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Figure drawings
Definition
Figure drawings are projective diagnostic techniques in which an
individual is instructed to draw a person, an object, or a situation so that
cognitive, interpersonal, or psychological functioning can be assessed.
Purpose
A projective test is one in which a test taker responds to or provides
ambiguous, abstract, or unstructured stimuli, often in the form of pictures
or drawings. While other projective tests, such as the Rorschach
Technique and Thematic Apperception Test , ask the test taker to
interpret existing pictures, figure drawing tests require the test taker to
create the pictures themselves. In most cases, figure drawing tests are
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Precautions
Despite the flexibility in administration and interpretation of figure
drawings, these tests require skilled and trained administrators familiar
with both the theory behind the tests and the structure of the tests
themselves. Interpretations should be made with caution and the
limitations of projective tests should be considered. It is generally a good
idea to use projective tests as part of an overall test battery. There is little
professional support for the use of figure drawing, so the examples that
follow should be interpreted with caution.
Description
The Draw-A-Man Test, developed by Goodenough in 1926 was the first
formal figure drawing test. It was used to estimate a child's cognitive and
intellectual abilities reflected in the drawing's quality. The test was later
revised by Harris in 1963 as the Goodenough Harris Drawing Test (GHDT),
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which included a detailed scoring system and allowed for drawings of men,
women, and the self. The scoring system primarily reflected the way in
which the child is maturing cognitively. The GHTD is appropriate for
children between the ages of three and 17, although it has been found to be
most useful for children between three and 10.
In 1992, Naglieri and his colleagues created a more specific scoring system
for figure drawing tests called the Draw-A-Person: Screening Procedure of
Emotional Disturbance (DAP:SPED), based on a large standardization
sample. This scoring method includes 55 items rated by the test
administrator and based on the child's drawings and responses to
questions. The DAP:SPED is appropriate for children aged six to 17. It is
often used as a screening method for children who may be having
difficulties with regard to social adjustment and require further evaluation.
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conjure the child's feelings toward his or her family. The picture of the tree
is supposed to elicit feelings of strength or weakness. The picture of the
person, as with other figure drawing tests, elicits information regarding the
child's self-concept. The HTP, though mostly given to children and
adolescents, is appropriate for anyone over the age of three.
Results
As with all projective measures, scoring on figure drawing tests is more
subjective. Specific scoring systems, such as the DAP:SPED can be used to
provide more objective information. Most figure drawing tests have some
sort of objective scoring system; however, the instructions given to the
child, the questions asked by the test administrator, and the
administrator's interpretations of the drawings are flexible and this makes
it difficult to compare results between children, even on the same measure.
Also, many clinicians choose not to rely on the scoring systems and rely
entirely on their own intuitive judgments regarding their interpretation of
picture content.
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Figure drawings are also interpreted with regard to child abuse. In 1994,
Von Hutton developed a scoring system for both the HTP and DAP
focusing on indicators of child abuse that may be present in drawings. The
drawing of the family in the KFD test may also provide indicators of abuse.
There has been much debate over the overall reliability and validity of
figure drawing tests (and projective tests in general). For example, when
structured scoring systems are used, the DAP has been found to be a
reliable measure, especially for cognitive development in children.
However, with regard to specific personality characteristics, self-image
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Resources
BOOKS
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