now, all progress, changes and developments
has been made and felt through technologies and artificial intelligence.
The rise of technology and artificial intelligence in the world makes it easier for
buildings, machines and other things which helps us much easier to produce and
do our jobs or works efficient. Since technology constitutes great potential for all
the system of society and artificial intelligence is being made or develop today,
markets, firms or businesses are needing them to produce efficient products with
low cost and at the same time, for the works to be done effectively to make or
earn profit. Since firms or businesses need technology for the services in the
market, the need for labor force would be limited and there will be a need for
Technology and Artificial Intelligence can replace workers because they can
do everything as humans can do and they are program to do task with accuracy
and preciseness since information are stored to them. The work on Artificial
developed countries and because of the likeliness that they have to humans.
language and speech recognition, etc. The Amazon Go cashier-less for example,
is being used in New York store without the need for workers to secure the store
and payments on the product that is being bought. This is a new progress in the
technology and artificial intelligence and they are powerful and wealthy since
most people, even businesses and firms, have and preferred their products. And
since they dominate the market, capitalism will end because of the progress and
intelligence. Markets will be left out in their means and ends because of the
technologies that they need, replacing labor and relying to machines to produce
efficient goods and services. That is not everything, because every individual
worker would be replaced by machines and will be left with nothing to do but to
rely on it for the jobs. When this happens, there will be no income for the people
to sustain and preserve themselves in every day. And society would not have
time to adapt to the fast changes that will happen so the government will have to
make a solution to the problem that will occur in the future for the people such as
taxes.
Although developments and progress happen faster with the rise technologies
and artificial intelligence, the end of capitalism will not happen sooner in the
world because not all state are that develop and advanced. Other countries will
be left behind, but not that far, and the gap with the developed countries will be
bigger. The rise of technology and artificial intelligence will end capitalism to start
In the current situation of the world where works are more easily to do with
machines, it is always possible to happen that the human labor force will be
replace with the robotic labor force whereas majority of the humans live
subsistence level of income, while the upper class who are those in control of the
robots are earning more which makes them build their empires. If this happens
humans will find themselves in a situation where they have to go out and
compete for whatever paid jobs are still available to humans in the robot-
dominated workforce.
The rise of artificial intelligence will also be the fall innovation. Innovation will
increasingly be defined by world views of a single person rather than the thinking
power of many, what will likely to happen is that we‘re just going to be stuck in
the same AI‘s but there‘s really nothing new about it. Every industry has a
things that humans do can be done by a robot. Artificial intelligence can dominate
us, it is a brand-new class of capital which automates the last part of humanity
which is thinking, and should not just recognize AI as just a new form of
technology. ______________________
1
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/07/02/how-artificial-intelli gence-
could-kill-capitalism/#1549fa0f4222 https://chatbotsmagazine.com/why-ai-will-
break-capitalism-14a6ad2f76da https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-
everything-you-need-to-know-abo ut-artificial-intelligence/
according to the discussion of Barnard Marr in his research, titled “What are
contributing a lot of advantages and will continue to provide many benefits for
our modern world, however along with the good, there will also be negative
consequences.
the history of Artificial Intelligence in this part of research. Thus according to the
brief history in the magazine, with a title 2“A (very) brief history of Artificial
1 Bernard Marr (2019). What are the negative impacts of Artificial Intelligence
(AI). Retrieved from.
https://bernardmarr.com/default.asp?contentID=1827
https://web.archive.org/web/20070926023314/http://www.aaai.org/AITo
pics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf
people into believing the machines were playing autonomously. The history
was begun in 1950, when Alan Turing developed the “Turing Test” as a way
aspect of life. One of those example is 3―Alice who ran during presidential
correct, ―Alice‖ was not a ―she, but an artificial intelligence (AI) system.
Also, ―Alice‖ is not the only AI system to run for public office. As cited by
Selimi, (2019), last year, during a mayoral race in Tama, a part of Japan‘s
capital Tokyo, there was also a machine named ―Michihito Matsuda‖ who
Zealand. ―Sam is being created to run in the 2020 general elections and has
been called the first virtual politician in the world. (Selimi, 2019)
3 Sabin Selimi. (2019). Can Artificial Intelligence change the future of Politics.
Retrieved from.
https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/can-artificial-intelligence-change-thefuture-
of-politics-28156
sectors like manufacturing and retail. However, blue collar jobs aren‘t the only
Those platforms will mine documents for evidence that will be useful in
litigation, to review and create contracts, raise red flags within companies to
identify potential fraud and other misconduct or do legal research and perform
Those are all tasks that — for the moment at least — are largely the
and save client’s money, but could also cut jobs in the sector as the technology
sector‘s labor force as the technology drives costs down and makes legal
―It‘s like the beginning of the beginning of the beginning, said Noory Bechor,
―Legal, right now, I think is in the place that other industries were 10 and 15
―I did a lot of contract work for small companies, as well as for investors and
―For me, it was mind-blowing that I needed to reinvent the wheel each time I
And, ―I was feeling this pain, day in and day out, working these crazy hours, he
said.
But Bechor also began realizing that as he reviewed more and more contracts,
―You get the hang of it, he said. ―You have it in your head what a contract
Bechor said.
The LawGeex platform, he said, ―can take a new contract, one that it‘s never
seen before, read it and then compare it to a database of every similar contract
Like other AI platforms, LawGeex also learns from each review it performs — just
like Bechor and other humans in the profession learned to do as young lawyers.
One question raised by the introduction of AI legal platforms is how well they do
Will the machine miss things that a good lawyer with a lot of experience would
―That‘s an argument that been refuted quite a bit,‖ said Jay Leib, founder and
―But since 1985, we‘ve known that human beings are not very good at keyword
He also said the explosion in the amount of electronic data generated today
―There‘s just so much more data now that you need these technologies to boil
the ocean for you‖ and find relevant material, Leib said.
Leib said NexLP is ―not just looking at the text‖ of a document or email.
―It‘s looking at the tone of the conversation, who sent it,‖ to see if the item
Leib also pointed out that computers ―don‘t get tired, they don‘t get hungry, they
―All of the things that are biological problems that can happen to a human being
The big international law firm Reed Smith recently put that question to the test
with RAVN ACE, the AI platform from RAVN Systems. Reed Smith had RAVN
―We took a deal that we‘d already done, which we‘d done manually,‖ said Lucy
Dillon, chief knowledge officer of Reed Smith. ―And we put it through the RAVN
Dillon said the RAVN platform ―didn‘t always get it right‖ when asked to identify
and pull out certain items in contracts. But lawyers were able to add information
Plus, the platform ―picked up some things that we had missed‖ when humans
did their first review of the documents, she said. ―The system had high levels of
And the RAVN was faster than its human counterparts. Much faster.
But that‘s changing as firms, particularly larger ones, begin to see the advantage
of AI.
Andrew Arruda, ROSS Intelligence‘s CEO and co-founder, said his company ―is
working with lawyers from every type of organization — in-house, big, medium,
He noted that his company‘s still young platform ―is already saving 20 to 30
— ―is human cost, people looking through documents and emails and all
different things.‖
―If we could reduce that from 70 percent to 2 percent, we‘re looking at dramatic
―That‘s just money back in the hands of corporations and business,‖ Leib said.
Leib believes that customers rather than partners will determine how quickly law
―I think companies are going to demand that their firms use these technologies
because they‘re not going to want to pay these fees‖ for having humans sift
Asked when he thinks AI will be in use broadly across the legal industry, Leib
said, ―I think the time frame here is between 2020 and 2025.‖
Bechor of LawGeex said that the current lack of widespread adoption of AI by law
firms has the effect of keeping prices high in the legal sector, for now.
―Legal is now considered a premium product,‖ he said. ―It‘s not something that
A Deloitte Insight report released in 2016 said that ―profound reforms‖ will occur
in the legal sector over the next decade, estimating that nearly 40 percent of jobs
in the legal sector could end up being automated in the long term.
at law firms are more likely to feel the effects of downsizing as a result of AI
―We find that paralegals and legal assistants .... [are] in the high risk category,
―At the same time, lawyers, which rely on labor input from legal assistants, are
don‘t see that as something that will happen in the next couple of years.‖
―I think we will see a rise of more jobs in the legal market‖ as a result of AI,‖
Arruda said. ―At the firms where ROSS is at, we see more work being done,
more clients being able to be served, and therefore not a decrease in staff, but an
―At present, Arruda said, ―the majority of individuals who need a lawyer cannot
afford one. Yet on the other hand, [many] law graduates are saddled in debt and
Leib and Arruda also dismissed concerns that the expansion of AI in the legal
sector would make it more difficult for young lawyers to acquire necessary
―Theoretically, attorneys can be more efficient from day one because of the
Arruda said, ―This question gets asked a lot when new technology comes out.
―But I think it‘s the wrong question, really,‖ Arruda said. ―The activities that AI
excels at are not [the ones people] typically excel at — think data
retrieval.
Perhaps the best take came from Sofia Lingos, a lawyer and board member of the
Legal Technology Resource Center of the American Bar Association. Last year at
Artificial intelligence is transforming the legal profession — and that includes legal
At the same time, AI also holds out the promise of helping lawyers to meet their
ethical obligations, serve their clients more effectively, and promote access to
justice and the rule of law. What does AI mean for legal ethics, what should
lawyers do to prepare for these changes, and how could AI help improve the
legal profession?
In some ways, nothing has changed. The general ethical duties of lawyers remain
―The ethical issues raised by AI are in many ways not that different from the
ethical issues that lawyers have faced before,‖ says David Curle, Director of the
Thomson Reuters. ―When using tools in their work, whether AI-powered tools or
any others, lawyers still have the same duties, including duties of supervision and
independent judgment.
And AI is not new to the legal profession, as Dr. Chris Mammen, IP litigation
On the one hand, everyone loves to talk about robot lawyers – but on the other
hand, we‘ve been using AI in our practice in a variety of ways for years. Think of
coding in discovery.
In other ways, everything has changed. AI and other innovative technologies are
creating, and will continue to create, novel situations that are not explicitly
addressed in the rules of legal ethics – and that the drafters of these rules never
even imagined.
―We‘re navigating murky ethical areas where the law and rules haven‘t caught
up yet with the technology,‖ according to ethics and disciplinary lawyer Megan
Zavieh. ―We‘re trying to apply rules that were written based on certain ways of
practicing law and now trying to apply them to very different ways of working.‖
Take, for example, social media. The original rules governing lawyer advertising
and client communication were drafted well before the age of Facebook, Twitter,
and LinkedIn.
Artificial intelligence is another area where the rules of legal ethics are playing
catch-up with the technology. Here are some of the ethical issues raised by AI.
As lawyers rely more and more on AI and other technologies, and as those tools
become more advanced and more complex, lawyers must be sure that they
More than 30 states have adopted a comment to the Model Rules of Professional
Conduct making clear that ―[t]o maintain the requisite knowledge and skill, a
lawyer should keep abreast of changes in the law and its practice, including the
benefits and risks associated with relevant technology.‖ And artificial intelligence
Andrew McAfee wrote in a cover story for the Harvard Business Review, AI is
For artificial intelligence, one of the most notable issues is the ―black box‖
―black box, and the AI-based solution provides an answer. How much does a
lawyer need to know about what goes on inside that black box?
Lawyers are not computer scientists or technologists, and nobody would expect
time, they must have some basic understanding of how the tools they utilize
generally work.
David Curle of Thomson Reuters puts it well: ―If lawyers are using tools that
capabilities and limitations of the tools, and they must consider the risks and
benefits of those answers in the context of the specific case they are working on.
Perhaps the most widely discussed example of balancing the risks and rewards
of artificial intelligence is the self-driving car. Far from being a rote exercise,
extensive ethical and legal debate in the years ahead. In fact, these debates are
already taking place, in the legislatures of the 40-plus states that have passed, or
Duties of Supervision
Depending on who (or what) a lawyer works with, the duty of competence
paralegals, there‘s an ethical duty to make sure the work has been done
competently. And this duty extends to AI-based tools. One way of analyzing the
issue is that the lawyer who reviews and signs off has appropriately supervised
the AI.
And just as there are some tasks that a lawyer simply cannot delegate to a
paralegal or legal assistant, there are some tasks that are not appropriate for
handling by artificial intelligence – and an attorney must know how to tell them
apart.
―One way of framing this issue is automation versus augmentation, states Dr.
legal research. ―There may be some tasks that we shouldn‘t automate. For
these tasks, AI can help attorneys do their jobs, but AI can‘t do their jobs
Just as lawyers can over-delegate work to subordinates, they can also under-
delegate, causing them to serve their clients less efficiently. In the context of
lawyer not using AI even though it could help that lawyer serve the client better.
lawyers – a focus on detail, a desire for control, an aversion to risk – the greater
danger might very well be underutilization of, rather than overreliance upon,
artificial intelligence.
―Having worked in AI for the legal profession for a long time, I know how the
that don‘t use the specific words I searched for?‘ You need to explain to the
One of the most exciting developments in legal technology is the rise of legal
chatbots, AI-powered programs that interact with users who have legal issues by
perform such tasks as fight parking tickets, advise victims of crimes, or draft
cannot afford the high cost of hiring a lawyer, and they could help bridge the
yawning ―justice gap‖ that exists in both the United States and around the
world. But they do raise the issue of unauthorized practice of law, especially if the
―We don‘t have rules and opinions that directly apply to these situations,‖
according to ethics lawyer Megan Zavieh. ―We have to look at the spirit of the
rules, and balance protecting the public with allowing for innovation in the
I get calls from lawyers who have creative ideas for helping people with legal
problems, and they‘ll tell me that they talked to three other ethics lawyers who
told them ‗no.‘ That‘s the risk-aversion of our profession at work. But there has to
be a way to innovate and move forward, to help consumers in different ways, and
to close the justice gap, while at the same time not getting into disciplinary
trouble.
Artificial intelligence operates by looking for patterns with large amounts of data.
This ―training‖ of AI is, as Dr. Tonya Custis of Thomson Reuters puts it,
But what are those biases, and are they fair? If the data used to ―train‖ the AI
contains unfair biases, then the results of the AI could be correspondingly biased.
―AI requires data — data about actions and decisions made by humans,‖
explains David Curle. ―If you have a system that‘s reliant on hundreds of
thousands or millions of human decisions, and those humans had biases, there‘s
who come from only one racial or ethnic background, or training voice-recognition
software using only male voices. The resulting AI tools will be biased – not as
the likelihood of committing further crimes. There is concern over how the factors
used in the algorithms of such software could correlate with race, which judges
The challenges that artificial intelligence pose to legal ethics, while significant,
changes in law and in legal practice – and these changes, in 2018, inevitably
involve technology. Large numbers of lawyers don‘t take this duty to keep up with
―It‘s not just AI-based technology but even more mundane things like practice
management platforms, and other tools that make it easier and more efficient to
practice law.
you can stick your head in the sand over, just as you could not try to conduct a
must also understand the general operation of the specific AI tools that they use
what‘s coming out of it,‖ according to ethics lawyer Megan Zavieh, who
represents lawyers facing disciplinary charges. Just as lawyers can‘t prove they
satisfied their ethical duties simply by hiring an outside consultant, they similarly
At the same time, lawyers are not programmers – and the ethical rules
responsibility are general enough to cover the situation. They suggest two things:
that lawyers must understand enough about a new technology to see the risks,
What this means in practice is that lawyers need to find trusted providers
of AI-based solutions, and they need to pose smart questions to the providers
basic level, how the solutions work and how the solutions were developed.
Malaysia‘s Chief Justice Tan Sri Richard Malanjum extolled the virtues of
AI during the opening of Malaysia‘s Legal Year 2019 in January when he said
convicted criminals.
driven feature called ―data sentencing‖ which helps judges achieve consistency
Some states in the United States (US) already use such programs. One
such program called COMPAS is a risk assessment algorithm which uses various
data to create an assessment score for recidivism which judges may consider
during sentencing.
noted that AI, data analytics and quantum computing have started to make
issues.
… the use of AI within a justice system gives rise to a unique set of ethical
he said during his speech at the opening of Singapore‘s Legal Year 2019 in
January.
For instance, recent studies have raised issues about bias in AI decision-
making, and this has contributed to a spirited debate over the involvement of AI
in the making of judicial decisions. Robust and rigorous discussions must be had
about the proper use of such systems, and the way in which the undoubted
Despite these concerns, Singaporean law firms have been early adopters of AI.
in the country to adopt artificial AI, using it to enhance its due diligence processes
for Merger & Acquisition (M&A) transactions as part of the firm‘s strategy to
leverage on technology.
customers in five continents and offers software which has been trained by legal
and classify data, Luminance‘s AI can pinpoint even subtle differences between
large volumes of contracts ensures that lawyers can focus their review on key
company‘s website.
Last May, Thai firm Weerawong, Chinnavat & Partners became the first
law firm in the country to use AI, and a month later, Indonesia‘s UMBRA became
the country‘s pioneering law firm to use the technology. Both opted for
Luminance‘s services.
A case in point
longest time taken by a lawyer to complete the test was 156 minutes and the
There are concerns that AI could replace legal professionals, but the more
realistic outcome is that it will complement the global legal services market which
employed 6.9 million legal professionals in 2017 and was worth about US$633
III. Advantages
intelligent technology that can work and react like humans. According to Russell
& Norvig (2009), the term ―artificial intelligence‖ is often used to describe
machines that mimic cognitive functions that humans associate with the human
mind, such as learning and problem solving. Some of the most known Artificial
intelligence are the Deep Blue, a computer that defeated the world chess
champion Garry Kasprov, and AlphaGo, an intelligent system that beat the Go
Due to said successes and others more, many companies worldwide have
decided to enhance and adopt such system due to mass advantages it brings not
only to the efficiency of their services, but also because it lessens their
workflow is going to be the labour-saving norm within just a few years‖, although
he did admit that even though AI can replicate intelligent behaviour, it cannot so to
intelligent thought. Robinson admitted ―An office worker knows how other human
beings think and behave, so she can anticipate delays or opportunities. There are
implicit tasks in all areas of business that are undocumented but natural and
deeply ingrained. AI can‘t get anywhere near those implicit tasks and passive
knowledge.‖ But even with such weakness, it cannot be denied that truly, artificial
intelligence have change the competition in the business and service industry
improved their revenue margins three times faster than their competitors.
have been tasked in planning, developing, and promoting the national ICT
age that the core purpose of Artificial Intelligence is to lessen the burdens of
humans, and to make our lives easier. Hence, it is made to be able to handle
multiple tasks at the same time. Therefore, a company can save labour costs and
its abilities, leading to minimal errors, compared to humans who work and act
companies can achieve higher efficiency in their services, and higher satisfaction
rate to their customers. Moreover, AIs continues to improve through the years,
Artificial Intelligence has not only affected the business industry, but also the
deemed as important for legal research and legal studies. It made laws and court
decisions accessible to both the public and the bar. And all of these perks
between those who defend the law and those who need it.
One of the most time-consuming jobs of a law student is to read and analyze
cases, but because of its proven help in understanding legal concepts, it is still
practiced in today‘s legal education. Before the digital age has emerged in the
legal field, students would have to personally visit the Courts to attain its
regardless of whether of how far they are. Although this is effective, it is not
efficient. But because of artificial intelligence, cases have been accessible not
only to the students, but also to the public. It is both time-saving and cost-
efficient.
information from those that are not without too much hassle. And it can also
Through AI, people are not only open to their local jurisprudence and
principles, but also to those of international. This helps in comparing the former
from the latter and vice versa; it also helps in verifying meanings of legal phrases,
the time they put in every topic given to them. Because of the continuous
increase of cases, and changes in decisions, legal researchers would not be able
to thoroughly scan every document available in a certain topic, but through the
help of AI, it can easily search through the files and identify the potentially
no matter their distance from each other. Due to the state of our economy, some
of those that cannot afford it are those that badly needed it. Aside from this, it is
also evident that the country has more people who need the law than those that
practices the law. But because of technology, lawyers can now save time in
researching, and focus more on reaching to those who need their services
without actually going to their location. It saves the time and the money of both
parties.
business industry and the legal field. It helps in enlarging the scope of
a less-stress life.
As per the essence reflected under Legal Technique, law is but a series of
algorithms, codified instructions but not limited to proscribing ―do‘s and don‘ts
and ―if‘s and then‘s. Wherein we can easily relate the word, “computer
programming” with it. However, the legal system is much more complex. The
latter is not as up-front as coding considering the intricate state of justice today.
The biggest limitation of artificial intelligence is it‘s only as smart as the data sets
served. AI‘s main limitation is that it learns from given data. There is no other way
that knowledge can be integrated, unlike human learning. This means that any
conditions, consider appropriate legal rights and obligations and provide well-
structured opinions and guidance on the best course of action based on all of that
the world works and comprehension of the law and its application. The work of
that a human lawyer normally does, but to completely replicate the latter means
to come up with a process that can create flexible ideas and outcome while also
algorithms, analogy, deduction, and others of the same kind but rather it also
task. Hence, it will be a very difficult task to replicate this with computers using
Artificial Intelligence. The law profession involves a lot of spontaneous sorting out
capacity of human lawyers or not in the long run. As years go by, it is not
impossible not to expect more improvements in the field of technology, hence the
biggest question to ask is not if Artificial intelligence can replace lawyers, but
only as effective as the algorithm and data behind it. Both its strength and
weakness is that it does exactly what it is programmed to do. There is still a need
As per the case of J-M Manufacturing Co. v. McDermott Will & Emery, a
law firm was litigated for failing to effectively supervise, a discovery vendor that
McDermott produced too much, all because it did not thoroughly review
claims that 3,900 privileged documents were handed over to the federal
government.
The case serves as a reminder to not put complete faith in the AI systems
sound/rational result lacks personal experience, which will help a person to apply
Humans built the legal system in general, thus it must be noted that
the laws. In the present, AI is a great tool that makes the work of lawyers more
efficient, but the society should be reminded that it should not be the chief basis
It has been mentioned in this paper that the use of Artificial Intelligence led
to more reliable and efficient outputs. Yet, there are still gaps that are to be
are: (1) It is costly, (2) It cannot replicate humans, (3) It needs humans to
intelligence requires huge costs, as they are very complicated machines. Their
repair and maintenance are costly as well. They have software programs, which
need frequent upgrade to cater to the needs of the dynamic environment and the
need for the machines to be smoother and better for it not to be left out by the
the procedure to recover misplaced codes and restoring the system might require
have any emotions and moral values. Care or concerns are not present in the
inefficient individual. They are no match to the power of rational thinking that the
human brain has or even the uniqueness of the human mind. Human beings are
highly sensitive and emotional individuals. Most importantly, their thoughts are
They are limited by the programming imposed upon them and they cannot
be the sole judges for deciding whether something is right or wrong. AI machines
cannot improve without the presence of humans. New codes and new training
process are needed for the improvement. Their ability is limited and bound by
labor engaged in the law industry. AI can be a great tool for efficiency and
substitute for human lawyers but its limitations just prove otherwise.
substitutes for human lawyers largely degrade the high morality of lawyers and
the profession. Using robots and other AI related machines constitute to high
utilization of non-human brain, which negates the main essence of the practice of
law, which requires good and regular standing and good moral character, which
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