Canadians - Wikipedia

10/5/21, 4:01 PM Canadians - Wikipedia
Canadians
Canadians (French: Canadiens) are people identified
with the country of Canada. This connection may be Canadians
residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most
Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and
are collectively the source of their being Canadian.
Canada is a multilingual and multicultural society

home to people of groups of many different ethnic,
religious, and national origins, with the majority of the National flag of Canada
population made up of Old World immigrants and their
Total population
descendants. Following the initial period of French and
then the much larger British colonization, different Canada: 38,048,738 (Q1 2021)[1]
waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non- Ethnic origins[2]
indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly 72.9% European
two centuries and continue today. Elements of
17.7% Asian
Indigenous, French, British, and more recent
immigrant customs, languages, and religions have 4.9% Indigenous
combined to form the culture of Canada, and thus a 3.1% African
Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly 1.3% Latin American
influenced by its linguistic, geographic, and economic
neighbour—the United States. 0.2% Oceanian
Regions with significant populations
Canadian independence from the United Kingdom
grew gradually over the course of many years following
the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.
World War I and World War II in particular, gave rise
to a desire among Canadians to have their country
recognized as a fully-fledged sovereign state with a
distinct citizenship. Legislative independence was
established with the passage of the Statute of
Westminster 1931, the Canadian Citizenship Act of
1946 took effect on January 1, 1947, and full Map of the Canadian diaspora in the world
sovereignty was achieved with the patriation of the
constitution in 1982. Canada's nationality law closely United States 1,062,640[3]
mirrored that of the United Kingdom. Legislation since
Hong Kong 300,000[3]
the mid-20th century represents Canadians'
commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic United Kingdom 73,000[3]
development. France 60,000[4]
Lebanon 45,000[3]
United Arab Emirates 40,000[5]
Contents Italy 30,000[6]
Population Australia 27,289[3]
Immigration
China 19,990[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians 1/20
Citizenship and diaspora Pakistan 17,320[7]

Ethnic ancestry Germany 15,750[8]
Culture South Korea 14,210[3]
Religion
Japan 11,016[3]
Languages
Argentina 10,000[9]
See also
Brazil 10,000[10]
Notes
Egypt 10,000[3]
References
Greece 10,000[6]
Bibliography
India 10,000[3]
Further reading
Mexico 10,000[6][11]
External links
Netherlands 10,000[6]
New Zealand 10,000[6]
Population South Africa 10,000[3]
Switzerland 10,000[6]
As of 2010, Canadians make up only 0.5% of the
world's total population,[15] having relied upon Philippines 7,500[3]
immigration for population growth and social Haiti 6,000[3]
development.[16] Approximately 41% of current Singapore 5,140[3]
Canadians are first- or second-generation
immigrants, [17] and 20% of Canadian residents in the Trinidad and Tobago 5,000[3]
2000s were not born in the country.[18] Statistics Thailand 5,000[3]
Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Belgium 4,145[3]
Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or
have one foreign-born parent.[19] Indigenous peoples, Denmark 2,559[12]
according to the 2016 Canadian Census, numbered at Portugal 1,000[6]
1,673,780 or 4.9% of the country's 35,151,728 Spain 1,000[6]
population.[20]
Ireland 1,000[6]
Austria 1,000[6]
Immigration
Norway 1,000[6]
While the first contact with Europeans and indigenous Languages
peoples in Canada had occurred a century or more Languages of Canada[13]
before, the first group of permanent settlers were the
56% English
French, who founded the New France settlements, in
present-day Quebec and Ontario; and Acadia, in 22% French
present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, during (11% English & French)
the early part of the 17th century.[21][22]
3.5% Chinese
Approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the 1.6% Punjabi
Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the 1.5% Tagalog
Canadien population and culture.[23][24] During the
1.4% Spanish
18th and 19th century; immigration westward (to the
area known as Rupert's Land) was carried out by 1.4% Arabic
"Voyageurs"; French settlers working for the North 1.2% German
West Company; and by British settlers (English and
1.1% Italian language
Scottish) representing the Hudson's Bay Company,
coupled with independent entrepreneurial woodsman Religion

called "Coureur des bois".[25] This arrival of newcomers Religions of Canada[14]
led to the creation of the Métis, an ethnic group of
67.2% Christianity[a]
mixed European and First Nations parentage.[26]
3.2% Islam
The British conquest of New France was preceded by a 1.5% Hinduism
small number of Germans and Swedes who settled
1.4% Sikhism
alongside the Scottish in Port Royal, Nova Scotia,[27]
while some Irish immigrated to the Colony of 1.1% Buddhism
Newfoundland. [28] In the wake of the British Conquest 1.0% Judaism
of 1760 and the Expulsion of the Acadians, many 0.6% Other
families from the British colonies in New England
moved over into Nova Scotia and other colonies in (23.9% No religion)
Canada, where the British made farmland available to
British settlers on easy terms. More settlers arrived during and after the American Revolutionary
War, when approximately 60,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America, a large
portion of whom settled in New Brunswick.[29] After the War of 1812, British (including British army
regulars), Scottish, and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Rupert's Land, Upper Canada
and Lower Canada.[30]
Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America,
mainly from the British Isles as part of the Great Migration of Canada.[31] These new arrivals included
some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia.[32] The
Great Famine of Ireland of the 1840s significantly increased the pace of Irish immigration to Prince
Edward Island and the Province of Canada, with over 35,000 distressed individuals landing in
Toronto in 1847 and 1848.[33][34] Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans
who arrived in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries are often referred to as Old Stock Canadians.[35][36]
Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island and
Colony of British Columbia peaked with the onset of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush.[37] The Chinese
Immigration Act eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging
Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[38] Additionally, growing
South Asian immigration into British Columbia during the early 1900s[39] led to the Continuous
journey regulation act of 1908 which indirectly halted Indian immigration to Canada, as later
evidenced by the infamous 1914 Komagata Maru incident.
The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, since the
establishment of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.[41] In the mid-to-late 19th century, Canada had
a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted "Home
Children" from Britain.[42] Block settlement communities were established throughout western
Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and others were
spontaneously created by the settlers themselves.[43] Canada was now receiving a large number of
European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles, and
Ukrainians.[44]
Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous journey regulation
and Chinese Immigration Act) that had favoured British and other European immigrants were
amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.[45] While the
1950s had still seen high levels of immigration by Europeans, by the 1970s immigrants were
increasingly Chinese, Indian, Vietnamese, Jamaican, and Haitian.[46] During the late 1960s and early
1970s, Canada received many American Vietnam War draft dissenters.[47] Throughout the late 1980s
and 1990s, Canada's growing Pacific trade brought with it a large influx of South Asians, who tended
to settle in British Columbia.[48] Immigrants of all backgrounds tend to settle in the major urban
Permanent Residents Admitted in 2019, by Top 10 centres.[49][50] The Canadian public, as well as the
Source Countries[40] major political parties, are tolerant of
Rank Country Number Percentage immigrants.[51]
1 India 85,585 25.1 The majority of illegal immigrants come from the
2 China 30,260 8.9
southern provinces of the People's Republic of
China, with Asia as a whole, Eastern Europe,
3 Philippines 27,815 8.2 Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East.[52]
4 Nigeria 12,595 3.7 Estimates of numbers of illegal immigrants range
between 35,000 and 120,000.[53]
5 United States 10,800 3.2
6 Pakistan 10,790 3.2

Citizenship and diaspora
7 Syria 10,120 3.0
8 Eritrea 7,025 2.1
9 South Korea 6,110 1.8
10 Iran 6,055 1.8
Top 10 Total 207,155 60.7

Other 134,025 39.3
Total 341,180 100
Map of the Canadian diaspora in the world (might
Canadian citizenship is typically obtained by birth in include people with Canadian citizenship and
Canada or by birth or adoption abroad when at least children of Canadians).[6]
one biological parent or adoptive parent is a Canadian Canada
citizen who was born in Canada or naturalized in
+ 100,000
Canada (and did not receive citizenship by being born
+ 10,000
outside of Canada to a Canadian citizen).[54] It can
+ 1,000
also be granted to a permanent resident who lives in
Canada for three out of four years and meets specific
requirements.[55] Canada established its own
nationality law in 1946, with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act which took effect on
January 1, 1947.[56] The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act was passed by the Parliament of
Canada in 2001 as Bill C-11, which replaced the Immigration Act of 1976 as the primary federal
legislation regulating immigration.[57] Prior to the conferring of legal status on Canadian citizenship,
Canada's naturalization laws consisted of a multitude of Acts beginning with the Immigration Act of
1910.[58]
According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada, there are three main classifications for
immigrants: Family class (persons closely related to Canadian residents), Economic class (admitted
on the basis of a point system that accounts for age, health and labour-market skills required for cost
effectively inducting the immigrants into Canada's labour market) and Refugee class (those seeking
protection by applying to remain in the country by way of the Canadian immigration and refugee
law).[59] In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072
economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.[17] Canada resettles over
one in 10 of the world's refugees[60] and has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the
world.[61]
As of a 2010 report by the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, there were 2.8 million Canadian citizens
abroad.[62] This represents about 8% of the total Canadian population. Of those living abroad, the
United States, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, China, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, and
Australia have the largest Canadian diaspora. Canadians in the United States constitute the greatest
single expatriate community at over 1 million in 2009, representing 35.8% of all Canadians
abroad.[63] Under current Canadian law, Canada does not restrict dual citizenship, but Passport
Canada encourages its citizens to travel abroad on their Canadian passport so that they can access
Canadian consular services.[64]
Ethnic ancestry
Counting both single and multiple responses,
According to the 2016 census, the country's largest self- the most commonly identified ethnic origins
reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% were (2016)
of the population), [b] followed by English (18.3%), Ethnic origin[65] % Population
Scottish (13.9%), French (13.6%), Irish (13.4%), German
(9.6%), Chinese (5.1%), Italian (4.6%), First Nations Canadian[b] 32.32% 11,135,965
(4.4%), Indian (4.0%), and Ukrainian (3.9%).[65] There English 18.34% 6,320,085
are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands, Scottish 13.93% 4,799,010
encompassing a total of 1,525,565 people.[67] The
population of Indigenous peoples in Canada is growing French 13.55% 4,670,595
at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Irish 13.43% 4,627,000
Canada's population claimed an indigenous identity in
German 9.64% 3,322,405
2006. Another 22.3 percent of the population belonged
to a non-indigenous visible minority.[68] In 2016, the Chinese 5.13% 1,769,195
largest visible minority groups were South Asian (5.6%), Italian 4.61% 1,587,970
Chinese (5.1%), and Black (3.5%).[68] Between 2011 and
First Nations[c] 4.43% 1,525,565
2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4
percent.[68] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's East Indian 3.99% 1,374,710
population (about 300,000 people) were members of Ukrainian 3.95% 1,359,655
visible minority groups.[69] Indigenous peoples are not
considered a visible minority under the Employment Dutch (Netherlands) 3.23% 1,111,655
Equity Act,[70] and this is the definition that Statistics Polish 3.21% 1,106,585
Canada also uses.
Culture
Canadian culture is primarily a Western culture, with influences by First Nations and other cultures.
It is a product of its ethnicities, languages, religions, political, and legal system(s). Canada has been
shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of art, cuisine, literature,
humour, and music.[71] Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and constitutional
protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation.[72] In Quebec,
cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a Quebec culture
distinct from English Canadian culture.[73] However, as a whole, Canada is a cultural mosaic: a
collection of several regional, indigenous, and ethnic subcultures.[74][75]
Canadian government policies such as official bilingualism; publicly funded health care; higher and
more progressive taxation; outlawing capital punishment; strong efforts to eliminate poverty; strict
gun control; the legalizing of same-sex marriage, pregnancy terminations, euthanasia and cannabis
are social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.[76][77] American media and
entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada;

conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are
successful in the United States and worldwide.[78] The
Government of Canada has also influenced culture with
programs, laws, and institutions. It has created Crown
corporations to promote Canadian culture through media and has
also tried to protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums
on Canadian content.[79]
Canadian culture has historically

been influenced by European culture A 1911 political cartoon on Canada's
and traditions, especially British and bicultural identity showing a flag
French, and by its own indigenous combining symbols of Britain,
cultures. Most of Canada's territory France and Canada; titled "The next
was inhabited and developed later favor. 'A flag to suit the minority.'"
than other European colonies in the
Americas, with the result that
themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in
the early development of the Canadian identity.[80] First Nations played
a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada,
particularly for their role in assisting exploration of the continent during
the North American fur trade.[81] The British conquest of New France in
Monument to
the mid-1700s brought a large Francophone population under British
Multiculturalism by
Francesco Pirelli in Toronto;
Imperial rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation.[82]
four identical sculptures are
The new British rulers left alone much of the religious, political, and
located in Buffalo City, social culture of the French-speaking habitants, guaranteeing through
Changchun, Sarajevo, and the Quebec Act of 1774 the right of the Canadiens to practise the Catholic
Sydney faith and to use French civil law (now Quebec law).[83]
The Constitution Act, 1867 was designed to meet the growing calls of
Canadians for autonomy from British rule, while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that
contributed to the Civil War in the United States.[84] The compromises made by the Fathers of
Confederation set Canadians on a path to bilingualism, and this in turn contributed to an acceptance
of diversity.[85][86]
The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the First World War and Second World War
helped to foster Canadian nationalism,[87][88] however, in 1917 and 1944, conscription crisis'
highlighted the considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.[89] As a
result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less
deferential to British authority.[90] With the gradual loosening of political ties to the United Kingdom
and the modernization of Canadian immigration policies, 20th-century immigrants with African,
Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.[91] The
multiple-origins immigration pattern continues today, with the arrival of large numbers of
immigrants from non-British or non-French backgrounds.[92]
Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the government during the
premiership of Pierre Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.[93] The Canadian government has often been
described as the instigator of multicultural ideology, because of its public emphasis on the social
importance of immigration.[94] Multiculturalism is administered by the Department of Citizenship
and Immigration and reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act[95] and section
27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[96]
Religion
Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range

of groups, beliefs and customs.[98] The preamble to the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms references "God", and the monarch
carries the title of "Defender of the Faith".[99] However, Canada has
no official religion, and support for religious pluralism (Freedom of
religion in Canada) is an important part of Canada's political
culture.[100][101] With the role of Christianity in decline, it having
once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,[102]
commentators have suggested that Canada has come to enter a post-
Christian period in a secular state,[103][104] with irreligion on the
rise.[105] The majority of Canadians consider religion to be
unimportant in their daily lives, but still believe in God.[106] The Religion in Canada (2011
practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter National Household
throughout society and within the state.[107] Survey) [97]
The 2011 Canadian census reported that 67.3% of Canadians identify Catholic (38.7%)
as being Christians; of this number, Catholics make up the largest Other Christian (28.6%)
group, accounting for 38.7 percent of the population.[97] The largest Non-religious (23.9%)
Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada Islam (3.2%)
(accounting for 6.1% of Canadians); followed by Anglicans (5.0%), Hinduism (1.5%)
and Baptists (1.9%).[97] About 23.9% of Canadians declare no Sikhism (1.4%)
religious affiliation, including agnostics, atheists, humanists, and
Buddhism (1.1%)
other groups.[97] The remaining are affiliated with non-Christian
Judaism (1.0%)
religions, the largest of which is Islam (3.2%), followed by Hinduism
Other religions (0.6%)
(1.5%), Sikhism (1.4%), Buddhism (1.1%), and Judaism (1.0%).[97]
Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations

followed a wide array of mostly animistic religions.[108] During the colonial period, the French settled
along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, specifically Latin Rite Roman Catholics, including a
number of Jesuits dedicated to converting indigenous peoples; an effort that eventually proved
successful.[109] The first large Protestant communities were formed in the Maritimes after the British
conquest of New France, followed by American Protestant settlers displaced by the American
Revolution.[110] The late nineteenth century saw the beginning of a substantive shift in Canadian
immigration patterns. Large numbers of Irish and southern European immigrants were creating new
Roman Catholic communities in English Canada.[28] The settlement of the west brought significant
Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe and Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from
the United States.[111]
The earliest documentation of Jewish presence in Canada occurs in the 1754 British Army records
from the French and Indian War.[112] In 1760, General Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst attacked
and won Montreal for the British. In his regiment there were several Jews, including four among his
officer corps, most notably Lieutenant Aaron Hart who is considered the father of Canadian
Jewry.[112] The Islamic, Jains, Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist communities—although small—are as old as
the nation itself. The 1871 Canadian Census (first "Canadian" national census) indicated thirteen
Muslims among the populace,[113] while the Sikh population stood at approximately 5,000 by
1908.[114] The first Canadian mosque was constructed in Edmonton, in 1938, when there were
approximately 700 Muslims in Canada.[115] Buddhism first arrived in Canada when Japanese
immigrated during the late 19th century.[116] The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built
in Vancouver in 1905.[117] The influx of immigrants in the late 20th century, with Sri Lankan,
Japanese, Indian and Southeast Asian customs, has contributed to the recent expansion of the Jain,
Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist communities.[118]
Languages
A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English

and French (the official languages) being the mother tongues
of approximately 56% and 21% of Canadians,
respectively.[120] As of the 2016 Census, just over 7.3 million
Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother
tongue. Some of the most common non-official first
languages include Chinese (1,227,680 first-language
speakers), Punjabi (501,680), Spanish (458,850), Tagalog
(431,385), Arabic (419,895), German (384,040), and Italian
(375,645).[120] Less than one percent of Canadians (just over
250,000 individuals) can speak an indigenous language.
Approximately 98% of Canadians can About half this number (129,865) reported using an
speak English or French (2006)[119] indigenous language on a daily basis.[121] Additionally,
English - 56.9% Canadians speak several sign languages; the number of
English and French (Bilingual) - 16.1% speakers is unknown of the most spoken ones, American Sign
French - 21.3% Language (ASL) and Quebec Sign Language (LSQ),[122] as it
Sparsely populated area (<0.4 km2
is of Maritime Sign Language and Plains Sign Talk.[123] There
(0.15 sq mi) per person)
are only 47 speakers of the Inuit sign language Inuktitut.[124]
English and French are recognized by the Constitution of

Canada as official languages.[125]
All federal government laws are thus enacted in both English and
French, with government services available in both languages.[125] Two of Canada's territories give
official status to indigenous languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages,
alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular
language in territorial government.[126] In the Northwest Territories, the Official Languages Act
declares that there are eleven different languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich'in,
Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, and Tłįchǫ.[127] Multicultural
media are widely accessible across the country and offer specialty television channels, newspapers,
and other publications in many minority languages.[128]
In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of European colonies, the frontier of European exploration and
settlement tended to be a linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages
met and interacted. The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous
inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade, and (in some cases) intermarriage, led to the
development of Mixed languages.[129] Languages like Michif, Chinook Jargon, and Bungi creole
tended to be highly localized and were often spoken by only a small number of individuals who were
frequently capable of speaking another language.[130] Plains Sign Talk—which functioned originally as
a trade language used to communicate internationally and across linguistic borders—reached across
Canada, the United States, and into Mexico.[131]
See also
Canuck Canada portal
List of Canadians
Persons of National Historic Significance
List of Prime Ministers of Canada
Notes
a. Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes
United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian
1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%.[14]
b. All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws.
However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for
possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English
questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[66] "The majority of
respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled.
Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-
longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or
generational distance from ancestral lineage.
Source 1: Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (2016). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century,
Fourth Edition: Critical Readings in Sociology (https://books.google.com/books?id=oWO_DAAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA455). Canadian Scholars’ Press. pp. 455–456. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1.
Source 2: Edmonston, Barry; Fong, Eric (2011). The Changing Canadian Population (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA294). McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 294–296.
ISBN 978-0-7735-3793-4.
c. The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins
were from a Canadian First Nation, or another non-Canadian North American aboriginal group
(excluding Inuit and Métis).
Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-5

92-x/12-592-x2007001-eng.htm). Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
References
1. "Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories" (http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?l
ang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=0510005&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=31&tabMode=data
Table&csid=). Statistics Canada. September 26, 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
60619182727/http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=0510005&paS
er=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=31&tabMode=dataTable&csid=) from the original on June 19,
2016. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
2. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census -
Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]" (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/201
6/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&SearchText=Can
ada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0#fnb95-ref).
www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
3. "Canadians Abroad: Canada's Global Asset" (http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/canadian
s_abroad_final.pdf) (PDF). Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 2011. p. 12. Retrieved
September 23, 2013.
4. étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "France Diplomatie" (https://www.diplomatie.gou
v.fr/en/country-files/canada/). France Diplomatie - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs.
5. "Canada may limit services for dual citizens" (http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/visa/canada-may
-limit-services-for-dual-citizens-1.1277888). Gulf News. January 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12,
2015.
6. "Global Migration Map: Origins and Destinations, 1990-2017" (https://www.pewresearch.org/globa

l/interactives/global-migrant-stocks-map/). Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project.
Retrieved October 3, 2021.
7. Gishkori, Zahid (July 30, 2015). "Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar" (http
s://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/). The
Express Tribune. Retrieved August 3, 2017. "As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as
immigrants in the country, higher than any other country," Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans,
52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the
interior minister added."
8. "Ausländeranteil in Deutschland bis 2018" (https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfr
age/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/). Statista.
9. Statistics Canada (May 8, 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables" (http://www12.st
atcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DI
M=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=10
5277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=
&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0). Retrieved March 8, 2014.
10. "Imigrantes no Brasil" (https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigra
cao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/). www.nepo.unicamp.br. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
11. "Población inmigrante residente en México según país de nacimiento, 2015" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20201114191353/http://omi.gob.mx/es/OMI/Poblacion_inmigrante_residente_en_Mexico
_segun_pais_de_nacimiento_2015). omi.gob.mx. CONAPO. Archived from the original (http://omi.
gob.mx/es/OMI/Poblacion_inmigrante_residente_en_Mexico_segun_pais_de_nacimiento_2015)
on November 14, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
12. "Statistics Denmark Q1 2020" (https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/Graphics/MapAnalyser.
asp?Maintable=FOLK1C&PLanguage=0&IELAND=5314&HERKOMST=4). Statistics Denmark -
Danmarks Statistik.
13. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 4, 2017). "Proportion of mother tongue
responses for various regions in Canada, 2016 Census" (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-rec
ensement/2016/dp-pd/dv-vd/lang/index-eng.cfm). www12.statcan.gc.ca.
14. "Field Listing :: Religions — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" (https://www.cia.g
ov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/401.html). www.cia.gov.
15. "Environment – Greenhouse Gases (Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Person)" (http://www4.hrsd
c.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=64). Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2010.
Retrieved January 19, 2011.
16. Cornelius et al. 2004, p. 100.
17. "Canada – Permanent residents by gender and category, 1984 to 2008" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20091108021204/http://www.cic.gc.ca/EnGLIsh/resources/statistics/facts2008/permanent/01.a
sp). Facts and figures 2008 – Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. August 25, 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.cic.
gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2008/permanent/01.asp) on November 8, 2009. Retrieved
December 4, 2009.
18. Bybee & McCrae 2009, p. 92.
19. "Projections of the Diversity of the Canadian Population" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2
SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5126&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2). Statistics Canada.
March 9, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
20. "Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: First Nations People, Métis, and Inuit" (http://www12.statcan.gc.c
a/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm). Statistics Canada. 2012.
21. Hudson 2002, p. 15.
22. Griffiths 2005, p. 4.
23. McGowan 1999.
24. Magocsi 1999, p. 736ff.

25. Standford 2000, p. 42.
26. Borrows 2010, p. 134.
27. Cameron 2004, p. 5.
28. Powell 2005, pp. 152, 154.
29. Murrin et al. 2007, p. 172.
30. Feltes 1999, p. 19.
31. Harland-Jacobs 2007, p. 177.
32. Campey 2008, p. 122.
33. McGowan 2009, p. 97.
34. Elliott 2004, p. 106.
35. Boberg, Charles (2010). The English Language in Canada: Status, History, and Comparative
Analysis (https://archive.org/details/englishlanguagec00bobe). Cambridge University Press. p. 97
(https://archive.org/details/englishlanguagec00bobe/page/n115). ISBN 9781139491440.
36. Chown, Marco; Otis, Daniel (September 18, 2015). "Who are 'old stock Canadians'? The Star
asked some people with deep roots in Canada what they thought of Conservative Leader Stephen
Harper's controversial phrase" (https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/09/18/who-are-old-stock-c
anadians.html). Toronto. Toronto Star. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
37. Hall & Hwang 2001, p. 9.
38. Huang 2006, p. 107.
39. Singh, Hira, p. 94 (http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3759475&qryID=7a5ddb5d-b341-42c0-a40
3-40619d79f0fe) (Archive (https://www.webcitation.org/6YTj7DRo7?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.
aspx?id=3759475&qryID=fc5017ef-41f0-4b8e-ab11-e598bb3c3974)).
40. "Immigrants Flock To Canada, While U.S. Declines" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/
2020/02/18/immigrants-flock-to-canada-while-us-declines/#12abbd306e54). forbes.com.
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
41. "Canadians in Context – Population Size and Growth" (http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-en
g.jsp?iid=35). Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2010. Retrieved December 17,
2010.
42. Hobbs, MacKechnie & Lavalette 1999, p. 33.
43. Martens 2004, p. 28.
44. Day 2000, p. 124.
45. Ksenych & Liu 2001, p. 407.
46. "Immigration Policy in the 1970s" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091105062130/http://multicultura
lcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i2/10). Canadian Heritage (Multicultural Canada). 2004. Archived
from the original (http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i2/10) on November 5,
2009. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
47. Kusch 2001, p. 2.
48. Agnew 2007, p. 182.
49. Wilkinson 1980, p. 200.
50. Good 2009, p. 13.
51. Hollifield, Martin & Orrenius 2014, p. 11.
52. Schneider 2009, p. 367.
53. "Canadians want illegal immigrants deported: poll" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101020005655/

http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=f86690ed-a2ed-447c-8be8-21ba5a3dd92
2). Ottawa Citizen. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. October 20, 2007. Archived from the
original (http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=f86690ed-a2ed-447c-8be8-21ba
5a3dd922) on October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
54. "Am I Canadian?" (http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/citizenship/rules/index.asp). Government of
Canada Canada. 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
55. "Citizenship Act (R.S., 1985, c. C-29)" (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-29/page-2.html#anchorbo-g
a:l_I). Department of Justice Canada. 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
56. "Canadian Citizenship Act and current issues -BP-445E" (http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/
LoPBdP/BP/bp445-e.htm). Government of Canada - Law and Government Division. 2002.
Retrieved July 11, 2010.
57. Sinha, Jay; Young, Margaret (January 31, 2002). "Bill C-11 : Immigration and Refugee Protection
Act" (http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/LS/371/c11-e.htm#GENERALtxt). Law and
Government Division, Government of Canada. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
58. Bloemraad 2006, p. 269.
59. "Canadian immigration" (http://www.canadaimmigrationvisa.com/visatype.html). Canada
Immigration Visa. 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
60. "Canada's Generous Program for Refugee Resettlement Is Undermined by Human Smugglers
Who Abuse Canada's Immigration System" (http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2010/nr20101
021-6-eng.aspx). Public Safety Canada. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
61. Zimmerman 2008, p. 51.
62. DeVoretz 2011.
63. "United States Total Canadian Population: Fact Sheet" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130827064
024/http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/Fact_Sheet_US.pdf) (PDF). Asia Pacific
Foundation of Canada. 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/file
s/filefield/Fact_Sheet_US.pdf) (PDF) on August 27, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
64. Gray 2010, p. 302.
65. "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables" (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-rec
ensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D). statcan.gc.ca.
66. Simon, Patrick; Piché, Victor (2013). Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of
Enumeration (https://books.google.com/books?id=6t7p-xxFhnwC&pg=PT48). Routledge. pp. 48–
49. ISBN 978-1-317-98108-4.
67. "Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces,
Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample
Data" (http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APAT
H=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89122&PRI
D=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=73&VID=0&
VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=). 2006 Census: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. June 12,
2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111018234534/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-re
censement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0
&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89122&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOW
ALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=) from the original
on October 18, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
68. "Census Profile, 2016 Census" (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/
details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchTe
xt=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1). Statistics Canada. February
8, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
69. Pendakur, Krishna. "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20110516021011/http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racis
m/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml). Simon Fraser University. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml) on May 16,
2011. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
70. "Classification of visible minority" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority01-minorit
e01a-eng.htm). Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. July 25, 2008. Retrieved
September 18, 2009.
71. Kalman 2009, pp. 4–7.
72. DeRocco & Chabot 2008, p. 13.
73. Franklin & Baun 1995, p. 61.
74. English 2004, p. 111.
75. Burgess 2005, p. 31.
76. Bricker & Wright 2005, p. 16.
77. "Exploring Canadian values" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170405113447/http://nanosresearch.
com/sites/default/files/POLNAT-S15-T705.pdf) (PDF). Nanos Research. October 2016. Archived
from the original (http://www.nanosresearch.com/sites/default/files/POLNAT-S15-T705.pdf) (PDF)
on April 5, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
78. Blackwell 2005.
79. Armstrong 2010, p. 144.
80. "Canada in the Making: Pioneers and Immigrants" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110201055607/
http://www2.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers3_e.html). The History Channel. August
25, 2005. Archived from the original (http://www2.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers3_
e.html) on February 1, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2006.
81. White & Findlay 1999, p. 67.
82. Dufour 1990, p. 25.
83. "Original text of The Quebec Act of 1774" (http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Pre
Confederation/qa_1774.html). Canadiana (Library and Archives Canada). 2004. Retrieved
April 11, 2010.
84. "American Civil War and Canada" (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/american-
civil-war/). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation. 2003. Retrieved November 30,
2006.
85. Vaillancourt & Coche 2009, p. 11.
86. Magocsi 2002, p. 3.
87. Nersessian 2007.
88. "Forging Our Legacy: Canadian Citizenship And Immigration, 1900–1977 – The growth of
Canadian nationalism" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110610200013/http://www.cic.gc.ca/englis
h/resources/publications/legacy/chap-5.asp). Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2006.
Archived from the original (http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/legacy/chap-5.asp)
on June 10, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
89. Linteau, Durocher & Robert 1983, p. 522.
90. "Canada and the League of Nations" (http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/enc
yclopedia/LeagueofNation.htm). Faculty.marianopolis.edu. 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
91. Bodvarsson & Van den Berg 2009, p. 380.
92. Prato 2009, p. 50.
93. Duncan & Ley 1993, p. 205.
94. Wayland 1997.
95. "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Being Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982)" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20181212155200/http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html).
Electronic Frontier Canada. 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/
charter.text.html) on December 12, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
96. "Canadian Multiculturalism Act (1985, c. 24 (4th Supp.))" (https://web.archive.org/web/201102180
32814/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-18.7/FullText.html?noCookie). Department of Justice
Canada. 2010. Archived from the original (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-18.7/FullText.html) on
February 18, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
97. "Religions in Canada—Census 2011" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508
b-eng.htm?HPA). Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada.
98. Hales & Lauzon 2009, p. 440.
99. Coates 2006, p. 143.
100. "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982)" (http://laws.justic
e.gc.ca/en/charter/1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_I-gb). Department of Justice Canada. 2010. Retrieved
September 10, 2010.
101. Miedema 2005, p. 15.
102. Bramadat & Seljak 2009, p. 3.
103. Bowen 2005, p. 174.
104. Gregory et al. 2009, p. 672.
105. Melton & Baumann 2010, p. 493.
106. Haskell 2009, p. 50.
107. Boyle & Sheen 1997, pp. 100–110.
108. Tooker 1980, p. 20.
109. Findling & Thackeray 2010, p. 52.
110. MacLeod & Poutanen 2004, p. 23.
111. Martynowych 1991, p. 28.
112. Bloomberg 2004, p. 255.
113. Coward & Kawamura 1979, p. 95.
114. Coward, Hinnells & Williams 2000, p. 192.
115. Waugh, Abu-Laban & Qureshi 1991, p. 15.
116. Bramadat & Seljak 2009, p. 102.
117. Yamagishi 2010, p. 17.
118. Naik 2003, p. 32.
119. "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights" (http://www12.statcan.g
c.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm). Statistics Canada, Dated 2006.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013140/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recen
sement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved October 12,
2010.
120. "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]" (http://www12.statcan.g
c.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo
2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Al
l&TABID=1).
121. Gordon 2005.
122. Kockaert & Steurs 2015, p. 490.
123. Grimes & Grimes 2000.
124. Schuit, Baker & Pfau 2011.
125. "Official Languages Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.))" (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-3.0

1/FullText.html). Act current to 2016-08-29 and last amended on 2015-06-23. Department of
Justice.
126. "Nunavut's Languages" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100904063908/http://www.langcom.nu.ca/
nunavuts-official-languages). Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut. Archived from
the original (http://www.langcom.nu.ca/nunavuts-official-languages) on September 4, 2010.
Retrieved November 16, 2009.
127. "Highlights of the Official Languages Act" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110102093846/http://ww
w.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/olahighlights.aspx). Legislative Assembly of the NWT.
2003. Archived from the original (http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/olahighlight
s.aspx) on January 2, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
128. Ha & Ganahl 2006, p. 62.
129. Winford 2003, p. 183.
130. Wurm, Muhlhausler & Tyron 1996, p. 1491.
131. Pfau, Steinbach & Woll 2012, p. 540.
Bibliography
Agnew, Vijay (2007). Interrogating Race and Racism (https://books.google.com/books?id=FLjQlXs
O0pcC&pg=PA182). Toronto UP. ISBN 978-0-8020-9509-1.
Armstrong, Robert (2010). Broadcasting Policy in Canada (https://books.google.com/books?id=v8
uRPaM_VoAC&pg=PA144). U Toronto P. ISBN 978-1-4426-1035-4.
Blackwell, John D. (2005). "Culture High and Low" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140821200252/
http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture). International Council for Canadian Studies World
Wide Web Service. Archived from the original (http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture) on
August 21, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2006.
Bloemraad, Irene (2006). Becoming a Citizen: Incorporating Immigrants And Refugees in the
United States And Canada (https://books.google.com/books?id=DOMJDXAm2lEC&pg=PA269). U
Cal P. ISBN 978-0-520-24898-4.
Bloomberg, Jon (2004). The Jewish World in the Modern Age (https://books.google.com/books?id
=vVETCrICwO8C&pg=PA255). KTAV Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88125-844-8.
Bodvarsson, Örn Bodvar & Van den Berg, Hendrik (2009). The economics of immigration: theory
and policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=yZNBMfwi968C&pg=PA380). Springer. ISBN 978-
3-540-77795-3.
Borrows, John (2010). Canada's Indigenous Constitution (https://books.google.com/books?id=drjJ
J56qRxcC&pg=PT134). Toronto UP. ISBN 978-1-4426-1038-5.
Bowen, Kurt (2005). Christians in a Secular World: The Canadian Experience (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=__38sGZLrvYC&pg=PA174). MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2712-6.
Boyle, Kevin & Sheen, Juliet, eds. (1997). Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PA100). U Essex – Routledge. ISBN 978-
0-415-15977-7.
Bramadat, Paul & Seljak, David (2009). Religion and Ethnicity in Canada (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=VymssyK1Hs0C). U Toronto P. ISBN 978-1-4426-1018-7.
Bricker, Darrell & Wright, John (2005). What Canadians Think About Almost Everything (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=oCWHHfJhUvEC&pg=PT16). Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-65985-7.
Burgess, Ann Carroll (2005). Guide to Western Canada. GPP. ISBN 978-0-7627-2987-6.
Bybee, Rodger W. & McCrae, Barry (2009). Pisa Science 2006: Implications for Science Teachers
and Teaching (https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ3zu2130AUC&pg=PA92). NSTA. ISBN 978-
1-933531-31-1.
Cameron, Elspeth, ed. (2004). Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory

Reader (https://books.google.com/books?id=zakCX5XPnAAC&pg=PA5). Canadian Scholars'.
ISBN 978-1-55130-249-2.
Campey, Lucille H. (2008). Unstoppable Force: The Scottish Exodus to Canada (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=Writa2bcjaEC&pg=PA122). Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-55002-811-9.
Chase, Steven; Curry, Bill & Galloway, Gloria (May 6, 2008). "Thousands of illegal immigrants
missing: A-G" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/thousands-of-illegal-immigrants-m
issing-a-g/article23003590/). The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20160918114536/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/thousands-of-illegal-immigrants-
missing-a-g/article23003590/) from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved January 19,
2011.
Coates, Colin MacMillan, ed. (2006). Majesty in Canada: Essays on the Role of Royalty (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC&pg=PA143). Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-586-
6.
Cornelius, Wayne A.; Tsuda, Takeyuk; Martin, Philip; Hollifield, James, eds. (2004). Controlling
immigration: a global perspective (https://books.google.com/books?id=i0d10wbGkWEC&pg=PA10
0). Stanford UP. ISBN 978-0-8047-4490-4.
Coward, Harold G.; Hinnells, John Russell & Williams, Raymond Brady (2000). The South Asian
religious diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States (https://books.google.com/books?id=
Zsj7MfYXSZ4C&pg=PA192). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-9302-1.
Coward, Harold G. & Kawamura, Leslie S. (1979). Religion and Ethnicity: Essays (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=un5ytiNTS3kC&pg=PA95). Wilfrid Laurier UP. ISBN 978-0-88920-064-7.
Day, Richard J. F. (2000). Multiculturalism and the History of Canadian Diversity (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=S4bPrHKui5EC&pg=PA124). Toronto UP. ISBN 978-0-8020-8075-2.
DeRocco, David & Chabot, John F. (2008). From Sea to Sea to Sea: A Newcomer's Guide to
Canada (https://books.google.com/books?id=Eqg8e7LLEOYC&pg=PA13). Full Blast Productions.
ISBN 978-0-9784738-4-6.
DeVoretz, Don J. (2011). "Canada's Secret Province: 2.8 Million Canadians Abroad" (http://www.a
siapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/PP_09_5_DD_estimate_0.pdf) (PDF). Asia Pacific
Foundation of Canada. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
Dufour, Christian (1990). A Canadian Challenge Le Defi Quebecois (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=jnDRXZFYwIcC&pg=PA25). Oolichan / IRPP. ISBN 978-0-88982-105-7.
Duncan, James S. & Ley, David, eds. (1993). Place/culture/representation (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=XsINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA205). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09451-1.
Elliott, Bruce S. (2004). Irish Migrants in the Canadas: A New Approach (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=LzJN9ee6YbYC&pg=PA106) (2nd ed.). MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2321-0.
English, Allan D. (2004). Understanding Military Culture: A Canadian Perspective (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=z1OcatV808wC&pg=PA111). MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2715-7.
Feltes, Norman N. (1999). This Side of Heaven: Determining the Donnelly Murders, 1880 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=57k295ba3wEC&pg=PA19). Toronto UP. ISBN 978-0-8020-4486-0.
Findling, John E. & Thackeray, Frank W., eds. (2010). What Happened? An Encyclopedia of
Events That Changed America Forever (https://books.google.com/books?id=D8ZHHz7AQN8C&p
g=PA52). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-621-8.
Franklin, Daniel & Baun, Michael J. (1995). Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative
Approach (https://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61). Routledge. ISBN 978-
1-56324-416-2.
Good, Kristin R. (2009). Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto
and Vancouver (https://books.google.com/books?id=ngMCCV64WrkC&pg=PR13). Toronto UP.
ISBN 978-1-4426-0993-8.
Gordon, Raymond G., ed. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (http://www.ethnologue.co
m/show_country.asp?name=CA) (15 ed.). SIL International. ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6.
Gray, Douglas (2010). The Canadian Snowbird Guide: Everything You Need to Know about Living
Part-Time in the USA and Mexico (https://books.google.com/books?id=lursH-rClmsC&pg=PT302).
Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-73942-6.
Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael & Whatmore, Sarah, eds. (2009).
The Dictionary of Human Geography (https://books.google.com/books?id=5liCbG4J9LYC&pg=PT
672) (5th ed.). Wiley–Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3288-6.
Griffiths, N. E. S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604–1755
(https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&pg=PA4). MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.
Grimes, Barbara F. & Grimes, Joseph Evans, eds. (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=b2liAAAAMAAJ) (14 ed.). SIL International. ISBN 978-1-55671-
103-9.
Ha, Louisa S. & Ganahl, Richard J. (2006). Webcasting Worldwide: Business Models of an
Emerging Global Medium (https://books.google.com/books?id=WmJjvuIm8K8C&pg=PA62).
Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8058-5915-7.
Hales, Dianne R. & Lauzon, Lara (2009). An Invitation to Health (https://books.google.com/books?
id=O3Y9-P_Sj7oC&pg=PA440). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-17-650009-2.
Hall, Patricia Wong & Hwang, Victor M., eds. (2001). Anti-Asian Violence in North America: Asian
American and Asian Canadian Reflections on Hate, Healing, and Resistance (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=xdfX7UCyDuQC&pg=PA9). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-0459-2.
Harland-Jacobs, Jessica L. (2007). Builders of Empire: Freemasonry and British Imperialism,
1717–1927 (https://books.google.com/books?id=KE2ddOJieM8C&pg=PA177). NCUP. ISBN 978-
0-8078-3088-8.
Haskell, David M. (2009). Through a Lens Darkly: How the News Media Perceive and Portray
Evangelicals (https://books.google.com/books?id=TzJMfNOR5O0C&pg=PA50). Clements
Academic. ISBN 978-1-894667-92-0.
Hobbs, Sandy; MacKechnie, Jim & Lavalette, Michael (1999). Child Labour: A World History
Companion (https://books.google.com/books?id=LH30IGx2tlQC&pg=PA33). ABC-CLIO.
ISBN 978-0-87436-956-4.
Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip & Orrenius, Pia, eds. (2014). Controlling Immigration: A Global
Perspective (https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11) (third ed.). Stanford
UP. ISBN 978-0-8047-8627-0.
Huang, Annian (2006). The Silent Spikes - Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North
American Railroads (https://books.google.com/books?id=x9sVX209FW0C&pg=PA107).
Translated by Juguo Zhang. China Intercontinental Press | 中信出版社. ISBN 978-7-5085-0988-4.
Hudson, John C. (2002). Across This Land: A Regional Geography of the United States and
Canada (https://books.google.com/books?id=FQUbfAWhh-oC&pg=PA15). JHUP. ISBN 978-0-
8018-6567-1.
Kalman, Bobbie (2009). Canada: The culture (https://books.google.com/books?id=gPEItATPByoC
&pg=PA4). Crabtree. ISBN 978-0-7787-9284-0.
Ksenych, Edward & Liu, David, eds. (2001). Conflict, Order, and Action : Readings in Sociology (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=GdvsIo7V9HgC&pg=PA407). Canadian Scholars'. ISBN 978-1-
55130-192-1.
Kusch, Frank (2001). All American Boys: Draft Dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War (https://
books.google.com/books?id=0MnNYvkmBnoC&pg=PA2). Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-275-97268-4.
Linteau, Paul-André; Durocher, René & Robert, Jean-Claude (1983). Quebec: A History 1867–
1929 (https://books.google.com/books?id=_vA0o0e0PdgC&pg=PA522). Translated by Robert
Chodos. Lorimer. ISBN 978-0-88862-604-2.
MacLeod, Roderick & Poutanen, Mary Anne (2004). Meeting of the People: School Boards and
Protestant Communities in Quebec, 1801–1998 (https://books.google.com/books?id=K_tfubwEbb
0C&pg=PA23). MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2742-3.
Magocsi, Paul R. (1999). Multicultural History Society of Ontario (ed.). Encyclopedia of Canada's
Peoples (https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA736). U Toronto P.
ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.
Magocsi, Paul R. (2002). Aboriginal Peoples of Canada: A Short Introduction (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3). U Toronto P. ISBN 978-0-8020-8469-9.
Martens, Klaus, ed. (2004). The Canadian Alternative (https://books.google.com/books?id=njiFCa
SIbzIC&pg=PA28). Volume 28 of Saarbrücker Beiträge zur vergleichenden Literatur- und
Kulturwissenschaft (in German). Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3-8260-2636-2.
Martynowych, Orest T (1991). Ukrainians in Canada: The Formative Period, 1891–1924 (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=71Wnflm9lYgC&pg=PR28). CIUS Press, U Alberta. ISBN 978-0-
920862-76-6.
McGowan, Mark G. (ed.). "Irish Catholics: Migration, Arrival, and Settlement before the Great
Famine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120307135602/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedi
a/A-Z/i8/2). The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. Multicultural Canada. Archived from the
original (http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i8/2) on March 7, 2012.
McGowan, Mark (2009). Death or Canada: the Irish Famine Migration to Toronto 1847. Novalis.
ISBN 978-2-89646-129-5.
Melton, J. Gordon & Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). Religions of the World, Second Edition: A
Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyL
LOj88C&pg=PA493). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6.
Miedema, Gary (2005). For Canada's Sake: Public Religion, Centennial Celebrations, and the Re-
making of Canada in the 1960s (https://books.google.com/books?id=0q8OSvcfqBkC&pg=PR15).
MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2877-2.
Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary; Rosenberg,
Emily S. & Rosenberg, Norman L. (2007). Liberty, Equality, Power, A History of the American
People: To 1877 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlyz-YK4oG8C&pg=PA172) (5th ed.).
(Wadsworth) Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-11606-6.
Naik, C. D. (2003). Thoughts and Philosophy of Doctor B. R. Ambedkar (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=0Bo0Rjlp-0QC&pg=PA32). Sarup. ISBN 978-81-7625-418-2.
Nersessian, Mary (April 9, 2007). "Vimy battle marks birth of Canadian nationalism" (http://dbwf-pr
ovisional-post.blogspot.co.uk/2007/04/vimy-battle-marks-birth-of-canadian.html). CTV Television
Network. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160918085312/http://dbwf-provisional-post.blog
spot.co.uk/2007/04/vimy-battle-marks-birth-of-canadian.html) from the original on September 18,
2016. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Pfau, Roland; Steinbach, Markus & Woll, Bencie, eds. (2012). Sign Language: An International
Handbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=kJHavTVbm6MC&pg=PA540). de Gruyter /
Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-026132-5.
Powell, John (2005). Encyclopedia of North American immigration (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC). InfoBase. ISBN 978-0-8160-4658-4.
Prato, Giuliana B., ed. (2009). Beyond multiculturalism: Views from Anthropology (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=ny7fs5qL23sC&pg=PA50). Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-7173-2.
Schneider, Stephen (2009). Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=ZO8jKSn25DAC&pg=PA367). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-83500-5.
Schuit, Joke; Baker, Anne & Pfau, Roland (2011). "Inuit Sign Language: a contribution to sign
language typology" (http://www.linguisticsinamsterdam.nl/download?type=document&identifier=57
9474) (pdf). Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication Working Papers (ACLC). U
Amsterdam. 4 (1): 1–31.
Standford, Frances (2000). Development of Western Canada Gr. 7-8 (https://books.google.com/b

ooks?id=0wcCxtLgrqwC&pg=PA42). On The Mark Press. ISBN 978-1-77072-743-4.
Tooker, Elisabeth (1980). Native North American spirituality of the eastern woodlands: sacred
myths, dreams, visions, speeches, healing formulas, rituals, and ceremonials (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=LBKoyY455PQC&pg=PA20). Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2256-1.
Vaillancourt, François & Coche, Olivier (2009), "Official Language Policies at the Federal Level in
Canada: Costs and Benefits in 2006" (https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/OfficialLang
uagePolicies.pdf) (PDF), Studies in Language Policy, Fraser Institute, ISSN 1920-0749 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/issn/1920-0749)
Waugh, Earle Howard; Abu-Laban, Sharon McIrvin & Qureshi, Regula (1991). Muslim families in
North America (https://books.google.com/books?id=4nAO4Phkho0C&pg=PA15). U Alberta.
ISBN 978-0-88864-225-7.
Wayland, Shara V. (1997). "Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada".
International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. Dept of Political Science, U Toronto. 5 (1):
33–58. doi:10.1163/15718119720907408 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718119720907408).
White, Richard & Findlay, John M., eds. (1999). Power and Place in the North American West (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=Y2qFeaC_ojQC&pg=PA67). UWP. ISBN 978-0-295-97773-7.
Wilkinson, Paul F. (1980). In celebration of play: an integrated approach to play and child
development (https://books.google.com/books?id=ff4NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA200). Macmillan.
ISBN 978-0-312-41078-0.
Winford, Donald (2003). An Introduction to Contact Linguistics (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=Lc1DFju-FlYC&pg=PA183). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-21250-8.
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Muhlhausler, Peter & Tyron, Darrell T., eds. (1996). Atlas of Languages
of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA1491). de Gruyter / Mouton. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9.
Yamagishi, N. Rochelle (2010). Japanese Canadian Journey: The Nakagama Story (https://books.
google.com/books?id=mE1VabcuBMIC&pg=PA17). Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4269-8148-7.
Zimmerman, Karla (2008). Canada (https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA5
1) (tenth ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-571-0.
Further reading
Beaty, Bart; Briton, Derek; Filax, Gloria (2010). How Canadians Communicate III: Contexts of
Canadian Popular Culture (https://books.google.com/books?id=jjqitK-cRb4C&pg=PP1).
Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-897425-59-6.
Bumsted, J. M. (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=Pb5AvfpCZZkC&pg=PP1). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-672-9.
Carment, David; Bercuson, David (2008). The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and
Domestic Politics (https://books.google.com/books?id=OZJFUAPGh_0C&pg=PP1). McGill-
Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-7455-7.
Cohen, Andrew (2008). The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are (https://books.google.com/
books?id=glcBcaMC6doC&pg=PP1). McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-2286-9.
Gillmor, Don; Turgeon, Pierre (2002). CBC (ed.). Canada: A People's History (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=PPdMoARR46wC&pg=PA1). 1. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3324-7.
Gillmor, Don; Turgeon, Pierre; Michaud, Achille (2002). CBC (ed.). Canada: A People's History (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=Z_72vh91NlIC&pg=PA1). 2. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-
7710-3336-0.
Kearney, Mark; Ray, Randy (2009). The Big Book of Canadian Trivia (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=RoBytz0-XuQC&pg=PP1). Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-77070-614-9.
Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, M. J. (2010). The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian
Immigration Policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PP1). University of
Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7.
Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots of Canadian Identity (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=JJLOERVCUg0C&pg=PP1). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-705-8.
Richard, Madeline A. (1992). Ethnic Groups and Marital Choices: Ethnic History and Marital
Assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y00ho38YLGMC&pg
=PP1). UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0431-8.
Simpson, Jeffrey (2000). Star-Spangled Canadians: Canadians Living the American Dream (http
s://archive.org/details/starspangledcana0000simp). Harper-Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255767-2.
Studin, Irvin (2006). What Is a Canadian?: Forty-Three Thought-Provoking Responses (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=madTgTiR5KUC&pg=PP1). McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-
8321-1.
External links
Canada Year Book 2010 (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/11-402-x2010000-eng.htm) -
Statistics Canada
Canada: A People's History - Teacher Resources (http://www.cbc.ca/history/) - Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation
Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada (http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/page1_E.a
sp?nhslisttype=persons&nhslistsort=name&list1=Generate+List) - Parks Canada
Multicultural Canada (https://web.archive.org/web/20120504020748/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/)
- Department of Canadian Heritage
The Canadian Immigrant Experience (http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/immigrants/index-e.htm
l) - Library and Archives Canada
The Dictionary of Canadian Biography (http://www.biographi.ca/index-e.html) – Library and
Archives Canada
Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada (http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadiana/i
ndex-e.html) – Library and Archives Canada
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadians&oldid=1048059806"
This page was last edited on 4 October 2021, at 01:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Canadians - Wikipedia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Canadians - Wikipedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10/5/21, 4:01 PM Canadians - Wikipedia

Canada is a multilingual and multicultural society

waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non- Ethnic origins[2]

Citizenship and diaspora Pakistan 17,320[7]

coupled with independent entrepreneurial woodsman Religion

6 Pakistan 10,790 3.2

8 Eritrea 7,025 2.1

9 South Korea 6,110 1.8

10 Iran 6,055 1.8

Top 10 Total 207,155 60.7

entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada;

Canadian culture has historically

Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range

Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations

A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English

English and French are recognized by the Constitution of

Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-5

6. "Global Migration Map: Origins and Destinations, 1990-2017" (https://www.pewresearch.org/globa

24. Magocsi 1999, p. 736ff.

53. "Canadians want illegal immigrants deported: poll" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101020005655/

125. "Official Languages Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.))" (http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-3.0

Cameron, Elspeth, ed. (2004). Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory

Standford, Frances (2000). Development of Western Canada Gr. 7-8 (https://books.google.com/b

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadians&oldid=1048059806"

This page was last edited on 4 October 2021, at 01:24 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

You might also like