IP Routing

• What is a routing protocol?

• Routing – to send or forward by a specific route

• Protocol – a set of rules governing the format of messages that are

excahnged between computers. An agreement to do something.

• Routing Protocol – a standard procedure for regulating data transmission

between computers

• Routing Protocol and Routed Protocol

• Routing Protocols – send routing updates that allow the routing process to
determine tha path or path that data should take to get from Point A to Point
B Ex: OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP, RIP, ISIS, BGP

• Routed Protocols – protocols that are actually carrying the data Ex: IP,
Appletalk, IPX, DECNET

• Classful Routing and Classless Routing

• Classful routing do not support Variable Length subnet mask (VLSM). /8 /16 /
24

IP address classes

Class A | 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 | 16 Million host

Class B | 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 | 65k host

Class C | 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 | 254 host

Class D | 224.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255 | Multicast

Class E | 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255 | Research and development

Special Address

127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 | Local host

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 | Class A private IP address

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 | Class B private IP address

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 | Class C private IP address block

• Routing Table Operation

1. The route with the longest prefix lenght (subnet mask) will be selected.

2. The route with the lowest Administrative Distance is selected

AD: is the belivability of the protocol

• Directly connected route/ Static route using exit interface: 0

• Static route with next hop IP address: 1

• EIGRP summary: 5

• External BGP: 20

• Internal EIGRP: 90

• IGRP: 100

• OSPF: 100

• RIP: 120

• External EIGRP: 170

• Unknown network: 255

3. The route with the lowest metric ( RIP: Hop count, OSPF: cost, EIGRP:
composite metric)

4. Equal cost load sharing

• The command “show ip route” only shows the best route

• “Show IP protocols” shows what routing protocols the router is running

and its characteristics

• Static route and default static route

o Static route – used if the router has a limited resources or the link
bandwidth between the devices are limited.

o Default static route – serves as a routers gateway of last resort.

Remember it isnt what the packets will take first but only if there is not
a match in the routing table.
 o Both can also be used as a backup to a static route called “Floating
static route”

• IP default gateway – can be used as a default static route when there is no

routing protocol running on the device (switches)

• IP default network – can flag route as a candidate default route