Excavation factors

Estimated Addition to net Percentage

Soil type
utilisation (%) rate (%) increase in bulk
50 100 Gravel 10%
66 50 Sand 12.50%
75 33.33 Clay 20%
80 25 Earth (topsoil loams) 25%
90 11 Rock 33.33%

Loose density
Soil type Multiplier Soil type
(kg/m³)
Firm 1 Gravel, dry 1710
Loose 0.9 Gravel, wet 2050
Heavy 0.6 Sand, dry, loose 1450
Soft 0.4 Gravel, wet, packed 2050
Clay 1285
Earth, dry 1270
Earth, wet 1630