1.

Outline the history of Ireland from ancient times to the partition of the country in 1921 & the formation of
the Irish Free State & Northern Ireland.

The Irish people are mainly of Celtic origin, the country’s only significant sized minority - descended from
the Anglo-Normans. English is the common language, but Irish (Gaelic) is also an official language & is
spoken mainly in areas along the western coast.
The earliest inhabitants – people of a mid-Stone Age culture – arrived about 6000 BC. 2000 BC tribes
from southern Europe arrived & established a high Neolithic culture.
The Iron Age people arrived abruptly in the 4th c. BC with the invasion of the Celts.
200 years of Viking invasion & settlement was later followed by a Norman conquest in the 12 th c. that
resulted in the assimilation of the Norman settlers into Irish society. The early 17th c. saw the arrival of
Scottish & English Protestants, sent as colonists to the north of Ireland.

In 1800 the Irish parliament passed the Act of Union with GB, & Ireland was an official part of the UK until
1921. Religious freedom, outlawed in the 18th c., was restored in 1829. In 1858, the Irish Republican
Brotherhood (also known as the Fenians) was founded as a secret society dedicated to armed rebellion
against the British. Its political twin, the Home Rule Movement, was created in 1874, advocating
constitutional change for independence.

Irish War of Independence or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla (партизанская) war fought by the Irish
Republican Army (IRA), the army of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, against the British
Government and its forces in Ireland. It began on 21 January 1919, when two members of the armed
police force, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), were attacked and killed. The Irish Republic had issued
a Declaration of Independence in Dublin earlier that same day. On Bloody Sunday, 21 November 1920,
14 British intelligence operatives were assassinated in Dublin in the morning, and the RIC opened fire on a
crowd at a football match in the afternoon, killing 14 and wounding 65 others. The fighting was heavily
concentrated in Munster, Dublin and Belfast.
Both sides agreed to a ceasefire on 11 July 1921. Then there was the signing of the Anglo-Irish
Treaty on 6 December 1921. This treaty recognized the division of the island into Ireland & Northern
Ireland

2. Highlight the development of Northern Ireland from 1921 to the formation of Northern Ireland Assembly
& Northern Ireland Executive

On December 6, 1921 the British gov-t & the Irish rebels signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty that established the
Irish Free State & the partition of the island into Ireland & NI. In 1927 the name United Kingdom of
Great Britain & Ireland was changed. The developments of 1921 meant that NI also became a political
entity.
The devolved legislature for the province was established in 1921 – the Parliament of NI which was in
existence until 1972. It was a semi-autonomous parliament. A Crown-appointed governor & 8 ministers
were to govern the province. The legislature & gov-t sat at Stormont.
Every election for the Northern Irish legislature from 1921 onwards was about Ulster’s future. The
Protestants (Ulster Loyalists), as the majority, kept the Catholics out of the gov-t the whole time,
determined to keep the province under British rule. By the late 1960s the Catholics were significantly
politically & economically disadvantaged, as their employment opportunities were much lower than the
Protestants. They were discriminated on religious grounds.
In 1968 the Catholics, supported by many Protestants, demonstrated on the streets, demanding fair
participation in political & economic life.
The army was deployed in 1969 to maintain law & order & was initially greeted by the Catholic population.
Eventually it became clear that the military was siding with the Protestants.
The culmination of the confrontation between the army & the local Catholic people came on Sunday,
January 30, 1972 (known also as Bloody Sunday). On that day the British Army opened fire on peaceful
Catholic demonstrators killing 26 people who were unarmed civil rights protesters. Eventually the religious
communities, Catholic & Protestant, became hostile armed camps.
British troops, brought in to separate them, themselves became a target of Catholics, particularly by the IRA,
which had turned into a terrorist movement. The goal of the IRA was to eject the British & unify NI with the
Irish Republic. Between 1969 & 1998 many people died. That period is known as the Troubles.

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Anglo-Irish Agreement signed by London & Dublin in 1985.
The 2 major provisions of the Anglo-Irish Treaty read as follows:
-London was not determined to keep Ulster in the UK if a majority of its people wished to become part of a
united Ireland.
-Dublin was ready to abandon its claim to Ulster until its people were themselves ready for union.
The 1st formal peace talks began on Oct. 6, 1997 with representatives of 8 major Northern Irish political
parties participating.

Good Friday Agreement (or Belfast Agreement) was signed on April 10, 1998 in Belfast by the British &
Irish gov-ts. The Good Friday Agreement called for Protestants to share political power with the minority
Catholics.

In May 1998 a dual referendum was held both in Northern Ireland & in Ireland. It was followed by
general election to the NI Assembly (legislative power of the NI).
The Northern Ireland Executive is the administrative branch of the Northern Ireland Assembly,
the devolved legislature for Northern Ireland

3. Outline the basic features & the physical geography of Ireland (size of the country, relief, the main rivers,
climate). The main provinces in both parts of the island / Mineral wealth.

General info. The island of Ireland is located in the north-west of Europe. Ireland is the 3rd-largest island in
Europe. It is separated from the neighbouring island of Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel,
which has a width of 23 km at its narrowest point. To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the
south is the Celtic Sea. Ireland has a total area of 84,421 km2. Population: 6,378,000. Ireland and Great
Britain, together with nearby islands, are known collectively as the British Isles, but the alternate
term Britain and Ireland is more commonly used.

Relief. Terrain (местность): mostly level or rolling plain surrounded by rugged hills & low mountains; sea
cliffs on west coast. Terrain: arable (пахотный) 10 %, meadows & pastures 77 %, grazing in use 11 %,
inland water – 2 %.
South – Armorican ridges, North and West – Caledonian mountains. The highest point of the Caledonian
mountains – Croagh Patrick (nicknamed the Reek) (Крох Патрик) (764 m). MacGillycuddy's Reeks –
горный хребет Макгилликаддис Рикс (a mountain range in County Kerry, Munster) – the highest point
– Carrantouhill (Карантуилл) (1041 m) The mountains are penetrated by glacial valleys (ледниковые) of
which the best known is Glendalough (County Wicklow, Leinster). The most arable land lies in the province
of Leinster. Western areas can be mountainous and rocky.
Rivers & Lakes. The River Shannon, the island's longest river at 360,5 km. Three major lakes – Lough
Allen, Lough Ree and Lough Derg (130km2) Due to its lush vegetation Ireland is known as the Emerald Isle
(It is green all year round). Forests. Forest today covers 12,6% of the country, and most of it designated for
commercial production. Climate. Mild and equable. The climate is typically insular (островной) and is
temperate avoiding the extremes in temperature. Average January and February are mainly between -7 and -
4 degr. C. And July and August temperatures are between +14 and +18 degr. C, occasionally reaching as
high as 25 degr. C. Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east. The
main provinces in both parts of the island. The island of Ireland is made up of 4 provinces: Connacht
(west), Leinster (east), Munster (south) and Ulster (north).

4. Characterize the population of the Republic of Ireland. The role of emigration & immigration. Survey the
administrative divisions of the country, its major cities.

Official name: Ireland (Irish: Eire).

Area: 70, 182 sq. km
Population: 6.4 mln
Capital: Dublin, 1.084

Ethnic groups:
 White Irish: 84.5%,
  Other White: 9.1% (total White: 94.3%),
 Asian: 1.9%,
 Black: 1.4%,
 Other: 0.9%

In 1841 – the population was 8,2 million, in 1846-48 many people died (as a result of a severe economic
depression & the great famine when the potato crop failed) and many more emigrated, by 1930 it was only a
half of 1846.
Mass emigration continued until the 1980s. From 1986 annual increase was only 1%.
Today there are 6,4 mln, 4,5 m live in the Republic of Ireland, 1,8 m live in Northern Ireland.
It was recorded that there was about 10% immigrants to Ireland (due to the unprecedented economic
growth).
Chinese and Nigerians came first to Ireland.
Population density is 50 per sq km. 52 % of the population live in urban areas.
Many of them speak English. Less than 10% speak Irish regularly outside of the educational system.
Administrative Divisions
Four Provinces – Connacht, Leinster, Munster, Ulster. They are further subdivided into 26 counties. The
largest – County Cork, Munster.
Largest cities
The main concentration of towns is in the east and south.
The cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford are administered separately from its
respective County & have their own City Council.
Dublin (Leinster province) (over 1 mln residents – the largest) is the focus of the roads and railways. It is
the economic centre of Ireland. Economic improvements (1990s) have attracted a large number of
global pharmaceutical, and also companies such as Microsoft, Google, Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter
-main area of industry is pharmaceuticals
Cork (Munster province) it is the 2nd largest city in Ireland.
Limerick (Munster province). The 3rd most populous urban area in Ireland.
Galway (Connacht province). Galway City is the capital of Connacht. The city has experienced very rapid
growth in recent years. Galway has a strong local economy with manufacturing industry, tourism, retail and
distribution, education, healthcare and services that include financial, construction, cultural, and
professional.
Waterford is the main city of Ireland's South-East Region. Historically Waterford was an important trading
port.

5. Speak on the Republic of Ireland’s economic development & its main sectors of the economy. The Celtic
Tiger period, the present crisis.

Economy. Ireland’s economic history is characterized by the fact that the country was passed over by the
Industrial Revolution (the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England)

Much of the early manufacturing development was concentrated in the north-east, relying mainly on linen
and shipbuilding. In the attempt to develop an industrial sector the Irish Government followed at first a
protectionist policy.
There was a major change of policy from the late 1950s, when the movement towards free trade and the
promotion of an export-oriented industry began. Foreign investments have been actively encouraged, the
main investments coming from the USA, Britain and Germany. Ireland today is a small, modern, trade-
dependent economy. It focuses on services & high-tech industries, is depend on industry and foreign
investment. The principal sectors in Irish manufacturing are metals and engineering, the food, drink and
tobacco industries, textiles & clothing. The country began to grow rapidly in the 1990s, fuelled by foreign
investment. This attracted a wave of incomers to a country where, traditionally, mass emigration had been
the norm. The national GDP growth averaged 6 % in 1995-2007, & the boom earned Ireland the nickname
of “Celtic Tiger” (a reference to the “tiger economies” of South-East Asia).

The Irish economy generated roughly 90000 new jobs annually & attracted over 200000 foreign workers,
mostly from the new EU member states. Industries in which there has been significant recent growth include
light engineering, electronics, synthetic fibers, pharmaceuticals and plastics. A key element of the
economic growth in Ireland since 1987 has been the Social partnership - a set of voluntary “pay pacts”
between the Government, employers and trade unions. US investment has been particularly important to the
growth & modernization of Irish industry over the past 25 years, providing new technology, export
capabilities, & employment opportunities.

In 2010, Ireland & the EU agreed a financial rescue package for the republic worth 85 bln euros. It caused
the political crisis in I. & PM’s resignation. The export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, has
become today a key component of Ireland’s economy. Labour force by occupation:- services: 76 %-
industry: 19 %-agriculture: 5 % Unemployment stands at 12.8 %.
Trade. Ireland’s exports: machinery& equipment, computers, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, live animals. +
meat.
Ireland’s imports products: grains, petroleum products, machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, textile
yarns (пряжа).
Major import partners: GB & NI, USA, France, Germany, China, Japan.

6. Outline the system of gov-t in the Republic of Ireland. The major political parties in Ireland & their brief
history. Parliamentary elections of 2016 & their results.

Ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Oireachtas (Parlament)
is the bicameral national parliament composed of the President of Ireland and the two Houses of the
Oireachtas: Seanad Éireann (Senate) and Dáil Éireann (House of Representatives).
The President serves as head of state, and is elected for a 7-year term and may be re-elected once. The
Michael D. Higgins became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011.

The Taoiseach (Prime Minister) serves as the head of government and is appointed by the President upon
the nomination of the Dáil (HR). Most PMs have served as the leader of the political party that gains the
most seats in national elections. Enda Kenny assumed the office of Taoiseach on 26 February 2016.

The Seanad is composed of 60 members, with 11 nominated by the PM, 6 elected by two universities, and
43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis. House of
Representatives has 158 members.
The Government consists of 15 members. 2 members can be selected from the Seanad, and the Prime
MInister, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance must be members of the Dáil (HR).
According to the Constitution of Ireland, parliamentary elections must be held at least every 7 years. The
current government is a Fine Gael led minority government led by Leo Varadkar (2017) as Prime minister
and Frances Fitzgerald as Deputy Prime Minister.

Judicial authority in Ireland belongs to the Supreme Court, the High court, the Court of Criminal Appeal,
circuit courts, & district courts. The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal & plays a key role in
constitutionality determinations. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and 5 other judges.
Local government is elected by county councils.
Major political parties (5)
1. Fianna Fail (The Republican Party, was founded by Eamon de Valera. Political position: centre-
right. Ideology: conservatism, populism (sides with “people” against the “elite”))
2. Fine Gael (Led by Micheál Martin. The party traditionally represents the more prosperous farmers
and businessmen. Political position: centre-right. Ideology: Christian democracy, pro-Europeanism)
3. Labour
4. the Green Party
5. Sinn Fein. (Led by Gerry Adams. Political position: left-wing. Ideology: democratic socialism)

President: Michael Higgins: a veteran left-wing politician, poet & human rights activist was inaugurated in
November 2011.
Prime Minister: Leo Varadkar 26 February 2016 inconclusive elections (no party managed to have the
majority) Fine Gael (Enda Kenny), Fianna Fáil (Micheál Martin), Sinn Féin (Gerry Adams), Labour Party
(Joan Burton).

7. Give a brief outline of the UK economy (place in the world economy, location of the new & traditional
industries in Britain). The North-South divide.

The UK modern economic dev-t. In the 19th c. Britain was the largest & the most influential economy in
the world. It was a pioneer in the Ind. Revolution & was renowned for being “the workshop of the world”.
The Industrial Revolution occurred in the 1770-1850s & was driven by heavy manufacturing based on
plentiful supplies of coal & iron ore + cotton.
The UK was at the forefront of technological advances that gave it a strong economic advantage over other
countries. As other countries began to catch up technologically, the UK economy was also greatly affected
by the two World Wars & the disintegration of the British Empire. Eventually, the USA surpassed Britain.
Although the UK economy has recovered since then, it has never returned to its former position of the
top economic power in the world. The UK is a member of the G7, the EU & the OECD (Organization for
Economic Cooperation & Development). In 2010 the UK economy was overtaken by Brazil’s economy.
Today the economy of the UK is the 7th largest national economy in the world (3rd largest in Europe - after
Germany & France) measured by nominal GDP.

Until 1979 the UK was known as the “sick man of Europe”, but PM Margaret Thatcher changed the
situation. She introduced free market reforms.
The UK economy of today is based on private enterprise with 75 % being controlled by the private sector.
Over the last 30 years new industries made serious progress in the UK: aerospace (Bristol, Rolls Royce,
Aerospace, Westland), chemicals, oil & gas (North Sea – Aberdeen), electronics (The Thames Valley
between London & Bristol “the Sunrise Strip”), biotechnology (Oxford, Cambridge), nanotechnology.
Traditional have declined: textiles (Nottingham & Leicester), shipbuilding (Belfast, Sunderland), coal
mining (Birmingham), steel (Sheffield), shipping (ports of Dover, Bristol, Liverpool).

The North-South divide - perceived economic & cultural differences between Southern England & the rest
of Great Britain (Northern England, Wales & Scotland). The divide cuts through the English Midlands.
The following criteria are used to indicate the divide:
1) Health conditions are generally worse in the North though spending on the health there is higher.
2) House prices are higher in the South.
3) Earnings are higher in the South & East.
4) Gov-t expenditure is higher in the North
5) Political influence of the South is much higher than that of the North.

8. Characterize the major sectors of the UK. Agriculture and its role (the role of farming & fishing)

The UK economy GDP composition by sectors: -services (77,8 %) - industries (21, 4 %) agriculture (0,7
%). Service Sector remains the dominant sector of the UK economy despite the historical importance of
agriculture & industries (post-industrial society). (education, public health & social work; -real estate &
renting activities; -the retails; -financial & business services; -tourism;-legal services; -administration; -
transport). + Creative industries. Key areas include London & Manchester - the largest creative industry
clusters in Europe. The definition recognizes the following creative sectors: advertising, architecture, arts &
antique markets, design, film, video & photography, compute games, music & the visual & performing arts,
publishing, TV, radio.
Finance & banking are the UK’s most important services with London being the 1st of the 3 major financial
centers alongside NYC & Tokyo.
Manufacturing. The UK is the 6th largest manufacturer of goods in the world according to the value of its
outputs. 4 major UK industries: 1) food, beverages & tobacco. 2) chemicals & pharmaceuticals. 3)
publishing & printing 4) fabric metals. The production of automobile & aerospace equipment plays a major
role. The UK aerospace industry is the 2nd largest in the world.
Automobile industry. The UK has one of the largest premium car industries in the world after Germany.
Coal mining industry has been in existence for over 300 years). Since 1981 the coal production has fallen
by more than 75 %. The decline of the coal industry started after the WWI. It accelerated after the WWII &
in particular after the miners’ strike of 1984.
Reasons:
1) UK coal industry has become uncompetitive. (It was cheaper to import it).
2) New sources of energy: gas, oil, nuclear power.
3) Decline in demand for coal.
4) Political issues.
5) Global warming & the need to reduce CO2 emissions.

Iron ore production has also played an important role among the UK’s industries. Iron ore+coal=steel.
(Teeside, South Wales). The UK steel industry is modern, efficient & environmentally friendly.
UK is the 1st largest producer of oil & 2nd largest producer of natural gas in the EU (after Norway). Oil
exports: Sweden, France, USA, Germany, Netherlands Oil imports: Russia, Norway, Tunisia, Nigeria,
Libya.

Farming. Agriculture’s intensive, highly mechanized & efficient and it's producing 60 % of the UK’s food
needs. Upland areas generally lend themselves to sheep farming, flat areas – to crop production, &
wet/warm areas – to milk & beef production.
Types of farming: arable – growing crops & cereals. pastoral – rearing & production of animals - mixed
farming - market gardening (production of fruit & vegetables)
Fishing (SW – pilchards, East Anglia – cod, herring, shellfish, crabs).

9. Survey the economic, demographic & social dev-t of the Midlands. Major cities of the region.

The West Midlands The official region contains the largest conurbation (агломерация) that includes
Birmingham and Wolverhampton, but also covers the predominantly rural shire counties of Herefordshire,
Shropshire and Staffordshire. The industrial heartland of Britain. Black Country, Birmingham, Coventry and
Stoke – the four industrial cities.
-The Black Country (from the 1840s) got its name because of black soot (сажа) from heavy industries that
covered the area, north & west of Birmingham. During the Industrial Revolution it became one of the most
industrialized areas.
-Birmingham is the second largest city in the UK with 1 million people. The city of manufacturing, famous
for motor vehicle and automotive component. It’s an important centre of banking, finance and business
services.
-Coventry – centre of the British motor industry.

East Midlands The region has lots of natural strengths, with major coal deposits (залежи) and
major rivers such as the Trent (the 3rd largest in the UK (1-я Severn)), an ideal area for energy supply. The
region is notable for its forests (Sherwood Forest).
Major cities: Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, the town of Northampton.
 Nottingham – the largest city & the generally recognized “capital” of the EM.
 Derby and Loughborough (Лавборо) are important research centers for transport and aerospace-
related engineering industries
 Nottingham. 9% of all jobs in the region are in logistics.

10. Survey the economic & social dev-t of the UK North. Yorkshire & the Humber. Major cities of the
region.

The North East Covers an area of 8,600 km2 and is predominantly rural with coastal plains of
Northumberland and Durham, through which flow the rivers Tyne, Wear and Tees. Newcasle upon Tyne is
the main regional and commercial centre. One of the major plants– Nissan car plant in Sunderland. The
region’s economy includes: electronic component manufacturing, offshore engineering, pharmaceuticals,
microelectronics.
Main seaports – Tees, Hartlepool and the Port of Tyne. The rivers of Eden, Derwent, Tyne and Tweed are all
important salmon fisheries. Sheep farming is the main agricultural activity in this region.

The North West Counties: Cumbria, Lancashire, Manchester, Mersey, Cheshire. Consists of two
metropolitan areas of Greater Manchester and Merseyside. It’s the 3rd most populated region after London
& the South East. The NW is historically connected with the textile. It became famous in the 18 th century for
spinning and weaving and cotton mills. Modern Manchester’s industries include clothing, banking and
manufacturing. The 1990s saw a marked shift from manufacturing towards services (tourism became
important). The NW of England is home to Blackpool – England’s most popular coastal resort, the Lake
District, 160 museums, Hadrian’s Wall -the most complete Roman city walls.
Manchester and Liverpool are Northwest’s largest cities & ports. Liverpool is Britain’s 2 nd largest port
after London.

Yorkshire & the Humber The region covers an area of 15, 400 km2 & represents the divide between English
uplands and lowlands. Urban development is centered in Leeds in West Yorkshire and Sheffield in South
Yorkshire.
The major cities of the region - Leeds, Bradford & Sheffield.
11. Outline the economic & social dev-t of the UK South (East, West, London and the East of England.
Major cities of the region.ҁсильное развитие҂

Major counties: Kent, Surrey(sʌrɪ), Hampshire, Oxford, East & West Sussex
Major cities: London, Brighton, Oxford, Portsmouth, Canterbury.

Oxford is the largest city in the region and is home to one of Britain’s oldest universities (13 th c.).
Oxfordshire has major education facilities and tourist industries.

Greater London is the top-lever administrative division of England. The area was created in 1965 &
concludes the City of London & its 32 boroughs (района). The population of Greater London is 8,5 mln
(2014) 59.8% White (inc. 44.9% White British), 18.4% Asian, 13.3% Black, 5% Mixed, 3.4% Other.
London is by far the largest contributor to the economy of the UK. Major financial & service centre.
Unemployment rate is the highest in London. Inside London there’s the famous City Of London, occupying
an area of about a square mile. The City of London has a resident population of about 8,000 but around
316,700 people work there.

The South West Major counties: Cornwall, Devon (tourism), Somerset, Dorset, Wiltshire (Stonehenge,
military range) Major cities and towns: Plymouth, Bristol, Exeter, Bath. The SW represents almost 10% of
the total UK territory. The area is relatively prosperous, but Cornwall and Devon are the poorest areas in
the UK.
Bristol. The city’s economy today is also reliant on the aerospace industry, defense and information
technology. Also engineering, shipbuilding, electronics and food processing.
-Plymouth is another major commercial shipping port.
- Traditionally fishing and agriculture have been the other important sectors of the economy.

The East Of England (East Anglia) Cambridge, Ipswich, Norwich and Peterborough. The heritage of this
area are small market towns, playing a crucial role in economic development and service access for rural
dwellers.
-Norwich is a famous outdoor market, where people from the local rural areas come to sell their products.
More than 71% of the total land area of the region is used for agriculture
-Norfolk boasts the largest turkey farm in Europe. Fishing is the region’s most important industry.
-Cambridge. high technology industries such as electronics & aerospace have been important for the
region.

12. Characterize the UK as a special member in the EU. Give a brief history of the European Community &
of Britain’s attempts to overcome the hurdles of membership. Brexit.

The European community – a brief historic outline.

Because of the World Wars I, II, many people died, and to protect Europe in 1929 French PM Aristide
Briand proposed a political integration of Europe. The first step taken down the road of economic
integration was the emergence of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1953.
The ECSC laid the ground for the European Economic Community (EEC) by opening the markets for coal
and steel between France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands. 1957 The Treaty
of Rome was signed by the heads of governments of these countries. It’s regarded as the founding document
of the EEC.
The Treaty established 4 institutions –
(1)the Commission,
(2)The Council of Ministers,
(3)the European Parliament,
(4)the European Court of Justice.

The EEC was formally established on July 1, 1967. It happened after The Merger Treaty (Brussels
Treaty) was signed in April 1965. The treaty combined the executive bodies of the ECSC, the European
Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the EEC into a single institutional structure. 1993 the EEC was
renamed the European Community (EC).
Britain’s entry into the EEC. Despite being invited in ECSC, Britain declined and only on January 1,
1973 the UK had finally been accepted into Europe.
Despite being a member of the EC, Britain’s relations with its European partners were far from smooth,
especially during the Thatcher era. M. Thatcher took a rather skeptical attitude towards the UK
membership in the EC

In February 1992 the Maastricht Treaty was signed with the aim to create a single European currency.
The Treaty also created a new model for the Community based around three “pillars” which covered
economic relations, foreign affairs and home affairs. UK, being part of the European Community, did not
participate in the single currency project.

The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (the EU referendum,the Brexit
referendum)- 23 June 2016. Leave won by 52% to 48%. England Leave 53.4% - Remain 46.6%, Wales
Leave 52.5% -Remain 47.5%, Northern Ireland Leave 44.2% -Remain 55.8%, Scotland Leave 38.0%-
Remain 62.0%, City of London Leave 24.7% - Remain 75.3%.

Services and manufacturing sectors have both suffered a big hit, reporting that output and new orders have
fallen this month.
Immigration.Under EU law, Britain cannot prevent anyone from another member state coming to live in the
country – while Britons benefit from an equivalent right to live and work anywhere else in the EU. The
result has been a huge increase in immigration into Britain, particularly from eastern and southern Europe.
Reduce unemployment. Rise secure.

13. Scotland, Wales and NI

Scotland. Population: 5,4 mln. Capital City: Edinburgh Major cities: Aberdeen, Dundee, Glasgow.
Activities based on Scotland’s natural resources – fishing, agriculture, forestry & tourism – depend
directly on a carefully preserved environment & on Scotland’s image of environmental purity. The
decline in heavy industries such as iron & steel, ship building & coal mining has hurt Scotland severely.
The last deep-coal mine in Scotland was closed in 2002 on the Firth of Forth
There have been 2 bright spots for the Scottish economy: 1. In the 1980s in the belt between Glasgow &
Edinburgh emerged an agglomeration of high tech, capital-intensive industries such as electronics. This
development is known as Silicon Glen. Today the industry employs over 25.000 people. Scotland has 20
higher education institutions. The heavy industry decline in the latter part of the 20th c. led to a remarkable
shift in economy of Scotland towards technology & service sector based economy.
2. the development of the oil & gas industries in the North Sea which led to the prosperous business of
providing supplies for the oil & gas companies. Scotland’s principle economic problem is the failure to
create sufficient employment.

Wales. Population is over 3,1 m people .

Swansea, Newport & Cardiff -centers for financial & business services.
Historically Wales with its mountainous terrain has been isolated & agricultural but in the 19 th c. with the
dev-t of the coal deposits the economy shifted away from agriculture & began to be integrated into the
UK economy. Wales has a long history of pastoral agriculture & mining. An abundant supply of good
quality coal & iron ore was considered strength for 2 centuries, providing employment for hundreds of
thousands. Today Wales is home to a diverse manufacturing sector. Since the 1940s many new industries
have been established. These include oil refining & the manufacture of plastics, electronic equipment,
synthetic fibres, & automotive parts.
Tourism too is an important part of the Welsh economy. The Welsh economy today is the 10 th largest of the
UK’s 12 regions ahead of only NI & the North East of England.

Northern Ireland Population: 1.8 Under 2/5 of the population live in the Belfast Metropolitan Area. Major
cities: Belfast & Londonderry. In addition, although soils are poorer, there is a greater dependence on
agriculture, with food processing also being relatively more important. The economy of NI is the smallest
of the 4 countries in the UK.
-shipbuilding ( Harland & Wolff-Titanic 1912)
-Potatoes (most important crop)
-The economic problems of NI are related to the high rate of population growth, the low productivity of
manufacturing & the high dependence upon the public sector.

14. Give a general outline of the US economy, its place in the global economy. Unemployment statistics.
The main sectors of the US economy & their role in the country’s dev-t.

The economy of the United States is the world's largest single national economy. The world's sixth-
highest per capita GDP $57,220 . The United States has maintained a stable overall GDP growth rate, a
moderate unemployment rate, and high levels of research and capital investment. Its five largest trading
partners are Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany. Export: Capital goods; consumer
goods; automotive vehicles and components; food and beverages; fuel oil and petroleum
products; aircraft and components. Import: Consumer goods; capital goods (except computing); crude oil,
automotive vehicles and components; computers and accessories; food and beverages. The US has
abundant natural resources – it is the world's third-largest producer of oil and second-largest producer
of natural gas. It is the second-largest trading nation in the world behind China. The country is one of the
world's largest and most influential financial markets. The New York Stock Exchange is the world's largest
stock exchange by market capitalization.
The labor market has attracted immigrants from all over the world. The US economy is currently has its
economic downturn which followed the financial crisis of 2007–08. The unemployment rate is 4.9%
Extreme poverty in the United States, meaning households living on less than $2 per day before
government benefits them.
Budget deficit: 680 bln $ (2013). The wealthiest 10% of the population possess 80% of all financial assets.
GDP by sector: agriculture: 1.1% industry: 19.4% services: 79.5% (2015)
Services: retail trade, accommodation & food services, education & health, finance & insurance, social
assistance, management, arts & entertainment, real estate & rental services, etc. Although most of the U.S.
economy is composed of services, the United States is the world's largest manufacturer. Its manufacturing
output is greater than of Germany, France, India, and Brazil combined.
Main industries include petroleum, steel, automobiles, construction machinery, aerospace, agricultural
machinery, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, and
mining. The US leads the world in airplane manufacturing (Boeing).
Agriculture comprises less than two percent of the economy. The United States controls almost half of world
grain exports. Products include wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, pork, poultry, dairy
products; forest products; fish.

15. Highlight the economic & social dev-t of the Rocky Mountains States Region and US Pacific State
Region.

The Rocky Mountains States Region Located in the west of the USA, comprised of the following states:
Colorado, Montana, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. Major cities of the region: Denver, Las Vegas, Salt Lake
City.
Denver – has been known as the Queen City of the Plains and the Queen City of the West, because of its
important role in the agricultural industry.
Salt Lake City is the capital and the most populous city of Utah. The city is located in the northeast corner
of the Salt Lake Valley surrounded by the Great Salt Lake. Rich deposits of gold, silver, and other metals
first attracted settlers to the region.
The Wyoming Basin and several smaller areas contain significant reserves of coal, natural gas, oil shale
(сланец) and petroleum. Mining remains an important economic activity, but manufacturing is now the
chief source of income. High technology in the area is developed in the state of Colorado which ranks as
one of the most promising high-tech economies in the US ahead of California. Agriculture and forestry
are major industries in the area.

The Pacific States Region The states of California, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Alaska, Hawaii.
Large cities: LA, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Seattle.
Los Angeles With a population of more than 8 mln., the “City of Angels” is the 2nd largest city in the US
(after NY). The city is actually made up of nearly 100 smaller cities, including Hollywood, Santa Monica,
Pasadena, and Beverly Hills.
 Seattle (Washington) The city is home to more than 3 mln people and is a cultural, commercial, and
technological hub of the Pacific Northwest. It’s a major port between the USA & Asia. The discovery of
gold in 1840s & the opening of the Oregon Territory brought a stream of settlers to the Pacific Coast. The
region is abundant in minerals, timber and fish today.
Oregon economy is based on wood processing.
California a major centre for its motion picture, TV film & related entertainment industries. The state
is rich in oil, it has highly successful agriculture.

Alaska is the largest state in the USA. Capital city – Anchorage. The highest mountain – МакКин. Alaska’s
chief industries list petroleum, tourism, fishing, mining, forestry, transportation and aerospace. Alaska’s
main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock (сайда) and
crab.
Hawaii is the largest & southeastern-most of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanic Islands in the North
Pacific Ocean. Major crops today are: Macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers, tropical & temperate vegetables &
coffee beans. Hawaii is renowned for tourism, recreation & defense (the naval base of Pearl Harbour is
located on one of 8 Hawaiian Islands). Today the population of the pacific region includes people of
European ancestry, and black and Mexican-American minority groups. The pacific Coast States Region also
has more people of Asian ancestry than any other part of the USA, & a large number of American Indians.

16. Expand on the economic & social dev-t the American south. Outline the major cities of the regions.

The US can be divided into the following 5 major economic regions: the Northeast (the New England States
& the Middle Atlantic States) the South (the Southeast & the Southwest States) the Middle Western Region,
the Rocky Mountain Region and the Pacific States Region (including Alaska & Hawaii)
The South The Southeast: states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina. It is an area of rolling hills, mountains, and plains. Until the mid-1900s the region’s
economy was based heavily on agriculture.
North Carolina is the centre of the USA tobacco industry. Agriculture has retained importance in the South
today. However, in recent decades the region has seen a boom in its service sector, manufacturing base,
high technology industries, & the financial sector. Today the state of Alabama is the number one center
for automotive manufacturing. Florida is very big in aerospace – the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) there
employs 15,000. Louisiana and Texas (Texas is in the Southwest) are the two major oil-producing states.
Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, South and North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming lie within the Energy Belt.
Largest cities of the region are Jacksonville, Memphis, Baltimore, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, St.
Petersburg.
Atlanta has long been the most important transportation centre in the South due to its strategic location at
the southern end of the Appalachian range. Atlanta is the capital of New South, has the largest airport in
the world, is home for CNN (Cable News Network), Delta Airlines and Coca-Cola. The mild climate of
the Gulf Coast contributes to making it a major recreation, tourism (Miami Beach, Palm Beach), and
retirement destination. Walt Disney World (resort/theme park) is located in Florida.

The Southwest comprises just 4 states: Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma & Texas. Much of the southwest
is an arid desert climate, but there’re higher elevations in the mountains in each state. The largest cities:
Houston, Dallas, Phoenix, San Antonio, El Paso, and Austin. The region has also many retirement
communities. Phoenix is the capital of Arizona and is now the sixth-largest city in the US with a
population of more than 3mln. It’s the largest metropolitan area. Houston is regarded as the USA energy
capital; it has enjoyed the fastest growth in per-capita income in the past decade. The region has large
deposits of petroleum and natural gas, which alongside with numerous non-ferrous metals have brought
the region most of its wealth. Grand Canyon for tourists in Arizona.

17. Highlight the economic & social dev-t of the US Middle West

Population: 67 mln The MW is a region known as “America’s Heartland”. States included: Ohio, Indiana,
Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota
Manufacturing and farming sectors. Heavy industry is developed. The state of Minnesota is the largest
producer of iron ore in the USA. The state of Ohio is the most industrialized in the nation. It’s also very rich
in natural gas. Indiana is the largest car manufacturing state in the region with Japanese involvement. 5
Japanese automakers – Toyota, Nissan, Mazda, Subaru, and Mitsubishi – assemble cars in the US today.
Largest cities: Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis, Cleveland, St. Louis.
Chicago is a major port in the Great Lakes (Lake Michigan), has more than 8mln residents. It is known as
the “Windy City”.

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Cleveland is located in Ohio on the shores of Lake Erie & has a population of nearly 3 mln. Detroit is
known as the car capital (motor town). It’s a home of Ford Motor Company. In May 2012 the
unemployment rate in Detroit was 15.8%. St. Louis located on the Mississippi River is known as the
gateway to the west.
The Midwest Agricultural Region is an area of generally flat land that covers much of the centre of the
United States. More than 50% of the US grain comes from the 5 Grain Belt states of Iowa, Indiana, Illinois,
Missouri and Ohio. Other Corn Belt states are Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, the Dakotas. Production in
all these states is characterized by giant farms using the very latest equipment, chemicals and techniques to
achieve the highest productive output in the world.

18. Speak on the economic & social dev-t of the US Northeast & the Middle Atlantic Region. Outline the
major cities of the regions.

The Northeast States: Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey. The mouths of 3 major rivers (Delaware,
Hudson, Connecticut River), emptying into the Atlantic, pierce its coastline. The Niagara Falls is also here.
There’re 11 states in the Northeast. Of those, 6 are known together as the New England States:
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, & Vermont. The other 5 states are
known as the Middle Atlantic States: Delaware, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, & Pennsylvania. The
nation’s capital – Washington, D.C (district of Columbia). – is also part of the Northeast. Principle cities:
Boston, NY, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington D.C., Pittsburg, Buffalo.
NY is the largest & the most populated city of the USA (8,2 mln). NYC is the centre of banking, financial
services and cultural activity for the US and the rest of the world. Boston is the largest city of New
England & the 3rd most populated in the Northeast. Boston is considered to be the cultural & historical
capital of New England. Philadelphia is the 2nd most populated city in the Northeast & the 5th most
populated in the USA. The city where the D of Ind. & the Constitution were signed. It was the 1 st national
capital(until 1790). Washington D.C. has about half of its population employed in government services.
Population – 681,170. New Jersey is the most densely populated state in the US (over 1,000 persons per
square mile). Today the Northeast is a powerhouse of economic output, producing 20% of the nation’s GDP
with 17% of the population and only 2% of the nation’s land area. The unemployment problem has been
partly solved by the microelectronics, computer and biotechnology industries. Massachusetts has become
the leader in the high technology research and development in the region.
Pennsylvania is also on of the leading steel producers in the USA. Pittsburg is a major steel production
centre. In addition to manufacturing and trade, about 20% of the economic activity of the region is
connected with services. Finance and insurance sector in the state of Delaware is the largest in the region.
The Northeast is also the richest region in the United States. The area is the centre of Ivy League
universities – the association of 8 colleges.

19. Assess the Great Depression of 1929-1932 in the USA, its causes & consequences. The New Deal.

The USA emerged from the World War I as a strong economic power. After a short economic crisis of 1920
– 1921 (which was largely the result of growth in military industry and its reduction in the civilian
sectors), there was a period of economic growth in 1923-1928, accompanied by an increase in the level of
quality of life (era of prosperity).
The USA became a world financial centre. Leader of exports. During the period of economic recovery new
industries were rapidly developing: the oil-producing, electrical, chemical, electronic, aviation, automotive.
The boom years were marked by a threefold increase in the value of shares of the New York Stock
Exchange, millions of Americans were involved in gambling, hoping to get rich.
Panic at the New York Stock Exchange (Wall Street) on October 24, 1929 ("Black Thursday") was the first
symptom of the crisis of the U.S. economy, which grew into the world crisis of the capitalist economy. On
that day 12.8 million shares were sold. A few days later, on October 29 the situation repeated with 16.4
million shares sold.
The world economic crisis of 1929 – 1932 is known as the deepest and longest economic crisis in the
history of capitalism.
By the end of 1932, U.S. industrial production decreased almost in half, agriculture – by 1/3 rd, foreign trade
– by 70%. Crisis hit the banking system: from 1929 to 1932 - about 6000 banks went bankrupt.
Unemployment rose by 60 % (13 million people).
In the midst of the crisis Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential election in 1932. The program of the
new president, adopted in 1933 was called "New Deal". It consisted in the active government intervention
in the economy.
The main steps taken by Roosevelt’s administration to improve the health of the U.S. economy included:
1. The reform of the banking and financial systems.
2. Restoration of industry.
3. Agricultural rehabilitation.
4. Organization of community works to create jobs and reduce unemployment.
5. The improvement of the social relations system.
Results. Implementation of the "New Deal" allowed to begin economic recovery.

20. Outline the USA in the post World War II period (1945-1962). Characterize the Truman Doctrine &
Marshall Plan.

After the end of the World War II the USA emerged as an indisputable leader of the capitalist world. During
the war the U.S. national income doubled, the industrial production increased. In accordance with the new
world monetary system established at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the dollar became the global
reserve currency. After the war the reconversion of military production took place, and the U.S. economy
entered into a recession. Marshall Plan and the Korean War helped to overcome this recession. In
accordance with Marshall Plan from 1948 to 1951 the United States provided financial assistance in the
amount of U.S. $ 13 billion to 16 European countries to rebuild their economy. The USA used Marshall Plan
to expand their exports and increase investment in European countries. The Korean War (1950 - 1953)
stimulated the development of military industries and employment growth.
Доктрина Трумена. Stalin wanted to establish a buffer zone of pro-Soviet states in Eastern Europe in
order to prevent the recurrence of invasions. President Truman took a strong stance against the Soviet
territorial advances, advocating a policy of containment (политика сдерживания). Under this policy, the
USA wouldn’t attempt to change the post-World War II situation in Europe. But it’d work to prevent further
Soviet expansion through peaceful & military means. United States and the Soviet Union moved from being
wartime allies to Cold War adversaries. (!)The Truman Doctrine was an international relations policy set
forth by the U.S. President Harry Truman in 1947, which stated that the U.S. would support Greece and
Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. After 1952 the
Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy. In 1950, Truman
signed the top-secret policy plan NSC-68(national security council report). NSC-68 explicitly stated that
the Communists planned for world domination & that US would use military force to “contain” communist
expansionism anywhere it seemed to be occurring. In January 1947, U. S. President Harry Truman
appointed George Marshall to be Secretary of State. In just a few months the Marshall Plan concept was
crafted. Officially known as the European Recovery Program (ERP), the Marshall Plan was intended to
rebuild the economies of western Europe, primarily. Results: From 1948 through 1952 European economies
grew at an unprecedented rate. Trade relations led to the formation of the North Atlantic alliance (NATO).
Economic prosperity led by coal and steel industries helped to shape what we know now as the EU.

21. Highlight the main developments of the Cold War in the 1950-1960s: the Korean & Vietnam wars, the
Caribbean crisis.

During World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union fought together as allies against the Axis
powers. However, the relationship between the two nations was a tense one. All their disagreements led to
an overwhelming sense of mutual distrust and enmity =˃ the Cold War.
The Korean War began On June 25, 1950, when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s
Army crossed the 38th parallel (border between north and south Korea). This invasion was the first
military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea’s behalf.
The Russians occupied the area north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south. At first,
the war was a defensive one–a war to get the communists out of South Korea. By the end of the summer,
President Truman and General Douglas MacArthur had decided on a new set of war aims. Now, for the
Allies, the Korean War was an offensive one: It was a war to “liberate” the North from the communists. In
July 1951, peace talks started. Both sides were willing to accept a ceasefire that maintained the 38th parallel
boundary. Finally, after more than two years of negotiations, the adversaries signed a peace treaty on July
27, 1953.
Nearly 5 million people died. More than half of these were civilians. Almost 40,000 Americans died in
action in Korea, and more than 100,000 were wounded.

The Vietnam War During World War II, Japan invaded and occupied Vietnam that had been under French
administration since the late 19th century. Inspired by Chinese and Soviet communism, Ho Chi Minh
formed the Viet Minh, or the League for the Independence of Vietnam, to fight both Japan and the French
colonial administration. Japan withdrew its forces in 1945. Ho's Viet Minh seized the northern city of
Hanoi declaring a Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). Seeking to regain control of the region, France
set up the state of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in July 1949, with Saigon (Хошимин) as its capital. In 1954
France was defeated by Viet Minh forces. negotiations at the Geneva Conference July 1954 established the
17th parallel as a temporary demarcation line separating the military forces of the French and the Viet Minh.
In 1960 the National Liberation Front (NLF) to organize resistance to the regime. In 1968, some 70,000
DRV forces launched the Tet offensive, a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 cities and
towns in South Vietnam. Peace talks between the U.S. and North Vietnam opened in Paris in May 1968.
However, the dialogue soon reached an impasse (тупик). The Republican Richard M. Nixon was elected
President. He appealed to a "silent majority" of Americans who he believed supported the war. He
announced a program of withdrawing troops, increasing aerial and artillery bombardment and giving South
Vietnamese control over ground operations. (Vietnamization). Nixon continued public peace talks in
Paris. By the end of June 1972 Hanoi was finally willing to compromise – a peace agreement was drafted,
but leaders in Saigon rejected it, and in December Nixon authorized a number of bombing raids.
In 1973, the United States and North Korea concluded a final peace agreement, ending open hostilities
between the two nations. In 1976, Vietnam was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

The Caribbean crisis = the Cuban Missile Crisis(16-28 oct.1962) During the Cuban Missile Crisis,
leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff (тупик)
in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S.
shores. In a TV address President John Kennedy notified Americans about the presence of the missiles,
explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba. Following this news, many people feared
the world was on the brink of nuclear war. However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet
leader Nikita Khrushchev's offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to
invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey. The pilot of an American
U-2 spy plane making a pass over Cuba on October 14, 1962, photographed a Soviet SS-4 medium-range
ballistic missile being assembled for installation. President Kennedy was told about the situation on October
16, and he immediately called together a group of advisors and officials known as the executive committee,
or ExCom. The nuclear-armed Cuban missiles were being installed so close to the U.S. mainland - just 90
miles south of Florida. The Soviets had long felt uneasy about the number of nuclear weapons that were
targeted at them from sites in Western Europe and Turkey, and they saw the deployment of missiles in Cuba
as a way to level the playing field. A key factor in the Soviet missile scheme was to prevent further U.S.
aggression as the US had already launched one attack on the island

22. Give a survey of the Civil Rights Movement in the USA in the 1960s and its aftermath for the America
society.
1619 - 20 Africans are brought to the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia, where they are bartered for
foodstuffs in a slave auction.1641 - Massachusetts is the first colony to recognize slavery as legal. 1776 -
the Declaration of Independence. Slavery, however, continues unaffected. 1863 - President Abraham
Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, abolishing slavery in the rebel southern states. 1865 - The
Union is victorious and slavery is abolished in all states under the 13th Amendment to the constitution.The
civil rights movement of the early 1960s was aimed at full legal equality for African Americans. When John
F. Kennedy became president in 1961, African Americans throughout much of the South were denied the
right to vote, barred from public facilities, subjected to insults and violence, and could not expect justice
from the courts. In the North, black Americans also faced discrimination in housing, employment, education.
But the civil rights movement had made important progress, and change was on the way. In 1954, the
Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation in public
schools was unconstitutional. But school desegregation proceeded very slowly. In 1955 Rosa Parks refuses
to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, for a white passenger. It sparks a bus boycott, ending
in the outlawing of segregation on city buses.In 1957, National Guard troops under orders from President
Eisenhower enforced the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas.
In February 1960, four black college students sat down at a lunch counter in Greensboro, and asked to be
served. They were refused service, and they refused to leave their seats. Within days, more than 50 students
had volunteered to continue the sit-in. Sitins and other protests swept across the South. By the 1960
presidential campaign, civil rights had emerged as a crucial issue. Just a few weeks before the election,
Martin Luther King, Jr., was arrested while leading a protest in Atlanta, Georgia. John Kennedy ensured
his release. The Freedom Rides. For decades, seating on buses in the South had been segregated. In May
1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), led by James Farmer, organized integrated Freedom Rides
to defy segregation in interstate transportation. Freedom riders were arrested in North Carolina and beaten in
South Carolina. In Alabama, a bus was burned and the riders attacked. Attorney General Robert Kennedy
sent 400 federal marshals to protect the freedom riders. In 1962 the Supreme Court rules that segregation is
unconstitutional in all transportation facilities. The March on Washington and the Civil Rights Act of
1964 In August 1963, more than 200,000 Americans of all races celebrated the centennial of the
Emancipation Proclamation by joining the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The most
memorable moment came when Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech from the
steps of the Lincoln Memorial .Passed on July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act: full legal equality. On
December 10, 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, the youngest man to
receive the award; he was 35 years of age. 1965. March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand
protection for voting rights. 1975. Voting Rights Act extended.

23. Describe the geographical position of Canada.Mineral wealth.

Population: 36.3 m. Spanning 6 time zones, Canada is the world's 2ndlargest country, covering an area of
9,96 mln sq km (exceeded only by Russia, larger than the USA & China). The country can roughly be
divided into 7 major geographic regions: 1) The Appalachian region 2) The St. Lawrence – Great Lakes
Lowland 3) The Canadian Shield 4) The Hudson Bay Lowland 5) The Interior Plains 6) The Western
Mountain region 7) The Arctic Islands.
The Appalachian Region comprises the area of southeastern Quebec below the St. Lawrence River, and
part of the Atlantic Provinces. Mt. Jacques Cartier on Quebec’s Gaspe Peninsula (over 1300 m high) - the
highest summit in eastern Canada.
The St. Lawrence - Great Lakes Lowland The smallest but important region of Canada extending south-
westward from the City of Quebec. The most heavily populated region.
The Canadian Shield. Covers an area of 4,8 mln sq. km. However, the region is covered with forests, is
rich in water power & such minerals as iron ore, nickel, lead, zinc, copper & gold. The Hudson Bay
Lowland. Located between the Canadian Shield & the Hudson Bay. The area is flat and poorly drained. The
Interior Plains. Located west of the Canadian Shield – a northern extension of the Great Plains of the USA.
Reach from the American border to the Arctic Ocean. Resemble a triangle. Fertile soils (chernozem). The
northern parts are mostly forested. The Western Mountain Region. Canada’s highest peaks Mt. Logan
(6.054 m) & Mt. St. Elias (5.493m) are located here. The fertile valleys between the Rockies & the Coast
Ranges in British Columbia are used for farming & ranching. The Arctic Islands. North of Canadian
mainland is the Arctic Archipelago - a vast expanse of islands. The weather is icy cold, there’re no
permanent residents here.
Rivers & Lakes.
Rivers & Lakes. The St. Lawrence (3,058 km). Its immense water supply is used for hydro-electric
development & Canada’s chief industries. The largest of the big lakes form a line along the southern &
western edges of the Canadian Shield: the Great Lakes lying between Ontario & the USA (Ontario, Erie,
Huron, & Superior); the so-called Great Lakes of Manitoba – Lakes Winnipeg, Manitoba, & Winnepegosis;
& the other Great Lakes of the Northwest – Athabasca, Great Slave, & Great Bear (the last 2 exceed 28.500
sq km in area). The Mackenzie River is the longest river system in Canada of 4.240 km. Forests. Cover
less than 40 % of Canada: 1) the broadleaf hardwood & softwood forests (in the east). 2) the northern
needle leaf forest 3) the fir forests Tundra, or treeless area in the Arctic region occupies about 2.4 mln sq.
km (1/4th of Canada). The grasslands are either between the mountain ranges of British Columbia, or in the
southern parts of the Prairie Provinces. The soils under the grassland are amongst the richest in Canada.
Wildlife, birds & fish Furbearers: beaver, mink (норка), muskrat (ондатра), moose (американский лось),
etc. Other: deer, bighorn sheep (снежный баран), bear, antelope The far north is the home of the seal,
walrus (морж), caribou (карибу), & polar bear. The climate. Canada’s climate can be described as cool or
cold over the entire country. The Pacific area gets more rain than any other in Canada (about 2300 mlm a
yy.). Average January temperature in Toronto is -4C, & average July + 22 C. Southwest Ontario has the
highest summer temperatures in eastern Canada – as high as +32 C. Precipitation averages more than 1000
mlm/ year in the Niagara Falls area.

24. Give a survey of the 10 provinces & 3 territories of Canada & their role in the dev-t of the state. The
main cities & their role in the dev-t of the country.

Canada is divided into 10 provinces & 3 large territories. Beginning in the east, there are the four Maritime
Provinces. The Maritimes are small in population; their inhabitants are of British & French origin; many of
them are fishermen. Nova Scotia - people are descendants of the Scottish immigrants who arrived in Canada
between 1815 & 1851. The capital, Halifax, is Canada’s most important Atlantic port.
Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the
rural areas of Halifax. The province of New Brunswick borders Nova Scotia on the west, & much of its
northern & western border is formed by the Gulf of St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence Seaway is the
longest waterway of its kind in the world, an inland navigation system of rivers, canals, and lakes). The
capital of New Brunswick is Fredericton. An important cultural, artistic, and educational centre for the
province. Prince Edward Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence is the smallest of the Canadian Provinces &
has an area of only 5, 657 sq. km. The provincial capital & the largest city is Charlottetown.Newfoundland
is the largest in area. It includes the island itself & a large part of the mainland known as Labrador. The
province has hundreds of lakes & streams, great areas of virgin forests, excellent hunting & fishing. St.
John’s the capital city of the province and the largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador. Westward from
New Brunswick is Quebec, Canada’s largest province. The province has an area of more than 1,5 mln sq.
km. & the population is about 8 mln. Quebec is also the name of the provincial capital. Montreal, Canada’s
second largest city is also in Quebec province. The narrowing of the Saint Lawrence River provided the
name given to the city, Kébec, an Indian word meaning "where the river narrows". Montreal - is the largest
city in the province, the 2nd in the country (after Toronto). It is named after Mount Royal, the triple-peaked
hill located in the heart of the city. West of Quebec lies the province of Ontario, largest in population & 2nd
largest in area of all the Canadian provinces. Ontario has an area of over 1 mln. sq. km. and its population is
nearly 13 mln. The Prairie Provinces lie to the west of Ontario. There are 3 of them: Manitoba with the
capital city of Winnipeg; Saskatchewan & its capital Regina, & Alberta with its capital Edmonton.
Agriculture + mineral wealth as well as natural gas & oil. The northern parts of all three are largely
uninhabited areas of forests, swamps, lakes & rushing streams. There are 2 beautiful national parks in
Alberta- Jasper & Banff National Parks. Ottawa is the capital of Canada, and the 4th largest city in the
country. Toronto - is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. Toronto is an
international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial capital of Canada, Toronto
has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms. West of Alberta lies the 10 th province of Canada –
British Columbia. This is largely mountainous & heavily forested. It has a long Pacific coastline. 3 mln.
people. This makes British Columbia the 3rd largest province in population. Vancouver, located on the
mainland is the largest city in the province & is an important Pacific coast port. The provincial capital,
Victoria located on Vancouver Island is much smaller. Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in British
Columbia. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada; the third most
populous metropolitan area in the country
Canada’s 3 territories lie to the north of the 10 provinces. The Yukon has a population of over 25 thousand.
The capital is Whitehorse. Nunavut meaning “Our land” in Inuktitut, the language of the Inuit people who
make up 83% of the population. The capital of Nunavut is Iqaluit. Western part still called the Northwest
Territories is a land rich in diamonds, oil, gas & gold with a mixed population of natives & non-natives of
about 40 thousand. Yellowknofe is the district’s capital.

25. Highlight the role of the explorers & first settlers in the discovery of Canada. The origin of the country’s
name.
Canada’s 1st settlers were Indians & Eskimos. Later they were called Native Canadians, but, in fact, they
were immigrants – the Indians migrated to Canada from Asia at least 12000 yy. ago. The Eskimos arrived
about 5000 yy. ag. Both groups belonged to the Mongoloid race. The Eskimos differ from American Indians
considerably. They belong to several different tribes & live in the world’s Arctic regions, from Greenland to
Canada, their language & customs are different. When the white man came to Canada at the beginning of the
16th c. there were 4 distinct Indian groups: the Athapascans (lived between Hudson Bay & the western
mountains); the West Coast Indians (the shore of the Pacific Ocean); the Algonquins (the northern forests &
prairies from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains); and the Iroquois & Hurons (southern Ontario &
New York State in the USA. The last 2 groups were deadly enemies).
.
The first Europeans to visit Canada were the Northmen (Vikings). Leif Eriksson & his followers reached
Canada in the 11th c. They settled in Newfoundland. A burst of exploration took place during the Age of
Discovery in the 15th & 16th c. Explorers found the New World. In 1497, Giovanni Caboto (he was known
as John Cabot) in an attempt to outdo Columbus & reach the Orient by a northern sea route, landed on the
Canadian coast from his ship “The Matthew” at the village of Bonavista in Newfoundland & claimed the
land for England’s King, Henry VII. The first real exploration was undertaken by Jacques Cartier who was
also searching for a passage to the Far East - he explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1534. Returning in
1535, he sailed up the St. Lawrence to the Indian village of Stadacona (the future site of Quebec City) &
Hochelaga (future Montreal). On this voyage he picked up the name of the local village “Kanata” & applied
it to the entire region.
Henry Hudson (an Englishman working for the Dutch) sailed up the Hudson River in the today’s state of
New York & explored the coastline. Later he went looking for a water route to Asia & reached the great bay
which now bears his name. In 1604 a French expedition landed & spent the winter on the Bay of Fundy.
Only 35 (of 79) men survived the winter & among them was Samuel de Champlain. In 1608 he returned
with an expedition of his own appending the winter at the site of modern Quebec City. He founded Quebec
but only 8 of his 24-man expedition lived through the winter. In 1682, Cavalier de La Salle descended the
Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, naming the territory Louisiana, after the King.

26. Give a general survey of the present population of Canada. The major provinces and their population.
The role of different ethnic groups in the making of the present population. Multiculturalism:

Canadian population is 36 mln. people. 76.7% European, 14.2% Asian, 4.3% Aboriginal, 2.9% Black, 1.2%
Latin American, 0.3% other.
Eastern Canada is the most populated part – Ontario & Quebec have nearly 2/3s of population. 10 % of the
population live in the Maritime provinces, 17 % - in the Prairie Provinces, 9% - in British Columbia. After
the WWI there was a shift of Canadian population marked by urbanization. The situation repeated after the
WWII. The cities of Canada offered a better environment for development, they were much better run, much
less corrupt, much freer from racial strife, much less dominated by class division. The largest cities: Toronto
(5.5 mln), Montreal (3.6 mln), Vancouver (2.2 mln), Ottawa 4 th largest (1,1 mln).

Two important groups make up the Canadian population:

-people of British origin (half of Canada’s present population)
-people of French origin (Quebec, New Brunswick) – 1/3 of the national population

Other ethnic groups: Germans (6%), Ukrainians (3%) – the Prairie Provinces, Italians (2.5%), Dutch (2%),
Scandinavians (2%), Poles (1%) – British Columbia.
There’re also over 200.000 American Indians & >11.000 Eskimos.
About 85% of All Canadians were born in Canada & 95% are Canadian citizens.
However, the assimilation process wasn’t as rapid as in the USA: immigrants tend to live in
communities & preserve their national traits. The interplay of different cultures is termed multiculturalism,
& today it’s a most important feature of Canadian life (unlike the USA, their society is not a melting pot in
which the diverse elements are transformed to make one standard product).
With an introduction of an immigration policy in 1967 that eliminated preferences for particular
national groups there has been a dramatic change in the composition of Canadian population.
Now almost 75% come from Asia, Africa, Latin America & the Caribbean. Asian immigration accounts
for about half the annual.
Immigrants now come to cities rather than rural areas. To the metropolitan areas.

27. Survey the making of the Canadian Confederation (1763-1867). The British North America Act (1867)
& the gradual process of provincial membership. Pop.

In 1763 the treaty ending the Seven Years’ War confirmed British sovereignty: France ceded all its territories
to GB. The British believed they could turn French Canada into another colony. Besides different language,
the French were Catholics (the English - Protestants), the French had their own system of law, courts & rules
of land-holding. To avoid armed conflict, the English allowed the French to keep their own ways of living.
In 1774 the American Continental Congress invited French colonists in their struggle against British rule.
But the French decided not to take part. The Br. Parliament passed the Quebec Act in 1774 which allowed
the French Canadians to keep to their religion, laws & court system & ensured the use of the French l-ge.
This didn’t solve the problems of blending 2 cultures – friction continued.
The arrival of about 30.000 of these Loyalists in Nova Scotia led to the creation of a new colony – New
Brunswick in 1784. The influx of 10.000 of these colonists into Quebec led to the division of the colony &
in 1791 the western part became Upper Canada (the nucleus of today’s Ontario) & the remainder of the old
colony – Lower Canada (nucleus of today’s Quebec). In June 1812 the USA declared war on Britain. Br. &
US negotiators signed the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814 to end the war
By the mid-1830s the economy began to suffer. In Lower Canada this problem was worsened by the
prejudice felt by the French-Canadian colonists. The French-Canadians called for several major reforms. In
Upper Canada also there were calls for reforms which were turned down by the gov-t. The radicals under
William Mackenzie took up arms in early December 1837. The rebellion was put down. Lord Durham
presented his report to the Br. Parliament in 1839 which contained 2 recommendations: 1) union of Upper &
Lower Canadas. 2) the granting of Responsible gov-t. The immediate effect of the Durham Report was the
unification of 2 Canadas in 1841. But the measure proved to be a failure. The single legislature was barely
functioning as no single party could get enough support from both the French & the English. The real drive
for a union between the Br. Colonies in NA came as a result of the Am. Civil War (1861-65). After the end
of the CW, US politicians held Britain directly responsible & sought territorial compensation to make up
losses. Under such circumstances Canadian politicians sought a more unified British North America. Nearly
all politicians of the 2 largest Br. & NA territories – Ontario & Quebec – favored this united scheme &
persuaded representatives of the other Br. NA territories – New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island & Newfoundland to form a confederation. The initiators of this union are known as the Fathers of
Confederation. The eventual result was the British North America Act of 1867 (the 1st part of the Canadian
Constitution). Sir John Macdonald became the first PM of the new nation of the Dominion of Canada, its
birthday being July,1. The idea of a federal system with 1 central gov-t & a separate gov-t for each of the
provinces was accepted by the 4 Eastern provinces. In 1870 the federal gov-t bought the vast Robert’s Land
territory (Hudson Bay Co) for 300.000 pounds. It became the Province of Manitoba. Br. Columbia on the
west coast was enticed to join Canada in 1871. Prince Edward I. followed in 1873. The prairie provinces of
Alberta & Saskatchewan were created in 1905. Newfoundland became Canada’s 10th province in 1949.

28. Characterize the political system of Canada. Parliament & the making of legislation. The federal &
provincial gov-ts & their responsibilities. The main political parties. Parliamentary elections of 2016 and
their results

Canada is an independent, self-governing democracy with a Constitutional Monarchy as form of gov-t

which means that 1) the Canadian Constitution defines Canadian society & 2) all legislation & other
business of gov-t is carried out in the name of the Monarchy.
Canada has 11 gov-ts – the federal one at the centre in Ottawa, & one in each of the ten provinces. Canada’s
constitution consists of written documents & unwritten conventions. The written constitution is
embodied in the Constitution Acts (1867-1982). In 1982 the Queen signed the Canada Act which gave
Canada full responsibility for the Constitution & made Canada completely independent. The British North
America Act of 1867 established a federal state with a parliament modelled on the British system. The
central gov-t, based in Ottawa, is empowered to pass legislation in areas, such as foreign policy. The
provinces have powers in administration of justice, education, health care, etc. Canada’s political system
is based on the principle of Responsible Gov-t – meaning that power can only be exercised by elected gov-t
leaders that have the support of the nation’s elected representatives.
Parliament. The Parliament of Canada consists of the Queen, the upper House known as the Senate and
the lower House, the House of Commons. Senators are appointed by the Governor-General on the
advice of the PM. There are 105 senators. The HC is an elected assembly in which each member
represents one of 338 electoral districts. General elections to the HC occur every 5 yy (if not called earlier if
the party loses support of the majority). Senators hold office until the age of 75, those appointed before
1965 are appointed for life. The Senate may delay resolutions of the HC up to 180 days, but it can’t defeat
them; the Senate can’t initiate bills dealing with budgets. The main purpose of the Senate is to reconsider
any rash bills that the HC may have passed. To become law, a Bill must be passed by a majority of
members (the fundamental basis of gov-t in Canada).
Elizabeth II is Canada’s official head of state & the commander-in chief. She appoints the GG on the
PM’s recommendation. Only during royal visits to Canada she performs her ceremonial duties herself (like
the opening of parliamentary sessions). The appointment of the GG is usually 5 yy., but it may be extended
to 7 yy. Julie Payette – the current GG since October 2017. The official residence of the PM – Rideau
Hall in Ottawa. The official residence of the GG – Citadelle of Quebec.

In general, there’re more than 23 parties in Canada.

The Liberal Party (the Grits) – the leader is Justin Trudeau (since 2015). Keeps to the principles of
liberalism – observation of the rights & liberties of citizens. The main policy directions: the spread of civil
rights & civil liberties.
The Conservative Party. – the leader is Rosa Ambrose. The main policy directions: - free enterprise;
industrial achievement; - a strong united Canada, strong national defense.
The New Democratic Party – the leader is Jagueet Singh. (Tom Mulcair – 2016)– the newly-elected
leader. Hold to the principles of Social Democracy, has support of the less wealthy Canadians.
Block Quebecois (BQ) – the leader is Martin Ouellet.
The Green Party – the leader is Elizabeth May.

29. Highlight the mainstream dev-t of Canada in the 20th & 21st centuries. Canada in the world today.

By the end of the 19th c. Canada began showing its economic potential. Agriculture, mining, forestry, fishing
& manufacturing, stimulated by foreign investments, increased in scope. The construction of the Canadian
Pacific Railway was completed in 1885: British Columbia was connected with the eastern provinces. A
major factor in the achievement of prosperity was immigration (300.000/ y). In 1897 gold was discovered in
Klondike, & people moved even further to the west in search of their fortunes. This rush of immigrants led
to the creation of the 2 new western provinces – Alberta & Saskatchewan in 1905. The rapid growth of
international trade after 1896 meant more job opportunities. Soon a network of small villages, towns, &
cities grew up to provide services such as road networks, livestock & grain markets, machinery, bankers,
insurance agents. In the first decade of the 20 c, Canada welcomed more immigrants than ever. Important
mineral resources were discovered – the economy boosted. Agriculture became more specialized – Canada
became the bread-basket of the world. Cheap hydro-electric power stimulated the growth of industry. The
First World War struck the nation hard. As a Dominion of Great Britain Canada went to war automatically.
60.000, or 1 in 10 never returned. The war helped breed a new Canadian nationalism. When peace came in
1918, Canada insisted on signing the peace treaties itself & becoming a member of the League of Nations.
The Great Depression of 1929 severely affected national prosperity, particularly in the prairie provinces,
where a series of dry yy. intensified the economic crisis. The nation gained in national stature (рост)
throughout the period between the two world wars. In 1939 Canada entered the WWII on its own. Canada
played a major role in working out the postwar trading world & in creating the United Nations in 1945.
Canada & its diplomats played a crucial role in creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949.
Canada participated in a variety of peacekeeping operations around the world. The Conservative Party under
John Diefenbaker won the elections of 1957. He was pro-British & hoped to shift the bulk of Canada’s trade
from the USA to Britain. In 1988 the Free Trade Agreement was concluded, it was beneficial to Canadian
interests. The next step was the conclusion of the North American Tree Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994
which included no only the USA & Canada, but Mexico as well. Today, the USA remains the main trading
partner for Canada. In December 1964 a Bill was passed in favour of a new flag. Canada’s stature in the
world today stands high. It belongs to the prestigious G-7 Club, is a group consisting of the finance
ministers of seven developed nations: the U.S., U.K., France, Germany, Italy, Canada and Japan. They are
the seven wealthiest developed nations on Earth by global net wealth.

30. Describe the geographical Position of Australia. The main physical features of the country: the relief,
rivers & lakes, the climate. Mineral wealth.

Australia (Lat. Australis – southern). Official name – the Commonwealth of Australia. The only country in
the world that is also a continent. The geographical position. lies entirely south of the equator, between the
South Pacific Ocean & the Indian Ocean. The total area = 7,7 mln km². 6th largest country in the world (after
Russia, Canada, USA, China, India). Population = over 24.3 million people. It spans 4 time zones. Coastline
–apr. 28.000 sq.km.Favorable geographic position. From mainland Asia it is separated by the Indonesian
archipelago and the Timor Sea. New Guinea (the 2nd largest island in the world) lies directly north. The
northeast of A. is washed by the Coral Sea, where the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides are to be
found. The main physical features: the eastern part is mountainous, the western – flat, desert-land. 90 % of
the total area – plains and plateaus.
The relief. 3 major land regions: the Eastern Highlands, the Central Lowlands, the Western Plateau
The Eastern Highlands extend from Cape York Peninsula in the north-east to the south coast of Tasmania.
Are also known as the Great Dividing Range (Большой водораздельный хребет) – their slopes divide the
flow of the rivers in the region. The Australian Alps (the highest mountains on the continent), the highest
peak – Mount Kosciusko 2,228 m.
The Central Lowlands are generally flat. Lake Eyre - the lowest point in A. lies 16 m below sea level.
Many rivers are dry most of the year. In the southern part of the region farmers grow wheat, the rest of the
region is too dry/hot for most kinds of crops.
The Western Plateau Deserts cover the central part of the region.4 major deserts cover 1/3 of A.: The Great
Victoria Desert, The Sandy Desert, The Simpson Desert, The Gibson Desert.
Rivers and lakes are of vital importance. Most of Australian rivers are dry at least part of the year. The
longest permanently flowing river - The Murray River - 2,589 km. During the southern dry season it is fed
by the country’s longest river the Darling (dry in winter) - 2,739 km. Most of the natural lakes are dry for
months or years (Lake Eyre – the largest - 9 500 км², Lake Torrens).
Climate. In general, A. has warm, dry climate. Almost all the precipitation is in the form of rain. Snow falls
in the extreme southeastern highlands. July is the coolest month in every part of A. +5C Winter (June –
August) the wettest and the coolest. Summer (Dec – Feb) the hottest and the driest. The Great Barrier
Reef. Runs along the northeastern coast. The world’s largest coral reef. A chain (2,000 km) of more than
2,500 reefs. 400 species of corals. Fauna. 150 species of marsupials (сумчатые): kangaroos, koalas,
wallabies. The platypus – утконос. Dingo.
31. Outline the discovery and exploration of the Australian continent. Abel Tasman and James Cook. The
first convict settlements. The aboriginal people and their culture.

The first people were the Aborigines, who arrived in Australia at least 50.000 years ago. A distinctive race
called Austroloids. The arrival of European settlers in Australia changed the Aboriginal lifestyle in a
devastating way – the traditional Aboriginal life was disrupted. Tribes, clans and families were forced out of
land. There is evidence that the Indians, Arabs and Chinese knew of the continent. The first recorded
Europeans to see Australia were the Dutch in 1606. The Europeans had long believed in the existence of a
great south land that they named Terra Australis Incognita. In 1606 a Dutch expedition led by Willem Jansz
(Виллем Янсзон) entered the Gulf of Carpentaria and sailed along the west coast of Cape York Peninsula.
The same year the Spaniards discovered the islands of the New Hebrides. The most significant of the Dutch
expeditions were those led by Abel Tasman. In 1642 Abel Tasman sighted the island now named Tasmania.
He sailed around the southern part of the island and claimed it for Holland. He discovered New Zealand. In
1768 British Lieutenant James Cook was sent from England on an expedition to the Pacific Ocean to
observe the transit of the planet Venus from Tahiti. He was also ordered to find and take possession of the
southern continent. In 1770 he sighted east coast of the Australian continent & sailed into Botany Bay near
Sydney. All in all, he undertook 3 voyages to A. During his 3 rd voyage of 1776-1779 he was killed. The first
settlements of convicts in New South Wales was founded by Captain Arthur Phillip on the bay Port Jackson
where Sydney is now located in 1788. Sydney became the first European colony on the Australian continent.
United Kingdom officially claimed the Western Australia their property in 1828. Britain’s jails became
overcrowded with prisoners and a new place for the transportation of convict was required. The site had to
be isolated place to prevent any escapees from returning home. For many yy. most of the settlers arriving to
A. were convicts. The last ship of convicts arrived in 1848.

32. Speak on the formation of the Australian nation. The First Fleet, the end of the “convictization”. The
proclamation of the Australian Commonwealth.

1787 – 11 ships of the First Fleet with British convicts under command of Capitan Arthur Phillip sailed from
Portsmouth and in 1788 – they arrived at Botany Bay. The first British colony was established in Sydney
Cove. 1792 – Phillip left the colony, and the South Wales Corps (Rum Corps) were established. The officers
monopolized trade by buying up the cargo of any ship that came to Sydney. Then they sold the goods to the
colonist and to the government for the large profit. In 1807 William Bligh became governor & launched an
attack on the rum trade. January 1808 – during the Rum Rebellion (leader MacArthur) Blight was arrested
by the commander of the New South Wales Corps and in 1809 Blight was officially replaced by Macquarie.
During his administration the appearance of Sydney improved (new buildings, roads and bridges, first
hospital and charity schools for poor people were constructed). In 1821 - Macquarie resigned. The new
governor Bigge removed all emancipists from civil posts and extended the practice of assigning convicts to
free settlers (put them to work on farms or businesses). This policy continued until the arrival of Governor
Bourke in the 1830s who was sympathetic to emancipists. In 1838 a selected committee was appointed by
the House of Commons to examine the transportation and convict system. And the transportation to New
South Wales was abolished in 1850, to Tasmania in 1852, and the last convict ship arrived in 1853. The
legislative Council with 7 advisory members was created. The members were appointed by the governor and
the emancipists were not allowed to become members.
The New Legislative Council was made up of 36 members, 24 of whom were elected by the colonists who
met propriety qualifications. The council could only propose legislation on local matters, but financial and
land policies remained in hands of the governor (т.е London) In 1890s colonies agreed to unite in a federal
union to form the Commonwealth of Australia and on 1 January 1901 the new nation was proclaimed in
Sydney. In 1927 – Canberra was built & became the capital of Australia.

33. Examine the structure of the federal gov-t of Australia. The federal Parliament, its role & composition.
Local gov-t.

The Commonwealth of Australia, a federal constitutional monarchy under a parliamentary democracy, was
formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among 6 self-governing British colonies, which became the 6
states (New South Wales, Victoria, Southern Australia, Western Australia, Queensland & Tasmania, + the
Northern Territory & the Australian Capital Territory). The terms of this agreement are embodied in the
Australian Constitution. The structure of the Australian Government may be examined in light of two
distinct concepts, namely federalism and the separation of powers into executive (the Federal Executive
Council, in practice the Governor-General), legislative (the Senate, and the House of Representatives), and
judicial (the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Governor-
General on advice of the Council) branches of government. The Federal Executive Council consists of
the Governor-General (head of state – Sir Peter Cosgrove), the PM and Ministers (17 departments which
include 30 ministers). The bicameral Parliament of Australia consists of 2 houses: the Senate (76
senators: 12 from each 6 states and 2 from 2 territories) – Senators are elected for a term of 6 yy., but half of
the composition are to retire after 3 yy. (“a method of renewal”). The House of Representatives (150)
presided by the Speaker – his vote is decisive (unlike British). General elections are held at least once every
3 years. The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its
leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the
power to appoint the PM. The most recent general election was on 2 July 2016 & the coalition of 2 parties
won – the Liberal Party & the National Party. The leader of the Liberal Party is Malcolm Turnbull (PM),
the leader of the National Party – Barnaby Joyce (deputy PM). Liberal – 58 seats, National – 32 seats,
labour – 55 seats( opposition, Bill Shorten), Australian Greens – 1 seat, other -4 seats. The Queen is
represented the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level. Current GG is
Sir Peter Cosgrove.

34. Survey Of NZ. The Maori and their contribution. State system, government, the role of country in the
world.

NZ is an island country in the Southwest Pacific Ocean with the capital Wellington and lies about 1,600 km
southeast of Australia (separated by the Tasman Sea); lies midway between Equator and the South Pole. The
total area of NZ is >270,000 km2, making it slightly smaller than Italy and Japan and a little larger than the
UK. The two largest island of NZ are the North Island and the South Island (the latter is larger). They are
separated by Cook Strait (20 km wide in the narrowest place).
The North Island. Relief. It contains the high Volcanic Plateau in the centre of the island. There are 3 active
volcanoes: Mount Ruapehu – Руапеху (2,797m – the highest point), Mount Ngauruhoe - Нгаурухоэ, and
Mount Tongariro. To the south and east of the Volcanic Plateau – steep hills. West of the plateau – a dairy-
farming area. To the north – low hills and fertile river valleys form the Waikato region (most productive
farmland).
Rivers/Lakes. Waikato River - Вайкато (435km) – the longest in NZ. There are several dams on the river to
produce hydroelectric power. Lake Taupo (606 km2) is the largest lake in NZ.
The South Island. Relief. The Southern Alps dominate the SI. Mount Cook (3,753m) – the highest peak in
NZ, rises from the centre of the Alps. To the east of the Southern Alps – Canterbury Plains – the country’s
chief grain-growing area. The Tasman Glacier – eastern side of Mount Cook – is one of the world’s largest
ice bodies not in the polar region. The southeastern part of the SI – Otago plateaus and basins – the driest
and the hottest (in summer) area of NZ
Rivers/Lakes. The Clutha River (Клута) (338km; NZ’s largest river in volume) and the Waitaki River– are
major sources of hydropower. Lake Te Anau - Те-Анау (342 km 2) is the largest lake in the SI.
Climate. Temperate, wet, maritime. The annual range of temperatures is quite small with about 10 oC.
Southern NZ is cooler than northern NZ. Southern coasts are especially windy. Temperature varies between
22oC in January and 7oC in July. The annual rainfall is appr. 1,540mm.
Population.. 4.7 million. European 74.0%, Māori 14.9%, Asian 11.8%, Pacific peoples 7.4%.NZ is
predominantly urban country with 72% of population living in urban areas & 53 % - in the 4 largest cities.
Major cities: Auckland (1,4mln), Wellington (capital of NZ) (398.000), Christchurch, Hamilton, Tauranga.
State system. New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, although its
constitution is not codified. Queen is the head of state. The Queen is represented by the Governor-General.
NZ has no written constitution. Parliament – House of representatives – 121 seats. Executive – PM +
Cabinet . 38 government departments. Judicial – highest – Court of Appeal
The Parliament of New Zealand holds legislative power and consists of the Sovereign (represented GG) and
the House of Representatives. The GG elected every 5 yy. The current Governor-General is Patsy Reddy
(since 2016). General elections are held every three years, the last 23 September 2017.
The elections since 1930 have been dominated by two political parties, National and Labor