Multiculturalism in Canada - Wikipedia

10/5/21, 4:02 PM Multiculturalism in Canada - Wikipedia
Multiculturalism in Canada
Multiculturalism in Canada was officially adopted by the government during the 1970s and
1980s.[1] The Canadian federal government has been described as the instigator of multiculturalism as
an ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.[2][3] The 1960s
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism is often referred to as the origin of modern
political awareness of multiculturalism.[4]
Canadians have used the term "multiculturalism" in different ways: descriptively (as a sociological
fact), prescriptively (as ideology) or politically (as policy).[5][6] In the first sense "multiculturalism" is
a description of the many different religious traditions and cultural influences that in their unity and
coexistence result in a unique Canadian cultural mosaic.[6] The nation consists of people from a
multitude of racial, religious and cultural backgrounds and is open to cultural pluralism.[7] Canada
has experienced different waves of immigration since the nineteenth century, and by the 1980s almost
40 percent of the population were of neither British nor French origins (the two largest groups, and
among the oldest).[8] In the past, the relationship between the British and the French has been given a
lot of importance in Canada's history. By the early twenty-first century, people from outside British
and French heritage composed the majority of the population, with an increasing percentage of
individuals who identify themselves as "visible minorities".
Multiculturalism is reflected with the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act of 1988 and
section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and is administered by the Department of
Canadian Heritage. The Broadcasting Act of 1991 asserts the Canadian broadcasting system should
reflect the diversity of cultures in the country. Despite the official policies, a small segment of the
Canadian population are critical of the concept(s) of a cultural mosaic and implementation(s) of
multiculturalism legislation.[9] Quebec's ideology differs from that of the other provinces in that its
official policies focus on interculturalism.[10]
Contents
Historical context
Immigration
Settlement
Evolution of federal legislation
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Canadian Multiculturalism Act
Broadcasting Act
Provincial legislation and policies
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada 1/22
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland and Labrador
Domestic support and global influence
Criticisms
Quebec society
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Historical context
In the 21st century Canada is often characterised as being "very
progressive, diverse, and multicultural".[11] However, Canada until the
1940s saw itself in terms of English and French cultural, linguistic and
political identities, and to some extent indigenous.[12] European
immigrants speaking other languages, such as Canadians of German
ethnicity and Ukrainian Canadians, were suspect, especially during the
First World War when thousands were put in camps because they were
citizens of enemy nations.[13] Jewish Canadians were also suspect,
especially in Quebec where anti-semitism was a factor and the Catholic
Church of Quebec associated Jews with modernism, liberalism, and
other unacceptable values.[14]
The Yanaluk family, a Slavic
Asians encountered legal obstacles limiting immigration during the
immigrant family from
1800s and early 1900s.[15][16] Additional, specific ethnic groups that did
Germany - photographed
immigrate during this time faced barriers within Canada preventing full by William James Topley at
participation in political and social matters, including equal pay and the Quebec City in 1911.
right to vote.[17] While black ex-slave refugees from the United States
had been tolerated, racial minorities of African or Asian origin were
generally believed "beyond the pale" (not acceptable to most people).[18] Although this mood started
to shift dramatically during the Second World War,[19][20] Japanese Canadians were interned during
the overseas conflict and their property confiscated.[21] Prior to the advent of the Canadian Bill of
Rights in 1960 and its successor the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, the laws of
Canada did not provide much in the way of civil rights and it was typically of limited concern to the
courts.[22] Since the 1960s, Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all
people.[23][24]
Immigration
Immigration has played an integral part in the development of multiculturalism within Canada during
the last half of the 20th century.[25] Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous
journey regulation and Chinese Immigration Act) that had favoured British, American and European
immigrants were amended during the 1960s, resulting in an

influx of diverse people from Asia, Africa and the Caribbean.[26]
The number of people who are becoming immigrants is steadily
increasing as seen between 2001 and 2006, the number of
foreign-born people increased by 13.6%.[27] By 2006 Canada had
grown to have thirty four ethnic groups with at least one hundred
thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000
people and numerous others are represented in smaller
amounts.[28] 16.2% of the population identify themselves as a
visible minority.[28] Head Tax Receipt - The head tax
was introduced in 1885, as a means
Canada currently has one of the highest per capita immigration of controlling Chinese immigration.
rate in the world, driven by economic policy and family
reunification.[29] Canada also resettles over one in ten of the
world's refugees.[30] In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and
149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.[31]
Approximately 41% of Canadians are of either the first or second-generation.[31] One out of every five
Canadians currently living in Canada was born out of the country.[32] The Canadian public as well as
the major political parties support immigration.[33] Political parties are cautious about criticizing the
high level of immigration, because, as noted by The Globe and Mail, "in the early 1990s, the Reform
Party" was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to
150,000."[34][35] The party was also noted for their opposition to government-sponsored
multiculturalism.[36]
Settlement
Culturally diverse areas or "ethnic enclaves" are another way in

which multiculturalism has manifested. Newcomers have tended
to settle in the major urban areas.[37] These urban enclaves have
served as a home away from home for immigrants to Canada,
while providing a unique experience of different cultures for those
of long Canadian descent. In Canada, there are several
ethnocentric communities with many diverse backgrounds,
including Chinese, Indian, Italian and Greek.[38] Canadian
The Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical
Chinatowns are one of the most prolific type of ethnic enclave
Chinese Garden in Vancouver's
found in major cities.[38] These areas seemingly recreate an Chinatown is the first full-size
authentic Chinese experience within an urban community. Chinese or "scholars" garden built
During the first half of the 20th century, Chinatowns were outside of China
associated with filth, seediness, and the derelict.[38] By the late
20th century, Chinatown(s) had become areas worth preserving,
a tourist attraction.[38] They are now generally valued for their cultural significance and have become
a feature of most large Canadian cities.[38] Professor John Zucchi of McGill University states:[38]
Unlike earlier periods when significant ethnic segregation might imply a lack of
integration and therefore be viewed as a social problem, nowadays ethnic concentration in
residential areas is a sign of vitality and indicates that multiculturalism as a social policy
has been successful, that ethnic groups are retaining their identities if they so wish, and
old-world cultures are being preserved at the same time that ethnic groups are being
integrated. In addition these neighbourhoods, like their cultures, add to the definition of a
city and point to the fact that integration is a two-way street."
Evolution of federal legislation

The Quebec Act, implemented after the British conquest of New
France in the mid-1700s brought a large Francophone population
under British Imperial rule, creating a need for
accommodation.[39] A century later the compromises made
between the English and French speaking Fathers of
Confederation set Canada on a path to bilingualism, and this in
turn contributed to biculturalism and the acceptance of
diversity.[40]
The American writer Victoria Hayward in the 1922 book about

Political cartoon on Canada's
her travels through Canada, described the cultural changes of the
bicultural identity showing a flag
Canadian Prairies as a "mosaic".[41] Another early use of the term combining symbols of Britain,
mosaic to refer to Canadian society was by John Murray Gibbon, France and Canada, from 1911.
in his 1938 book Canadian Mosaic.[42] The mosaic theme
envisioned Canada as a "cultural mosaic" rather than a "melting
pot".[43]
Charles Hobart a sociologist from the University of Alberta,[44] and Lord Tweedsmuir the 15th
Governor General of Canada were early champions of the term multiculturalism.[45] From his
installation speech in 1935 onwards, Lord Tweedsmuir maintained in speeches and over the radio
recited his ideas that ethnic groups "should retain their individuality and each make its contribution
to the national character," and "the strongest nations are those that are made up of different racial
elements."[46] Adélard Godbout, while Premier of Quebec in 1943, published an article entitled
"Canada: Unity in Diversity" in the Council on Foreign Relations journal discussing the influence of
the Francophone population as a whole.[47] The phrase "Unity in diversity" would be used frequently
during Canadian multiculturalism debates in the proceeding decades.[48][49]
The beginnings of the development of Canada's contemporary policy of multiculturalism can be

traced to the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, which was established on July 19,
1963 by the Liberal government of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson in response to the grievances of
Canada's French-speaking minority.[11] The report of the Commission advocated that the Canadian
government should recognize Canada as a bilingual and bicultural society and adopt policies to
preserve this character.[11]
The recommendations of this report elicited a variety of responses. Former Progressive Conservative
Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, (who was now Leader of the Official Opposition after his
government was succeeded by that of Pearson on April 22, 1963), viewed them as an attack on his
"One Canada Policy" that was opposed to extending accommodation to minority groups.[50] The
proposals also failed to satisfy those Francophones in the Province of Quebec who gravitated toward
Québécois nationalism.[51] More importantly, Canadians of neither English nor French descent (so-
called "Third Force" Canadians) advocated that a policy of "multiculturalism" would better reflect the
diverse heritage of Canada's peoples.[52][53]
Paul Yuzyk, a Progressive Conservative Senator of Ukrainian descent,

referred to Canada as "a multicultural nation" in his influential maiden
speech in 1964, creating much national debate, and is remembered for
his strong advocacy of the implementation of a multiculturalism policy
and Social liberalism.[54]
On October 8, 1971, the Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre

Elliot Trudeau announced in the House of Commons that, after much
deliberation, the policies of bilingualism and multiculturalism would be
implemented in Canada.[55] The next day, Prime Minister Trudeau
reiterated the Canadian government's support for "cultivation and use of
Monument to
many languages" at the 10th Congress of the Ukrainian Canadian
Multiculturalism by
Committee in Winnipeg. Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a
Francesco Pirelli in Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. Four
means of making Canada a "Just Society".[56][57] Trudeau stated:[57]
identical sculptures are
located in Buffalo City,
Uniformity is neither desirable nor possible in a country the
South Africa; Changchun,
size of Canada. We should not even be able to agree upon the
China; Sarajevo, Bosnia
kind of Canadian to choose as a model, let alone persuade
and Herzegovina; and
Sydney, Australia.
most people to emulate it. There are few policies potentially
more disastrous for Canada than to tell all Canadians that
they must be alike. There is no such thing as a model or ideal
Canadian. What could be more absurd than the concept of an
“all-Canadian” boy or girl? A society which emphasizes
uniformity is one which creates intolerance and hate. A
society which eulogizes the average citizen is one which
breeds mediocrity. What the world should be seeking, and
what in Canada we must continue to cherish, are not
concepts of uniformity but human values: compassion, love,
and understanding.
When the Canadian constitution was patriated by Prime Minister Trudeau in 1982, one of its
constituent documents was the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and section 27 of the Charter
stipulates that the rights laid out in the document are to be interpreted in a manner consistent with
the spirit of multiculturalism.[58]
The Canadian Multiculturalism Act was introduced during the Progressive Conservative government
of Brian Mulroney, and received Royal Assent on July 21, 1988.[59] On a practical level, a result of the
Multiculturalism Act was that federal funds began to be distributed to ethnic groups to help them
preserve their cultures, leading to such projects as the construction of community centres.[60]
In June 2000 Prime Minister Jean Chrétien stated:[61]
Canada has become a post-national, multicultural society. It contains the globe within its
borders, and Canadians have learned that their two international languages and their
diversity are a comparative advantage and a source of continuing creativity and
innovation. Canadians are, by virtue of history and necessity, open to the world.
With this in mind on November 13, 2002, the Liberal government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien
designated, by Royal Proclamation, June 27 of each year Canadian Multiculturalism Day.[62]
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section Twenty-seven of the Charter states that:[58]
This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and
enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.
Section Fifteen of the Charter that covers equality states:[63]
Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to equal protection
and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without
discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental
or physical disability.
Canadian Multiculturalism Act
The 1988 Canadian Multiculturalism Act affirms the policy of the government to ensure that every
Canadian receives equal treatment by the government which respects and celebrates diversity.[58]
The
"Act" in general recognizes:[64]
Canada's multicultural heritage and that that heritage must be protected.

The rights of indigenous peoples.
English and French remain the only official languages, however other languages may be used.
Social equality within society and under the law regardless of race, colour, ancestry, national or
ethnic origin, creed or religion.
Minorities' rights to enjoy their cultures.
Section 3 (1) of the act states:[58]
It is hereby declared to be the policy of the Government of Canada to
(a) recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism reflects the cultural
and racial diversity of Canadian society and acknowledges the freedom of all members of
Canadian society to preserve, enhance and share their cultural heritage
(b) to recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism is a fundamental

characteristic of the Canadian heritage and identity and that it provides an invaluable
resource in the shaping of Canada's future
Broadcasting Act
In the Multiculturalism Act, the federal government proclaimed the recognition of the diversity of
Canadian culture.[65] Similarly the Broadcasting Act of 1991 asserts the Canadian broadcasting system
should reflect the diversity of cultures in the country.[66] The CRTC is the governmental body which
enforces the Broadcasting Act.[66] The CRTC revised their Ethnic Broadcasting Policy in 1999 to go
into the details on the conditions of the distribution of ethnic and multilingual programming.[65] One
of the conditions that this revision specified was the amount of ethnic programming needed in order
to be awarded the ethnic broadcasting licence. According to the act, 60% of programming on a
channel, whether on the radio or television, has to be considered ethnic in order to be approved for
the licence under this policy.[65]
Provincial legislation and policies

All ten of Canada's provinces have some form of multiculturalism policy.[67] At present, six of the ten
provinces – British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, and Nova Scotia – have
enacted multiculturalism legislation. In eight provinces – British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan,
Manitoba, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia – a multiculturalism
advisory council reports to the minister responsible for multiculturalism. In Alberta, the Alberta
Human Rights Commission performs the role of multiculturalism advisory council. In Nova Scotia,
the Act is implemented by both a Cabinet committee on multiculturalism and advisory councils.
Ontario has an official multicultural policy and the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration is
responsible for promoting social inclusion, civic and community engagement and recognition. The
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador launched the province's policy on multiculturalism in
2008 and the Minister of Advanced Education and Skills leads its implementation.
While the territorial governments do not have multiculturalism policies per se, they have human
rights acts that prohibit discrimination based on, among other things, race, colour, ancestry, ethnic
origin, place of origin, creed or religion. In Whitehorse, the Multicultural Centre of the Yukon
provides services to immigrants.[67]
British Columbia
British Columbia legislated the Multiculturalism Act in 1993.[67] The purposes of this act (s. 2)
are:[68]
to recognize that the diversity of British Columbians as regards race, cultural heritage,
religion, ethnicity, ancestry and place of origin is a fundamental characteristic of the
society of British Columbia that enriches the lives of all British Columbians;
to encourage respect for the multicultural heritage of British Columbia;
to promote racial harmony, cross cultural understanding and respect and the
development of a community that is united and at peace with itself;
to foster the creation of a society in British Columbia in which there are no
impediments to the full and free participation of all British Columbians in the economic,
social, cultural and political life of British Columbia.
Alberta
Alberta primarily legislated the Alberta Cultural Heritage Act in 1984 and refined it with the Alberta
Multiculturalism Act in 1990.[67] The current legislation pertaining to multiculturalism is The Human
Rights, Citizenship and Multiculturalism Act that passed in 1996.[67] This current legislation deals
with discrimination in race, religious beliefs, colour, gender, physical disability, age, marital status
and sexual orientation, among other things.[69] Alberta Human Rights chapter A‑25.5 states:[70]
multiculturalism describes the diverse racial and cultural composition of Alberta society
and its importance is recognized in Alberta as a fundamental principle and a matter of
public policy;
it is recognized in Alberta as a fundamental principle and as a matter of public policy
that all Albertans should share in an awareness and appreciation of the diverse racial
and cultural composition of society and that the richness of life in Alberta is enhanced
by sharing that diversity; and
it is fitting that these principles be affirmed by the Legislature of Alberta in an
enactment whereby those equality rights and that diversity may be protected.
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan was the first Canadian province to adopt legislation on multiculturalism.[67] This piece
of legislation was called The Saskatchewan Multiculturalism Act of 1974, but has since been replaced
by the new, revised Multiculturalism Act (1997).[67] The purposes of this act (s. 3) are similar to those
of British Columbia:[71]
to recognize that the diversity of Saskatchewan people with respect to race, cultural
heritage, religion, ethnicity, ancestry and place of origin is a fundamental characteristic
of Saskatchewan society that enriches the lives of all Saskatchewan people;
to encourage respect for the multicultural heritage of Saskatchewan;
to foster a climate for harmonious relations among people of diverse cultural and
ethnic backgrounds without sacrificing their distinctive cultural and ethnic identities;
to encourage the continuation of a multicultural society.
The motto of the province of Saskatchewan, adopted in 1986, is Multis e gentibus vires (“from many
peoples, strength” or “out of many peoples, strength”).[72]
Manitoba
Manitoba's first piece of legislation on multiculturalism was the Manitoba Intercultural Council Act
in 1984.[67] However, in the summer on 1992, the province developed a new provincial legislation
called the Multiculturalism Act.[67] The purposes of this act (s. 2) are to:[73]
recognize and promote understanding that the cultural diversity of Manitoba is a

strength of and a source of pride to Manitobans;
recognize and promote the right of all Manitobans, regardless of culture, religion or
racial background, to: (i) equal access to opportunities, (ii) participate in all aspects of
society, and (iii) respect for their cultural values; and
enhance the opportunities of Manitoba's multicultural society by acting in partnership
with all cultural communities and by encouraging cooperation and partnerships
between cultural communities
Ontario
Ontario had a policy in place in 1977 that promoted cultural activity, but formal legislation for a
Ministry of Citizenship and Culture (now known as Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration) only
came to fruition in 1982.[67] The Ministry of Citizenship and Culture Act (1990) (s. 4) states its
purpose:[74]
to encourage full, equal and responsible citizenship among the residents of Ontario;
recognizing the pluralistic nature of Ontario society, to stress the full participation of all
Ontarians as equal members of the community, encouraging the sharing of cultural
heritage while affirming those elements held in common by all residents;
to ensure the creative and participatory nature of cultural life in Ontario by assisting in
the stimulation of cultural expression and cultural preservation;
to foster the development of individual and community excellence, enabling Ontarians
to better define the richness of their diversity and the shared vision of their community.
Quebec
Quebec differs from the rest of the nine provinces in that its policy focuses on "interculturalism"-
rather than multiculturalism,[75][76][77] where diversity is strongly encouraged,[78] but only under the
notion that it is within the framework that establishes French as the public language.[79] Immigrant
children must attend French language schools; most signage in English-only is banned (but bilingual
signage is common in many communities).[67]
In 1990, Quebec released a White paper called Lets Build Quebec Together: A Policy Statement on
Integration and Immigration which reinforced three main points:[80]
Quebec is a French-speaking society

Quebec is a democratic society in which everyone is expected to contribute to public
life
Quebec is a pluralistic society that respects the diversity of various cultures from within
a democratic framework
In 2005, Quebec passed legislation to develop the Ministry of Immigration and Cultural
Communities, their functions were:[67]
to support cultural communities in order to facilitate their full participation in Quebec

society
to foster openness to pluralism; and
to foster closer intercultural relations among the people of Quebec.
In 2015, when the Coalition Avenir Quebec (CAQ) took a nationalist turn, they advocated for
"exempting Quebec from the requirements of multiculturalism.".[81] One of the key priorities for the
CAQ when elected in 2018 Quebec election was reducing the number of immigrants, to 40,000
annually; a 20 per cent reduction.[82]
New Brunswick
New Brunswick first introduced their multicultural legislation in 1986.[67] The policy is guided by four
principles: equality, appreciation, preservation of cultural heritages and participation.[83] In the
1980s the provincial government developed a Ministerial Advisory Committee to provide assistance to
the minister of Business in New Brunswick, who is in turn responsible for settlement and
multicultural communities.[67]
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia introduced their multicultural legislation, the Act to Promote and Preserve
Multiculturalism, in 1989.[67] The purpose of this Act is (s. 3):[84]
encouraging recognition and acceptance of multiculturalism as an inherent feature of a

pluralistic society;
establishing a climate for harmonious relations among people of diverse cultural and
ethnic backgrounds without sacrificing their distinctive cultural and ethnic identities;
encouraging the continuation of a multicultural society as a mosaic of different ethnic
groups and cultures
Prince Edward Island introduced their legislation on multiculturalism, the Provincial Multicultural
Policy, in 1988.[67] This policies objectives were (s. 4):[85]
serve to indicate that the province embraces the multicultural reality of Canadian
society and acknowledges that Prince Edward Island has a distinctive multicultural
heritage
acknowledge the intrinsic worth and continuing contribution of al Prince Edward
Islanders regardless of race, religion ethnicity, linguistic origin or length of residency.
serve as an affirmation of Human Rights for all Prince Edward Islanders and as a
complement to the equality of rights guaranteed in the P.E.I. Human Rights Act and the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
encourage specific legislative, political and social commitments to multiculturalism in
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador first legislated their Policy on Multiculturalism in 2008.[67] Some of the
policies are to:[86]
ensure that relevant policies and procedures of provincial programs and practices
reflect, and consider the changing needs of all cultural groups;
lead in developing, sustaining and enhancing programs and services based on
equality for all, notwithstanding racial, religious, ethnic, national and social origin;
provide government workplaces that are free of discrimination and that promote
equality of opportunity for all persons accessing employment positions within the
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador;
support multicultural initiatives by enhancing partnerships with culturally-diverse
communities and provincial departments and agencies
Domestic support and global influence

Canadian multiculturalism is looked upon with admiration outside the country, resulting in much of
the Canadian public dismissing most critics of the concept.[2][87][88][89] Multiculturalism is often
cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments and a key distinguishing element of Canadian
identity.[2][90][91] Multiculturalism has been emphasized in recent decades. Emma Ambrose and Cas
Mudde examining surveys of Western nations report:
Data confirms that Canada has fostered a much more accepting society for immigrants
and their culture than other Western countries. For example, Canadians are the most
likely to agree with the statement that immigrants make their country a better place to live
and that immigrants are good for the economy. They are also the least likely to say that
there are too many immigrants in their country, that immigration has placed too much
pressure on public services, and that immigrants have made it more difficult for natives to
find a job.[92]
Ambrose and Mudde conclude that: "Canada's unique multiculturalism policy... is based on a
combination of selective immigration, comprehensive integration, and strong state repression of
dissent on these policies".[92] This unique blend of policies has led to a relatively low level of
opposition to multiculturalism.[92][93]
Canadian supporters of multiculturalism promote the idea because they believe that immigrants help
society grow culturally, economically and politically.[94][95] Supporters declare that multiculturalism
policies help in bringing together immigrants and minorities in the country and pushes them towards
being part of the Canadian society as a whole.[95][96][97] Supporters also argue that cultural
appreciation of ethnic and religious diversity promotes a greater willingness to tolerate political
differences.[90]
Andrew Griffith argues that, "89 percent of Canadians believe that foreign-born Canadians are just as
likely to be good citizens as those born in Canada....But Canadians clearly view multiculturalism in an
integrative sense, with an expectation that new arrivals will adopt Canadian values and attitudes."
Griffith adds that, "There are virtually no differences between Canadian-born and foreign-born with
respect to agreement to abide by Canadian values (70 and 68 percent, respectively)."[98] Richard
Gwyn has suggested that "tolerance" has replaced "loyalty" as the touchstone of Canadian identity.[90]
Aga Khan, the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims, described Canada as:[87][99] "the most successful
pluralist society on the face of our globe, without any doubt in my mind.... That is something unique
to Canada. It is an amazing global human asset. Aga Khan explained that the experience of Canadian
governance – its commitment to pluralism and its support for the rich multicultural diversity of its
peoples – is something that must be shared and would be of benefit to societies in other parts of the
world.[100] With this in mind, in 2006 the Global Centre for Pluralism was established in partnership
with the Government of Canada.[101]
A 2008 survey by the Association for Canadian Studies of 600

immigrants showed that 81% agreed with the statement; “The rest
of the world could learn from Canada's multicultural policy”.[102]
The Economist ran a cover story in 2016 praising Canada as the
most successful multicultural society in the West.[103] The
Economist argued that Canada's multiculturalism was a source of
strength that united the diverse population and by attracting
immigrants from around the world was also an engine of
The Global Centre for Pluralism is
economic growth as well.[103]
located in Ottawa on Sussex Drive
at the former location of the
Criticisms Canadian War Museum.
Critics of multiculturalism in Canada often debate whether the

multicultural ideal of benignly co-existing cultures that interrelate and influence one another, and yet
remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical or even desirable.[104][105][106] In the introduction to an
article which presents research showing that "the multiculturalism policy plays a positive role" in "the
process of immigrant and minority integration," Citizenship and immigration Canada sums up the
critics' position by stating:[107]
Critics argue that multiculturalism promotes ghettoization and balkanization, encouraging

members of ethnic groups to look inward, and emphasizing the differences between
groups rather than their shared rights or identities as Canadian citizens.
Canadian Neil Bissoondath in his book Selling Illusions: The Cult

of Multiculturalism in Canada, argues that official
multiculturalism limits the freedom of minority members, by
confining them to cultural and geographic ethnic enclaves ("social
ghettos").[108] He also argues that cultures are very complex, and
must be transmitted through close family and kin relations.[109]
To him, the government view of cultures as being about festivals
and cuisine is a crude oversimplification that leads to easy
Toronto's Chinatown is an ethnic stereotyping.[109]
enclave located in the city centre
Canadian Daniel Stoffman's book Who Gets In questions the
policy of Canadian multiculturalism. Stoffman points out that
many cultural practices (outlawed in Canada), such as allowing dog meat to be served in restaurants
and street cockfighting, are simply incompatible with Canadian and Western culture.[110] He also
raises concern about the number of recent older immigrants who are not being linguistically
integrated into Canada (i.e., not learning either English or French).[110] He stresses that
multiculturalism works better in theory than in practice and Canadians need to be far more assertive
about valuing the "national identity of English-speaking Canada".[110]
Professor Joseph Garcea, the Department Head of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan,
explores the validity of attacks on multiculturalism because it supposedly segregates the peoples of
Canada. He argues that multiculturalism hurts the Canadian, Québécois, and indigenous cultures,
identity, and nationalism projects. Furthermore, he argues, it perpetuates conflicts between and
within groups.[111]
Some pundits, such as The Globe and Mail's Jeffrey Simpson and Carleton University journalism
professor Andrew Cohen, have argued that the entire melting pot/mosaic dynamic is largely an
imagined concept and that there remains little measurable evidence that American or Canadian
immigrants as collective groups can be proven to be more or less "assimilated" or "multicultural" than
each other.[112]
Quebec society
Despite an official national bilingualism policy, many commentators from Quebec believe
multiculturalism threatens to reduce them to just another ethnic group.[113][114] Quebec's policy seeks
to promote interculturalism, welcoming people of all origins while insisting that they integrate into
Quebec's majority French-speaking society.[115] In 2008, a Consultation Commission on
Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences, headed by sociologist Gerard Bouchard
and philosopher Charles Taylor, recognized that Quebec is a de facto pluralist society, but that the
Canadian multiculturalism model "does not appear well suited to conditions in Quebec".[116]
See also
A Theory of Justice Canada portal
Canadian values Society portal

Feminism in Canada
Freedom of religion in Canada
Heritage conservation in Canada
Historiography of Canada
Social programs in Canada
References
1. Kobayashi, Audrey (1983), "Multiculturalism: Representing a Canadian Institution" (https://books.g
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Place/culture/representation, Routledge, pp. 205–206, ISBN 978-0-415-09451-1
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99. Stackhouse, John; Martin, Patrick (February 2, 2002), "Canada: 'A model for the world' " (https://w
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cle1199074/), The Globe and Mail, Canada, p. F3, retrieved June 29, 2009, "Canada is today the
most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe, without any doubt in my mind. . . . That
is something unique to Canada. It is an amazing global human asset"
100. Prince Karim Aga Khan IV (May 19, 2004), Address at the Leadership and Diversity Conference
(https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230646/http://www.akdn.org/speeches_detail.asp?
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ID=238) on March 3, 2016, retrieved March 21, 2007
101. Courtney Bender; Pamela E. Klassen (2010). After Pluralism: Reimagining Religious Engagement
(https://books.google.com/books?id=ys6iycIPizUC&pg=PA24). Columbia University Press.
ISBN 978-0-231-15233-4.
102. Jack Jedwab (2008). "Immigrants believe the rest of the World could learn from Canada's
Multicultural Policy" (https://acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12145798258228.pdf) (PDF). The Association for
Canadian Studies. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
103. "The last liberals Why Canada is still at ease with openness" (https://www.economist.com/news/br
iefing/21709291-why-canada-still-ease-openness-last-liberals). The Economist. October 29, 2016.
Retrieved November 10, 2016.
104. John Nagle (2009). Multiculturalism's double bind: creating inclusivity, cosmopolitanism and
difference (https://books.google.com/books?id=zqMCc37dW1kC&pg=PA129). Ashgate
Publishing, Ltd. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7546-7607-2.
105. Farhang Rajaee (2000). Globalization on trial: the human condition and the information civilization
(https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyAt3T1V4EcC&pg=PT97). IDRC. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-88936-
909-2.
106. Leonie Sandercock; Giovanni Attili; Val Cavers; Paula Carr (2009). Where strangers become
neighbours: integrating immigrants in Vancouver, British Columbia (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=TmlGzr4s0uMC&pg=PA16). Springer. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4020-9034-9.
107. "Citizenship and Immigration Canada" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170408122819/http://www.c
ic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/multi-state/section1.asp). The New Evidence on
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themes on Canadian multiculturalism. Archived from the original (http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/reso
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pp. 21–22.
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111. Garcea, Joseph (2008). Postulations on the Fragmentary Effects of Multiculturalism in Canada (ht
tp://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb039/is_1_40/ai_n32432796/). 40 Issue 1, pp 141–160.
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16892-0.
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p://www.parenteau.info/Danic/textes_politiques_danic_fichiers/Article_PARENTEAU_Danic_Critiq
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Further reading
Kymlicka, Will (2010). The Current State of Multiculturalism in Canada (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20170110184948/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/multi-state.pdf) (PDF). Department of
Citizenship and Immigration. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
ISBN 978-1-100-14648-5. Archived from the original (http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/multi-st
ate.pdf) (PDF) on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Banting, Keith; Kymlicka, Will (2010). Canadian Multiculturalism: Global Anxieties and Local
Debates (https://web.archive.org/web/20181222232741/http://post.queensu.ca/~bantingk/Canadia
n_Multiculturalism.pdf) (PDF). 23. British Journal of Canadian Studies. Archived from the original
(http://post.queensu.ca/~bantingk/Canadian_Multiculturalism.pdf) (PDF) on December 22, 2018.
Retrieved February 1, 2012.
Garcea, Joseph (2008). "Postulations on the Fragmentary Effects of Multiculturalism in Canada"

(http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/canadian_ethnic_studies/v040/4
0.1.garcea.html). Canadian Ethnic Studies. 40 (1): 141–160. doi:10.1353/ces.0.0059 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1353%2Fces.0.0059). S2CID 143746658 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143746
658).
Ninette Kelley; Michael J. Trebilcock (2010). The making of the mosaic: a history of Canadian
immigration policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PP1). University of
Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7.
Janice Gross Stein (2007). Uneasy partners: multiculturalism and rights in Canada (https://books.
google.com/books?id=X4HPCB2lWPMC&pg=PP1). Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1-
55458-012-5.
Stephen Tierney (2007). Multiculturalism and the Canadian Constitution (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=fY078NtGPkAC&pg=PP1). University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-
1445-4.
Kristin R. Good (2009). Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto
and Vancouver (https://books.google.com/books?id=ngMCCV64WrkC&pg=PP1). University of
Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0993-8.
Richard J. F. Day (2000). Multiculturalism and the history of Canadian diversity (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=S4bPrHKui5EC&pg=PP1). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-
8075-2.
Eve Haque (2012). Multiculturalism Within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race, and
Belonging in Canada (https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ2IQZ8qtLEC&pg=PP1). University
of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-6089-2.
Yasmeen, Abu-Laban; Stasiulis, Daiva (2000). "Ethnic Pluralism under Siege: Popular and
Partisan Opposition to Multiculturalism". Canadian Public Policy. 18 (4): 365–386.
JSTOR 3551654 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3551654).
Pivato, Joseph. Editor (1996) Literary Theory and Ethnic Minority Writing, Special Issue Canadian
Ethnic Studies XXVIII, 3 (1996).
External links
Multiculturalism in Canada debated (http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/language-cultu
re/language-culture-general/true-canadians.html) – CBC video archives (Sep 14, 2004 – 42:35
min)
Multicultural Canada (https://web.archive.org/web/20120504020748/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/)
– Government of Canada
Multiculturalism (http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/multiculturalism/index.asp) – Citizenship and
Immigration Canada
Multiculturalism & Diversity (https://acs-aec.ca/en/social-research/multiculturalism-diversity/) –
Association for Canadian Studies
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immigrants were amended during the 1960s, resulting in an

Culturally diverse areas or "ethnic enclaves" are another way in

Evolution of federal legislation

The American writer Victoria Hayward in the 1922 book about

The beginnings of the development of Canada's contemporary policy of multiculturalism can be

Paul Yuzyk, a Progressive Conservative Senator of Ukrainian descent,

On October 8, 1971, the Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre

In June 2000 Prime Minister Jean Chrétien stated:[61]

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Section Twenty-seven of the Charter states that:[58]

Section Fifteen of the Charter that covers equality states:[63]

Canadian Multiculturalism Act

Canada's multicultural heritage and that that heritage must be protected.

Section 3 (1) of the act states:[58]

It is hereby declared to be the policy of the Government of Canada to

(b) to recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism is a fundamental

Provincial legislation and policies

recognize and promote understanding that the cultural diversity of Manitoba is a

between cultural communities

Quebec is a French-speaking society

to support cultural communities in order to facilitate their full participation in Quebec

encouraging recognition and acceptance of multiculturalism as an inherent feature of a

Prince Edward Island

Newfoundland and Labrador

Domestic support and global influence

A 2008 survey by the Association for Canadian Studies of 600

Critics of multiculturalism in Canada often debate whether the

Critics argue that multiculturalism promotes ghettoization and balkanization, encouraging

Canadian Neil Bissoondath in his book Selling Illusions: The Cult

Canadian values Society portal

6. Michael Dewing (2013). Canadian Multiculturalism (https://web.archive.org/web/20130523070204/

Garcea, Joseph (2008). "Postulations on the Fragmentary Effects of Multiculturalism in Canada"

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism_in_Canada&oldid=1047615513"

This page was last edited on 1 October 2021, at 17:57 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

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