IP ROUTING

UNIT III
D2CSN, DIT, JNEC
RUB
 IP Routing
Outline
• Routing Basic
• IP Routing Process
• Internal Routing Process
• Testing Your Routing Process
• Configuring IP Routing Network
• Static Routing
• Default Routing
• Dynamic Routing
• Dynamic Routing
• Routing Protocol Basics
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Configuring RIP Routing
• Holding Down RIP Propagations
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Routing Basic
• Minimum factors a router must know to be able to affectively
route packets:
• Destination Address
• Neighbor routers from which it can learn about the remote network
• Possible routes to all remote networks
• The best route to each remote network
• How to maintain and verify routing information
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IP Routing Process
• IP Routing Process

• IP Routing Process
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Internal Routing Process
• Cisco uses three types of package-forwarding techniques.
• Process Switching
• Fast Switching
• Cisco Express Forwarding
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Internal Routing Process…
• Process Switching
• Is responsible for inspecting every packet by the processor
• It was the original packet switching mechanism on Cisco router
• Is processor intensive, more complex and longer latency
• Involves looking up every destination in the routing table and finding
the exit steps.
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Internal Routing Process…
• Fast Switching
• the first packet to a destination is process switched but subsequent
packets are forwarded using the information stored in the fast cache.
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Internal Routing Process…
• Cisco Express Forwarding
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Testing Your IP Routing
• Testing Your IP Routing
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Configuring IP Routing in Network
• Static Route
• Default Route
• Dynamic Route
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Static Routing
• A static route is created,
maintained, and updated
by a network
administrator, manually.
• A static route to every
network must be
configured on every
router for full connectivity.
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• Why Use Static Routing?
• Static routing provides some advantages over dynamic routing, including:
 Static routes are not advertised over the network, resulting in better security.
 Routers not share static routes with each other, thus reducing CPU/RAM overhead and
saving bandwidth.
 No bandwidth usage between routers, saving money on WAN links.
• Static routing has the following disadvantages:
 Initial configuration and maintenance is time-consuming.
 Configuration is error-prone, especially in large networks.
 Administrator intervention is required to maintain changing route information.
 Does not scale well with growing networks; maintenance becomes cumbersome.
 Requires complete knowledge of the whole network for proper implementation.
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• When to use Static Route?
Static routing has three primary uses:
 Small networks:
Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller networks that are
not expected to grow significantly.
 Default route:
Using a single default route to represent a path to any network that does
not have a more specific match with another route in the routing table.
Default routes are used to send traffic to any destination beyond the next
upstream router.
 Routing to and from stub networks.
A stub network is a network accessed by a single route, and the router
has no other neighbors (only one router).
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• Syntax for adding the static route

• Router(config)#ip route [destination-network] [mask] [next-hop-address or exit interface]

[administrative-distance] [permanent]

• Ip route: the command used to create the static route

• destination-network: the network you’re placing in the routing table
• Mask: the subnet mask being used on the network
• Next-hop-address: this is the IP address of the next-hop router that will receive packets and forward
them to the remote network.
• Exit interface: used in place of the next-hop address, if you want.
• Administrative-distance: by default, static routes have an administrative distance of 1.
• Permanent: if the interface is down or the router can’t communicate to the next-hop router, the route
will automatically be discarded from the routing table by default. Choosing the permanent option
keeps the entry in the routing table.
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Default Routing
• The default route (0.0.0.0/0 in IPv4 or ::/0 in IPv6) is the entry in
the routing table that is used when there are no more specific
routes.
• Default routes can be configured with static routes or advertised
in routing protocols.
• R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Next-hop-address/exit
interface
• Represent by s* in routing table
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Dynamic Routing
• When routers learn from neighboring router through the routing
protocols, it is called dynamic routing.
• In dynamic routing routers add network locations automatically
form the routing information.
• If any change occurs in network, affected routers update others
via routing information.
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Dynamic Routing
• Advantage of dynamic routing
• It is suitable for all type of networks.
• Automatically build routing tables.
• Reroute the traffic from possible network, in link failure condition.
• Disadvantage of dynamic routing
• It is hard to implement.
• It is less secure, since it shares routing updates with other routers.
• It puts additional overhead on resources such as CPU, memory and
link bandwidth.
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Dynamic Routing
• Routing updates
• Routing update is a mechanism of sharing information with neighboring
routers.
• Certain interval router advertise its routing information through
broadcast or multicast.
• Different protocols have different time intervals.
• Some protocols use broadcast for routing updates while some uses
multicast.
•  contain all necessary information for routing protocol such as learned
network, timers, AS, AD, matrix values, interface details etc.
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Interior and Exterior Routing

• An internet can be so large that one routing protocol cannot
handle the task of updating routing table of all routers
• Thus, an internet is divided into autonomous systems (AS)
• AS is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a
single administration
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• Interior routing
• Routing inside an autonomous system
• Each AS can chose its own interior routing protocol
• Examples: RIP and OSPF
• Exterior routing
• Routing between autonomous systems
• Only one exterior routing protocol is usually used for exterior
routing
• Examples: BGP
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Dynamic Routing
• Administrative Distance
• Administrative distance (AD) is the trustworthiness of routing update
received from a neighbor router.
• If a router receives two routing updates for same path from two
different routing protocols then router will check the AD value to choose
the best path.
• AD is a numeric value from 0 to 255. 
• If one update has lower AD value than other, then the route with the
lowest AD will be placed in the routing table
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• Default AD
Route source Default AD value
Direct connected interface 0
Static route 1
EIGRP 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
RIP 120
External EIGRP 170
Unknown 255
Lower AD value is more believable by router. 0 is considered as the most trustworthiness network while 255 is considered as
invalid route and it will be never used.
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Dynamic Routing
• Metric
• If two routing updates for same network have same AD value then
metric will use to choose the best path.
• Metric is a measurement to calculate best path.
• Route with the lowest metric will be chosen.
• Different routing protocols use different metrics.
• It may use single metric or multiple metrics.
• For example EIGRP uses bandwidth, delay, load, MTU and reliability
while RIP only uses hop count as metric.
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Routing Protocol Metric Description
EIGRP Bandwidth Capacity of link in Kbps
EIGRP Delay Time to reach in destination
EIGRP Load Path that is least utilize
EIGRP MTU Path that support largest frame
size

EIGRP Reliability Path that have least down time

OSPF Cost Inverse of bandwidth links

RIP Hop count Hops ( Routers) in the way of
destination

MTU = Maximum Transmission Unit

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Routing Protocols
• There are three types of routing protocols:-
• Distance Vector
• Link State
• Hybrid
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Routing Information Protocols (RIP)
• RIP is a distance vector routing protocol.
• It shares routing information through the local broadcast in every 30
seconds.
• Routers keep only one route information for one destination in routing
table.
• Routers use AD value and metric to select the route.
• In RIP protocol routers learn about the destination networks from
neighboring routers through the sharing process.
• Routers running RIP protocol periodically broadcast the configured
networks from all ports.
• Listing routers will update their routing table based on this
information.
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Routing Information Protocols (RIP)
• Sometime RIP is also known as routing by rumor.
• Because in this routing protocol routers learn routing
information from directly connected neighbors, and these
neighbors learn from other neighboring routers.
• RIP Protocol will share configured routes in network through the
broadcasts.
• These broadcasts are known as routing updates. Listening
routers will update their routing table based on these updates.
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Routing Information Protocols (RIP)
• RIP Routing protocol metric
• We may have two or more paths for the destination network.
• In this situation RIP uses a measurement called metric to determine the
best path for destination network.
• RIP uses hops count as metric. Hops are the number of routers it takes
to reach the destination network.
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Routing Information Protocols (RIP)
• Passive interface
• By default RIP broadcasts are sent from all interfaces. RIP allows us to
control this behavior.
• We can configure which interface should send RIP broadcast or which
not.
• Once we mark any interface as passive interface, RIP will stop sending
updates from that interface.
• R1(config)#router rip
• R1(config)#passive-interface GigabitsEthernet 0/0
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Advertising a Default Route Using RIP
• R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 g0/0
• R1(config)#router RIP
• R1(config-router)#default-information originate
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RIP Timers
• Update timer: 30 sec
• Time between consecutive update
• Invalid timer: 180 sec
• Time a router waits to hear update
• The route is marked unreachable if there is no update during this interval
• Flush Timer: 240 sec
• Time before the invalid route is purged from the routing table
• Hold Down timer: 180 sec
• Stabilizes routing information and helps preventing routing loops during
periods when the topology is converging on new information
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Key differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2

RIPv1 RIPv2

It uses broadcast for routing update. It use multicast for routing update.

It sends broadcast on 255.255.255.255 It sends multicast on 224.0.0.9 destination.

destination.

It does not support VLSM. It supports VLSM.

It does not support any authentication. It supports MD5 authentication

It only supports classful routing. It supports both classful and classless routing.

It does not support dis-contiguous network. It supports dis-contiguous network.

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Q&A
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