You are on page 1of 203

1

ÒÈÊ Êv-07Ü-*ß#<-…å/-Eë-B-è l#-I:-:<-5:-#+0<-:0-9Ü0-8è-;<è -XÜ$-ýë7-Ü 7iè:-/-8-è ;è<-


[$-/-9/-·¦-{<-ý-5è<-e-/-/º¥#<-<ëÊ Ê

ÒÈÊ Êv-07Ü-*ß#<-…å/-Eë-B-è l#-I:-:<-5:-#+0<-:0-9Ü0-8è-;<è -XÜ$-ýë7-Ü 7iè:-/-8-è ;è<-


[$-/-9/-·¦-{<-ý-5è<-e-/Ê ¸¥<-#<ß0-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-$ë-/ë-+ý:-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-ýV-<-î £-
/7Ü-5/<-:-Vë-#<ß0-μ<¥ -ý-&,è -ýë<-d#-72:-5Ü$-þ/<-<ß-0&Ü7ëÊ Ê¸¥<-+$-F0-ý-*0<-%+-¸¥-/Iè-
/-&è,-ýë<-Bè<-<ß-/6ß$-5Ü$-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/-·¦-#<ë:Ê /<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-,0-0"7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-/<0-
8<-F0-*9-7e³$-/7Ü-#,<Ê Ê7&Ü-0+è -E-ë Bè-/+è-&,è -9ë:-/<-,0-0"7-'Ü-rÜ+-#5,-+ë,-03+Ê Ê
/!7-lÜ,-w-0è+-μ¥-9ß-8/-8ß0-T-+$-¬-¢ !Ü-&<ë -þ$ë -/%<Ê Ê8è-;è<-#%Ü#-(+Ü -¸¥-07Ü-2±:-[$-9-ë 0(0-
P-/<-0':-d#-72:Ê Êe$-&±/-₫ë+-ý-0*9-<,ë -7o<-/7ß -Ü &ë<Ê ÊT©,-J#ë <-€ç-7ná:-š-/7Ü-9ë:-
#9-,ÜÊ Ê/!7-//<-/¸¥,-Q,-/Y,-7ië7Ü-[$-&è,-\è:Ê ÊýV-7ë+-#<:-0+ë-W#<-uÜ$-ý9-
7¸¥+Ë Ê>ë-{,-{:-/7Ü-nÜ,-:<-;Ü$-D-ýÊ Ê#)è9-7eÜ,-´¥,-bÜ-0&ë#-b9² -7b²9-0è+-`ÊÜ Ê/+è-&è,-
+bè<-9:ë -u$Ü -ý7Ü-02,-%,-bÜ<Ê Ê¸¥<-#<ß0-´¥,-·¦-0-Ü 7o:-Bè<-73Ý,-03ì+Ê Ê<$<-{<-&ë<-´¥,-
:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-8ÜÊ Ê(0<-:è,-"ë-,9-7¸¥<-dÜ9-#<9-CÜ$-#Ü Ê#º¥$-:ß#<-&è-n-*ß,-0ë$-*ß,-0Ü,-
bÜË Êuè#<-/0-n$è -/<-#$<-%,-"9ë -8ß#-#)0<Ê Ê´¥,-0*ß,-´¥,-:<-a+-7.#<-2é-#%Ü#-
#Ü<Ë Ê#+ë+-07Ü-iá/-0*7-0$ë,-e+è -*è#-I7è -Ü :0Ê Ê2$-:-#<:-Yë,-Wë,-0è+-,ë9-/ß7Ü-03ì+Ê Ê
U:-Q,-´¥,-+#7Ü-+cÜ+-¸¥-7+Ü9-+eè7ëÊ Ê+è-:-7+Ü9-#$-7&+-ý9-e-/-,ÜÊ *ë#-0*7-/9-¸¥-+#è-/<-
;è<-e-*0<-%+-`Ü-0&ë#-+$-.ß:-¸¥-b²9-ý-:è#<-#<ß$-+0-ý7Ü-&ë<-{æ-:0-¸¥-eè+-ý-{-&è-/-02,-(Ü+-
`Ü-*è#-ý-:<-a+-ý9-/5Ü-:-<ë#<-ý<-7.#<-ý-7o<-/-ß :0-e+è -6/-0ë-Eë-Bè-*è#-ý-dÜ-,$-#(Ü<-:<-
,$-{æ+-8ë-#-Zè-#<ß0-bÜ-6/-+ë,-+$-7oè:-/-8Ü,-:Ê +è7$-#$<-%,-bÜ-O$ë <-<ß-<$<-{<-`Ü-n,Ü -
:<-*ë#-09-03+-ý-ýë-0",-yë/-&ë<-#<ß0-‡å:-ý7Ü-:ë-ý−-/{-I-73ì0<-,<-/Y,-ý-W-+9-bÜ-¸¥<-
<ß-7b²9-/7Ü-CÜ$-0-5è<-i#<-ý-:Ê {-&è-/-/!7-0Ê 6/-0ë-#)è9-0Ê (è-/{æ+-+#-[$-#Ü-//<-
<ë-&è,-ýë-#<ß0-¸¥-0&Ü<-ý-:<Ê 7+Ü9-a+-ý9-#<ß0-Q,-#)è9-:<-e,ë -ý7Ü-6/-&ë<Ê Dë#-#è7Ü-9#Ü -
ý<-0-/%ë<Ê .:-2#Ý -#-Ü /rè-/y+-0-º¥#<Ê #5,-6è9-bÜ-B<è -<ß-0-/wë<-ý7Ü-E-ë Bè7Ü-2#Ý -+$-eÜ,-
x/<-`Ü-#6Ü-/BÜ+-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-#º¥$-8-è ;è<-XÜ$-ýë-7&+Ê +ë,-#$-5#Ü -/;+-,Ê ₫Ü9-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-
0#ë,-ý-ë :<-&<ë -(+Ü -`Ü-9$-…9-;9-/7Ü-{æ+-0*7-lá#-2:± -/5Ü7Ü-…0ë -¸¥-/º¥#<-ý-9Ü,-ýë-&7è -Ü 03ì+-P-
/ß-F0<-+$-Ê +è7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-<-/%°7Ü-+/$-d#³ -F0<-`<Ü -/g:-/7Ü-:ß$-#<$-+ë,-F0-ý9-7eè+-ý-
2

03ì+-`Ü-Qè7ß-0Ü#-P-/9ß -b9² -ý-F0<-+$-Ê +è-+#-#Ü-#,+-`Ü-0,-$#-iá/-/Cè<-9Ü#-73Ý,-F0<-`<Ü -


U:-Q,-(0<-:è,-¸¥-l:Ü -/-9$-U:-:#-/%$<-<-ß ‡ë+-ý-P-/ß-#<ß0-:<Ê 7+Ü9-#,+-#+0<-0,-
$#-#Ü-#º¥$-#5Ü-:0-7o<-/ß7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-:0-bÜ-90Ü -ý7Ü-(0<-:è,-0*7-+#-0-]<-
#<:-Yë,-¸¥-7&+Ê 'Ü-P9-7&+-ý7Ü-2±:-:Ê #<9-CÜ$-#Ü-{æ+-+$-#+0<-ý7Ü-/!7-rë:-73Ý,-ý7Ü-
0"<-iá/-þ<è -&è,-F0<-`-Ü /5è+-2±:-0$-¸¥-0&Ü<-ý-:<Ê 7+Ü9-#$-6#-‡ë<-0è+-(0<-:,è -XÜ$-
ýë9-lÜ:-/-:-+#ë$<-)è-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-#º¥$-(Ü+-`Ü-/º¥#<-2±:-#5Ü9-e<Ê /;+-ý7Ü-2Ý#-+$-:ß$-
9Ü#<-`Ü-‡ë<-ý-/@:-/D#-#Ü-0*7-+cë+-<ë#<-D#ë -#è7Ü-#º¥$-:ß#<-`Ü-B<è -<-ß 0-7o$<-;Ü$-Ê
0&ë#-#-Ü 9Ü#-73Ý,-a/-/+#-v-07Ü-5:-:$ß -/¸¥+-IÜ-+$ë<-<ß-*/ë -ý7Ü-U:-/-/6$-ýë-&±+-0-6ë<-ý9-
+`²<-`Ü<-#%ë+-ý-+$-Ê #º¥$-+ë,-7oá-#(è9-¸¥-+ië:-/-10-bÜ<-a+-ý9-7.#<-ý7Ü-#º¥$-#<$-/-
6/-0-ë (Ü+-++-%Ü$-0ë<-ý7Ü-vë-¹<¥ -`Ü<-'-Ü P9-+ýë#-ý9-7&+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
+è-P9-,-¸¥<-#<ß0-´¥,-0aè,-ý-0-<î-£-/7Ü-XÜ$-)Ü#-v-…å/-6/-0ë-Uë9-/5Ü7Ü-{/-&ë<Ê 8ë-#-F0-
ý-#<ß0-bÜ-P-Vë0-₫ë+-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-8ë$<-<ß-J#ë <-ý-#<:-/9-Yë,-ý-<$<-{<-#(Ü<-ý->-ë {,-b-Ü yë/-
+ýë,-&,è -ý-ë 5:-+$ë<-<ß-/Xè,-ý-+$-02±$<-ý7Ü-5:-#+0<-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-7+Ü-7&+-ý-:-/5ÜÊ
#º¥$-:-/+è-v#-·¦-7'ß#-ý7Ü-dÜ9-02,-/Y,Ê "ß$<-/1°,-ý7Ü-/E-8Ü#-7#ë+-%Ü$-8ß:-a+-ý9-%,-
:-d#-72:Ê 02,-+ë,-+è-Q,-bÜ-#º¥$-+$ë<-(Ü+-/;+Ê #º¥$-iá/-ý7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü<-0'ß#-/Z¨-
/7ëË Ê+$-ýë-:-#<ß0Ê 02,-+$ë<-/!ë+Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-/;+Ê 02,-:<-/I0<-ý7Ü-0*7-+c+-
+ëË Ê+$-ýë-Ð02,-+$ë<-/!ë+-Ñ,ÜÊ
v-07Ü-*ß#<-…å/-Eë-Bè-l#-I:-:<Î 5:-#+0<-:0-9Ü0-8è -;è<-XÜ$-ýë -/º¥#<-<ëÎ 5è<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 8Ü#-+ë,-₫Ü9-/;+Ê a+-ý9-bÜ-02,-+,ë -{<-ý9-+eè-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-,ÜÊ ₫Ü9-
{æ+-0,-$#-#Ü-0*7-%,Ê 0,-$#-…å/-*/<-`Ü-0*7-%,Ê …å/-*/<-:#-:è,-bÜ-0*7-%,-¸¥-
i#<-ý7Ü-,$-2,-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-:7$-I-/-#<ß0-+$-7oè:-/7Ü-…å/-*/<-0*7-8<-;Ü$-Ê 9è-9è-
:7$-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9Ê I-/-+$-8,-:# Ê#,<-U/<-+$-0*9-*ß#-:-+#ë$<-ý7Ü-…å/-:ß#<-0$-
¸¥-#<ß$<-ý-:<Ê 7+Ü9-9Ü#-73Ý,-€ç-7ná:-š-/-I-/;+-0,-$#-#Ü-{æ+-F0<-+$-Ê 9Ü#-73Ý,-7¸¥<-
ý7Ü-I-{æ+-<ë#<-:<-0,-$#-#,+-`Ü-($Ü -"9ß -d$³ -/7Ü-eÜ,-x/<-I-/-v-0-#1ì-ýë9-…/å -ý7Ü-*/<-
dë#<-¸¥<-{:-/7Ü-*ß#<-+#ë$<-#%Ü#-/Z¨<Ê ¸¥<-#<ß0-9Ü#-73Ý,-8ë$<-`Ü-*ß#<-+0-XÜ$-ýëÊ μ¥-
9ß-9,Ü -ýë-&è7Ü-*#ß <-të$-8è-;<è -*Ü#-:7è -Ü /%°+-d$³ -/Ê 8$-6/-XÜ$-ýë-#,+-`Ü-…å/-*/<-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-
v-07Ü-*#ß <-…/å -%è<-#<ß$<-)Êè 5:-#+0<-XÜ$-e$-:<Ê 9$-e$³ -ýV-/+#-(+Ü -`ÎÜ +#ë$<-
ý7Ü-të$-,<-9$-;9-/Î 8$-6/-*ß#<-`Ü-iá/-ý-,ÜÎ 5è<-+$-Ê >ë-{,-/+#-#Ü<-{æ+-:ß$-+$-Î
3

0,-$#-#5,-:-/Dè,-,<-,ÜÎ 7oè:-/7Ü-2±:-¸-¥ 0-/g:-/9Î {æ+-:ß$-0,-$#-$è<-ý7Ü-+ë,Î


XÜ$-ýë-:<-`$-X$Ü -ý7ë -Ü /%°+Î *ß#<-`-Ü *Ü#-:è9-9/-º¥#<-ýÎ &ë<-(Ü+-9$-…9-[$-/<-,Î
{æ+-+$-0Ü-7#:-:ß$-+$-0*ß,Î 0,-$#-fë$-/<-a+-7.#<-ýÎ 5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê+è-P-
/ß7Ü-*ß#<-…å/-6/-0ë-Uë9-/5Ü-/º¥#<-ý-:<-7+Ü9-v-0-8$-#<$-P9-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-Eë-B-è l#-ý-ë I:-
bÜ-&ë<-Uë9-bÜ-/Zè/<-<ß-eë,-ýÊ Bè<-7'ß#-U:-Q,-F0<-:-*ß#<-/Iè-/<-+#ë$<-)è-5:-bÜ-Vë-,<-
#+0<-ý-+$-Bè<-<ß-#+0<-ý7Ü-2±:-¸¥-#<ß$<-;Ü$-Ê 2é-#%Ü#-#Ü<-6ß$-7'ß#-#Ü-#ë-7.$-…å/-ý7Ü-
:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-0*7-+#-2$-5Ü$-#<:-:-0+ë-{<-720<-ýÊ 02,-8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë-5è<-e-/-7+Ü9-
/º¥#<-<ë-5è<-ý7Ü-+,ë -,Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ða+-ý9-bÜ-02,-+ë,-{<-ý9-+eè-/-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê 2±:-/5Ü7-Ü Vë-,<-/;+-ýÊ 02,-+ë,-#5Ü-:0-
7o<-#<ß0-b-Ü +ë,-¸¥-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-,ÊÜ ₫Ü-:<-e-è o#-·-¦ 7eè+-ý7Ü-02,-8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë-5è<-e-/-
/;+-ý7Ü-#5Ü9-e<Ê +è-7&+-ý7Ü-2±:-:-8-Ü #è7Ü-+ë,-P9-,Ê ₫Ü9-8-è ;è<-5<è -ý-…-8$<-ý7Ü-+/$-
¸¥-e<-,Ê ƒÉ-"$ë -¸-¥ &±+-ý7Ü-eÜ$<-+ë,-:<-8ß:-;<è -e-+$-8ß:-%,-;<è -ý-#(Ü<-!-:-‚9ë -¸¥-8ë+-+èÊ
*/<-;è<-iá/-ý-:<Ê ;è<-ý<-;è<-e-9/-dè-YÊè Ê‚ë9-/<-8ë$<-<-ß /D#-,<-,ÊÜ Ê&ë<-F0<-
9$-/5Ü,-0è+-ý-(Ü+Ê Ê8è-;è<-+è-(Ü+-¸¥-,Ü-/Bë+Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê7+Ü9-lÜ-0<-F0-ý9-\$<-ý7Ü-0aè,-ý-
<$<-{<-`Ü-8è-;è<-/Y,-:Ê F0-e$-#Ü-&ë<-0*7-+#-{:-/7Ü-8è-;è<-9ë:-ý-"ë-,-:<-e³$-/-YèÊ
{:-2/-e0<-ý<Ê <$<-{<-:<-&ë<-&ë<-:<-7.#<-ý7Ü-2ì#<Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-
)èË +è<-,-…-+è<-a+-#5Ü7Ü-#º¥$-/Y,Ê XÜ$-ýë-,Ü-#27Ü-…-:<-»¥,-ý-+$-o:-/7Ü-XÜ$-ýë-Bè,-ý9-
d³$-ý7Ü-+ë,-)èÊ 2Ý#-+$-‡ë<-ý7Ü-»¥,-ý-+$-o:-/Ê 0+ë-W#<-&ë<-2±:-´¥,-bÜ-6/-+ë,-XÜ$-ýë9-d³$-
/7Ü-+ë,-8Ü,-ý<-a+-&ë<-/º¥#<-2±:-/Y,-ý-YèÊ 8è-;è<-`Ü-.ß:-¸¥-dÜ,-ý7Ü-+0-&ë<-0*7-+#-#Ü-XÜ$-
ýë9-b²9-ý7Ü-+ë,-,ëÊ Ê₫Ü-+ë,-P9-7&+-ý-:-0+ë-+$-*ß,-0ë$-/-P9-,Ê 8è-;è<-,Ü-8è-,<-+è-0-+$-o:-
/7Ü-;è<-9/-#,<-:ß#<-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-+$-Ê XÜ$-ýë-,-Ü sÞ-+-87Ü-…-:<-/%°+-+0-0&ë#-:-7'ß#-ý<-
<$<-{<-…å/-ý-:-0è+-¸¥-0Ü-9ß$-/7Ü-:0-bÜ-0&ë#-XÜ$-Bè-YèÊ 7/ß0-M-:<Ê Yë$-(Ü+-+ý#-/<0-
Oë,-;Ü$-:<Ê Ê+0Ü#<-0è+-XÜ$-Bè7Ü-7o<-/ß-7e³$-Ê Ê<$<-{<-´¥,-bÜ-I-/-,ÜÊ Ê7+Ü-:<-7e³$-
/9-*è-2ì0-0è+Ê Ê%è<-<Êë Ê+è<-,-Y$ë -(+Ü -X$Ü -B7è -Ü XÜ$-ýë-%,-bÜ-:0-.ß:-¸¥-e³$-/-7+Ü9-/Y,-ý7Ü-+ë,-
,ëË ÊW#<-`Ü-₫Ü-+ë,-P9-,Ê 8è-;è<-,Ü-Dè,-+`Ü:-7"ë9Ê XÜ$-ýë-,Ü-/Dè,-ý-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-T-F0<-)èÊ
/D#-#(Ü<-:<Ê +`Ü:-,Ü-XÜ$-ýë-5è<-/Bë+-+èÊ Êe$-&±/-<è0<-,-Ü /+è-&è,-ýëÊ Ê:,-ý9-eè+-ý<-
+`Ü:-7"ë9-(Ü+Ê Ê7¸¥<-ý-+`Ü:-7"ë9-(Ü+-¸¥-/Bë+Ê Ê%è<-ý7Ü-+ë,-/þè+-9Ü0-bÜ-:0-7"ë9-+$-/%<-
ý7$-7+Ü9-Y,ë -,Êë Ê]<-+ë,-P9-,Ê 8è-;è<-,-Ü Dè,-#+ë+-07Ü-Yë$-&,è ->è-8#Ü -XÜ$-ýë-,-Ü /Dè,-ý-/+è-/-
4

&è,-ýë7Ü-4î-8Ü#-YèÊ #<$-7¸¥<-/;+-{+æ -:<Ê >è-4ò-8Ü#-#(Ü<-b-² 0-:Ê Ê*0<-%+-0aè,-ý-


7+Ü9-/º¥#<-ý<Ê Ê+0-&ë<-/Y,-ý7Ü-*ë#-09-,ÊÜ Ê>è-4ò-+è-(Ü+-9/-·-¦ /;+Ê Ê%è<-+$-Ê Eë-B-è
nè$-/-:<Ê >è-,-Ü Yë$-ý-(Ü+-¸¥-#<ß$<Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-4-ò ,-XÜ$-Bè-+$-Ê Ê*Ü#-:è-+è-#(Ü<-‚ë9-:<-
e³$-Ë Ê+è-‚ë9-/-,Ü-H+-e³$-0&ë# Ê&ë<-.$ß -/{+-hÜ-/5Ü-Y$ë -a/Ê Ê0+ë9-/Z¨<-&ë<-`Ü-d#-
{7ëË Ê5è<-<#ë <-0*7-8<-ý-e³$-/-P9Ê >è-4-ò #(Ü<-,Ü-0+ë-{æ+-*0<-%+-`Ü-uè$-#5Ü9-b²9-ý<-
6/-%$Ü -{-&-è /7Ü-+ë,-‡ë9-8ë+-:Ê 7.#<-5/<-`-Ü /5è+-ý-´,¥ -J/ë -/+è,-]<-ý-P9-,-€ç-:ß<-`Ü-9Ü0-
ý-0*9-dÜ,-,<-7+ë -#<:-b-Ü 8è-;è<-:<-6ß$-7'ß#-#Ü-U¨-X$Ü -ýë7Ü-2±:-¸¥-Q$-/7Ü-+ë,-+$-Ê 7+ë+-
&#<-&ë<-]<-P9-,Ê €ç-7ná:-{-02ì-<ë#<-:<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-I-7"ë9->è-8Ü#-*Ü#-:-è 4î-8Ü#-Yè-
Yè$-Vë-F0-ië:-+$-‚9-/-+$-Ê 8ß0-bÜ-&±-þè<->èÊ 8/-`Ü-Eë-Bè-4ò-Yè-#<$-/-7ë#-Vë-:-‚9-)èÊ
+ë,-+è-+#-`$-#º¥$-7+Ü9-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê0*9-*ß#-#Ü-+ë,-P9-,Ê 8è-;è<-,Ü-!-+#-#+ë+-07Ü-+eÜ$<Ê
XÜ$-ýë-,Ü-T©,-iá/-9Ü#-ý-Eë-Bè-:ß-μ¥-{æ+-+è-+eÜ$<-9Ü#-7¸¥-7o:-0è+-ý-#+ë+-07Ü-0#ë,-ýë7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-
0*9-*ß#-ý7$-/Y,-9Ü0-7+Ü-:<-Dë#<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-02,-+ë,-#5Ü-:0-7o<-#<ß0-bÜ-+ë,-¸¥-/;+-ý-:Ê +$-ýë-#5Ü-*ß,-0ë$-P9-‚ë9-,Ê
8è-;<è -,-Ü #5Ü9-#,<-`Ü-&ë<-U¨-+eÜ$<-+$-8è-;è<-+eè9-0è+-ý7Ü-+ë,-+0-&ë<-*0<-%+-:-,0-0"7-
P9-a/-ý9-/º¥#<-ý7Ü-+ë,-)èÊ 7.#<-ý-tä<Ê <-8Ü-+`Ü:-,-8ë+-ý7Ü-&±Ê ÊlÜ-0-0è+-ý9-#,<-ý-
P9Ë Ê(ë,-0$ë <-,$-,-8-è ;è<-`$-Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-lÜ-0-0è+-ý9-#,<Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê <±à-ª9Ü Ê Dë#-ý-
*0<-%+-F0-\$<-ý7ÜÊ Ê8è-;è<-&è,-ýë-:ß<-:-#,<Ê Ê+$ë<-ýë-´¥,-:-a/-ý-ýëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
XÜ$-ýë-,ÜÊ +#ë$<-ý-:ß$-Yë,-{æ+-:<Ê XÜ$-ýë-5è<-,Ü-<$<-{<-`ÜÊ Ê&ë<-(+Ü -+#-ý-7+Ü-8Ü,-
%Ü$-Ë ÊW#<-`Ü-₫+ë -+ë,-₫ë+-F0<-`ÜÊ Êe$-&±/-₫+ë -ý7Ü-0&ë#-7+Ü-8Ü-8,Ü Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-+ë,-+0-
ý7Ü-8è-;<è -+è-(Ü+-7"ë9-7+<-*0<-%+-:-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-&ë<-<-ß /º¥#<-ý7Ü-+ë,-)èÊ {:-/-e0<-ý<Ê +è-
/5Ü,-(Ü+-+è-*0<-%+-:Ê Êa+-ý9-0+è -`$-+#-b²9-ýÊ Ê+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-(+Ü -+è-8Ü-d9Ü Ê Ê7ië-´¥,-
+è-8Ü-XÜ$-ýë-%,Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê …ë,-#<:-:<Ê {:-/-´¥,-b-Ü #,<-,Ü-<0è <-%,-*0<-%+-+èÊ +è-
/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ýë-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-9ë-5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê 8è-;è<-`Ü-XÜ$-ýë-Yè-lÜ-0-‚ë$-/7Ü-#5Ü-
/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-#,<-:#ß <-02ì,-ý7ëÊ Ê*ß,-0,Ü -0-¼Ô-P9-,Ê /+è,-#(Ü<-+eè9-0è+-T#-ý7Ü-
&ë<-U¨-&è,-ý-ë +$-Ê >-¹¥-P9-,Ê +eÜ$<-8è-#(Ü<-0è+-/+è-&è,-e$-&/± -<è0<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#+ë+-
,<-9$-&<-<-ß /º¥#<-ý7Ü-+ë,-8Ü,-5Ü$-Ê Jë#<-ý-&,è -ý7ë -Ü :ß#<-P9-,Ê 8è-*#ë -#5Ü7Ü-!-+#-‰-
/<0-/Bë+-o:-‡ë<-ý7Ü-0*7-:<-7+<-ý-8-è ;è<-#<ß0-Q,-7há:-i:ë -#(Ü<-!7Ü-₫Ü-#5Ü9-b9² -ý-+è-
(Ü+Ë +eÜ$<-`-Ü {-9:-,<-dÜ-#<:-bÜ-[$-/-0&è+-+-è 7"ë9-7+<-{/-bè<-ý7Ü-2é-,7$-<è0<-%,-
5

F0<-:-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-2:± -¸¥-#,<-U/<-`Ü-#5Ü9-/º¥#<-ý-YèÊ të$-lá#-ý-:<Ê ‡ë<-o:-&<ë -(+Ü -!-


+#-,ÊÜ Ê9$-$ë-F0-+#-XÜ$-ýë7-Ü #5ÜÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-!-+#-#-Ü 8è-#5Ü-02ì,-ý-Yè-#5Ü7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-+è-
+#-`$-#º¥$-7+Ü9-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê:0-+$-‚ë9-,Ê 8è-;è<-,-Ü ;<è -9/Ê XÜ$-ýë-,-Ü —-97Ü-…-:<-¸-¥ 0-
7në-/7Ü-I-/70-#,<-)èÊ */<-/<ë+-,0<-`-Ü 2ì#<-:-<ë#<-ý-:<-#,<-U/<-+$-0*9-*ß#-#Ü-
:è#<-ý7Ü-7o<-/-ß ¸¥-0-7e³$-/<-)Êè */<-;è<-#(Ü<-,-Ü :0-*ß,-0ë$-/-P9-,-/<ë+-,0<-+$-8è-
;è<Ë *ß,-0Ü,-P9-,-/þè+-9Ü0-+$-Jë#<-9Ü0Ê a+-ý9-P9-,-/+è-/-+$-Yë$-ýÊ +eÜ$<-+$-9Ü#-
ý-<ë#<-:0-bÜ-#(Ü<-&ë<-`Ü-+ë,-*0<-%+-+$-7oè:-5Ü$-Ê <$<-{<-…å/-ý-:-+è-#(Ü<-`$-dë#<-
9è-0-8,Ü -ý9-6ß$-¸¥-7'ß#-+#ë<-)Êè 0+ë-Zè7Ü-+ë,-/Z¨<-e$-&/± -:0-…ë,-:<Ê */<-+$-o:-/7Ü-
;è<-9/-+$-Ê Ê;è<-9/-o:-/7Ü-*/<-+#-`$-Ê Ê#$-dÜ9-7&Ü$-/-5è<-#<ß$<-ýÊ Ê+è-/<-#(Ü<-
!-\$-0-Ü eÊ Ê5è<-<Êë Ê+è-P9-,-6$ß -¸-¥ 7'ß#-ý7Ü-:0-9Ü0-{<-ý-7+Ü9-/Y,-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê #º¥$-(+Ü -
:<Ë ´¥,-bÜ-₫-Ü 7lÜ:-8è-;<è -XÜ$-ýë7Ü-:0Î 5è<-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê7o<-/-ß +$-‚9-/-:7$-*ß,-0ë$-
P9-,Ê 0+ë-Zè-{,-:<Ê <$<-{<-F0<-`Ü-U¨-+eè-/Ê Ê9$-/5Ü,-:ë$<-₫ë+-J#ë <-ý-+$-Ê Ê
#5,-,Ü-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-8Ü,-)èÊ Ê+$-ýë-#(Ü<-ýë7Ü-Dè,-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê a/-e-#5,-+ë,-¸¥-
8è-;<è -b-Ü [$-/-:<-/E9-;9-/7Ü-#6ß#<-U¨Ê a/-e+è -9$-+ë,-+ë,-+0-X$Ü -ý7ë -Ü 9$-/5Ü,-&ë<-`Ü-U-¨
Yè-7*ë/-e-U¨-#(Ü<-+$-Ê +#-ý-#(Ü<-Q,-b-Ü 8è-;è<-0$ë,-¸¥-b9² -ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-o:-/7Ü-8ë,-),Ê
{<-7b²9-bÜ-¹¥<-ý<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-¹¥<-ý-#<:-/-F0-ý9-^Ü,-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-)è-o:-^Ü,-bÜ-8ë,-),-#(Ü<-+$-Ê
8è-;<è -,-Ü ´¥,-:-a/-ý7Ü-+,ë -+$-Ê XÜ$-ýë-,-Ü 0Ü-6+-%Ü$-0Ü-7b²9-/<-D#-ý7Ü-+ë,-)è-D#-a/-`Ü-nÜ,-:<-
/%<-/Y,Ê *ß,-0Ü,-P9-,-8è-;è<-+eÜ$<Ê XÜ$-ýë-9Ü#-ý-Yè-+eÜ$<-9Ü#-7¸¥-7o:-0è+-ý9-e$-&±/-
ý70-8è-;è<-`Ü-XÜ$-ýë-%,-5è<-U¨-+$-8è-;è<-6ß$-7'ß#-#Ü-+ë,-/Y,-ý-YèÊ 9Ü#-ý-8è-,<-(Ü-0-P9-
0aè,-9#Ü -·-¦ #<:-/7Ü-&9-T,© -i/á -·-¦ #,<-ý-(Ü+-Dë#<-ý-0$ë,-¸¥-b²9-ý<-uë-/9ß -…Ü/-ý7Ü-‡,Ü -+$-
o:-,<-;<è -9/-lÜ-0-0è+-ý7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-8ë,-),-0-:<ß -ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-{<-)Êè U¨-F0<-`-Ü XÜ$-
ýë9-#,<-ý<-U¨-+$-8è-;è<-7¸¥-7o:-0è+-ý-YèÊ 9$-;9-:<Ê *-++-9$-/5Ü,-7b²9-/-0è+Ê Ê-+è-
dÜ9-U¨-M7Ü-8è-;è<-)èÊ ÊU¨-+$-8è-;è<-7¸¥-7o:-0è+Ê Ê+ë,-:-+è-/5Ü,-#,<-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê+è<-
,-Dè,-U¨-/Dè,-ý-8è-;è<-/%<-+$ë<-<ß-/Y,-ý7Ü-»¥#<-:<-03+-ý-nÜ,-:<-`$-/Y,-ý<-,Ê #º¥$-
:<Ë 8è-;è<-X$Ü -ýë-2é-7+Ü9-7iá/-ý9-;ë#Î %è<-e³$-/-P9-9Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-02,-:<-/I0<-ý7Ü-0*7-+c+-,ÜÊ 7+Ü9-5:-#+0<-5<è -ý7Ü-#+0<-$#-:Ê
:<-+$-ýë-ý-v-ë &ë<-:-U¨:-/-+$-Ê {-&è-/-2Ý#-·¦-#+0<-ýÊ 6/-ý-+ë,-¸-¥ #+0<-ýÊ (0<-:è,-
#,+-7lÜ:-¸¥-#+0<-ýÊ $ë-‡ë+-:#-/%$<-<ß-#+0<-ý-<ë#<-0$-¸¥-0&Ü<-ý-:<Ê 7+Ü9-6/-
6

{<-`Ü-(0<-:è,-#,+-7lÜ:-:#-#)ë+-Bè,-d³$-¸-¥ #+0<-ý-YÊè #º¥$-:<Ê Wë,-&+-6/-%Ü$-{-&è-


/7ÜÎ #+0<-$#-eè-/-n#-/{7Ü-#º¥$-Î 'Ü-Xè+-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-.ß:Î {æ-7o<-:0-2ì#<-
8ë$<-Jë#<-ýÎ 0-e³$-7e³$-/9-+!7-/7Ü-/%°+Î %è<-<ë#<-8$-8$-/W#<-ý<-02ì,-,ëÊ Ê
:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-:7$-+ý:-Q,-)Ü-;7Ü-/!7-rë:-e$-&±/-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ýÊ >-9ë-+$-9ë$-6ë0-ý¼Ü-)7Ü-*è#-
&è,-F:-7eë9-<ë#<-0+ë-+$-*ß,-0ë$-/-F0<-+$-Ê ýV-:0-9Ü0Ê 9Ü,-&è,-…ë,-0è-<ë#<-/!7-#)è9-
*ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý-0$-¸¥-0&Ü<-ý-:<Ê 7+Ü9-a+-ý9-¸-¥ 0<-7.#<-ý7Ü-:0-90Ü -8-è ;è<-XÜ$-ýë-5è<-
e-/-YèÊ 02,-+è-<ß<-/)#<-,Ê #$-6#-#Ü-v<ë -/%ë<-,<-/)#<-ý-0-8Ü,-bÜÊ ´¥,-/6$-ýV-
7e³$-#,<-(Ü+-`-Ü +#ë$<-të$-8è-;<è -&è,-ýë7Ü-#<$-03ì+-,<-9$-e³$-E-ë Bè7Ü-9$-…9-;9-/-YèÊ μ¥-ƒ-
#2-+$-=è-/‰-<#ë <-{æ+-`Ü-E-ë Bè7Ü-2#Ý -F0<-+$-+eè-/-0è+-ý7ëÊ Ê#$-6#-#-Ü vë<-/%ë<-,<-/)#<-
ý-:Ê +ýè-+$-+,ë -+$-8ß:-+$-#,<-U/<-`-Ü Vë-,<-02,-bÜ-7+ë#<-2±:-0$-¸¥-e$³ -,-8$-7+Ü9-,ÊÜ
dë#<-`-Ü u$-ýë<Ê ;è<-9/-.-9:ë -dÜ,-#(Ü<-0è+Ê Ê8è-;<è -+è-,-Ü +è-/5Ü,-#;è#<Ê Ê/…å/-e7Ü-+ë,-
+$-+-è Q,-ý<Ê Ê#º¥$-+$-:0-:7$-+è-…<-/Y,Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-#º¥$-:0-7oè:-/7Ü-8è-
;è<-`Ü-9$-…9-[$-/7ëÊ Ê02,-7e³$-/7Ü-+#ë<-ý-,ÜÊ +/$-ýë-9/-:-02,-bÜ-,$-¸¥-#º¥$-+ë,-2$-
/<-+-è 10-b<Ü -+/ß-5/<-`-Ü +ë,-*0<-%+-/+è-v#-·¦-D#ë <-ý9-eè+-ý-+$-Ê 7oÜ$-F0<-`Ü<-`$-
#º¥$-#-Ü /º¥#<-2±:-bÜ-+ë,-₫Ü-:-$è<-ý-Cè+-ý9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê *-0<-`$-02,-+ë,-+è-Q,-bÜ-#º¥$-
(Ü+-:-f³9-¸¥-7'ß#-ý9-‡ë-/9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-"ß$<-/1°,-ý7Ü-/E-8Ü#-7#ë+-%Ü$-8ß:-a+-ý9-%,-:-d#-72:-/-#(Ü<Ê /E-8Ü#-#Ü-
{æ-02,-+$-Ê d#-#Ü-+ë,-,ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð/E-8Ü#-#Ü-{æ-02,-Ñ,ÜÊ
#<$-{æ+-:<Ê 0"7-7ië-/E-:-/Dè,-ý-YèÊ Ê/E-+$-/E-8Ü<-:è,-:-0"<Ê Ê+ë,-bÜ-$ë-/ë-
/E-:-‚ë9Ê Ê0"7-7ië-/E-8Ü-r#ë -%,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê /E-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-0"7-7ië7-Ü 8Ü-
#è-,-Ü +è-+$-U:-0(0-b-Ü #$-6#-:<-#5,-bÜ<-7hë:-0Ü-rÜ+-ý<Ê #)è9-¸¥-/º¥#<-ý7Ü-6/-&<ë -.:-
0ë-&-è /E7Ü-8Ü-#è<-/%Ü$<-ý-YèÊ &ë<-+è-F0<-0"7-7ië7Ü-#<$-03ì+-,<-d$³ -/<-7.#<-/+ë -`Ü-
0"<-iá/-*ß,-0ë$-/-F0<-`Ü-₫ë+-8:ß -¸-¥ 0-b²9-ý7Ü-+ë,-8Ü,-:Ê 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê #)è9-8#Ü -‡:å -ý7Ü-U¨-
8Ü,-)èÊ Ê…-2Ý#-#ë-/-#<ß$-8$-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-e$³ -/-P9-#)è9-8#Ü -‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-Eë-Bè7-Ü #6ß#<-F0-ý-
*0<-%+-ý-+è-(Ü+Ê :<-7në-+$-U:-/-Q,-ý7Ü-#$-6#-#Ü<-#,<-¸¥<-^ë,-:0-6/-0ë7Ü-Dè,-7oè:-
bÜ<-/E7Ü-+ë,-7hë:-,<-'Ü-/5Ü,-#),-:-./-ý-02ì,-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê uè#<-/0-bÜ-+/ß-:-/E7Ü-8Ü-#è-7oá-
/¸¥,-/!ë+-ý9-03+-+Êè +è-:-+#ë<-ý-#<ß0Ê >ë-{,-<$<-{<-#(Ü<-ý7Ü-/!7-D#<-d#-{7Ü-9-Ü
0ë-+$ë<-:-*ß#-ý<-#$-6#-.:-/7Ü-/{æ+-ý<-/9-¸¥-0-&ë+-%Ü$-"ß$<-/1°,-ý9-Yë,-ý-+$-Ê /E-0-
7

/%ë<Ë 2Ý#-0-7há:Ê +ë,-0-,ë9-/9-0"7-7ië-#<$-/7Ü-/E-/€ç9-/<-#º¥$-6/-%Ü$-eÜ,-x/<-&è-


/9-Y,ë -ý-+$-Ê U:-/-+$-0Ü-Q,-ý7Ü-#$-6#-#Ü<-vë-'Ü-P9-…,Ü -`$-+0ß<-:ë$-#Ü<-u$-&è,-:-+c+-
ý-P9-d#ë <-10-8$-/D#-0Ü-/6ë+-ý<Ê #)è9-/+#-þè<-/-ß (Ü+-.:-/7Ü-₫ë+-8ß:-:<-7+<-ý9-8Ü+-
&è<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ðd#-#Ü-+ë,-Ñ,ÜÊ
I-#<ß0-´¥,-7¸¥<-Eë-Bè-l#-ýë-I:-:-d#-72:-:ëÎ
5è<-e³$-YèÊ d#-#$-#Ü<-03+-,Ê #<$-&è,-/!7Ü-Z¨+-ý-0ë-8è-;è<-0"7-7ië-02ì-{:-bÜ<-03+Ê
8ß:-#$-:-03+-,Ê eÜ,-x/<-`Ü-I-/-v-0Ê +$ë<-i/á -`-Ü I-/-8Ü-+0Ê nÜ,-:<-`-Ü I-/-0"7-7ië-
´¥,-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-/+#-(Ü+Ê +`Ü:-7"ë9-‡å:-/;+-03+-ý-ýë-yë/-+ýë,-ýV-!-9-*#ß <-Bè<-hë-/7ë -Ü 2±:-
/Y,-ý7Ü-#<$-02,-Eë-Bè-l#-ý-ë I:-¸¥-i#<-ý-:-03+Ê +#ë<-ý-#$-#Ü-dÜ9-,Ê ₫Ü9-E-ë Bè-*è#-ý7Ü-
:0-:-º¥#<-ý-*0<-%+-+$ë<-iá/-v-0-:-9#-:<-ý<-:<-+$-F:-7eë9-*0<-%+-:-+è-(+Ü -B<è -<-ß
l,-+#ë<-ý-+$-Ê #,<-U/<-#º¥$-7#ë+-ý-:-/9-&+-0Ü-7e³$-5Ü$-eÜ,-x/<-7'ß#-ý-+$-Ê Bè<-
7'ß#-7&+-(,-Vë0-…å/-eè+-ý-F0<-:7$-+è7Ü-2±:-59-e³$-¸¥-#+0<-ý7ëÊ Ê'Ü-P9-72:-/-,ÊÜ l$-
+ë,-¸¥-Vë-#<ß0-μ¥<-ý-&,è -ý<ë -/E7Ü-d#-+$-Ê $è<-+ë,-¸¥-*/<-;è<-+#ë$<-ý-9-ë 0(0-+ë,-+0-P-/-
0':-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-<ëÊ Ê7+Ü9-I-/-#<ß0-5è<-ý7Ü-+ë,-8$-+ýè9-,-Oë,-;Ü$-+$-:ë-)ë#-F0<-7e³$-/7Ü-
{æ70-#5Ü-:-I-/9-i#<-ý-P9Ê eÜ,-x/<-<ë#<-7e³$-/7Ü-{æ70-I-/-v-0-<ë#<-8Ü,-)èÊ #)è9-
#º¥$-F0<-:<Ê eÜ,-x/<-I-/-v-0-BèÎ +$ë<-iá/-7e³$-#,<-8Ü-+0-TÎ :è#<-ý9-eÜ,-xë/-
0"7-7ië-0Î 5è<-e³$-$ë-Ê Ê+è<-,-E-ë Bè-*è#-ý7Ü-+!ë,-0&ë#-a+-ý9-¸-¥ 7.#<-ý-I-/-#<ß0-8Ü,-)èÊ
v-07Ü-U¨-+#è-7¸¥,Ê #<ß$-+0-&ë<Ê *ß#<-<$<-{<Ê 8Ü-+0-5Ü-&#<-h-ë /ë7Ü-F0-ý-'Ü-P9-/Y,-
`$-<$<-{<-:ë$<-‡:å -bÜ-9$-/5Ü,Ê +è7Ü-W#<-{+æ -,Ü-*ß,-0ë$-0Ü,-ý7Ü-&ë<Ê 0"7-7ië-&ë<-
þë$-,Ü-a+-ý9-bÜ-+#è-7¸¥,-8,Ü -:Ê 8Ü-+0-0"7-7ië-#(Ü<-!7$-v-07Ü-8è-;è<-`-Ü 9ë:-ý-:<-e³$-
/<-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-0#ë,-ýë-5è<-ý7Ü-02,-b<Ü -/BÜ+-ý-YèÊ +#ë$<-7¸¥<-U-¨ {æ+-:<Ê $ë-/-ë v-0-&ë<-U¨-
:Î 9$-/5Ü,-8Ü-+0-:ë$<-₫+ë -Jë#<Î *ß#<-B-è ‡å:-U¨-0"7-7ië-0Î 5è<-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê+è-
P9-02,-(Ü+-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-v-0-#$-8$-+!ë,-0&ë#-I-#<ß0-´¥,-7¸¥<-8Ü,-)èÊ Eë-Bè-0è-:ë$-#Ü-{æ+-
:<Ë Eë-Bè-<è0<-+ý7-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#1ìÊ Êv-0-<$<-{<-´¥,-+ $-0(0Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-8ë$<-<ß-
i#<-:Ê a+-ý9-μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è-,Ü-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-Eë-Bè7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-9$-#6ß#<-8Ü,-)èÊ
Eë-Bè7-Ü #<ß$-:<Ê $-…å/-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-7iá/Î $-0*ë$-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-0*ë$-Î $-,Ü-
/+è-#;è#<-7¸¥<-ý-:Ü,Î 5è<-<ë#<-:$ß -0*7-8<-ý-e³$-$ë-Ê Ê02,-b-Ü +ë,-:<Ê Eë-B-è ,ÜÊ
8

0(0-‚ë9-:<Ê Eë-Bè-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-¸¥-/;+Ê Ê%è<-+$-Ê €ç-7ná:-0è-:ë$-:<Ê *-++-0è+-ý7Ü-9$-


/5Ü,-(Ü+Ê ÊEë-Bè-5è<-,-Ü /;+-ý-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-e³$-/-P9Ê 7"ë9-7+<-`-Ü &ë<-*0<-%+-*-++-¸¥-+eè-/-
0è+-ý-Yë$-(Ü+-`-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-8,Ü -5Ü$-Ê #,<-:ß#<-+-è +$-{:-/-F0<-`Ü-&<ë -U¨-:-+eè-/-0è+-ý<-
7+Ü9-E-ë Bè7Ü-…<-$ë-/ë-&ë<-U¨-/Y,Ê +è-:-…-+è-7'ß#-ý7Ü-{-æ 02,-8$-J<-`Ü-E-ë Bè-+$-&ë<-02±$<-ý<-
)èË Iè-09ë Ê r-5Ü$-XÜ$-ýë-"ë$-Yë$-0è+Ê Ê#%+-+$-#5Ü#-ý9-e-/-0è+Ê Ê/rè#-ý9-e-0,Ü -7'Ü#-
0è+-ý<Ê ÊYë$-(+Ü -Eë-Bè9-/Bë+-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê&ë<-U¨7-Ü $$-:<-#¸¥:-e-#¸¥#-ý-%,-5-Ü
/<-0-Ü 7¸¥:-/-F0<-:-XÜ$-Bè-&è,-ýë<-l#-ý9ë -hë<-ý7Ü-2±:-bÜ-U¨9-/Y,-ý-YèÊ +#ë$<-7¸¥<-:<Ê
;Ü,-·¦-#¸¥#-%Ü$-#·¦0-ý-:Ê Ê5Ü-/<-.,-ý9-0Ü-7b²9-)Êè Ê;è<-9/-*/<-`Ü-‚9ë -/-8<Ü Ê Êhë-/ë9-+è-
/5Ü,-#;è#<-´,¥ -03+Ê Ê%è<-<Êë ÊI:-5è<-ý7Ü-…-0*ß-Yë/<-¹<¥ -ý7Ü-»¥#<-:-7'ß#-ý<Ê #5,-
:<-&<ë -a+-ý9-¸-¥ 7.#<-ý7Ü-0*ß-Yë/<-¹¥<-ý7Ü-I:-»#¥ <-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-+ë,-8Ü,-,ëÊ ÊF0-ý-#%Ü#-·-¦
,Ë T-+/$-:#-#Ü-Eë-B-è Iè-0-ë /{-ý-+-è #+è$<-ý-10-b<Ü -T-0,Ü -+ýß$-2ì#<-*:-/9-eè+-ý7Ü-¹<¥ -
Yë/<-&è,-/ë-8ë+-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê Eë-Bè-l#-ýë-I:-5è<-ý7Ü-…<-8è-;è<-:<-+$-7'Ü#-Dè,-bÜ-hë-/ë-*0<-%+-
`Ü-Yë/<-I:-#%Ü#-·¦-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-hë-{:-&è,-ýë-<ß<-`$-7i,-¸¥-0Ü-/6ë+-ý9-/Y,-ý7$-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-02,-+,ë -+è-Q,-b-Ü #º¥$-+$ë<-(Ü+-/;+-ý-:-MÊ 0,-$#-7e³$-/7Ü-{-æ uè$-#Ü Êzè,-uè$-
yë$-/Ê 7o<-/ß-8$ë <-<ß-;è<-ý9-e-/-0,-$#-#Ü-+ë,Ê 0,-$#-#Ü-+#ë<-7oè:Ê 7"ë9-:-
#+0<-;Ü$-/Y,-ý-#)+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-MÊ Yë,-ýÊ 7"ë9Ê #,<Ê &ë<Ê ¸¥<-.ß,-<ß0-
2ì#<-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐYë,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
¸¥<-#<ß0-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-$ë -/ëÎ 9Ü#-73Ý,-I:-7&$-´¥,-bÜ-#1ì -0&ë#Î
8Ü-+0-5Ü-hë-{-02ì7Ü-a/-/+#Î +ý7-/ë-0"7-7ië-8ë $<-`Ü-2ì#<-BèÎ
Eë-Bè 7Ü-&ë<-rá$-/-+$-[$-rÜ+-lè#<-ý-%,-*0<-%+-6Ü:-bÜ<-#,ë,-ý7Ü-/+#-(Ü+Î 0-¼Ô-μ¥-9ß-ýV-<î-£-4-5è<-U¨-#<ß0-
Yë,-ý7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-9/-7e0<-,-8ë$<-<ß-i#<-ý-(Ü +Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ {:-+/$-ýV-!-9-(+Ü -:0-º¥#<-`Ü-#$-6#-0-8Ü,-ý9-<$<-{<-7ë+-+ý#-0è+-
+$-0(0-0+è -»Ó`7Ü-{:-ýë-(+Ü -#¸¥:-e-#¸¥:-+!7-/-F0<-`-Ü +ë,-¸¥-Eë-Bè-y/ë -+ýë,-bÜ-U¨9-/Y,-ý-8Ü,-
ý<Ë 7+<-ý-+$-0-7$ë <-ý-+$-+-P7Ü-¸<¥ -#<ß0-¸¥-#;è#<-;Ü$-/º¥#<-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-
0(0-ý-(Ü+-#<ß0-bÜ<-0(0-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê ,0-0"7Ü-$ë-/ë-:-+eè-/-0è+-ý-P9-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-$ë-
/ë-:-F0-+eè9-0è+-ý<-+è9-iá/-ý-+$-Ê #5,-[$-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨9-/Y,-ý-,7$-7&Ü-0è+-2é7Ü-9Ü#-73Ý,-
/Cè<Ë Vë0-:0-d#-{7Ü-9Ü#-73Ý,-0*9-dÜ,-,<-0*9-:0-T©,-i/á -`Ü-9Ü#-73Ý,-l#á -ý7Ü-{:-2/-`Ü-
<-:-/º¥#<-ý9-/Y,-ý7Ü-d9Ü Ê /!7-//<-9Ü#-73Ý,-&è,-ý-ë /{+-`<Ü -`$-5/<-:-/·¦+-ý<-02ì,Ê
9

9Ü#-ý-73Ý,-ý7Ü-<-/Cè<-;Ü$-8è-;<è -`Ü-I:-&è,-7&$-/-´¥,-b-Ü #1ì-/ë-0&ë#-#Ü-#,<-:-/º¥#<-ý-+$-Ê


9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-.$ß -"0<-þè-0&è+-:<-+/$-8ß:-+$-/%<-ý-+eÜ$<-[$-T©,-iá/-&è,-
ýë7Ü-T7Ü-7"ë9-:ë9-9$-;9-/<Ê 8Ü-+0-5Ü-/-E-ë Bè-+eÜ$<-&,è -ýë-+$-hë-/ë-2ì#<-&è,-8ë$<-<-ß 7¸¥<-
ý7Ü-+`Ü:-+$-7"ë9-¸¥-[$-/-9/-7e0<-‡ë-/-+$-/Z¨-/7Ü-a/-/+#-·¦-b9² -ý-+$-Ê /!ë+-ý-IÊ
#8ë-/-xä$-Ê *Ü#-:è-e$-&±/-`-Ü <è0<-F0<-7ë+-#<:-8è-;<è -&è,-ýë7-Ü ]ä/<-<ß-+#-ý7Ü-,$-#Ü-#,<-
F0<-+/$-¸¥-03+-ý7Ü-Y/ë <-:<Ê dÜ-9ë:-b-Ü #,<-8ß:-¸¥9-h+ë -&è,-ýë-F0<-<ß-/½§:-º#¥ <-₫ë+-ý7Ü-
+ý7-/ë-+$-0"7-:-Jà-7ná:-bÜ<-7ië-/7Ü-F:-7eë9-0-F0<-+$-T,-%Ü#-2ì#<-`-Ü 7"ë9-:ë<-€9ç -/7Ü-
Bè-/1°,-&è,-ýë9-b²9-ý-+$-Ê I:-[$-U¨-+$-8è-;è<-&,è -ý7ë -Ü 9ë:-/9-;9-/<-7/9-/-&è,-ýë-=è-9ß-!7Ü-
d#-{-#(,-ýë7Ü-#6Ü-/BÜ+-`Ü<Ê Eë-Bè-+0-2Ý#-7&$-/7Ü-8è-;è<-:<-+$-7'Ü#-Dè,-bÜ-2±:-Yë,-ý7Ü-&ë<-
þë$-rá$-0-{æ+-#<ß0-b<Ü -/Z¨<-ý-F0<-+$-Ê +ý:-0#ë,-+$-dë#<-þë$-/-<#ë <-[$-r+Ü -`-Ü 7e³$-
ýë-&è-/7Ü-$-{:-bÜ<-lè#<-ý-*0<-%+-#+ë$-M7Ü-+/$-ýë<-#%,-#6,-#,ë,-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-02,-10-bÜ<-
`$-/!7-:<-7+7-0Ü-/6ë+-ý9-6:Ü -b<Ü -#,ë,-ý9-¹¥<-ý7Ü-/+#-(+Ü -&,è -ýëÊ 02,-#%Ü#-#Ü<-d#ë <-
/%°7-Ü 5Ü$-"0<-´¥,-·¦-a/-ý-+$-Ê 5Ü$-#%Ü#-:7$-02,-b-Ü F0-i$<-0*7-8<-ý<-F0-ý9-9ë:-/-
:<-<$<-{<-`Ü-5Ü$-7+Ü9Ê 7'0-+ý:-€ç-7ná:-š-/-:<Ê +ý:-Q,-<$<-{<-ýV-þè<Ê Ê´¥,-
0aè,-8è-;<è -03ì+-73Ý,-ýÊ Ê{:-ýë-€-ç 7ná:-[-2ì#<-7&$-Ê Ê&è-/-<$<-{<-9Ü#-W#<-
7&$-Ë Ê5è<-2Ý#-?$-+$-ýë<-+ý:-Q,-*ë#-07Ü-0#ë,-ýë-Eë-Bè-7&$-+$-<$<-{<-7ë+-+ý#-0è+-ýÊ
»Ó`7Ü-{:-ýë-F0<-F0-+eè9-0è+-ý9-#5,-[$-¸¥-ýV7Ü-Zë$-ýë-:<-þ<è -ý7Ü-2:± -/Y,-ý7Ü-02,-ýV-
7e³$-#,<-<0-ýV-<-î £-/Ê #(Ü<-ý<-&ë<-´¥,-0aè,-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-03ì+-73Ý,-ý<-vë-Q,-0&ë#-
rè+-+$-Ê #<ß0-ý<-ýV-{:-ýë-+$-€ç-7ná:-bÜ-9ë:-ý-[-2ì#<-7&$-/-(Ü-0-7ë+-6è9Ê /5Ü-ý<-r+Ü -
ý-#<ß0-,-&è-ý7Ü-0*ß-Q,-<è$-#è-…-ië# Ê<$<-{<-#(Ü<-ý7Ü-2:± -%,-»`Ó -<è$-#è Ê9Ü#-W#<-
¹¥<-Yë/<-`Ü-#6Ü-/BÜ+-a+-ý9-¸¥-7/9-/-Eë-Bè-ië-:ë+-/%<-#<:-/9-:ß$-/Y,-ý-P9Ê /+#-%#-#Ü-
Yë,-ý7Ü-{:-2/-·¦-+`Ü:-7"ë9-{-02ì7Ü-a/-/+#-9Ü#<-7¸¥<-v-0-&è,-ýë7Ü-U¨9-/Y,-%Ü$-Ê +è7$-
#1ì-/ë9-#<ß$-0&ë#-ýV7Ü-9#Ü <-:<-e³$-5Ü$-ýV-:<-/Jà<-)è-7há$<-ý7Ü-2±:-/Y,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-0-¼Ô-μ¥-
9ß-ýV-<-î £-/-Yè-ýV-7e³$-#,<-<0-ýV-:<-7há$<-5è<-ý7Ü-02,-U¨-#<ß0-Yë,-ý7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-9/-
7e0<-{-02ì-,-8ë$<-<ß-i#<-ý-(+Ü -+Êè &ë<-U¨-7+ë -#<:-Eë-Bè-X$Ü -ý7ë Ü-5$Ü -¸¥-!-+#-#Ü-ië:-#5Ü9-
9$-9Ü#-0$ë,-e$-&±/-ý-*ë#-07Ü-0#ë,-ýë-7ë+-0Ü-7b²9-/-5è<-e-/-+$-Ê 9$-[$-:ë$<-U¨-2$<-ý-A-
…7Ü-5Ü$-,-8è-;<è -9Ü#<-M-#$<-&è,-02ì-$è<-ý-M-Q,-b-Ü /!ë+-ý-7e0<-t<-<ß-[$-/-:<Ê dÜ9-
#<:-dè+-[$-9$-/5Ü,-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-2$<-&è,-bÜ-5$Ü -,-9#Ü <-M7Ü-<$<-{<-5Ü$-+$-U¨7Ü-/!ë+-ý-2+-
10

0è+-ý-<-/%°7Ü-+/$-d³#-F0<-:-[$-/-+è-+#-`$-μ-¥ 9ß7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-9:ë -0-ë :<-0-#8ë<-ý<-ýV-´¥,-


·¦-7&$-5<è -e-/-+$-Ê +è-+#-:<-7ië-7¸¥:-‡å:-ý-U¨7Ü-&-ë 7ná:-dë#<-/%°7-Ü 5Ü$-"0<-2+-0+è -ý-
F0<-+$-Ê eè-o#-0Ü-0'è+-`Ü-5Ü$-7+Ü-"ë-,9-02,-$è<-ý9-/Y,-ý-0+ë-W#<-Yë,-ý-/{-I<-7'Ü#-
Dè,-bÜ-"0<-M-/%°7Ü-…ë,-0è-03+-%Ü$-Ê +è-9-è 9è7Ü-dë#<-020<-`Ü-7'Ü#-D,è -F0<-<ß-μ-¥ 9ß-02,-/{+-
9è-9è9-‡å:-,<-7ië-/-7¸¥:-/9-#<ß$<-ý-+$-Ê a+-ý9-8è-;è<-0"7-7ië-02ì-{:-bÜ<-a+-ý9-bÜ-
/!ë+-ý-#6Ü#<-ý-:<-;9-¸¥-μ¥-9ß-Eë-Bè-#$<-&,è -02ì7Ü-/-\7ä -Ü "ß$-/ß-9-è 9è9-5Ü$-"0<-eè-/-n#-/{-
/{Ë +è-9-è 9è9-7'Ü#-D,è -b-Ü "0<-eè-/-n#-/{-/{Ê +è-9è-9è9-μ-¥ 9ß-e-è /-n#-/{-/{Ê +è-9-è 9è9-
‡å:-ý-eè-/-n#-/{-/{Ê +è-9-è 9è9-#¸¥:-e-eè-/-n#-/{-/{Ê +è-/5Ü,-¸¥-+/ß<-+$-dë#<-#5,-
F0<-<ß-9#Ü <-/5Ü7-Ü /!ë+-ý-<#ë <-2+-0+è -ý9-#<ß$<-ý-+$-Ê 3±à7Ü-u$Ü -7+Ü-"ë-,9-7ië-7¸¥:-‡å:-
ý-U¨7Ü-dë#<-#%Ü#-/Y,-ý-:7$-#¸¥:-e7Ü-U:-/-+$-+/$-ýë7Ü-a+-ý9-bÜ<-0*ë$-2±:-*-++-ý9-[$-
YèË #)è9-#<9-F0-*9-+ý#-/<0-Oë,-;Ü$-:<Ê +è-8$-"-%Ü#-[$-$ë9->ë-{,-8ß:Î Z-,-!ë-
®9-ý+-Zë$-Iè-:<-‡å:Î "-%Ü#-[$-$ë9->ë-{,-{:-ýë7Ü-r<Î "-%Ü#-[$-$ë9-#,0-N#<-8ë+-
ý7Ü-Iè9Î *ë#-//<-2±:-¸¥-e³$-5è<-*-++-`$-Î 5è<-<ë#<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-#)è9-07Ü-dë#<-.:-0ë-
&è9-Jà<-þè<-`Ü-F0-ý9-*9-ý-;-Y#-e³$-5Ü$-Ê .ß9-ý-/!7-07Ü-:ë-{æ<-<ë#<-+$-7.#<-8ß:-.:-
&è9-¸¥7$->ë-{,-{:-ýë70-v,ë -ý7ë -Ü r<-<ß-7há$<-ý9-/;+-ý-+$-Ê 0-:-8-#,0-N#<-8ë+-ý7Ü-9Ü-
Iè9-*ë#-//<-`Ü-2:± -¸¥-eë,-ý7Ü-:ë-{<æ -`$-8ë+-ý-#ë$-#Ü-:$ß -+è<-D#ë <-;Ü$-Ê +è-9-è 9è-:7$-$ë-029-
/7Ü-F0-*9-0Ü-0*ß,-ý-0*7-8<-ý-0&Ü<-ý-,ÜÊ 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê F0-*9-Yë$-n#-/%°-+$-/{-n#-+μ¥Î
0-7ë$<-+0-Q,-+ë,-¸¥-/!ë+-,<-]<Î 5è<-#<ß$<-ý<-02ì,-<ë-þ7è -Ü vë7Ü-₫+ë -8ß:-:<-;Ü,-·¦-7+<-
ý-YèÊ 7+Ü9-&è-/7Ü-8ë,-),-+$ë<-<ß-/Y,-ý-F0<-`$-eÜ<-ý7Ü-vë-ië<-:-7'ß#-ý9-7ë<-ý7Ü-dë#<-
02ì,-10-8Ü,-:Ê +è<-,Ü-/Y,-ý7Ü-/+#-ýë-yë/-+ýë,-a+-ý9-7.#<-ý7Ü-+ë,-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð7"ë9-Ñ,ÜÊ
&ë<-þë$-/7Ü-{:-ýë-7'0-+e$<-‡å:-ý-hÜ-rë$-Q è7ß-/1,-bÜ<-₫,-l$<-)èÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P-/7ß -Ü yë/-+ýë,-&è,-ý-ë <$<-{<-‡:å -ý7Ü-U¨-+è-(+Ü -/+ë -8ß:-¸¥-U¨-+$ë<-`<Ü -.è/<-
ý7Ü-/+#-ýë7Ü-zè,-,-Ü {:-/<-7'0-+ý:-I-{æ+-¸¥-:ß$-/Y,-ý7Ü-/ë+-þ$ë -0$7-/+#-90Ü -ý9-eë,-ý-
:<Ë ´¥,-/6$-F0-7ná:-*ë-9-Ü X,-;:-bÜ<-+0-ý-&ë<-`-Ü +/ß-/Cè<Ê ₫,-9<-#6Ü#<-+$ë<-rë$-
/1,-V0-ýë<-rë:-/)ë+Ê &ë<-þë$-/7Ü-{:-ýë-&è,-ýë-7.#<-ý-7'0-+ý:-+e$<-`Ü-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-hÜ-
rë$-Qè7ß-/1,-bÜ<-+9-5Ü$-{<-ý9-03+-+ë-5è<-8ë$<-<ß-i#<-ý-P9Ê &ë<-{:-+è-(Ü+-`Ü<-/ë+-:-
+0-ý7Ü-&<ë -`-Ü /Y,-ý-+9-/7Ü-&è+-¸-¥ 7.#<-ý7Ü-8ß:-,<-0",-&è,-5Ü-/-72ìÊ Eë-B7è -Ü U¨-%,-/Ü-0-:-
11

0Ü-j-<ë#<-ý−-&,è -/{-I-/{+-+$-Ê a+-ý9-7&Ü-0è+-9Ü#-73Ý,-&è,-ý-ë ýV-!-9-₫,-l$<Ê 7/$<-


0Ü-++-ý-%,-9/-·¦-e$³ -Yè-:ë-1¡-/y/<Ê #1°#-:#-"$-/5è$<Ê +#è-7¸¥,-b-Ü Zè-/1°#<Ê +0-ý7Ü-
&ë<-/€ç9-/;+-(0<-:,è -bÜ-rë:-/)ë+-,<Ê <$<-{<-`Ü-/Y,-ý-*ë#-0-(Ü+-¸¥-+9-{<-03+-ý7Ü-
d#-9Ü<-+$-X,-i#<-r+Ü -ý7Ü-0*9-8$-¹¥/-·¦-0+è -ý-,-Ü /Y,-ý7Ü-‚Ü,-/+#-a+-ý9-¸¥-7.#<-ý7Ü-
2±:-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð#,<-Ñ,ÜÊ
7.#<-ý-*ß#<-Bè-&è,-ýë 7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-#$<-%,-/ë+-`Ü-Oë$<-7+Ü9-eë,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 0(0-0è+-*ß/-ý7Ü-+/$-ýë<-7.#<-ý-*#ß <-Bè-&è,-ýë-:-#(è9-¸-¥ #)+-ý-/5Ü,-
7.#<-ý-(Ü+-`<Ü -#¸¥:-e7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-<ß-/+#-#9Ü -/5è<-ý7Ü-#$<-%,-/+ë -`-Ü 8ß:-Oë$<-7+Ü9-Dè,-dÜ-
[ë+-/è0-ýë7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-F0<-`$-9Ü-/ë-iá-73Ý,-<ë#<-+$-F0-+eè9-0è+-ý-ië:-/-/5Ü-Q,-¸¥-eÜ,-bÜ<-
/x/<-ý7Ü-/!7-D#<-9$-eë,-i$<-0è+-/!ë+Ê /Dè,-ý-7ië-/-0Ü7Ü-<-/ë,-*ë#-09-/„å,Ê 9Ü0-
bÜ<-{:-vë,-aÜ0-/+#-0"<-iá/-Dë#<-Q,-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-bÜ<-02ì,-#$-7¸¥:-‡å:-ý7Ü-9ë:-
#9-[-2ì#<-{æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý9-‡å:-)è-eÜ<-ý-‰-;è<-10-,<-8Ü-#è-lá#-ý7Ü-…-Ië:-0è+-¸¥-7e³$-/9-eÜ,-
bÜ<-/x/<-;Ü$-Ê μ¥-9ß-(Ü+-`$-7.#<-ý7Ü-*ß#<-Bè-:<-[$-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-/<Ü:-Q,-þè-@ã7Ü-0#ë,-
þ/<-#%Ü#-ý-ß /9-eë,Ê {:-ý<-/Y,-ý-e$-,<-e$-¸¥-+9-/9-:ß$-/Y,-ý-P9Ê 7.#<-8ß:-
:ß$-Dë#<-`Ü-/Y,-ý-9Ü,-ýë-&è7$-dÜ<-,<-/ë+-`Ü-8ß:-7+Ü9-7.ë<-ý-P9-+è$-¸¥<-/9-(0<-ý-0è+-ý9-
/º¥#<-ý-+$-Ê <$<-{<-`-Ü 5:-þÜ,-0&è+-<ë#<-U-¨ #<ß$-*#ß <-Dè,-a+-7.#<-i$<-:<-7+<-
ý<-#)0<-;$Ü -#1°#-:#-"$-+$-+#è-7¸¥,-bÜ-Zè<-,ë9-73Ý,-b-Ü aë,-"è$<-ý-<ë#<-Vë-¸-¥ 0-,<-$-ë
029-&è-/-/Y,-ý-/º¥#<-ý7Ü-8:ß -a+-ý9-¸¥-7.#<-ý7Ü-+ë,-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð&ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
0-9ß$<-ý7Ü-7e³$-ýë-F0<-/!7-D#<-d#-{7Ü-6Ü :-7ë# -·¦-/%°#Î :ß# <-#<ß0-0Ü-7b²9-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-#1°#-:#-
"$-Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ý9-/%<-ý-/5è$<-)è-9/-·¦-# ,<-ý7Ü-0è-)ë#-7*ë9Î <$<-{<-`Ü -/Y,-ý-8ë$<-<ß-Jë #<-ý7Ü-/;+-
…å/-`Ü-rë:-&è ,-ýë-/1°#<Î a+-ý9-Eë-Bè-*è#-ý7Ü-{æ+-:ß$-0,-$#-#Ü-&ë<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-7e0<-t<-ý-/Uë9Î #,<-&è ,-
#$<-o#-02ì-#<ß0-*0<-%+-5/<-`Ü<-/%#<Î eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/<Î 6/-0ë7Ü-#)è9-"-0$Ü -%,-0Ü $-0è+-i$<-0è +-
ý9-]<-ý<-0-7ë$<-dÜ-0-dÜ-07Ü-0*9-*ß#-ý7Ü -/9-/ë+-"0<-0*7-+/ß<-*0<-%+-:-#5:-¸¥-0è+-ý7Ü-/!7-lÜ,-bÜ <-a/-
ý9-03+-+ëÎ <-0-8Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ₫Ü9-<$<-{<-F0<-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-8ë,-),-nÜ,-:<-0Ü-6+-ý-{,-bÜ-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-V-ë
,<-7¸¥:-/-/5Ü7Ü-&ë-7ná:-:-0$7-+/$-7eë9-/<-03+-ý7Ü-2±:-/<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-%Ü$-Ê *0<-%+-
12

`$-#5,-.,-&ë<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-;-Y#-·¦-b9² -ý<-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-₫+ë -8ß:-"ë-,9-6+-`$-Ê 7+Ü9-


/ë+-8ß:-#¸¥:-e-₫Ü-0*ß,-:-'Ü-P9-[$-/7Ü-+/$-¸¥-e<-)èÊ yë/-+ýë,-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-&è,-ýë-#$<-%,-
Oë$<-<-ß .è/<-ý7Ü-2-é 03+-ý7Ü-&ë<-Vë-+eè-/7Ü-*ë#-09Ê /ë+-,-#¶¦#-09-#,<-;Ü$-{æ+-0-9ß$<-ý7Ü-
7e³$-ý-ë 9$-{æ+-ý-&<ë -+$-+#è-/7Ü-e-/-:-/9-¸¥-#%ë+-ý<-Wë,-&+-<9-#,<-`-Ü e$-<è0<-5Ü-/-72ì-P-
/ß<-`$-&ë<-h0Ü <-/1°#<-0-¹¥<-ý7Ü-0Ü-r,Ü -#¸¥#-ý-%,-0$7-9Ü<-,<-0+ë-"0<-`-Ü /9-:-#$-
0&Ü<-ý-*0<-%+-/!7-D#<-d#-{-#(,-ýë7Ü-6Ü:-7#ë -·-¦ /%°#-,<-/·¦:Ê dÜ,-&+-+0-ý7Ü-&ë<-+$-
&ë<-…å/-ý-ýë7Ü-rá$-09-/Uë<-)è-#1Ý#<-:-./-%$Ü -,0-8$-7+9-0+è -ý9-03+Ê 0$7-/+#-#Ü-
/5è+-ý-P9-/;+-…å/-7e³$-/7Ü-#,<-/Ü-g-0-:-»Ó-Ü :-:-+ýè-e<-)è-9Ü-9/-uÜ$-/5Ü-(Ü-w-N#<-9-Ü +$-
/%<-ý7Ü-2±:-¸¥-8ë+-ý-‡å:-/7Ü-&ë<-7"ë9-&è,-0ë7Ü-+/ß-I-è 9Ü0-#<ß0-bÜ-7ë#-"$-/ë+Ê /9-"$-{-
,# ÊYè$-"$-{-#9-)è-:ß#<-#<ß0-bÜ-2±:-¸¥Ê <-Yè$-(Ü-7ë#-,-7i,-w-o:-/-+ý:-/<0-8<-0Ü-
7b²9-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-#1°#-:#-"$-dÜ7Ü-D,è -#5:-8<-"$-Ê ,$-#-Ü /Dè,-ý-U¨-#<ß$-*#ß <-`Ü-D,è -
$ë-029-/<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-ý-F0<-+$-/%<-ý-/5è$<-)è-9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-0è-)ë#-d#-#Ü<-7*ë9Ê 8è-
;è<-<è0<-+ý7-+$ë<-<ß-*0Ü -ý7Ü-&-ë 7ná:-&è,-ýë-H+-¸-¥ e³$-/<-T-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-7'Ü#-Dè,-++-ý7Ü-
#,<-:-/!ë+-%$Ü -/+ë -8:ß -¸¥-<$<-{<-`Ü-/Y,-ý-9Ü,-ýë-&-è +-P7Ü-/9-¸-¥ 72ì-5Ü$-#5è<-ý-+$-Ê [ë+-
/%°+-:-+#è-02,-0Ü-(0<-ý7Ü-/!7-lÜ,-03+Ê <$<-{<-`Ü-/Y,-ý-9Ü,-ýë-&-è :ß$-Dë#<-#(Ü<-`Ü-
/+#-(Ü+-¸¥-#,<-;Ü$-Ê :ß$-#Ü-&ë<-Zè-[ë+-#<ß0Ê Dë#<-ý7Ü-+ë,-/y/-ý-#<ß0-¸¥-7¸¥-/-:<Ê
*ë#-09-:$ß -&ë<-/ë+-U+-¸¥-€9ç -/-ýë-:ë-1¡-/-:ß$-/Y,-%Ü$-;<è -e-:-vë-‚ë$-¸¥-/_:Ê 9Ü0-ý9-:ë-ý−-
/Zè/<-)è-7.#<-8:ß -,-8ë$<-<ß-i#<-ý7Ü-+0-&ë<-F0<-/+ë -¸¥-7b²9-/7Ü-/+#-ý7ë -Ü zè,-03+Ê
0+ë-W#<-:ß$-Dë#<-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý7Ü-7&+-(,-+$-Ê /y/-ý-(0<-:è,-Vë0-iá/-`Ü-d#-rë:-&è,-
0ë7Ü-{,æ -7+Ü-*#ë -09-/1°#<Ê 02,-(Ü+-`-Ü *è#-ý-:<-a+-ý9-¸¥-0<-7.#<-ý-2-é #%Ü#-#Ü<-<$<-
{<-Yè9-/7Ü-#<$-W#<-Eë-Bè-*è#-ý7Ü-^,Ü -i:ë -F0<-B-è 7/$<-U:-/-+$-Q,-ý-F0<-:-0,ë#-&ë<-
<ß-/_:-Ê {æ+-0-¼ÔÊ :ß$->-¹¥Ê 0,-$#->-)Ü-Y-è 8ë-#-F0-ý-#<ß0-+$-Ê 9è-9-è :7$-{æ+-:ß$-
0,-$#-#Ü-6/-+ë,-9Ü0-ý9-/º¥#<-ý-F0<-`Ü-&ë<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-7e0<-t<-ý9-/Uë9-/<-/Y,-ý7Ü-
XÜ$-ýë-7.#<-8ß:-:<-`$-&è<-T#-ý9-#<:-/9-03+Ê U¨-#%Ü#-5Ü$-"0<-{-02ì9-a/-ý7Ü-&ë-
7ná:-&,è -ý<ë -‡å:-ý7Ü-B-è 7/$<-i#ë <-7"ë9-+$-T,-%#Ü Ê/ë+-`Ü-#,<-&è,-ýë-#$<-&,è -/5ÜÊ o#-
.ß#-&è,-ýë-/{+Ê i#<-ý7Ü-02ì-&è,-/5ÜÊ :ß$-MÊ Oë$<-#<ß0Ê ]<-8:ß -u$Ü -&,è -F0<-
#1ì9-e<Ê /ë+-"0<-Yë+-^+-/9-#<ß0-b-Ü <-#5Ü7Ü-a,ë -D-HÜ#-10-8$-0-:ß<-ý9-5/<-`Ü<-
/%#<Ë U+-%Ü#-/U:-ý9-/€ç9-/7Ü-Jà-7ná:-bÜ<-+è-+#-9-è 9è9-8$-:-ë w-0$-ýë9-2#ì <-`-Ü …å/-ý-
13

+$-2<ì -7"ë9-/Uë9-/-<ë#<-`Ü<-#+ë+-,<-iá/-ý7Ü-#,<-&è,-F0<-+$-+eè-/-0+è -ý9-eÜ,-bÜ<-


/x/<Ë ¸¥<-U/<-+è7Ü-#¸¥:-e9-b²9-ý-F0<-Dë#<-ië:-¸¥<-0(0-¸¥-b²9-`$-U:-+0,-5:-0*ë$-
10-bÜ<-<-/ë,-/5#-ý-+$-Ê dÜ-9/<-`Ü-7ië-/-F0<-:-/Iè-/7Ü-*ß#<-Bè<-+#ë$<-,<-U¨-#)è9-&ë<-
#)è9-,ë9-#)è9-J<-#)è9-:-<ë#<-ý-6/-0ë7Ü-#)è9-"-"-e$-+$-/%<-;Ü$-7+ë,-ý7Ü-þè<-/ß-:ß$-/Y,-
ý-0Ü$-%,-+$-:<-%,-#$-9$ß -:-+#ë$<-ý-#)+-%$Ü -Ê "-e$-+0Ü#<-<ß-0-#<:-/7Ü-0Ü$-0è+-
i$<-:<-7+<-ý-]<-)è-<-Yè$-&ë<-,ë9-+0-J<-`Ü<-/!$-/<Ê 0-7ë$<-dÜ-0-:<-`$-dÜ-07Ü-
0*9-*#ß -ý-*ß/-/Y,-¹¥/-,<-`$-e0<-0#ë,-0-e,ë -bÜ-/9-¸¥-U:-Q,-F0<-:-#)è9-bÜ-7ië-+ë,-03+-
ý9-#<ß$<-ý<-02ì,Ê /ë+-"0<-0*7-+$-+$-+/ß<-*0<-%+-:-e$-&±/-/9-¸¥-#5:-¸¥-0è+-ý7Ü-
/!7-lÜ,-bÜ<-a/-ý9-03+-ý-,Ü-+è$-#Ü-¸¥<-vë-Q,-F0<-`Ü-₫ë+-8ß:-¸¥-0$ë,-<ß0-b²9-ý-7+Ü-(Ü+-+ëÊ Ê
+è<-03+-ý7Ü-&ë<-Vë-a+-ý9-¸¥-7.#<-ý7Ü-2±:-/Y,-ý7ëÊ ÊM-ý-и¥<-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ /<0-
8<-$ë-029-bÜ-&ë-7ná:-&<ë -`Ü-Vë-&è,-ý-ë +è-+#-,0-e³$-/-+7è -Ü 2é-U/<-)-è »¥#<-:<-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ðz,-uè$-yë$-/-:-Ñ#(Ü<Ê uè$-yë$-/7Ü-#5Ü-7#ë+-ý-+$-Ê uè$-yë$-ý-+ $ë<-<ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-
Ðuè$-:ë$-/7Ü-#5Ü-7#ë+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è7Ü-2é-+è7Ü-¸¥<-,Î 2é-9/<-¸¥-0-,<-^ë,-:0-:ë#-ý9-/)/-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-¸¥<-<ß-^Ü,-ý-/¸¥+-vë,-#¸¥#-ý-%,-F0<-+$-Î
/1°,-0ë-+09-{,-0<-:ë#-ý7Ü-/<0-‚ë9-[-2ì#<-<ß-;9-)èÎ 0$7-/+#-{:-ýë7Ü-₫,-W9-#<ë:-/Î 0*7Ü-0ë,-/ß-
$,-W#<-0",-7+Ü <-#8ë-+$-Î €ç-+$-Î 0Ü#-7ná:-[-2ì#<-ý<-{:-ýë-/yä<-)èÎ 0*9-bÜ <-&è-Yè-U¨-rë#-+$-
n:Î 7oÜ$-Yè-0$7-*$-7në#Î *-07$-{:-vë,-/1°,-0ë7Ü-/9-¸¥-X,-n-/%°#-Yè-7/$<-$ë-:ë# -ý9-7b²9-,Î *0<-
%+-`Ü<-0*ë$-/7Ü-:0-¸¥-&/-:-#<ë:-/9-72:-5è <-,,-),-¸¥-º¥<-ý<Î {:-ýë-* ß#<-0-/+è-/9-b²9-)èÎ +è-P9-b²9-
ý7Ü -{æ-02,-F0<-μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è9-5Ü/-·¦-#<ë:-,<Î 7+Ü -:-*/<-'Ü-P9-/bÜ-5è<-₫,-&/-#8ë-5 Ü$-#¸¥$-»¥# <-l#-ýë<-
+9-%Ü#-/{:-/9-b²9-)ëÎ %°$-6+-:ë,-ý-,-/{:-/-:<-<$<-ý7Ü-2éÎ μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è<-5:-73ß0-0+$<-<ß-/5+-
%Ü$-Î #<ß$-<è$-#è 7Ü-…-7'Ü#<-ý-0è+-ý7Ü-+e$<-`Ü<Î {:-ýë-&è,-ýë-+è-P-/ß-:-*ß#<-0Ü-/+è-/-%°$-6+-`$-0Ü-72:-
)èÎ Wë,-8$-+#-ý9-Jë# <-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-:-/¸¥ +-+$-0ß-Yè#<-`Ü<-0*ë-/I0<-ý-,7$-Î <$<-{<-`Ü-&è-/-7+ë,-ý-
0-#)ë#<-+!ë ,-0&ë #-#<ß0-:-%°$-6+-10-8$-72é-/9-0-¹¥<-ý-P9Î 9Ü#-ý-I:-bÜ-+/$-*ë/-ý<-[$-rÜ+-7+ë+-@ã9-
/€ç9-5Ü$-Î 7'7-:ß<-Eë-B7è -Ü U¨9-iá/-ý<-7e³$-/-/5Ü<-%Ü9-8$-e9-0è+-ýÎ ¸¥<-#<ß0-bÜ-{:-/-+$-<è0<-+ý7-
*0<-%+-`Ü-# ¸¥$-72ì/-ý->ë-{,-bÜ-0",-ýë-/+#-:-,Ü-"0<-#<ß0-*0<-%+-+i9-:$<-`$-Î Jà-7ná:-b Ü-&è-ý-7+ë,-
ý-0-#)ë#<-u#<-Cè+-ý7Ü-U/<-P-%ÜÎ /-\ä7Ü-Iè-0ë7$-#8ë-ý9-0Ü-7b²9-9ë Î 5è<-/!7-/_:-ý-,Î {:-ýë-&è,-ýë-
;Ü,-·¦-++-%Ü$-Bè<-<ß-8-Ü 9$<-ý<-T-d#-i$<-0è+-ý-/1:-)èÎ >è -0-μ¥-9ß-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨ Î aè+-,Ü-v-0-´¥,-b Ü-+$ë<Î 8Ü-
+0-{-02ì7Ü-a/-/+#-&èÎ 0"7-7ië7Ü-2ì#<-Bè-(Ü+-:#<-,Î 'Ü-P9-Eë -Bè7Ü-/!7-/_:-ýÎ ,0-8$-/yä-/-0è+-ý7Ü-
14

dÜ9Î /+#-<ë#<-++-Q,-#¸¥:-e-F0<Î 8Ü-9$<-‡ë-/-/þè+-ý-+$-Î <$<-{<-&ë<-+$-+#è-7¸¥,-bÎÜ /Y,-ý-


9Ü,-&è,-7.è:-/7Ü -y+Î Jà-7ná:-F0-ý9-/Iè-/-8Ü<Î /¸¥+-vë,-2ì# <-F0<-\-/!ë$-#<ë :Î 5è<-#<ë:-/-/)/-
ý<-+è-+è-/5Ü,-¸¥-/bÜ7ë-5è<-+bè<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-5:-bÜ<-/5è <-)è-/ë+-"0<-uÜ$-+μ¥7Ü-Pè-/Î +ý:-bÜ-/<0-8<-/ß-2:-
#<è9-"$-uÜ$-#Ü-a0<-<-ß /¸¥+-2ì#<-7¸¥:-/7Ü-)Ü$-$-è 73Ý,-:-Xë0<-ý9-º#¥ <-ý-,Î ý¼Ü-)-+$-Î :ë-1¡-/-+$-Î
9/-e³$-+$-Î W#<-ý-+$-Î {:-ýë-+$-Î vë,-ýë-+$-Î /1°,-0ë-+$-Î +0$<-.:-ý-F0<-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-bÜ -
a0<-&è,-ýë7Ü-μ¥ $-¸¥Î μ¥-9ß-(Ü+-/º¥#<-/5Ü,-¸¥-U¨ -0Ü-[$-/-+$-Î 0è-7/9-/-+$-Î <-#8ë-/-+$-Î 2ì0-/ß-+$-
/%<-ý-5Ü-/-+$-Î hë-/ë-+$Î 7oá#-Yë$-P-/ß7Ü-W#<-`Ü-…-,0-0"7-#$-/-<ë #<-#$-:-#$-7¸¥:-/7Ü-+ý#-ý9-
+!7-/7Ü-&ë-7ná:-eè-/-n#-/{9-0$ë,-ý9-7¸¥-03+-ý-,Î /¸¥+-9Ü#<-F0<-,Ü-<è0<-"ë$-¸¥-&±+-+è-0*ë-720<-ý7Ü-¹¥<-
ý-6+Î /9-07Ü-7ië-/-+$-0-++-ý-F0<-++-ý7Ü-+/$-ýë -T#-ý9-{<Î ++-ý-F0<-#ë$-,<-#ë $-¸¥-7.è:-5 Ü$-5:-bÜ-
/¸¥+-IÜ-7*ß$-/-:-7¸¥,Î {æ +-^Ü,-ý7Ü-#$-6#-F0<-ië:-/-0&ë#-# Ü-+$ë<-iá/-/Cè<Î ië:-/-F0<-μ¥-9ß -9Ü,-ýë-&è-(Ü+-
+$-Yë,-7"ë9-+#ë$<-ý-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-b²9-)ëÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ðuè$-yë$-/-+$ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P-/ß7Ü-$ë-029-/<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-ý7Ü-03+-ý-:-/Dè,-,<-0$7-/+#-{:-ýë-(Ü+-T#-ý9-++-%Ü$-7¸¥,-ý-+$-Î a+-
ý9-0-7ë $<-XÜ #<-07Ü-¸¥<-`Ü-#¸¥:-e-F0<-:-+#ë$<-)èÎ μ¥-9ß -9Ü,-ýë-&è-(Ü+-+ý:-bÜ-/<0-8<-/9-"$-#8ß-5:-7/9-
/-,-/º¥#<-ý7Ü-U/<Î #<è9-b-Ü 0¼:-:-v-#8ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è-7ë+-7/9-/7Ü -2ì0-/ß-U9-&è,-;9-/-P9-/g0-YèÎ 8/-r<-
T,-%Ü#-·¦ -d#-i$<-0è +-ý-/1:Î ‡å:-ý7Ü-:ë-1¡-/-/ê-9ë-1-,-+$-Î *ß#<-`Ü-#6ß$<-09-/!<-#,$-/-/+#-(Ü +-+$-
/%<-&/<-%Ü #-·¦-#<ë:-/-/)/-ý-,ÜÎ dë#<-/%°-¸¥<-/5Ü7Ü-<$<-{<-r<-/%<-`ÜÎ U¨-#<ß$-*ß #<-8ë,-nÜ,-:<-
8ë$<-J#ë <-ýÎ 0$:-bÜ<-0-#ë<-02ì-þè<-Eë-Bè7-Ü U¨Î 0-¼Ô-μ¥-9ß7Ü-5/<-:-d#-72:-:ëÎ 0#ë,-ýë-aè+-,Ü -<$<-
{<-´¥,-+$-0(0Î #$<-%,-7ië-:-/!7-lÜ,-T#-ý9-&èÎ eè-o#-/+#-%#-Bè-7/$<-7¸¥<-ý-8ÜÎ #1°#-#Ü-,ë9-/ß-
#(Ü<-ý-#5,-0-0&Ü<Î a+-ý9-Jà-7ná:-&è,-ýë7Ü-F0-9ë:-bÜ<Î 0-+#-/¸¥ +-9Ü#<-2ì#<-F0<-\-/!ë$-YèÎ <$<-
{<-/Y,-ý7Ü-{:-02,-dë#<-/%°9-/…è$<Î :<-%,-^Ü,-ië:-e$-&±/-:0-:-/!ë+Î 7oè :-2+-+ë,-Q,-$ë-029-
/<0-:<-7+<Î /+#-%#-/<#<-ý-9/-·¦-b²9-:#<-`$-Î 0-7ë$<-XÜ#<-07Ü-¸¥<-:-//<-ý7Ü-2éÎ +!9-
dë#<-0*ß-&±$-,#-dë#<-0#ë-7.$-0*ëÎ +0-rÜ-0$ë,-<ß0-7ië-/7Ü-XÜ$-º¥#<-)èÎ <$<-{<-/Y,-+$-/Y,-ý-73Ý,-
ý-+$-Î <è0<-%,-/+è -þÜ+-7në#-%Ü$-7'ë0<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Î ,+-0ß #-02ì,-7há#<-U:-$,-¸¥<-#%Ü#-:$<Î /ë+-"0<-
Z¨# -/W:-{-02ì -/Eë:-/7Ü-2éÎ μ¥-9ß-(+Ü -:<-þ/<-# 5,-0-0&Ü<-ý<Î #,<-U/<-dÜ-,$-/¸¥+-Z-è 29-/%+-%Ü$-Î
nÜ,-:<-F0-/5Ü-7/+-0è+-7iá /-ý-+$-Î 0*9-*ß#-M-Q,-XÜ$-ýë-7ë+-`Ü-:ß<Î 8è-;è<-v-07Ü-#ë-7.$-7*ë /-ý7Ü-*/<Î
6/-{<-#+0<-ý-´¥,-bÜ-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-/%°+Î /+#-%#-F0<-+$-0-7ë$<-#¸¥:-e7Ü-+ë,Î *ß#<-`Ü<-+#ë$<-)è-/!7-lÜ ,-
15

/_:-¸¥-#<ë:Î 5è<-#<ë:-/-/)/-ý-,Î μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è-(Ü+-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-9Ü#-73Ý,-Eë-Bè-l#-ýë-I:-bÜ-U¨9-/5è$<-)èÎ


+/$-+$-Î #+0<-$#-F0<-/Y,-ý7Ü-0*9Î /Xè,-ý-d#-{-#%Ü#-ý7Ü-=è-9ß-!-:<Î 5:-d#-#Ü-‡ë<-/%<-(è-
/Xè,-+$-Î …å/-ý-+$-Î …å/-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-2±:-b -Ü #1ì-7"ë9-0*7-8<-ý-U+-%Ü# -#<Ü -‡-ë /-+$-/Z¨-/7Ü-&-ë 7ná:-&<ë -`Ü-
+eÜ$<-{<-ý9-/!$-/7Ü-2±:-¸¥-/Y,-,<-eÜ,-x/<-`Ü-6Ü:-&,è -ýë<-/+ë -"0<-0*7-+/ß<-*0<-%+-¸¥-7'7-+$-Î 7ë+-
+$-Î 0è-)ë#-#Ü-&9-+$-Î <-#8ë -/-+$-Î …-+$-9:ë -0ë-9$-7hë:-/-+$-Î U:-Q,-F0<-:-Eë-Bè7-Ü 8è-;è<-0$ë,-
<ß0-.è/<-ý7Ü-€ç-0-P-/ß7Ü-F0-ý9-7ná:-/-7¸¥-03+-+èÎ y9-8$-μ¥-9ß-(Ü+-ýV-<î-£-4-U¨-7ë+-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-%,-¸¥-:0-0è9-
[$-/7Ü-5:-,<-Eë-Bè7Ü-#<ß$-#Ü-0*9-*ß# -ý-:0-bÜ-90Ü -ý-XÜ$-ýë9-l:Ü -ý-7+Ü -&<ë -(Ü+-Eë -Bè7Ü-+e$<-`Ü<-/!7-/_:-)ëÎ
<-0-8Î 5è<-/Y,-)ëÊ Ê7+Ü9-₫Ü-+ë,-‡ë<-,-8Ü-#è-0$-+ë#<-ý<-0-oÜ<-;$Ü -2Ý#-+ë,-,-Ü #ë-y7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-7o<-/ß-8ë$<-<ß-;è<-ý9-e-/-0,-$#-#Ü-+ë,-/;+-ý-:-#<ß0Ê /;+-e-+ë,-bÜ-Vë-,<-
0+ë9-/Y,Ê 7&+-eè+-*ß,-0Ü,-uè$-#5Ü<-#-ë dèÊ 'Ü-P9-7&+-ý7Ü-2±:-bÜ-+ë,-{<-ý9-d-è /7ëÊ Ê
+$-ýë-Ð/;+-e-+ë,-bÜ-Vë-,<-0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
>ù->¡ïœ×-ñ =ëï
5è<-e³$-YèÊ +è7Ü-+,ë -7&+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 7në-#5Ü-8Ü-#7è -Ü +è-(Ü+-₫9Ü -/;+Ê +è-:<-7në<-ý7Ü-7oá-
/5Ü7Ü-+ë,-a+-ý9-¸¥-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-MÊ $ë-/Êë 9$-/5Ü,Ê $è<-2Ý# Êeè+-:<Ê +eè-
/7ëË Ê
+$-ýë-Ð$ë-/ë-Ñ:7$-*,ß -0ë$-*-X+-`Ü-#,<-U/<-<-ß .ß$-ýë-M-:<-0Ü-Q,-ý7Ü-7¸¥-eè+-¸¥-/5#-ý-
+$-Ë &ë<-`Ü-/E70-02,-09-b²9-ý7Ü-d9Ü -<$<-{<-F0<-`Ü-&<ë -`-Ü d#-{9-/5#-ý-+$-Ê T-
+$-W#<-:-*-++-0è+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-F:-7eë9-ý-F0<-`Ü<-T9-/5#-ý-+$-Ê 02,-0-7+Ü<-7ië-/7Ü-{+æ -
eÜ,-bÜ<-xë/-¹¥<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-<$<-{<-<ß-/5#-ý-+$-Ê +è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-eÜ,-x/<-+$-F0-ý9-^Ü,-
ý7Ü-&ë<-7lè<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-[$-/9-/5#-ý-+$-Ê <$<-{<-`Ü-8è-;è<-(Ü+-8Ü-#è9-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/<-ý<-+è-
#(Ü<-*-++-0è+-ý9-/5#-ý-YÊè #$-6#-+$-#,<-U/<-`-Ü a+-ý9-:<-/D#<-ý-F0-ý-l#á -·-¦
/;+-+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð9$-/5Ü,-Ñ,ÜÊ <è0<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-/-(Ü+-8Ü-#è-7"ë9-:7ë -Ü ‡Ü,-¸¥-9$-[$-/-YèÊ
+è-:<-#5,-¸¥-+$ë<-ýë9-iá/-ý-#$-8$-0è+-+èÊ #<$-XÜ$-:<Ê <è0<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-8Ü-#è-YèÊ Ê8Ü-
#è-+$ë<-ýë9-8ë+-0-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê 0+ë-:<-`$-Ê 9/-7eë9-8Ü-#-è ,Ü-+ë,-+0-ý9-0-þè<-ý-Yè-
>7Ü-$ë-/ë-(Ü+-+ëÊ Ê>7Ü-$-ë /ë-(+Ü -#$-8,Ü -ý-+è-,-Ü <è0<-`-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-)èÊ +$ë<-ý-ë +$-+$ë<-ýë-0è+-ý-
*0<-%+-:<-8$-+#-ý9-7+<-ý7ë-5è<-#<ß$<-<Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð$è<-2Ý#-Ñ,ÜÊ 8ß:-&ë<-`-Ü +eÜ$<-:-8:ß -%,-9$-e³$-;è<-9/-`Ü<-e-Ië:-0è+-ý9-oÜ<-
16

ý-YèÊ 8è-,<-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-%Ü$-7b²9-/-0è+-ý<-¯-9-+$-Ê /Bë+-e-*0<-%+-#<:-/9-eè+-ý<-£”-


,-+$-Ê +ë,-02ì,-ý7Ü-¹¥<-ý-+$-Q,-ý<-4Ç-5<è -ý7Ü-0$Ü -/Bë+-ý-YèÊ #<$-XÜ$-:<Ê +eÜ$<-
:<-+eÜ$<-`<Ü -o<Ü -ý-YèÊ Ê8Ü-#è-5è<-,Ü-+è-dÜ9-/Bë+Ê Ê%è<-<Êë Ê
/5Ü-ýÐeè+-:<-Ñ,ÜÊ +$ë<-ý-ë 0è+-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-8Ü-#è-7"ë9-:7ë -Ü ‡Ü,-bÜ-9:ë -ý-[-2ì#<-<ß-[$-
/<-+,ë -b-Ü $ë-/-ë 10-Yë,-ý7Ü-0$Ü -+$-Ê +ë,-bÜ-a+-ý9-Yë,-ý7Ü-2#Ý -F0<-e³$-5Ü$-Ê +è-+#-7¸¥<-ý-
:<-#5Ü-:0-7o<-/ß<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-7+<-`Ü-/Bë+-ý-'Ü-X+è -ý-Yë,-ý<-<$<-{<-`-Ü 03+-ý-…å/-
ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-+$-Q,-ý-YèÊ 2Ý#-F0<-0-:ß<-73Ý,-ý7Ü-#,<Ê Ê[-2ì#<-+ë,-&è,-‰-5Ü$-Yë,Ê Ê
5è<-<ëÊ Ê
M-ý-F0-ý9-+eè-/7Ü-2±:-8$-Ê &ë<-Bè-´¥,-0aè,-&è,-ýë7Ü-/5è+-ý-P9-,-/5Ü-YèÊ #,<-:ß#<-
+ë,-bÜ-8-Ü #è-,ÊÜ €ç-7ná:-:<Ê <è0<-(+Ü -8Ü-#è7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-)èÊ Ê8Ü-#è-8Ü+-/5Ü,-9Ü,-&è,-‡Ü,Ê Ê
5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-<è0<-(Ü+-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-7ë+-#<:-/-9$-e³$-#Ü-8è-;è<-D#-&+-7ië-7ë$-+$-o:-/-
Yè-7"ë9-7+<-`-Ü 8Ü-#è-*0<-%+-7ië-/7Ü-#5Ü9-b9² -ý7ëÊ Ê:ß<-#,<-I7Ü-8-Ü #è-,ÊÜ :ß<-`Ü-I-7"ë9-
:ë-/5Ü7Ü-rë#-;$Ü -9-ë z$-+/ß-0-#<ß0-bÜ-,$-¸¥->-ù >¡ïœ×-ñ +!9-+09-0*Ü$-#7Ü-2:± -¸¥-9$-e³$-¸¥-#,<-
ý<Ë dÜ-9-ß :ß<-$#-8+Ü -#<ß0Ê ,$-¸¥-(ë,-0ë$<-¸#¥ -#<ß0Ê #<$-/9-U-¨ #<ß$-*ß#<-<ß-7&9-
/7Ü-Dè,-eè+-:Ê +è7Ü-7ë+-0+$<-:<-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü7Ü-I-7+/-F0<-<ß-*/<-;è<-+e$<-#<:-bÜ-8Ü-#è-
`$-/Iè#<-7+ë#<-+$-8,-:#-·¦-dè-/7Ü-/{+-hÜ-/5Ü-Y$ë -#,<-ý<Ê dÜ-.$ß -"0<-þè-0&è+-`-Ü Dè,-
+$-‰-/Bë+-+è-X+è -7e³$-/7Ü-{æ-e+è Ê ,$-(,ë -0ë$<-Dë#-2ì#<-`Ü-Dè,-+$-(Ü,-02,-F0-Dë#-+è-X+è -
7e³$-/7Ü-D,è -eè+Ê #<$-/9-+è-F0<-$#-¸<¥ -&ë<-V-ë +è-X+è -7e³$-/7Ü-Dè,-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê/Bë+-ý-…7Ü-8Ü-
#è-,ÜÊ $#-#Ü-‰-/-+$-/Bë+-ý-F0<-8Ü,-)èÊ {æ-I-#,<-`Ü-8Ü-#è-xä$-#Ü<-/þë+Ê zè,-Nè-?,-<ë#<-
`Ü-eè+-ý-:-/Dè,-,<-#,<-+$-Ië:-/-n+-,<-7e³$-/-F0<-<Êë Ê0*9-*ß#-7o<-/7ß -Ü 8Ü-#-è ,ÜÊ
:ë$<-U7¨ -Ü I-#,<-+#-ý7Ü-8Ü-#è-:<-:<-8Ü-#è7Ü-‡,Ü -7në<-)è-,0-0"7-:-&ë<-`-Ü +e$<-<ß-i#<-ý-
+$-Ë 8Ü-#è-U¨9-b²9-,<-<è0<-%,-bÜ-+ë,-03+-ý-+$-Ê :ë$<-‡å:-#(Ü<-!7Ü-I-8Ü#-8è-;è<-M7Ü-
[$-/<-/{,-ý-+$-Ê #<ß$-+e$<-8,-:#-lá#-%°-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-&<ë -…9-[$-/-F0<-<Êë Ê+è7$-
+eÜ$<-+ë,-+0-b-Ü 8Ü-#7è -Ü 9$-0+$<-:<-:ß<-I7Ü-8Ü-#è-e$³ -Ê +è7Ü-#+$<-/Bë+-ý-…7Ü-8Ü-#è9-;9Ê
+è-…Ü/-ý-:<-ië:-/<-7o<-/ß7Ü-8Ü-#è9-#,<-7b²9-/-8Ü,-ý<-/5Ü-#7$-$ë-/ë-#%Ü#-·¦-7¸¥<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-:<-7në<-ý7Ü-7oá-/5Ü7Ü-+ë,-a+-ý9-¸¥-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ +è-:<-7+Ü9-0+ë9-/Y,-¸¥-03+-ý7Ü-8Ü-
#è-7+Ü-+#-Dë#-#è-+$-(,-*ë<-<ë#<-`Ü-vë<-0Ü-dè+-ý<-#<$-/-&è,-ýë-Eë-Bè7Ü-8Ü-#è70Ê 'Ü-P9->è-+$-
4ò-8Ü#-/5Ü,-¸¥-+-è /5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-/E9-b9² -ý7Ü-8Ü-#è-YèÊ /E-:7$-+,ë -+0-(Ü+-/E70-D#<-<ß-
17

;9-/-+$-Ê *-X+-`Ü<-/E9-/)#<-ý-#(Ü<-:<Ê 7+Ü-,Ü-/%ë<-,<-*-X+-¸¥-‚9-/-0-8Ü,-ý-+ë,-


+0-ý7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-/E7Ü-2:± -¸¥-9$-;9-/-+è-(+Ü -*0<-%+-0aè,-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü<-#6Ü#<-,<-#<:-
/9-03+-ý-YèÊ 7"ë9-7+<-:0-#<ß0-bÜ-&ë<-*0<-%+-`Ü-rë#-#0-#,+-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-+è-+#-#$-
:<-7në-/7Ü-#5Ü-+$-Ê /;+-ý7Ü-#5Ü-+$-Ê /w<-Vë0-bÜ-#,+-+$-Ê 0*9-*ß#-#Ü-þè:-<-ë F0<-
<ß-b²9-ý7ëÊ Ê
+è-:-Eë-Bè7Ü-8Ü-#è-/5Ü7Ü-+ë,-%°$-6+-+ië:-/-:-MÊ #$-:<-e³$-/Ê +è7Ü-{æ-02,Ê 7oá-/5Ü7Ü-
$ë-/ëÊ 02ì,-+ë,-eè+-:<Ê /5Ü-&ë<-F0<-/Y,-ý7Ü-2±:-:ëÊ Ê
+$-ýë-Ð#$-:<-e³$-/-Ñ,ÜÊ ₫Ü9-9$-e³$-7ë+-#<:-#5ë0-¸¥-0è+-ý7Ü-…-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý7Ü-xä$-+$-+eè9-
0è+-ý-:<-7ë+-#<:-bÜ-xä$-e³$-Ê +è-:<-[$-/7Ü-x$ä -Ê +è-:<-9#<-ý7Ü-xä$-/%°-<ë#<-e³$-5$Ü -Ê
/U¨:-e-+è-F0<-…-+ë,-7lè<-73Ý,-bÜ-F0-ý9-Dë#-ý-U:¨ -eè+-¸-¥ e<-,<-$#-·-¦ /Bë+-ý7Ü-8Ü-#è-F0<-
e³$-/-8Ü,-5Ü$-Ê eè-o#-·¦-lÜ-0è+-7ë+-:<Ê Yë$-ý-&è,-ýë-M-:<-U¨-Eë-Bè-:-<ë#<-ý-W#<-9/-·¦-
/Bë+-ý7Ü-&ë<-%,-F0<-e³$-Ê Bè<-<ß-$-9ë-+$-Ê >-8Ü#-#(Ü<-+$-Ê *Ü#-:è-#(Ü<-+$-Ê #5ë0-¸¥-
0è+-ý7Ü-=-8Ü#-F0<-:<-U¨-+$-Ê #<ß$-+$-Ê *ß#<-+$-Ê 8è-;<è -Eë-Bè-F0<-8$-+#-ý9-e³$-
/9-#<ß$<-ý-/5Ü,Ê >->ß-0-#<ß0-7¸¥<-ý-:<->ùÊ >->-=-#<ß0-7¸¥<-ý-:<->¡ï =ï>Ø-0-
#<ß0-7¸¥<-ý-:<-œÊñ× =->ß-=-#<ß0-7¸¥<-ý-:<-=ëïF0<-e$³ -Yè-9è-97è $-8ë,-),-#<ß0-#<ß0-bÜ-
/+#-(Ü+-%,-¸¥-iá/-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è7Ü-{æ-02,-Ñ,ÜÊ ₫Ü9-#<$-W#<-9#Ü -W#<-#6ß$<-W#<-*0<-%+-7e³$-/7Ü-#,<-
,Ü->-:Ü-´-Ó :Ü-8Ü,-:Ê +è-F0<-`$-9$-e$³ -7ë+-#<:-0Ü-;Ü#<-X$Ü -ý7ë -Ü *Ü#-:è-+$-+eè9-0+è -ý->-
8Ü#-"ë-,7Ü-F0-7b²9-:<-e³$-/-8Ü,-)èÊ 7'0-+ý:-€ç-š9Ê >-,Ü-8Ü#-7oá-´¥,-b-Ü 0&ë# Ê+ë,-&è,-
8Ü-#è-+0-ý-8Ü,Ê Ê"ë$-,<-7e³$-/-þè-/-0è+Ê Ê2Ý#-·¦-/Bë+-ý-\$<-ý-YèÊ Ê/Bë+-ý-´¥,-bÜ-{æ-8Ü-
0&ë# Ê%è<-+$-Ê #<$-XÜ$-:<Ê >-(Ü+-[-2ì#<-ý9-[$-/7ÜÊ Ê!-:-<ë#<-ý-/5Ü-/%°-
#(Ü<Ë Ê5è<-<#ë <-e³$-/-P9-9Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð7oá-/5Ü7Ü-$ë-/ë-Ñ,ÜÊ #ë$-¸¥-/;+-ý7Ü-/D#<-ý-F0-ý-l#á -#-7'ß#-`$-Ê 7+Ü9-U-¨
#6ß#<-[$-F0-ý-*0<-%+-ýÊ #<ß$-…-/C,-F0-ý-*0<-%+-ýÊ *ß#<-Yë$-(+Ü -F0-ý-*0<-%+-
ýË /+è-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-8-è ;<è -F0-ý-*0<-%+-ý-F0<-9Ü0-/5Ü,->-ù <ë#<-`Ü-$ë-/ë-+$-9$-/5Ü,-+eè9-0è+-
ý-;è<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð02ì,-+,ë -e+è -:<-Ñ,ÜÊ +ýè9-,->-,Ü-8Ü-#-è #5,-:<-#6ß#<-*-++-ý<-#%Ü#-ý7$-0-8,Ü -
:Ë ´¥,-bÜ-a/-eè+-¸¥-7lè<-ý<-*-++-ý7$-0-8Ü,-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê 9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-e$-&±/-`Ü-
18

<è0<-8è-;è<-`Ü-xä$-+$-/%<-ý-(Ü+Ê #(Ü<-/Z¨<-`Ü-&ë<-*0<-%+-+$-$ë-/ë-*-++-ý<-#%Ü#-ý7$-
0-8Ü,-:Ê 7"ë9-7+<-`Ü-a/-eè+-¸¥-b²9-ý<-*-++-ý7$-0-8Ü,-ý9-02ì,-:Ê a+-ý9-#6ß#<-[$-
#Ü-9$-/5Ü,-+`Ü:-7"ë9-7"ë9-:ë-[$-Yë$-¸¥-#+ë+-,<-#,<-ý-+è->ù-bÜ<-02ì,Ê …-/Bë+-$#-2Ý#-#Ü-
9$-/5Ü,-0Ü-;Ü#<-¹Ó-+7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-i#<-Yë$-¸¥-8-è ,<-#,<-ý-+è->ï<-02ì,Ê Dë#-2ì#<-7b²-l,-bÜ-
9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-XÜ$-ýë-+è-/5Ü,-(+Ü -!-+#-´¥,-a/-·¦-/º¥#<-ý-+è-œ-ñ× #Ü<-02ì,Ê rÜ+-I-7.ë-/7Ü-
9$-/5Ü,-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-$-ë /ë-7b²9-0è+-¸¥-#,<-ý-+-è =ëï8Ü#-#<Ü -02ì,Ê 7oá-/5Ü-ýë-9-è 9è9-8$-8,ë -),-
#<ß0-#<ß0-Yè-F0-ý-/%°-#(Ü<-`-Ü /+#-(Ü+-¸¥-#,<-ý-,-Ü Dè,-7oè:-:ß#<-7e³$-:ß#<-Që#-/%°-#(Ü<-
+$-Ë Eë-Bè-/5Ü-ýë-9-è 9è9-8$-U¨-#<ß0-b-Ü /+#-(Ü+-¸¥-/º¥#<-ý-<ë#<-02ì,-,Êë Ê8Ü-#è-7+Ü-+#-#Ü-
#+$<-:ß<-$#-8+Ü -#<ß0-X0ë <-7'ß#-#Ü-Dë#-ý-+$-/%<-ý9-;9-/<-7"ë9-/7Ü-#6ß#<-<ß-iá/-:Ê
F:-7eë9-bÜ<-:0-¸¥-e<-ý<-…Ü/-ý-#%ë+-ý7Ü-#(è,-ýë9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê uë-/ß9-bÜ-lÜ-0-+#-ý-:<-Eë-Bè-
/5Ü-ýë-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9-/<-,-i:ë -7há:-#(Ü<-!7Ü-e+è -ý-+$-Q,-ý-YÊè lÜ-0+è -7+ë -:<Ê #+è$<-%,-
bÜ-#,<->ù-Ê 0Ü7Ü-7'Ü#-Dè,->¡ï 0*ë-9Ü<-`Ü-#,<-œÊñ× Vë-#<ß0-&#<-Dë#-/%<-7oá-/5Ü9-‚9ë -/-
<ë#<-+$-Ê Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý<-:0-¸¥-eè+-2:± -7¸¥<-ý-#1ì<-#<9-C$Ü -´,¥ -:<-{-&è9-e³$-ý-+$-Ê
Eë-Bè-nè$-/9Ê <$<-{<-8Ü-#è-œ×ñ-¸-¥ /;+Ê Ê#<ß$-,Ü-8Ü-#è->¡ï9ß-/Bë+Ê Ê+#è-7¸¥,-5è<-e-8Ü-#-è
>ùË Ê5è<-+!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0-:-‚9-/-+$-Ê 7¸¥<-ý-I-{æ+-:<Ê e$-&±/-*0<-%+-7*ë/-e7Ü-
dÜ9Ë Ê8è-;è<-Eë-Bè-+#-#Ü<-eÊ Ê>ù-,Ü-8-è ;è<-XÜ$-ýë-YèÊ ÊEë-Bè7Ü-U¨-,Ü-7*ë/-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê>¡ï,Ü-e$-
&±/-/+#-0è+-ý<Ê ÊEë-Bè7Ü-#<ß$-,Ü-7*ë/-eè+-ý7ëÊ Êœ×ñ-,-Ü U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-(+Ü -+Êè ÊEë-Bè-0Ü-dè+-#<ß0-
7*ë/-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý<-02ì,-,ëÊ Ê
M-ý-Ð/5Ü-&ë<-F0<-/Y,-ý7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ 8Ü-#-è 7oá-/5Ü<-#5Ü-:0-7o<-#<ß0-b-Ü /5Ü-7ië<-`Ü-&ë<-
*0<-%+-/Y,-ý-YèÊ #5Ü-¸¥<-P9-,Ê >ù-8Ü#-#Ü<-´¥,-#5Ü-+$-:ß<-I7Ü-"0<Ê >¡ï8Ü#-#Ü<-
(ë,-8+Ü -+$-$#-xä$-#Ü-"0<Ê œ×ñ-8Ü#-#Ü<-7'ß#-ý7Ü-F0-;è<-+$-8Ü+-*#Ü -:è7Ü-"0<Ê =ëï8Ü#-#<Ü -
´¥,-a/-9Ü#-ý-+$-8è-;<è -`Ü-"0<-F0<-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê :0-¸<¥ -<ß-‚$-e-P9-,Ê >ù-<+-ý7Ü-
#,<-U/<-+$-:ß<-…/Ü Ê >¡ïHÜ-:0-#,<-U/<-+$-$#-…Ü/Ê œ×-ñ #(Ü+-Y#© -#,<-U/<-+$-8Ü+-
…Ü/Ë =ëï&#<-Dë#-#,<-U/<-+$-7.ë-…Ü/Ê ‚ë9-eè+-P9-,Ê /ß0-ýÊ #<$-/Ê ;è<-9/-8è-
;è<Ë 2Ý#-#Ü-+/$-Yè-^Ü,-eè+-+/$-/5ÜÊ 02,-/%<-/þè+-9Ü0Ê ´¥,-Jë/-9$-eÜ,-x/<Ê +`Ü:-
7"ë9-7"ë9-:ëÊ +ë,-+0-J#ë <-ý-&è,-ýë-Y-è ië:-eè+-:0-00-F:-7eë9-/5ÜÊ e0<-ýÊ XÜ$-BèÊ
+#7-/Ê /)$-Xë0<-)è-2+-0è+-/5ÜÊ /Xè,-ýÊ (è-/Xè,Ê …å/-ýÊ …å/-&è,-)è-8,-:#-/5ÜÊ
+#7-/Ê 0&ë#-+#7Ê +#7-o:Ê T,-þè<-)-è +#7-/-/5Ü-:-<ë#<-ý-90Ü -/5Ü,-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê
19

7o<-¸¥<-P9-,Ê >ù-8#Ü -U¨-Eë-Bè-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-^,ë -ý-0è+-ý7Ü-F0-*9-e-i/á -8-è ;<è Ê >¡ï8Ü#-#<ß$-


Eë-Bè-:ë$<-₫+ë -Jë#<-U¨-02,-0-0+è -ý7Ü-F0-*9-0(0-(Ü+-+$-<ë9-Dë#-8è-;è<Ê œ×-ñ 8Ü#-*ß#<-Eë-Bè-
&ë<-`Ü-U-¨ Yë$-ý-(Ü+-`Ü-F0-*9-0-è :ë$-8è-;è<Ê =ëï8Ü#-8-è ;è<-Eë-B-è $ë-/-ë (Ü+-U¨-7¸¥-0Ü-eè+-ý7Ü-F0-ý9-
*9-ý-Yë$-ý-(+Ü -`Ü-8è-;è<-F0<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-b9² -ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-7&+-eè+-*ß,-0Ü,-uè$-#5Ü<-#ë-dè-/-:-#(Ü<Ê ₫Ü9-U¨-#<ß0-Yë,-ý<-&ë<-7"ë9-Uë9-
2±:Ë eè-o#-0,-$#-7+Ü9-/Z¨<-)è-73Ý,-ý9-#+0<-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-MÊ Yë,-ýÊ #,<Ê
7"ë9Ë &ë<Ê ¸¥<-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐYë,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
!-+#-+eÜ$<-`Ü-$ë-/ë-´¥,-·¦-/6$-Î T©,-iá/-9Ü#-ý-ýV-<î-£-4Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ₫Ü9-#<$-/-
+eè9-0è+-6ß$-7'ß#-Eë-Bè-l#-ýë-I:Î +`Ü:-7"ë9-´¥,-bÜ-#1ì-0&ë#-=è-9ß-!<Î
&è,-ýë7Ü-&ë<-*0<-%+-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-M-Q,-bÜ-Vë-,<-7e³$-5Ü$-Ê +è-:7$-2Ý#-#Ü-{æ+-+$-0,-$#-
7e³$-/9-02ì,-ý-*ß,-0ë$-#Ü-uè$-#5Ü-+$-Ê +ë,-bÜ-{æ+-+$-0,-$#-7e³$-/9-02ì,-ý-*ß,-0$ë -0-8,Ü -
ý7Ü-uè$-#5Ü-#(Ü<-)èÊ (Ü-w-"-‚ë9-bÜ-{æ+-:<Ê #<$-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-{æ+-F0<-,ÊÜ Ê.ß,-<0ß -2ì#<-ý-
M-Q,-ý<Ê Ê*ß,-0ë$-(Ü+-+$-*ß,-0ë$-0Ü,Ê Êuè$-#5Ü-F0<-`Ü-<-/ë,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<Ê +è-:<-
W-0-#ë$-¸¥-<ë$-7+Ü9-dÜ-0-Yè-+è7$-*:-7b²9-I-/7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê #5Ü-,Ü-F0-ý-M-8Ü,-)èÊ Ê#,<-,Ü-F0-
ý-#<ß0-¸¥-7+ë+Ê Ê%è<-<#ë <-#<ß$<-ý-P9-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-M-9è-9-è :7$-{:-/-U¨-#<ß0-b-Ü +eè-/<-
dè-/-YèÊ +è-:-Y,ë -ý-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-,ÜÊ !-+#-#+ë+-07Ü-#,<-:ß#<-‡ë<-ý-*0<-%+-+$-o:-
/7Ü-+eÜ$<-`Ü-$-ë /ë-&<ë -U¨7Ü-Y,ë -ý-´¥,-·¦-/6$-ýë-+$-Ê T©,-iá/-9$-#<:-b-Ü 9Ü#-ý-#5Ü-*#ë -·¦-e-I:ë -
0è+-ý9-i:ë -/-9$-[$-:ë$<-U¨7Ü-Yë,-ý-ýV-<-î £-/-+$-Ê $ë-/-ë 9$-/5Ü,-+eè9-0è+-+eÜ$<-9#Ü -6$ß -¸¥-
7'ß#-ý7Ü-*ß#<-Bè7Ü-9$-I:-‡:å -U7¨ Ü-Yë,-ý-Eë-B-è l#-ý-ë I:-)èÊ 5Ü-/-+$-hë-/7ë -Ü +`Ü:-7"ë9-9/-
7e0<-‡ë-/-+$-Z+¨ -ý7Ü-e+è -ýë9-b²9-ý<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-´¥,-bÜ-#1ì-/7ë -Ü 0&ë#-#0-.ß:-¸¥-b²9-ý7Ü-=è-9ß-!-
&è,-ýë<-<$<-{<-`Ü-03+-ý-7+Ü-P9-/…å/<-ý7ë-5è<-<ëÊ Ê7+Ü9-=è-9ß-!7Ü-+ë,-,ÜÊ {æ+-:<Ê =è-,Ü-
{æ-<#ë <-Yë$-ý-(Ü+Ê Ê9ß-,Ü-#,<-7'Ü#-2ì#<-+$-o:Ê Ê!-,Ü-#$-¸¥-0Ü-#,<-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-
P9Ë F0-*9-Vë-#<ß0-bÜ-+ë,-02ì,-ý-8Ü,-ý<-U¨-#<ß0-!-:-7'ß#-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#,<-Ñ,ÜÊ
&ë<-+eÜ$<-a/-/E:-*Ü# -:è-&è,-ýë7Ü-5Ü$-Î M-Q,-7ë+-#<:-:ë$<-U¨7Ü-.ë-o$-+$-Î
0-$è<-7ië-7¸¥:-‡å:-U¨7-Ü #,<-F0<-<ßÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ &ë<-`Ü-+eÜ$<-7"ë9-7+<-*0<-%+-:-a/-ý9-/E:-/-9$-e³$-*Ü#-:è-&è,-ýë-&ë<-
U¨7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-+$-Ê 8è-;<è -`-Ü 9$-7ë+-M-+$-Q,-ý-+eÜ$<-[$-7ë+-#<:-bÜ-{,-Y©#-ýë-/!ë+-ý-
20

:ë$<-U¨7Ü-9Ü#<-M7Ü-.ë-o$-+$-Ê +#-ý-+$-0-+#-ý7Ü-5Ü$-+$-#,<-`Ü-/!ë+-ý-0-$è<-7ië-7¸¥:-
‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨7Ü-#,<-[-2ì#<-ý-F0<-<ß-5è<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð7"ë9-Ñ,ÜÊ
9Ü#<-%,-#¸¥:-e7Ü-7"ë9-2ì#<-{-02ì-:Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ &ë<-U¨7Ü-7"ë9-9$-,$-8-è ;è<-{-02ìÊ :ë$<-U7¨ -Ü 7"ë9-#;è#<-<è0<-hë-/ë7Ü-
2ì#<-0"7-a/-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9Ê ‡å:-U¨7Ü-7"ë9-7'Ü#-Dè,-:<-7+<-ý-+$-7'Ü#-Dè,-ý7Ü-þè-/-U:-/-
+$-Q,-ý-YèÊ 0+ë9-,-9$-#Ü-U:-/-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-9Ü#<-%,-F0<-+$-#¸¥:-/9-e-/7Ü-7"ë9-2ì#<-
/<0-8<-/i$-/-:<-7+<-ý<-{-02ì7Ü-/E<-/Y,-ý-:7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð&ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
<ë-<ë7-Ü [ë+-+$-+/$-ýë7-Ü a+-ý9-/5Ü,Î {æ-+$-7o<-/ß 7Ü-*è#-ý-/<0-8<-`ÜÎ
&ë<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ëÊ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ &ë<-U¨7Ü-/Y,-ý-9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýëÊ :ë$<-U¨7Ü-/Y,-ý-7o<-/ß-
v-0è+-*è#-ý-&è,-ýëÊ ‡å:-U¨7Ü-/Y,-ý-{7æ -Ü *è#-ý-#<ß0-#1ì-/9ë -b9² -ý-YèÊ 0+ë9-,-#¸¥:-e-<ë-<ë7Ü-
U:-ý7Ü-[ë+-+$-+/$-ýë7Ü-a+-ý9-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê <$<-{<-`Ü-{æ-+$-7o<-/ß-:0-¸¥-eè+-ý7Ü-*è#-ý-&è-&±$-
/<0-:<-7+<-ý7Ü-&<ë -`-Ü 7"ë9-:ë-2+-0+è -ý-e³$-/7ëÊ Ê
M-ý-и¥<-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
¸¥<-#<ß0-´¥,-·¦-/Uë9Î
%è<-ý-YèÊ &ë<-U¨<-¸¥<-/5Ü-0(0-ý-(Ü+-&ë<-(Ü+-/Bë+-ý-:<-7+<-ý7Ü-¸¥<-<ß-Ië:-o:-+#ë$<-ý-
0(0-(Ü+-&è,-ýë9-[$-Ê :ë$<-U<¨ -T,© -i/á -`Ü-8-è ;è<-9$-[$-/7Ü-¸¥<-<-ß 2Ý#-+$-8Ü-#è-0è+-ý9-/E7Ü-
Vë-,<-+ë,-/Y,Ê ‡å:-U¨<-#¸¥:-e-F0<-^Ü,-ý-#<ß0-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-¸¥<-<ß-U:-/7Ü-a+-ý9-+$-0*ß,-
ý7Ü-&ë<-[$-/7Ü-Vë-7e³$-/-YèÊ 0+ë9-,-{:-/-U¨-#<ß0-nÜ,-:<-a/-ý-+$-D#-ý7Ü-/+#-(Ü+-8Ü,-
ý<-#¸¥:-e-7¸¥:-/7Ü-&<ë -`-Ü 7"ë9-:ë-¸¥<-#<ß0-´,¥ -·-¦ &+-ý-0+è -ý9-/Uë9-/7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ðeè-o#-0,-$#-7+Ü9-/Z¨<-)è-73Ý,-ý9-#+0<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-F0<-´¥,-bÜ-XÜ$-ýë-#%Ü#-7lÜ:-/Î *ß#<-`Ü-*Ü #-:è-5 :-&è0<-0*9-*ß#-ýÎ
#ë-y-aè9-/+è-:#-:è,-+09-hÜ+-¸¥ Î ;Ü,-·¦-(è-/7Ü -7¸¥<-ý-F0<-:-/Y,Î
8:-/9-0-+ë 9-Iè-# %Ü#-(0<-<ß-:ë$<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ {:-/-U¨-#<ß0-bÜ-&ë<-7"ë9-{æ-7o<-*è#-ý-6/-%Ü$-{-&-è /-+è-F0<-´,¥ -b-Ü 2Ý#-+ë,-
XÜ$-ýë-dë#<-#%Ü#-·¦-lÜ:-/Ê <$<-{<-F0<-`Ü-*ß#<-`Ü-*Ü#-:èÊ μ¥-9ß-9,Ü -ý-ë &è7Ü-5:-&è0<-0*9-
21

*ß#-ýÊ "-#<:-/<-+/$-ý-ë Fë-½§:-´,¥ -b<Ü -#-ë y-/Ê {<-/Z¨<-720<-ý<-(0<-:è,-¸¥-a9è -/+è-


/Ë 2Ý#-#Ü-/;+-80<-10-0-8Ü,-ý9-:#-:è,-+09-hÜ+-Bè,-d³$-#Ü-2:± -¸¥-0(è<-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-v-
07Ü-*#ß <-6Ü,-ý<-;Ü,-·¦-(è-/7Ü-*ß#<-r<-<ß-b9² -ý7Ü-7¸¥<-ý-Bè-7/$<-ië#<-`Ü-2ì#<-F0<-:-/Y,-
ý9-e7ë-5<è -#+0<-$#-/Y,-ý9-5:-bÜ<-/5è<-)èÊ 6/-%Ü$-+!ë,-:-/%°+-¸-¥ lÜ:-/7Ü-#+0<-$#-
7+Ü-P-/ß-Cè+-ý9-+!7-/<-/)$-Xë0<-8:-/9-0-+ë9-/9-*ë<-ý<-2Ý#-6ß$<Ê /<0-ý<-+ë,-+c+Ê
Vë0-ý<-I-è #%Ü#-(0<-<-ß :ë$<-:-9$-#5,-bÜ-+,ë -i/á -ý9-bÜ<-;Ü#-%<è -#+0<-ý9-03+-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-'Ü-P9-7&+-ý7Ü-2:± -bÜ<-2#Ý -+ë,-{<-ý9-+eè-/-:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+ëÊ Ê
+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-:-;è<-e-Dë#<-eè+-0*9-dÜ,-7o<Î F0-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-02ì,-ý9-e-/-YèÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /;+-ý9-5:-bÜ<-/5è<-ý7Ü-#+0<-$#-+è-:-0+ë-&Ü$<-&,è -ý-ë #<ß0-b<Ü -/Z0<-
)èË #$-;è<-ý9-e-/7Ü-#5ÜÊ #$-#Ü<-D#ë <-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-:0Ê #$-¸¥-0*9-dÜ,-ý9-7b²9-/7Ü-
7o<-/ß-/%<-F0-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-02ì,-ý9-e-/-8Ü,-)è-5è<-T#-/%<-`Ü-…<-{<-/;+-`Ü-2Ý#-l$<-
ý9-03+-+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê #5ÜÊ :0Ê 7o<-/ß-{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+è7-Ü +$-ý-ë :-#<ß0Ê
#,<-:ß#<-$ë-/ë7Ü-#5Ü-/;+-+$-Ê 7há:-/-/)#<-ý7Ü-#5Ü-/;+Ê U/<-`Ü-+ë,-/Z¨<-)è-020<-
‚9-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#,<-:ß#<-$ë-/ë7Ü-#5Ü-/;+-Ñ,ÜÊ
;è<-e7Ü-#5Ü-,Ü-´¥,-a/-/+è-# ;è#<-X Ü$-Î 7¸¥<-0-e<-ý-# <:-Yë$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-//<Î
7há:-ië:-:<-7+<-0"7-P9-9/-·¦-5 ÜÎ 7"ë9-7+<-+eè-/rÜ-0è+-ý9-#,<-b² 9-`$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ {:-/-e0<-ý<Ê *ë<-ý-:<-e$³ -;è<-ý-8ÊÜ Ê[$-/-{-&è,-7+Ü<-/{,-ý<Ê Ê
vë-Q,-f³9-¸¥-<$<-{<-`ÜÊ Ê₫ë+-8ß:-´¥,-:-7'ß#-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê <$<-{<-
…å/-ý7Ü-:0-:-º¥#<-ý7Ü-*ë#-09-*<ë -ý7Ü-;<è -9/-`<Ü -;è<-e-#),-:-+//-+#ë<-`$-Ê 7+Ü9-
(0<-:è,-+09-hÜ+-`Ü-+/$-¸¥-03+-,<-0Ü-;è<-<ß-0Ü-9ß$-/7Ü-#,+-0+ë9-/Z¨<-)èÊ ;è<-e-*0<-%+-
`Ü-#5Ü9-b²9-ý-,Ü-[ë+-/%°+-`Ü-+$ë<-ýë-:-,0-0"<-a/-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-7"ë9-7+<-´¥,-:-a/-ý7Ü-/+è-
#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-5<è -e-/-a+-ý9-M-Q,-¸¥-/º¥#<-ý-8,Ü -)Êè $ë-/-ë 7¸¥<-0-e<-ý-/º¥#<-2±:-#<:-
Yë$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-9$-//<Ê +$-ýë9-7há:-0-fë$-5Ü$-0*9-ië:-/-:<-7+<-ýÊ ,0-0"7-P9-þè-
7##-<ë#<-‡<ë -ý7Ü-02,-0-0+è -ý<-9/-·-¦ 5Ü-/Ê 7"ë9-/-+$-f$-7+<-#(Ü<-:-þë,-Dë#-#Ü<-+eè-
5Ü$-9Ü$-/-+$-Ê 8ë,-),-¸¥-;è<-ý<-/rÜ-/-Yè-(è-/9-b²9-ý-#$-8$-0è+-ý9-/º¥#<-;Ü$-#,<-ý9-
b²9-)ëÊ Ê`$-5è<-ý-,Ü-2Ý#-dÜ-0-Z¨+-ý7Ü-…7ëÊ Ê
22

+è7Ü-+ë,-%°$-6+-/;+-,Ê #;è#<-XÜ$-;è<-e-*0<-%+-`Ü-#5Ü-8Ü,-ý7Ü-{æ-02,-,ÜÊ &ë<-0$ë,-


ý7Ü-0+ë-:<Ê *ë#-0-0è+-¸¥<-%,-b-Ü +eÜ$<Ê Ê&ë<-F0<-´¥,-b-Ü #,<-8Ü,-)èÊ Ê+è-8ë+-ý<-,-7ië-
´¥,-+$-Ê Êf-$,-7+<-ý7$-7*ë/-ý-:Ü,Ê Ê5è<-e$³ -YèÊ *ë#-0-0è+-ý7Ü-¸¥<-%,-b-Ü +eÜ$<-+è-(+Ü -
+#-0-+#-0-dè-/9-F0-ý9-/5#-ý7Ü-+/$-¸¥-e<-)è-7"ë9-7+<-`Ü-&ë<-´¥,-b-Ü #,<-<0-#5Ü-8,Ü -:Ê
dè-,-´¥,-#5Ü7Ü-F0-;<è -:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-u-ë /ß9-bÜ-lÜ-0-,Ü-6#-/%<-7"ë9-/7Ü-{æÊ ´¥,-#5Ü7-Ü $ë-/ë-#;è#<-
XÜ$-,Ü-6#-0è+-f$-7+<-`Ü-{æ-8Ü,-)èÊ 7.#<-ý-tä<Ê #$-5#Ü -7"ë9-/7Ü-{æ9-b²9-ýÊ Ê+è-(Ü+-‚$-
/9-e<-ý-:<Ê Ê+#-ý-+è-(Ü+-f-$,-7+<Ê Ê&ë<-`Ü-U¨-8$-+è-(+Ü -+Êë Ê5è<-<Êë Ê+è-#(Ü<-`$-Dè,-
+$-/Dè,-ý7Ü-2±:-¸¥-#,<-ýÊ 0#ë,-ý-ë e0<-ý<Ê <-,Ü-&±-:-&±-xä$-:Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-+ýè-+$-/%<-
ý<-/Y,-%Ü$-Ê +è-#(Ü<-:-#<ß$-9/-F0<-<ß-&<ë -%,-+$-&<ë -(+Ü Ê 0*7-+$-+/ß<Ê [$-/-+$-
Yë$-ýÊ ´¥,-Jë/-+$-+ë,-+0-<ë#<-*-X+-¸¥-0<-/Y,-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê+è-P9-a+-#5Ü-+eÜ$<-´¥,-a/-
/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-+è-(Ü+Ê a+-&<ë -7¸¥<-0-e<-ý-<ë#<-`Ü<-#<:-/9-03+-ý-YèÊ +è7$-+eÜ$<-
+è-(Ü+-´¥,-:-a/-ý7Ü-2±:-,ÜÊ {æ+-v9Ê 'Ü-P9-Dë#-0è+-/+#-(Ü+-%,Ê Ê,0-0"7-´¥,-·¦-Bè<-<ë$-
P9Ë Ê<è0<-`-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-l-Ü 0è+-+eÜ$<Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-´¥,-·-¦ 7ië-/-(Ü+Ê Ê%è<-,0-0"7Ü-₫Ü-02,-
0&ë#-+0,-/9-07Ü-#6ß#<-*0<-%+-:-9$-/5Ü,-b<Ü -a/-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-+eÜ$<-`Ü-02,-(+Ü -&ë<-*0<-
%+-:-9$-/5Ü,-b<Ü -a/-ý9-#<ß$<-;Ü$-Ê +eÜ$<-+è-7'ß#-2±:-bÜ-Vë-,<-0$Ü -#<ß0-bÜ<-/Y,-)èÊ
uë-/9ß -b-Ü lÜ-0<-/…Ü/<-ý7Ü-<è0<-%,-bÜ-U/<-<ß-9Ü#<Ê lÜ-0-o:-/7Ü-<$<-{<-`Ü-U/<-<ß-&<ë -
U¨Ë #(Ü<-!7Ü-$-ë /ë9-a/-%$Ü -7b²9-/-0è+-ý7Ü-&-,<-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-%è<-e-YÊè 7+Ü-8Ü-9$-/5Ü,-&<ë -U¨-
+$-Ë Ê+è-/5Ü,-(+Ü -+$-9Ü#<-`$-YèÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê+eÜ$<-+-è :-7"ë9-:ë-/9-ý7Ü-0+ë-F0<-,<-Yë$-
ý-(Ü+-+$-+-/5Ü,-(Ü+-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-…<-/Y,-)èÊ Z¨+-ý9Ê 7+<-ý7Ü-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-#$-0-eë,-+è-
/5Ü,-(Ü+Ê Ê+-P7Ü-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-#$-+i-/%ë0-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+Ê Ê&ë<-´,¥ -+è-/5Ü,-(+Ü -#$-{:-/7Ü-+è-
/5Ü,-(Ü+Ê Ê&ë<-`Ü-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-7+Ü-*0<-%+-eè-o#-0è+Ê Ê%è<-<#ë <-+$-Ê I-;è9Ê +è-/5Ü,-
#;è#<-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-#$-Ê Ê7ië-/-7+Ü-8Ü-9$-/5Ü,-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-<#ë <-+$ë<-ý7ë -Ü #,<-:ß#<-Yë$-
ý-(Ü+-`Ü-+,ë -0*7-8<-ý9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê7"ë9-:ë-*-0-<#ë <-<ß-/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-5è<-{-&è9-/Y,-
)èË )Ü$-73Ý,-{:-ýë-:<Ê +#-ý-₯$<-ý-7ë+-#<:-/Ê Ê0Ü-7há#-7¸¥<-0-e<-ý-(+Ü Ê Ê/+è-/9-
#;è#<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ýë-YèÊ Ê8è-,<-#,<-ý7Ü-&<ë -(Ü+-+ëÊ Ê5è<-<ë#<-+$-Ê #<$-W#<-`Ü-{æ+-+-è 6/-
0ë-F0<-<ß->è-4ò-+$-Eë9-<è0<-+$-Ê {æ+-+$-Ê *Ü#-:èÊ 7b²9-0è+-7ë+-#<:Ê 9$-e³$-8è-;è<-
<ë#<-02,-b-Ü F0-i$<-¸¥-0<-/Y,-)Êè =è-/‰-:<Ê <$<-{<-´,¥ -b-Ü Zë0-ý-,ÜÊ Ê>è-4ò-8-Ü #è9-
9/-·-¦ #,<Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê <±à-ª9Ü Ê :ß<-:-8-è ;è<-&,è -ýë-#,<Ê ÊDë#-ý-*0<-%+-F0-ý9-
23

\$<Ë Ê:ß<-#,<-:ß<-:<-0-þè<-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê 7¸¥<-ý9Ê 9Ü#<-,-Ü {æ+-%è<-e-/9-


/;+Ë Ê{æ+-,Ü-*ë#-0-5è<-/Bë+-+èÊ Ê0Ü-7'Ü#-þè-/-0è+-#$-8Ü,Ê Ê0#ë,-ýë-+-è ,Ü-8Ü,-ý9-/;+Ê Ê
%è<-<ëÊ Ê#;è#<-X$Ü -<è0<-%,-:-/º¥#<-ý9-8Ü+-&è<-ý7Ü-*ß,-0ë$-#Ü-:ß$-,ÜÊ 0+ë-:<Ê <è0<-
%,-*0<-%+-,Ü-+-è /5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-X$Ü -ý-ë %,-,Êë Ê5è<-+$-Ê /+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë<-7ië-´¥,-8ë$<-
:-a/Ê Ê7ië-/-7+Ü-+#-*0<-%+-<$<-{<-{æÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê »Ó-97Ü -Ü /ß-+ë,-+0-ý-5è<-e-/-,Ü-<0è <-
%,-b-Ü "0<-`Ü-2#Ý -v-₯#<-<Êë Ê<è0<-%,-b-Ü "0<-5è<-e-/-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-2#Ý -v-
₯#<-<Êë Ê+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-X$Ü -ý-ë 5è<-e-/-7+Ü-,Ü-&ë<-`-Ü U¨7Ü-2#Ý -v-₯#<-<-ë 5è<-<ë#<-+$-Ê
a+-ý9-bÜ-:ß$-,ÜÊ =è-/‰-:<Ê 7+Ü-(Ü+-8-è ;è<-&,è -ýë-YèÊ Ê*0<-%+-:ß<-:-D#-·-¦ #,<Ê Ê
+$ë<-+$-+$ë<-0è+-/+#-(Ü+-#1ìÊ Ê#(Ü<-+$-#(Ü<-<ß-0+è -ý7Ü-2±:Ê Ê/D,-+$-#8ë-/9-a/-ý9-
#,<Ë Ê5è<-<ë#<-+$-Ê v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-:ß$-Eë-B-è <è0<-+ý7-X$Ü -#Ü-0è-:$ë -#-Ü {æ+-:<Ê 7'Ü#-D,è -
bÜ-"0<-`-Ü <è0<-%,-*0<-%+-:-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-X$Ü -ý-ë )Ü:-7oá-:-09-b<Ü -a/-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-#,<-
<ë-5<è -+$-Ê 9$-;9-:<Ê 8$-+#-<$<-{<-+#ë$<-ý-,ÊÜ Ê<è0<-%,-´,¥ -b-Ü 9$-{+æ -:Ê ÊU¨-
+$-8-è ;<è -2±:-¸¥-#,<Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-{-&è9-e³$-5Ü$-Ê +è7Ü-…/å -eè+-¸-¥ 0#ë,-ý-ë e0<-ý<-{-æ 02,-
#<ß0-/!ë+-+èÊ Jë#<-<$<-U¨-,Ü-7në-dÜ9-+$-Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-+eè9-0è+-dÜ9-+$-Ê Ê9Ü#<-8ë+-dÜ9-
,-:ß<-%,-´¥,Ê ÊD#-·¦-<$<-{<-XÜ$-ýë-%,Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ <è0<-%,-*0<-%+-:-<$<-
{<-&ë<-`-Ü U¨-7në-/-Yè-a/-ý-+$-Ê <è0<-%,-+$-<$<-{<-`Ü-+-è /5Ü,-(+Ü -:-J-/0ß -+$-#<è9-/0ß -
bÜ-,0-0"7-/5Ü,-a+-ý9-¸¥-+eè-/-0è+-ý-+$-Ê <è0<-%,-bÜ-{æ+-:-<$<-{<-U¨-#<ß0-7e³$-9$ß -#-Ü
9Ü#<-#(Ü<-8ë+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-9ëÊ Ê#;è#<-XÜ$-8ë+-ý7Ü-9Ü#<-ý-+ýè<-/Y,-ý-,ÊÜ <ë9-nè$-#Ü-0+ë-:<Ê
7ë-0-:-09-8ë+-ý<-r/á -`Ü-&±-:-0Ü-rá/-ý-+$-Ê #<è9-7+ë+-ý<-o#-:-?ë-8-Ü ;Ü$-:-0Ü-?ë-/-/5Ü,-¸Ê¥
<è0<-%,-:-<$<-{<-`Ü-"0<-8ë+-ý<-<$<-{<-…å/-ý-:<-+ë,-8ë+-`Ü-"0<-0è+-,-…å/-ý-+ë,-0è+-
¸¥-7b²9-/7Ü-2±:-{<-ý9-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-+ë,-/Z¨<Ê 7.#<-ý-tä<Ê "0<-8ë+-,-,Ü-:<-e<-ý<Ê Ê
<-:è-ˆ0-+#-0*ë$-/9-7b²9Ê Ê"0<-0è+-,-,-Ü :<-e<-`$-Ê Ê(ë,-0ë$<-7/7-5Ü#-þè+-ý9-
6+Ë Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê7*+-ý-+ý:-nè$-#Ü-0+ë-+ë,-{æ+-v9-Q#ë -d#ë <-`<Ü -/Y,-ýÊ #:-)-è <$<-{<-
"0<-0è+-,Ê ÊZ¨#-:-þ-ë /9-0Ü-7b²9-5$Ü -Ê Êf-$,-7+<-:-7+ë+-ý-+$-Ê Ê+ë,-#(è9-^ë,-ý7$-
0è+-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê%è<-+$-Ê …å/-dë#<-`Ü<-/Y,-ýÊ rÜ+-+$-f-$,-7+<-:-+è7ÜÊ ÊZ¨#-/+è7Ü-
þë,-8ë,-0*ë$-/-7+ÜÊ Ê9Ü#<-8ë+-:<-8Ü,-#$-#Ü-dÜ9Ê Ê9Ü#<-0è+-+#-:-0è+-dÜ9-9Êë Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#;è#<-XÜ$-$ë-/-ë {æ-zè,-:<-0-e³$-/<-{æ,-+$-U+-%#Ü -#<Ü -D#-0Ü-D#-:-<ë#<-ý-v7ë -Ü 8ß:-:<-
7+<-ý<-,0-8$-7'Ü#-ý-0Ü-0$7-5Ü$-Ê +è7$-D#-ý-/D,-ý-5Ü-/-7.ë-7b²9-0è+-ý7Ü-&ë<-/5Ü-+$-
24

Q,-ý<-7¸¥<-0-e<-<ß-#<ß$<-)èÊ <è0<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-,0-0"7-8ÜÊ Ê"0<-P9-{æ-0è+-zè,-0è+-


+èË Ê2ì#<-ý-0è+-%Ü$-þè-/-0è+Ê Ê7'Ü#-+$-#,<-ý7$-8ë+-0-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê #),-¸¥-7'Ü#-ý-
0è+-ý-8ÜÊ Ê9$-/5Ü,-8Ü,-dÜ9-7¸¥<-0-e<Ê Ê7'Ü#-0è+-(Ü+-,Ü-/D,-ý-YèÊ Ê/D,-<ë#<-F0<-`Ü<-
+è-/;+-+Êë Ê5è<-<ë#<-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê/º¥#<-2±:-$-ë /ë-0-þ<è -ý<-Yë$-ý-,0-0"7-P-/ßÊ 9$-
/5Ü,-7##-ý-0+è -ý9-7ë+-#<:-/Ê F0-ý-6$ß -7'ß#-9Ü#-ý7Ü-#;Ü<-:#ß <-<ß-#,<-ý-YÊè 9$-;9-
:<Ë +eÜ$<-+è7Ü-$ë-/ë-,Ü-,0-0"7-P-/Êß Ê9$-/5Ü,-,Ü-7ë+-#<:-/7ëÊ Ê*ß#<-Bè-,-Ü 9Ü#-ý7Ü-XÜ$-
ýë9-#,<-)è-8ë,-),-*0<-%+-`-Ü 7&9-#5Ü9-b²9-ý7ë-5è<-<Êë Ê+è-(Ü+-7há:-i:ë -P9-[$-/-,-Ü <è0<-
%,-b-Ü $ë<-,<-/)#<-ý-8Ü,-bÜ-+,ë -:-7há:-ië:-#(Ü<-!-0Ü-+0Ü#<-)èÊ ,0-0"7-+$-(Ü-0-‡,Ü -b<Ü -
/…Ü/<-ý-+$-0Ü-/…Ü/-%<è -ý-,-Ü <-Yè$-¸¥-7"ë9-/7Ü-:ß<-%,-F0<-`Ü<-0*ë$-/-:ë#-ý7Ü-+/$-¸¥-e<-`Ü-
+è-#(Ü<-:-/…Ü/<-0-/…Ü/<-0è+-ý-/5Ü,-)èÊ <è0<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-#$-8Ü,-ýÊ Ê+è-,Ü-,0-
0"7-/5Ü,-¸¥-7b²9-0è+-+èÊ Ê8$-+#-0,Ü -D#ë -:<-e³$-7+ë+-&#<-<ë#<Ê Êuë-/ß9-lÜ-0<-+è-(,ë -
0ë$<-0Ü-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê #<$-XÜ$-:<Ê F0-D#ë -/+#-·-¦ 73Ý,-ý-8<Ü Ê Ê,,-bÜ<-0"7-:-
0¸¥+-ý-/9ë Ê Ê/%Ü$<-0è+-F0-ý9-i:ë -0+è -ý7ÜÊ Ê8è-,<-T©,-Jë#<-<$<-{<-&<ë Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
+è7Ü-{æ-02,-,0-0"7-P9-8ë+-0è+-8Ü,-0Ü,-D#-&+-þè-7##-<ë#<-‡ë<-ý7Ü-0*7-*0<-%+-9/-·¦-5Ü-
5Ü$-#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý-+/ß-07Ü-/+#-(Ü+-%,-)Êè f$-7+<-&è,-ý9ë Ê <è0<-%,-:-/º¥#<-ý7Ü-<$<-
{<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-,Ü-,0-0"7-+$-7l-YèÊ ,0-0"7-,Ü-7+<-ý-+$-0-7ë$<-ý-+$-+-P-/-0-8Ü,Ê
,$-+$-dÜ-9ë:-0-8Ü,-)è-#6ß#<-…-lÜ-9ë-9è#-e<-0-/Z¨<-ý-P9-<$<-{<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-8$-+è-+$-7l7ë-
5è<-+$-Ê Eë-Bè-μ¥9-:<Ê ,0-0"7Ü-"0<-,Ü-'Ü-Xè+-+$-Ê Ê7'Ü#-Dè,-"0<-,Ü-Yë$-n#-,Ê Ê/+è-
&è,-.ß,-2ì#<-d#-{-&èÊ Ê<$<-{<-,0-0"7-7l-/9-/º¥#<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ ÊXÜ$-ýë7-Ü 9$-$-ë ,<-
7"ë9-/7Ü-þë,-\$-5Ü$-/<:-/-+$-f$-7+<-`Ü-8ë,-),-/5#-%Ü$-/[,-¸¥-0è+-ý7Ü-{æ-02,-8$-{æ+-
v9Ë (è<-ý-uë-/9ß -+$-Q,-d9Ü Ê Ê8ë,-),-9$-/5Ü,-(Ü+-Q,-dÜ9Ê Ê'Ü-P9-W9-/5Ü,-d<Ü -+è-
/5Ü,Ë Ê7b²9-/-0è+-ý7Ü-02,-(Ü+-+ëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê +è-+$-0$ë,-{,-#(Ü<-!9Ê 7+Ü-:-/<:-e-%Ü-
8$-0-+Ê Ê#5#-ý9-e-/-%°$-6+-0è+Ê Ê8$-+#-(Ü+-:-8$-+#-/PÊ Ê8$-+#-0*ë$-,-F0-ý9-
ië:Ë Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê+è<-,-7"ë9-7+<-#(Ü<-:-/6$-$,-v$-+ë9-¸¥-Dë#-ý-0è+-ý<-(è-9Ü$-0Ü-0$7-/9-
,0-0"7-P9-a/-ý-YèÊ {æ+-v9Ê 'Ü-P9-Dë#-0è+-/+#-(Ü+-%,Ê Ê,0-0"7-´¥,-·¦-Bè<-<ë$-
P9Ë Ê<è0<-`-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-l-Ü 0è+-+eÜ$<Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-´¥,-·-¦ 7ië-/-(Ü+Ê Ê%è<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð7há:-/-/)#<-ý7Ü-#5Ü-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
T,-þè<-´¥,-/)#<-0-9Ü#-#+ë,-&è,-bÜ<Î #6ß$-+$-73Ý,-ý7Ü-/#-&#<-/D<-ý-:<Î
25

[ë+-+$-/%°+-¸¥-73Ý,-ý-*-++-ý7ÜÎ 7ië-/-9Ü#<-lá#-HÜ-:0-/5Ü,-¸¥-[$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ XÜ$-ýë-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-7ë+-#<:-/-,0-0"7-P-/ß-+-è :-…Ü/-eè+-uë-/9ß -b-Ü …Ü/-ý-‡Ü,-
Q$<-ý-P9-e³$-YÊè +è7$-9$-/5Ü,-F0-+#-+$-¸¥<-W-dÜ-0è+-ý9-0(0-¸¥-e³$-/-T,-%#Ü -þè<-ý7Ü-0-
9Ü#-ý-#<è9-+$-#87-P-/ß-+$-Ê 0è+-/5Ü,-¸¥-8ë+-ý9-/)#<-ý-uë-/ß9-/7Ü-7há:-/-8ß:-8ß:-%,-
[$-/-´,¥ -·-¦ /)#<-ý7Ü-0-9#Ü -ý-YèÊ 7há:-/-*0<-%+-7e³$-/7Ü-#5Ü-(<è -ý-0*7-+#-þè+-ý7Ü-
#+ë,-&è,-ý-ë +è-#(Ü<-`Ü-9$-$ë-0-;è<-ý9-#6ß$-/-8:ß -+$-73Ý,-ý-<0è <-5è<-#(Ü<-<ß-Dë#-ý7Ü-/#-
&#<-9Ü0-bÜ<-{<-;Ü$-/D<-ý9-b²9-ý-:<Ê dÜ-[+ë -`Ü-7'Ü#-D,è -+$-,$-/%°+-`-Ü <è0<-%,-<-ë <ë9-
5è,-%Ü$-73Ý,-ý-#,<-8ß:-9Ü#<-#6ß#<-eè+-:<-[-2#ì <-*-++-ý7Ü-7ië-/-9Ü#<-lá#-ýë-#(Ü+-`Ü<-
/y+-ý7Ü-HÜ-:0-/5Ü,-+ë,-:-#%Ü#-`$-0+è -9$ß -7há:-/7Ü-[$-/-[-2ì#<-<ß-[$-/7ëÊ Ê
+è7Ü-+ë,-%$° -6+-/;+-,-M-YèÊ +$-ý-ë 7há:-/7Ü-#5Ü-,ÊÜ #5Ü-8ë+-ý-:<-7há:-/-ˆå:-8ë+-ý<-
*#-h-:-ˆ:å -73Ý,-bÜ-;<è -ý-º#¥ <-ý-P-/ß-+$-Ê 0è+-ý-:<-7há:-/-9/-9/Ü -%,-bÜ-0Ü#-·-¦ ,0-0"7-
:-„-;+-0*ë$-/-P-/ß-+$-Ê +eè9-0+è -:<-7há:-/-#-/ß9-bÜ-$ë-/-ë :-¹¥<-ý-#(Ü<-8+ë -ý<-2+-,+-:-
^,-+$-xä$-,+-:-¸¥#-·¦-7b²9-/-P-/7ß Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-7há:-/7Ü-{æ-,ÊÜ #<$-XÜ$-:<Ê rÜ+-I7Ü-(è<-+0Ü#<-/+#-·¦-D#ë -:<-7në<Ê Ê5è<-
#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê 7"ë9-/7Ü-&ë<-*0<-%+-`Ü-₫Ü7-Ü {æ-,-Ü /+#-·¦-Dë#-ý-(+Ü -8,Ü -:Ê eè-o#-/{æ+-ý7Ü-{-æ
,Ü-&<ë -(Ü+-/+è-#;è#<-X$Ü -ý-ë 9$-/5Ü,-F0-+#-9$-$ë-0-;<è -ý7Ü-&-10-#,<-ý-/+#-(Ü+-#%Ü#-ý7Ü-
0-9Ü#-ý-+$-Ê 02±$<-Q,-bÜ-{æ-&ë<-(+Ü -+$-T,-%Ü#-þè<-ý7Ü-0-9#Ü -ý-%,-+$-7n+-,-7há:-/-
7e³$-9$ß -¸¥-#,<-ý-+$-Ê T,-%Ü#-e+è -{-æ <è0<-(+Ü -9$-#Ü<-9$-:-8ß:-+$-8ß:-%,-#6ß$-/-´¥,-
/)#<-`Ü-0-9Ü#-ý-8Ü+-;è<-Dë#-/%<-+$-Ê (è9-:è,-bÜ-{æ-:<-`Ü-/#-&#<-/<#<-ý<-9$-7o<-
7eÜ,-$<è -`Ü-¹¥<-ý-8ë+-ý7ëÊ Ê+è-:<-8Ü+-;è<-:-+eè-,Ê ´¥,-#5Ü-:-$7ë-X0-¸¥-73Ý,-%$Ü -F0-;è<-
(ë,-0ë$<-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-(ë,-8Ü+-+$-Ê 2ì#<-lá#-#Ü-;è<-ý-þè-7##-#Ü-{æ9-eè+-%Ü$-:<-`Ü-¹¥<-ý-´¥,-
#5Ü-:-7'ë#-ý-+-è 0-*#-8Ü+-%<è -#(Ü<-<ß-8+ë -%Ü$-Ê 8Ü+-+è-#(Ü<-`Ü-D,è -¸-¥ b²9-%Ü$-/#-&#<-+$-<-
/ë,-*0<-%+-73Ý,-ý-,Ü-7há:-/-/)#<-ý7Ü-#5Ü-YèÊ #º¥$-:ß#<-F0<-<ß-´¥,-#5Ü7Ü-F0-;è<-5è<-e-
/9-F0-ý9-#5#-#ë Ê
#<ß0-ý-7há:-/7Ü-zè,-,ÜÊ 0*ë-9Ü<-$,-7ië-"0<-#$ë -0-F0<-<ß-þè-/7Ü-z,è -/<ë+-,0<-+$-Ê
/<ë+-,0<-0-8Ü,-ý-+$-Ê 0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-:<-#<ß0Ê :<-+-è +#-´¥,-,<-yë$-/-ýë-(,ë -0$ë <-ý-¸¥#-M-
F0<-<ëÊ Ê{æ-zè,-+è-+#-73ì0<-ý<-7"ë9-/7Ü-7"ë9-:-ë &è,-ýë-7+Ü-e³$-/-YÊè +è7$-/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-
ýë7Ü-$ë-/ë-Y$ë -&-:-lÜ-0-,0-8$-0è+-`$-#<:-&-:-9$-$ë-0-9#Ü -Y-è U+-%#Ü -0-+$-ýë-:-7¸¥-eè+-`-Ü 8Ü+-
26

#8ë<-ý<-#6ß$-73Ý,-*-++-¸¥-/)#<Ê +è-:<-+ë,-0*ë$-/7Ü-F0-;è<Ê +è<-v$-+ë9-¸¥-/)#<-ý<-


2ì9-/Ê +è-:<-8ß:-:-02,-09-73Ý,-ý7Ü-7¸¥-;è<Ê +è7Ü-/#-&#<-/D<-ý-#6ß#<-/%<-.ß$-ýë-M-
iá/-YèÊ +ýè-dÜ7Ü-Dè,-7oè:-<-/ë,-:<-f³-μ¥-<ë#<-{æ-+$-7oè:-/-lá#-ýë-7e³$-/-M-¸¥<-`Ü-‚ë9-/-
/%<-zè,-+$-7oè:-/-lá#-#Ü<-"ë9-0ë-8ß#-·¦-/þè+-ý-P9Ê ,$-#Ü-Dè,-7oè:-0-9Ü#-ý-:<-7¸¥-eè+-
<ë#<-/%°-#(Ü<-ýë<-"0<-#<ß0-¸-¥ 7"ë9-/-8,Ü -,Êë Ê /5Ü-ý-:<-`Ü-e+è -ý-ýë-,ÜÊ 9Ü#-#<ß0-
:<Ë {æ,-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-U+-%Ü#-0Ê Ê:<-`Ü-e+è -ý-ý9ë -/Bë+-+ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9Ê 7"ë9-7+<-
#(Ü<-!7Ü-eè+-ý-ýë-0-/%ë<-{æ,-bÜ-U+-%Ü#-0-8Ü,-:Ê a+-ý9-7"ë9-/7Ü-eè+-ý-ýë-#(Ü<-0è+-:-#(Ü<-
<ß-73Ý,-ý7Ü-7há:-D#ë -{,æ -bÜ-U+-%Ü#-0-YèÊ +è<-7há:-;è<-:ß-μ¥-{æ+-¸¥-ˆè:-)è-¹¥<-ý-'è-{<-<ß-<ë$-
/<-0*7-0è+-ý7Ü-7"ë9-/-7+Ü-iá/-/ëÊ Ê
M-ý-7o<-/ß-,ÜÊ :<-(ë,-bÜ-{æ-7o<-6ë-&±,-P9-7"ë9-/-:<-[$-7b²9-*ß,-0ë$-/7Ü-:<-`Ü<-[ë+-
`Ü-7'Ü#-Dè,-+$-Ê fë$-7b²9-*ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý7Ü-:<-`Ü<-/%°+-`Ü-<è0<-%,-¸¥-[$-5Ü$-F0-ý9-^Ü,-ý-
fë$-/-YèÊ +è-+#-F0<-`Ü-+,ë -#<$-X$Ü -:<Ê >è-0-=-ë /+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-:<Ê Ê9$-#Ü-F0-Dë#-
:<-`Ü<-‡å:Ê Ê#,<-+$-Z¨#-/W:-:-<ë#<-ýÊ Ê/+#-+$-/+#-#Ü9-<ë-<ë9-73Ý,Ê Ê5è<-<#ë <-
#<ß$<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê7ë+-#<:-Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-P9-,Ê $ë-/ë-!-+#-#-Ü #5Ü-/+è-#;è#<-
XÜ$-ýë-:<-9$-/5Ü,-T©,-iá/-`Ü-#5Ü-[$-;9-/7Ü-U+-%Ü#-:-9$-$ë-;è<-)è-2ì#<-/{+-`Ü-(è9-:è,-
+eÜ$<-<ß-+è$<-ý-,Ü-´¥,-·-¦ /6$-ýë-#+ë+-07Ü-ië:-#5Ü9-<$<-{<-ý-+$-Ê #5Ü-[$-+è-(Ü+-T,-þè<-
0-9Ü#-ý<-/…Ü/<-,<-#6ß$-73Ý,-´¥,-·¦-/)#<-)è-T,© -i/á -9,Ü -ýë-&è7Ü-]ä/<-:<-dÜ9-#<:-[$-/7Ü-
Vë-/{+-H-Ü :0-P9-;9-,<-7"ë9-/9-0è+-/5Ü,-¸-¥ 7há:-/-:-<è0<-%,-5è<-/)#<-ý9-#<ß$<-
<ëË Ê
#<ß0-ý-ÐU/<-`Ü-+ë,-/Z¨<-)è-020<-‚9-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P-,7$-$ë-/ë7Ü-/º¥#<-2±:-:<Î F0-ý9-0-#8ë <-#8ë-/9-0Ü-7b²9-dÜ9Î
uë-/ß9-lÜ-0-‚$-:-/Ië,-ý9-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ *ë#-0-0è+-ý-,<-7"ë9-7+<-#(Ü<-<-ß /)#<-;Ü$-7há:-/7Ü-2±:-+è-P-/ß-8Ü,-,7$-
‡Ü,-bÜ-7¸¥-7#ë+-`Ü<-,0-0"7-:-,0-8$-#8ë-/-0è+-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê *ë#-07Ü-!-+#-/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-
9$-#-Ü $ë-/ë7-Ü /º¥#<-2±:-+è-:<-#5,-¸¥-7b²9-/-0Ü-r+Ü -ý<Ê Wë,-&+-7"ë9-7+<-#(Ü<-!7Ü-&ë<-<-ß
F0-ý9-0-#8ë<-;Ü$-Ê +-9ß$-0ß-0*7-0è+-ý7Ü-7"ë9-/9-7"ë9-`$-#8ë-/9-0Ü-7b²9-/-+è7Ü-dÜ9-,Ê
7há:-/-uë-/ß9-bÜ-lÜ-0-,0-+#-ý7Ü-2é-9$-$ë-0$ë,-¸¥-e<-)è-72$-{-/9-7b²9-/7Ü-dÜ9-+è-(Ü+-₫ë+-ý7Ü-
*/<-:-7/+-/Ië,-0Ü-#8è:-/9-e7ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-:è-:#-:<Ê 7"ë9-/-+$-,Ü-f-$,-7+<Ê Ê
27

#(Ü<-!-8ë+-ý-0-8Ü,-)èÊ Ê7"ë9-/-8ë$<-<ß-;è<-ý-,ÜÊ Êf-$,-7+<-5è<-+è-:-eÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê


/D#-#(Ü<-:<Ê <è0<-%,-F0<-,Ü-<$<-{<-(Ü+Ê Ê7ë,-`$-uë-/9ß -l-Ü 0<-/…Ü/<Ê Ê+è-/<:-,-
,Ü-<$<-{<-<ëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Êuë-/ß9-lÜ-0<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-9$-$ë-:-,0-8$-0-#ë<-ý<-‚$<-,-7o:-¸¥-
9ß$-/-,ÜÊ XÜ$-ýë-:<Ê <ß<-`$-0-/%Ü$<-/%Ü$<-0+è -+ëÊ Ê7&Ü$-/9-e-/7$-8ë+-0-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-
<ëË Ê<è0<-%,-₫Ü-/1,-¸¥-7"ë9-/-:-*ë#-0*7-0è+-ý9-#<ß$<-`$-#$-6#-Vë<-/1,-¸¥Ê 0$ë,-
ý7Ü-0+ë-:<Ê *ë#-0è+-b²9-`$-*-0-+$-Q,-ýÊ Ê5è<-e³$-/-/5Ü,Ê lÜ-0-:0-bÜ<-‚$<-ý<-f$-
7+<-:-9è#-%Ü$-Ê ‚$<-6Ü,-,<-7oá0-,+-e$-/7Ü-þè<-/ß-P9-7o<-/ß-{æ-9ß-0Ü-Që#-ý<-:0-:-/Ië,-
ý-,Ü-7*+-ý-+$-/%<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-#$-#Ü<-Dë#<-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-:0-/;+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê Zë0-bÜ<-0+ë9-/Y,Ê +è-(Ü+-{<-ý9-
/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐZë0-bÜ<-0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
Dë#<-eè+-:0-bÜ-90Ü -ý-/<0-8<-`$-Î {æ+-‚ë$-<-/ë,-#+/-+$-/þè+-/rÜ$<-ýÎ
/#è#<-<è:-+$-,Ü-+è-/5Ü,-/ë#<-7+ë,-)èÎ F0-ý-M -8Ü<-8$-+#-:0-:-7'ß #Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #5Ü-7o<-+eè9-0+è -ý-+è-(Ü+-Dë#<-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-*/<-<ß-0+ë-W#<-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-
/<0-ý7Ü-0*7-8<-ý9-#<ß$<-`$-Ê #,+-`-Ü XÜ$-ýë-#%Ü#-·-¦ lÜ:-,Ê vë-{+æ -‚$ë -/7Ü-2±:-5$Ü -*-
@ë+-7¸¥:-/-P-/ß-+$-Ê ^Ü,-ië:-bÜ-<-/ë,-#+/-ý7Ü-2±:-7oá-þë,-0è+-ý-7+è/<-ý-P-/ß-+$-Ê +è-(Ü+-
þè+-/rÜ$-/7Ü-2±:-&±-:ß+-<ë#<-<ë-,0-:-/Ië,-ý-P-/ß-+$-Ê :0-bÜ-#è#<-<è:-ý7Ü-*/<-<+-<è9-
<ë#<-r$á -/7Ü-*/<-:-7/+-ý-P-/ß-+$-Ê 8ë,-),-bÜ-/ë#<-7+ë,-ý7Ü-*/<-&9-7/è/<-<ë#<-#ë$-
7.è:-¸-¥ 7b²9-/7Ü-*/<-e+è -ý-P-/-ß Yè-F0-ý-M-8Ü<-:0-:#è <-ý9-‚$<-ý<-7o<-/ß-/%°+-¸¥-^,Ü -ý-
P9-F0-ië:-bÜ-7o<-/ß-0$ë,-¸¥-eè+-ý9-7b²9-/<-,-8$-+#-ý7Ü-:0-:-9/-·¦-7'ß#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-(Ü+-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-MÊ {æ+-‚ë$-/Ê <-/ë,-#+/-ýÊ þè+-/rÜ$-/Ê #è#<-<è:-/Ê
/ë#<-7+ë,-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-#(Ü<Ê :0-bÜ-I-/-/;è<-#(è,-/Yè,-ý7Ü-2±:Ê /Yè,-,<-vë-
{æ+-'Ü-P9-‚ë$-/7Ü-9Ü0-ý7ëÊ Ê+è7-Ü +$-ýë-:7$-/5ÜÊ /Yè,-e-y/ë -+ýë,-bÜ-02,-(+Ü Ê 'Ü-P9-/Yè,-
ý7Ü-*/<Ê Yè,-eè+-yë/-07Ü-02,-(Ü+Ê /Yè,-,<-#+0<-ý-Yë,-2±:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð/Yè,-e-yë/-
+ýë,-bÜ-02,-(Ü+-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-:-+$-ýë-vë-{æ+-‚$-/7Ü-dÜ9Î :0-bÜ-I-/-Eë-B-è yë/-+ýë,-,Ü Î
+0-2Ý#-Zë0-ý7Ü-´¥,-₫ë+-F0-ý9-+#Î *ë<-ý<-9/-/{,-/<0-ý<-+è-(Ü+-dè+Î
Vë0-ý<-(0<-Dë#<-8ë,-),-lë+-D#<-Q,Î *ß#<-Bè7Ü-7'ß#-ý<-yë/-0-Bè<-73Ý,-ý7ÜÎ
02,-(Ü+-´¥,-Q,Ê
28

5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #5Ü-;è<-,<-uë-/ß9-lÜ-0-‚$-/7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-:-7'ß#-ý7Ü-2±:-+è-:7$-+$-
ýë-(Ü+-¸¥-Dë#-7há:-bÜ-vë-$,-#ë0<-`Ü-+/$-¸¥-;ë9-/<-:<-<ß-0Ü-9ß$-/-+è-(Ü+-¸¥:-/9-e-/7Ü-&è+-¸¥-{æ+-
:è#<-ý9-‚$-+#ë<-ý<-+7è Ü-2±:-7&+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê+è7$-eÜ<-ý7Ü-þ-è /ë-F0<-9$-#Ü-vë-Y/ë <-`Ü<-8$-
+#-ý7Ü-:0-bÜ-d#ë <-10-¸¥7$-/ië+-ý9-0Ü-¹¥<-ý<-₫9Ü -<$<-{<-`-Ü &ë<-*0<-%+-+$-a+-ý9-:0-
:-2±:-/5Ü,-7'ß#-%Ü$-:è#<-ý9-/ië+-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-I-/-Eë-Bè-yë/-+ýë,-02,-(Ü+-+$-Q,-ý-*ë#-0-(Ü+-
¸¥-:è#<-ý9-/D#<-,<-/Yè,-+#ë<-)Êè +ýè9-,-{æ<-0è+-ý7Ü-:0-¸¥-º#¥ <-ý-:-{æ<-;è<-`Ü-:0-
0",-+$-Ê 7'Ü#<-<9-/ië+-ý-:-Yë/<-Q,-bÜ-þè:-0-+$-Ê &±7Ü-.-9ë:-¸¥-/ië+-ý-:-iá-73Ý,-ý7Ü-
0(,-ý-(Ü+-0è+-*/<-0è+-ý-/5Ü,-,Êë Êyë/-+ýë,-bÜ-02,-(+Ü -0+ë-{æ+-0,-$#-F0<-,<-{-&è9-
#<ß$<-`$-Ê 0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê 8ë,-),-*0<-%+-`-Ü #5Ü-D,è -Z0ë -ý-#<ß0-'Ü-P9-v$<-ý7Ü-+0-2#Ý -
+$-Z0ë -ý7Ü-´¥,-₫ë+-:-(è<-P©$-#Ü<-0-#ë<-ý<-{æ+-F0-ý9-+#-%Ü$-"-,-0-*ë-/-\$<-ýÊ 0+ë-
W#<-`Ü-{+æ -:ß$-0,-$#-0$-¸¥-*ë<-ý<-#$-:7$-0-Hë$<-;Ü$-dë#<-T$© -o:-/7Ü-F0-*9-bÜ<-9/-
·¦-/{,-ýÊ *ë<-+ë,-/<0-ý<-#),-:-./-ý<-0*7-l#á -2:± -/5Ü7Ü-eè-o#-d+è -ýÊ +è7Ü-+,ë -V0ë -ý<-
{æ+-:-‚9-/<-(0<-+$-Dë#<-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-89-w-P9-{<-;Ü$-<-:0-#ë$-¸¥-\#<-ý7Ü-lë+-D#<-+$-
Q,-ý-YèÊ *ë<-/<0-Vë0-#<ß0-bÜ<-9$-+ë,-0*9-dÜ,-ýÊ +è-+#-:<-e$³ -/7Ü-lÜ-0-0è+-ý7Ü-0aè,-
9/-`-Ü I:-{<-ý<-Cè+-/´¥9-i#<-ý-:-0Ü-P<ë -ý9-+0Ü#<-ý-0è+-ý7Ü-*ß#<-B7è -Ü 7'ß#-ý<-U:-Q,-
bÜ-y/ë -0-B<è -<-ß 73Ý,-ý-03+-ý7Ü-/Iè-/-%,Ê +è7$-2#Ý -#-Ü #+0<-ý<-…ë-7+ë#<-#%ë+-¹¥<-ýÊ +ë,-
bÜ-$-ë ‡ë+-`<Ü -Dë#<-ý-þè+-¹<¥ -ýÊ eÜ,-x/<-Yë/<-`Ü<-0-+#-ý7Ü-[$-/-7#ë#-¹¥<-ýÊ (0<-`Ü-
#è#<-<è:-5Ü$-D#ë <-ý7Ü-/ë#<-7eÜ,-¹¥<-ý-YèÊ 0+ë9-,-0aè,-/Iè-¹¥<-ý<-#5,-+,ë -T,© -b<Ü -i/á -
ý7Ü-02,-(Ü+-/6$-ýë-´¥,-+$-Q,-ý7ëÊ Ê*ë#-09-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-:-/Yè,-+#ë<-ý7Ü-:ß$-8$-Ê
Zë$-ýë-/!ë+-ý-:<Ê *0<-%+-0aè,-ý-,Ü-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-bÜ-#+0<-$#-:-9#-:<-<ë-5è<-+$-Ê
Z¨+-ý-:<Ê <$<-{<-&<ë -F0<-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-:-/Yè,-)-ë 5è<Ê Ê8ë,-),-´¥,-bÜ-0&ë#-0$7-{:-
/<-+-è U+-#<ß$<Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê 8ß0-:<Ê e$-&±/-<0è <-+ý7-0$ë,-ý9-Jë#<-ý9-72$-{-/9-
7+ë+-ý<-*ë#-0-(Ü+-¸¥-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-+#-:-/Xè,-ý9-eÊ /Yè,-ý9-eÊ /Xè,-/´¥9-/9-e7ë-
5è<-+$-Ê 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê #+ë<-ý-73Ý,-ý-0è+-ý9-,ÜÊ Êiá-8Ü<-.-9ë:-dÜ,-0Ü-7b²9Ê Ê8ë,-),-*0<-
%+-9/-Jë#<-`$-Ê Êv-0-0è+-,-rÜ+-0*9-0Ü,Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-:ß$-+$-9Ü#<-ý-+$-+ýè-0*7-8<-ý-
#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð'Ü-P9-/Yè,-ý7Ü-*/<-Ñ,ÜÊ
0(è<-ý-#<ß0-b Ü<-/Yè,Î 0Ü-0(è<-e-/-U+-%Ü#-10-8$-\$-Î
29

+#ë$<-₫ë+-2±:-/5Ü,-/y/-:-0"<-ý-8Ü<Î %Ü-#<ß$<-/!7-/5Ü,-/…å/-ý7Ü-8:-#0-v$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 02,-(Ü+-+è-Q,-bÜ-yë/-+ýë,-Cè+-,<-'Ü-P9-/Yè,-ý7Ü-2±:-8$-Ê 0+ë-Zè-{,-:<Ê
Cè+-ý-/´¥9-Y-Ü +#-+$-9Ü0-ië-+# Ê…å/-ý7Ü-V-ë ,<-v-0-/Yè,-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9Ê 9/-#+0<-
$#-#Ü-+ë,-(0<-<ß-:è,-%Ü$-/!7-/5Ü,-eè+-ý-…å/-ý7Ü-5/<-)ë# Ê7oÜ$-:ß<-$#-8Ü+-#<ß0-bÜ<-rÜ-
º¥-90Ü -ië-'Ü-P9-Në#<-ýÊ *-0-6$-6Ü$-C+è -ý-9$-:-/+ë#-@-ã *0<-%+-7/ß:-5Ü$-/´¥9-YÜ-e-/-Yè-
0(è<-ý-F0-ý-#<ß0-b-Ü Vë-,<-+#ë<-7e³$-#Ü-,9ë -/Êß 7&Ü-#<ë7-Ü ^,-ýÊ "ë$-ý7Ü-+ë,-XÜ$-¸¥-7¸¥-;è<-
,<-0ë<-ý-+$-μ¥<-ý-2+-/6ß$-*$-Të+-0è+-ý9-/Yè,Ê Vë-#<ß0-e-/-"-,-0-*ë-/70-:è#<-<ß-9è-/7Ü-
2ì+-73Ý,-<#ë <-*ß#<-:-0Ü-0(è<-ý9-7b²9-/7Ü-e-/-U+-%Ü#-0-10-8$-0Ü-e-/9-\$-Ê 6/-07ë -Ü &ë<-
+$-þè<-/ß-+0-ý7Ü-+#ë$<-₫ë+-`-Ü #)Ü$-+ýë#-ý9-+!7-/<-vë-…,Ü -%Ü$-*#ß <-6Ü,-ý<-#<$-/-#<ß0-
bÜ-F0-ý9-*9-ý-2±:-/5Ü,-¸¥-/y/-ý-:-0"<-ý9-e-/7Ü-Vë-,<Ê %Ü-03+-:è#<-ý9-0*ë$-5Ü$-%Ü-
#<ß$-2+-09-/6ß$-Yè-/!7-/5Ü,-Bè<-<ß-…/å -ý7Ü-8:-#0-00-+0-/%7-/D,-ý-ë zè,-bÜ<-0Ü-7në#-ý-
8$-+$-8$-¸¥-v$<-)è-:#-:è,-¸¥-"è:-/9-e7ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-7¸¥<-ý-:<Ê 9Ü#<-`Ü-/ßÊ yë/-+ýë,-
,Ü-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-F0<-+$-e$-&/± -<è0<-+ý7-F0<-`Ü<-e$-&/± -`Ü-<è0<-E-ë Bè-/5Ü,-¸¥-/P-/9-
e7ë-5è<-+$-Ê 9$-;9-:<Ê +è-P9-#<$-W#<-yë/-+ýë,-:Ê Ê9$-:ß<-+$-,Ü-9Ü,-&è,-J<Ê Ê
;Ü,-·¦-+!ë,-ý-+#-#Ü<-/Yè,Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê 0+ë-:<Ê +#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-0μ¥-/9-e<-,-<$<-
{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-e$-&±/-7*ë/-/Êë Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê'Ü-U+-/;+-ý7Ü-02,-(+Ü -´¥,-Q,-bÜ-yë/-+ýë,-¸¥<-`Ü-
+/$-#Ü<-Cè+-ý9-+!7-5Ü$-Ê Cè+-`$-9$-[$-0-+#-ý7Ü-<è0<-%,-bÜ<-#5,-+#-þë,-%,-¸¥-0*ë$-
/<-8ë,-),-;<-&è-/Yè,-ý9-e-+#ë<-)èÊ +ë,-+0-/Xè,-ý-:<Ê Ië+-¸¥<-+/$-#Ü<-v-0-þë,-+$-
8ë,-),-7lè<Ê ÊF0-ý-´¥,-·¦-ZÜ#-ý-0è+-ý-8ë+-0-8Ü,Ê Ê#$-5Ü#-8ë,-),-T#-ý-8$-,Ü-:è#<-+c+-
,<Ë Ê/ß-F0<-`Ü<-,Ü-+-è :-/Yè,-ý9-7b²9-/7ëÊ Ê5è<-e³$-/-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-ÐYè,-eè+-yë/-07Ü-02,-(Ü+-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è<-`$-++-+$-$è<-7e³$-XÜ$-Bè-+$-Î +/$-Fë,-vë-&è,-/½§ :-º¥#<-Q,-ý-8Ü Î
yë/-07ÜÊ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 02,-Q,-bÜ-yë/-+ýë,-+<è -`$-yë/-0-'Ü-P-/-ß :-#+0<-ý-Yë,-5è-,Ê ++-/Ië,-
/½§:-º#¥ <-Q,-ý-[+ë Ê Ê%è<-+$-Ê #<$-XÜ$-:<Ê [ë+-Q,-9$-2±:-/6$-:-/Y,Ê Ê:ß<-+$-
:ë$<-₫ë+-#)ë$-:-‚Ü,Ê Ê5è<-e³$-/-P9Ê &ë<-+!9-*0<-%+-`Ü-I-/-+$-ý-7+ë+-ý-+$-8Ü+-&è<-
ý7Ü-++-ý-+$-Ê 7"ë9-/-:-0è-7ë/<-<0-/1ì,-9-P9-;è<-,<-rÜ+-ý-:<-$è<-ý9-7e³$-/7Ü-vë-+$-Ê
<è0<-%,-.-09-;è<-ý<-#5,-+ë,-:-‡ë-/7Ü-XÜ$-Bè-+$-Ê Wë,-‚$<-`Ü<-9Ü#<-<+-ý<-*ë<-ý-10-
30

bÜ<-+ë,-dÜ,-%Ü-0-:#ë -ý9-Dë#<-ý7Ü-+/$-ýë-Fë,-ýë9-b²9-ý-+$-Ê {-&è-/-*è#-ý-&,è -ý-ë +$-6/-0ë-


#<$-W#<-`Ü-P-₫ë+-:-*è-2ì0-0è+-ý9-8Ü+-:-;ë$-/7Ü-vë-&è-/-+$-Ê #$-:7$-0Ü-/Xè$<-;Ü$-º¥0-ý-
0è+-ý9-7'ß#-¹¥<-ý7Ü-/½§:-º¥#<-+$-Q,-ý-Yè-lá#-ý-ë +è-:-8,ë -),-bÜ-02,-(+Ü -*0<-%+-7¸¥<-ý<Ê
02,-(Ü+-+è-Q,-bÜ-yë/-0-Bè<-<ß-#6ß$-/9-e7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð/Yè,-,<-#+0<-ý-Yë,-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
{æ+-+$-‚9-:-#+0<-ý-/Y,Î [ë+-+$-0Ü-720-#+0<-ý-‚Ü,-0Ü-eÎ 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-v-yë/-`Ü-
Dè,-7oè:-:#è <-ý9-7iÜ#<-ý-,Ê v-0<-y/ë -07Ü-{+æ -5/Ü -09ë -/D#<-)è-v-ë 2ì+-+$-‚9-:-*è#-ý-&è-
&±$-#Ü-#+0<-ý-/Y,-+#ë<-`-Ü <ë-<7ë -Ü vë-+$-0Ü-720<-ý-vë-+0,-:-6/-%Ü$-{-&è-/-+$-Ê vë-&,è -:-
*è#-+0,-bÜ-#+0<-ý-‚Ü,-ý-<ë#<-0Ü-e-YèÊ +è-P9-e<-,-&ë<-/Y,-ý7Ü-8ß:-:-0Ü-.,-5Ü$-Yë,-ý-ýë-
(Ü+-(è<-ý-+$-/%<-ý9-7b²9-/-YèÊ vë-+0,-6/-{<-`Ü<-+$$<-„#-þ-è /<-:0-:<-dÜ9-Q#ë -ý9-
7b²9-/-+$-Ê vë-&è,-P-₫ë+-`<Ü -0-2Ý0<-ý9-:0-Y#è <-\$ë -/7Ü-þ,ë -/þè+-ý9-e+è -+ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-
{æ+-Eë9-nè$-:<Ê 'Ü-P9-<è$-#è7Ü-7ë-0-,ÜÊ Ê<-8Ü-[ë+-¸¥-#5#-0-Ü eÊ Ê+è-/5Ü,-F:-7eë9-&,è -ýë7Ü-
{æ+Ë Ê[ë+-0Ü,-+#-:-‚Ü,-0Ü-eÊ Ê7+Ü-+$-.-9ë:-·¦-,Ü-.ß$-Ê Ê[ë+-0Ü,-0,-$#-9/-/;+-,Ê Êyë/-
+ýë,-+$ë<-iá/-(0<-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê ₫ë+-7'ß#-:<Ê {-&è,-&ë<-`Ü-[ë+-b²9-ýÊ Ê+0,-
ý7Ü-&ë<-:-‚9-0Ü-eÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê[ë+-+$-'Ü-P9-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-8$-Ê +0,-:-&#<-o:-₫ë+-ý-
YèË Ê{-&-è /-:-.-9ë:-dÜ,Ê Ê6/-:-W#<-`Ü-*#è -ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê μ¥9-:<Ê +0,-ý-F0<-:-
e-/7Ü-{æ+Ê Êe-0,Ü -F:-7eë9-+-è P#-:Ê Ê<è0<-%,-0&ë#-:-F:-7eë9-{æ+Ê ÊF:-7eë9-v-0è+-+è-
P#-:7ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-/Yè,-,<-v-ë {æ+-'Ü-P9-‚ë$-/7Ü-9Ü0-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê Wë,-7ië-+$-Ê +$ë<-#5Ü7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-
#(Ü<Ë *ß,-bÜ-Wë,-7ië-+$-Ê hÜ+-`Ü-Wë,-7ië7ëÊ Ê+è7Ü-+$-ýë-:7$-#(Ü<Ê 9Ü$-/-+$-Ê (è-/7Ü-
Wë,-7ië7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð9Ü$-/7Ü-Wë,-7ië-Ñ,ÜÊ
:ë -9#Ü <-0*ß,-ý9-9Ü0-b Ü<-+gÜ-2±:-,ÜÎ +$-ýë-7¸¥-73Ý7-Ü #,<-:<-*#-/rÜ$<-)èÎ
+/è,-ý9-<ë$-:-7'Ü#-Dè,-e-/-/)$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ vë7Ü-9Ü#<-<0-{æ+-2ì+-+$-0*ß,-ý9-#+0<-$#-Yë,-ý7Ü-2±:-+è7$-#1ì-/ë9-9Ü0-
bÜ<-+gÜ-/7Ü-2±:-;è<-,-%#Ü -%9-+gÜ-2:± -59-:<-;<è -ý9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê ₫Ü9-:0-9Ü0-ý9-0-73é#<-
ý9-*ë+-@:-bÜ<-#ë$-09-7.9-/9-0Ü-¹<¥ -ý-+$-Ê :0-bÜ-8ë,-),-7#ë -0-0-þ<è -ý9-#ë$-0-7*ë/-ý9-
0Ü-¹<¥ -ý7Ü-dÜ9-9Ü0-/ië+-`Ü-2:± -#:-&è-YÊè 0+ë-f$-7+<-:<Ê 'Ü-P9-U<-`-Ü 9Ü0-ý-/5Ü,Ê Ê$-
8Ü-/Y,-ý-6/-0ë-8$-Ê Ê9Ü0-bÜ<-/y/-%Ü$-,,-),-eÊ Ê*ë+-@:-0-8Ü,-0*9-&#<-<ëÊ Ê'Ü-P9-
31

eÜ<-ý-&±$-$ß-+# Ê9Ü0-bÜ<-:<ß -;è+-J#ë <-ý-P9Ê Ê&ë<-7+Ü-8$-,Ü-+-è +$-7lÊ Ê+$-ýë9-7'ß#-ý7Ü-


9Ü0-ý-,<Ê Ê8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý7Ü-/9-¸¥7Êë Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê+è-,<-:0-9Ü0-bÜ<-+gÜ-/7Ü-2±:-,ÜÊ :0-
:-7'ß#-ý9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-#$-6#-+-è <-+$-ý-ë (Ü+-¸¥-7'Ü#-Dè,-bÜ-:ß<-<è0<-F0-ý9-#8è$-/7Ü-7¸¥-73Ý7Ü-
#,<-:<-9Ü$-¸-¥ eë:-,<-*#-/rÜ$<-)èÊ {:-/<-/W#<-ý7Ü-/<-0*7Ü-+/è,-#,<-+0-ý9-<ë$-:-
+è9-8$-7n:-0"ë7Ü-8ë-e+-0-*ë#<-10-bÜ<-&ë#-;è<-ý9-e<-)èÊ :ß<-`Ü-0Ü-+#è-/-+$-:ß$-0-/Y,-
bÜ-e-/Ê $#-+,ë -0+è -:ë$-#)0Ê 8Ü+-(ë,-0ë$<-7há:-Dë#-#Ü-B<è -<-ß 7oè$-/-<#ë <-7'Ü#-Dè,-ý-+$-
0*ß,-ý7Ü-e-/-0*7-+#-/)$-,<-+0-ý7Ü-&ë<-…å/-ý-:-Iè-#%Ü#-·¦-#5ë:-/9-e7ëÊ Ê+è7$-7¸¥-73Ý<-
F0-ý9-#8è$-/-:-Vë-#<ß0-0-/+0<-;Ü$-/¸¥+-9<Ü -`Ü-/9-¸-¥ #%ë+-ý-+$-/<0-#),-+$-;è<-9/-0Ü-
þè-/-<ë#<-(è<-ý-(Ü-»¥-8ë+-ý-T#-ý7Ü-/<0-ý-U¨:-/7Ü-0+ë-:<-#<ß$<-;Ü$-Ê <$<-{<-F0<-:-
0&ë+-ý7Ü-eè-o#-¸¥-0<-/U:-/9-0&ë+-ý-/<-$è<-7e³$-#Ü-<è0<-`Ü<-+/è,-ý9-#ë0-/¸¥,-/ë9-/7Ü-
/<ë+-,0<-&è-/-)Ü$-73Ý,-{:-ýë-<ë#<-:<-#<ß$<-ý-+$-Ê #ë$-#Ü-7¸¥-73Ý7Ü-(<è -ý-:<-Që#-ý7Ü-
8ë,-),-F0<-7*ë/-ý9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê a+-ý9-<è0<-:-/D,-ý-0-*ë/-ý7Ü-#$-6#-:<-+$-ýë-/<-
+/è,-ý-/Yè,-ý-"ë-,-#:-&è-YèÊ +!ë,-0&ë#-#Ü-6-0-)ë#-:<Ê :<-+$-ýë-/<-<è0<-(è-/9-5Ü-/-+$-
9/-·-¦ ¸¥:-/9-e-/7Ü-dÜ9-+/è,-ý9-#,<-ý9-e7ë-5è<-<ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-Ð(è-/7Ü-Wë,-7ië-Ñ,ÜÊ
/+è-/7Ü-Y,-7¸¥# -:ß<-/r$-xä$-9ë-/<:Î +!ë,-0&ë #-#<ë:-#+/-v-09-0ë<-μ¥<-/þè+Î
l,-ý-0$ë ,-¸¥-/5#-:-7+Ü-P9-/<0Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +/è,-#,<-o#-.ß#-#0-/<0-#),-b-Ü "$-ý9-/+è-/7Ü-Y,-7'0-5Ü$-X0ë <-ý-:-
7¸¥#-ý<-8ß,-9Ü$-Zë+-2±#<Ê :ß<-#,+-l$-ý9ë -/r$-/<-I-xä$-9$-0:-¸¥-#,<-)-è 7há:-Dë#-¶¦$-Ê
xä$-9ë-:,-#<ß0-/<:-/<-I-,$-(,ë -0$ë <-`-Ü XÜ#<-0-+# Ê+!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0-:-+0-ý7Ü-&ë<-
0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-#<ë:-/-/)/-ý<-/9-&+-0Ü-7e³$-Ê v-0-:-<$<-{<-<-ß 0*ë$-/7Ü-0ë<-μ¥<-/þè+-
ý<-V-ë #<ß0-:-eÜ,-x/<-7'ß# Êzè,-b<Ü -0-Ü 7në#-ý7Ü-l,-ý-9$-0:-0$ë,-¸-¥ /5#-ý<-V0ë -+,ë -
#<:-*è/<-ý9-7b²9-ý<-,Ê 'Ü-U+-/;+-ý-F0<-2±:-/5Ü,-e<-:-vë-‚ë$-/7Ü-2±:-7+Ü-P9-/<0-
ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-hÜ+-`Ü-Wë,-7ië-:-#<ß0Ê þè<-/ß-&$± -$ß-+ $-*ß,-0ë$-/Ê 7oÜ$-ýë-+$-*ß,-0ë$-/Ê &è,-ýë-
+$-*,ß -0$ë -/7Ü-:0-9Ü0-0ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-#<ß0Ê +:-7eë9-Cè+-+!7Ê 7&Ü-/-0Ü-D#-:<-{-æ 7o<-
/<0-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+:-7eë9-Cè+-+!7-Ñ,ÜÊ
+:-7eë 9-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý<-/{,-ý7Ü-Dè,Î ;Ü ,-·¦-Cè+-+!7->ß-¸¥±-9-7lÎ
XÜ$-ýë-:è,-ý7Ü-*/<-:-9/-0"<-,Î Cè+-ý-+ë,-&è,-8Ü+-/5Ü,-,ë9-:<-T#Î
32

+è-dÜ9-¸¥<-+$-#,<-U/<-*0<-%+-¸¥Î +#è-/7Ü-/;è<-+$-+#è-/7Ü-i ë#<-ýë -/Yè ,Î


2é-7+Ü-vë<-/)$-dÜ-07Ü -+ë,-bÜ-dÜ9Î f³9-¸¥-XÜ$-ýë-:è,-:-0-7/+-,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7+Ü-:-/5ÜÊ Dè,-bÜ-$-ë /ëÊ +è-C+è -ý9-+!7-/7Ü-{æ-02,Ê Cè+-ý-+ë,-&è-/7Ü-2:± Ê
+è-:<-XÜ$-ýë-:è,-+#ë<-ý9-#+0<-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-,ÜÊ 0Ü-"ë0-ý-/{+-:<-:ë#-ý7Ü-+:-/-,Ü-Dè,-bÜ-$ë-
/ë-8Ü,-:Ê 9$-7eë9-#6ß#<-{,-:è#<-ý-P-/ß-M-+$-#5,-7eë9-[$-/7Ü-eè-o#-#Ü<-#<:-/-P-/ß-
M-,Ü-+è7Ü-a+-ý9-bÜ-&ë<-)è-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-P-/ß<-/{,-ý7Ü-0Ü-:ß<-9Ü,-ýë-&è-7+Ü-,Ü-e$-&±/-…å/-ý-:-
0è+-¸¥-0Ü-9ß$-/7Ü-Dè,-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê+è-:-0Ü-"ë0-ý-/{+-,ÊÜ 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê +f:-/-8-Ü ₯#<-¸¥+-7ië-
+$-Ë Êt-të-2é-9Ü$-T-+$-,ÜÊ Ê:ë#-P-<$<-{<-`Ü<-Yë$<-ýÊ ÊK¨#<-ý-7+Ü-+#-0Ü-"ë0-/{+Ê Ê
%è<-+$-Ê 9$-7eë9-M-,ÜÊ 0Ü-(Ü+-+/ß<-þè<-+/$-ýë-2$-Ê Ê:<-0*7-0-:ë#-#,<-:-++Ê Ê%è<-
+$-Ë #5,-7eë9-M-,ÊÜ <$<-{<-eë,-+$-+è<-&ë<-#<ß$<Ê Ê/Y,-ý-#,<-+$-+è-Bè<-
º¥#<Ë Ê#5,-dÜ9-X$Ü -,-Ü /Iè-/7ëÊ Ê5è<-e³$-/-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-:-{7æ -Ü Vë-,<-Cè+-ý9-+!7-/-,ÜÊ 2±:-h0Ü <-:-<ë#<-+#è-/7Ü-:<-{-&,è -ý-ë /<#<-
;Ü$-^ë,-:0-bÜ<-020<-‚9-,-+:-7eë9-7*ë/-ý9-7b²9-,7$-Ê 5Ü-/-T<Ê /+#-#Ü-₫ë+-ý-7+Ü-
7l<-,ÜÊ Ê0Ü-8Ü-:ß<-`$-7*ë/-0Ü-7b²9Ê Ê0Ü-:ß<-*ë/-ý9-0-b9² -,Ê ÊZÜ#-ý-7/7-5Ü#-+#è-/-
0è+Ë Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-/<ë+-,0<-#<ë#-ý-+!ë,-ý-+$-Ê +ýè7Ü-Vë-,<-`$-Cè+-ý9-+!7-YèÊ
+:-7eë9-bÜ-Dè,-,Ü->ß-¸¥±-97Ü-0è-)ë#-+$-7l-YèÊ +è-,Ü-<$<-{<-7'Ü#-Dè,-¸¥-eë,-ý-/{-:0-,7$-
+!ë,-ý-+$-02±$<-ý9-i#<-;Ü$-Ê #5,-8$-Ê {-02ì-&è9-#8è$-#(7-;Ü$-#Ü Ê/ß-#9-9<ß -]:-
0iÜ,-&+± -P9Ê Ê0Ü-(Ü+-;Ü,-·¦-C+è -+!9-#<ß$<Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Êi$<-:-/<0-8$-Cè+-ý9-
+!7-YÊè +f:-/-,Ü-<-&,è -ý7ë -Ü Eã:Ê 8Ü-₯#<-,Ü-"-/-/ß-8ß# ʸ¥+-7ië-&$-#Ü-]$-0Ê T-0Ü-
#(Ü<-<è,-0ë7Ü-Y$è -#Ü-Eã:-&#<-ý-10-:<-0è+-ý9-0+ë-:<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-d9Ü -9Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-ÐCè+-ý-+ë,-&è-/7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ 0Ü-8Ü-iá-:-/Dè,-,<-,ÊÜ Ê¸¥#-/W:-&-± /ë-&-è :<-…ë:Ê Êiá-
7+Ü-dÜ-,<-Cè+-+!7-/<Ê ÊHë$<-ý-¸¥<-<ß-#(Ü+-0-:ë# Ê%è<-ý-P9-0Ü-:ß<-`Ü-iá-:-/Dè,-,<-7"ë9-
/-¸¥#-/W:-bÜ-{-02ì-:<-/@:-)è-XÜ$-ýë-#),-7¸¥,-bÜ-,ë9-/ß-:è,-ý7Ü-*/<-:-9/-·¦-0"<-;Ü$-…Ü,-
ý9-b²9-,Ê Cè+-+!7-Cè+-ý-+è-(Ü+-;Ü,-·¦-+ë,-&è-/-+/ß:-ýë<-8Ü+-/5Ü,-,ë9-/ß-Cè+-ý-:<-`$-T#-YèÊ
1u-#-ë 0¡<Ü Ê #$-5#Ü -*ë/-,<-þè-/7Ü-{-02ì-0*9-7eÜ,-%$Ü -Ê Êe$-&±/-0&ë#-#-Ü <-/ë,-+#è-/7$-
7+è/<-eè+-:Ê Ê8Ü+-/5Ü,-,ë9-/ß-/<-`$-8ë,-),-&è<-T#-ý7ÜÊ Ê0Ü-(Ü+-*ë/-,<-<ß-5Ü#-7o<-/ß-0+è -
ý9-e+è Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð+è-:<-XÜ$-ýë-:è,-+#ë<-ý9-#+0<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ Cè+-+!7-5Ü$-Cè+-,-+ë,-&è-/-(Ü+-Cè+-ý9-b²9-ý-+è7Ü-
33

dÜ9Ë ¸¥<-`Ü-{,æ -+$-#,<-U/<-`Ü-e-è o#-*0<-%+-¸¥-+:-7eë9-:<-XÜ$-ýë-:,è -ý7Ü-*/<-8$-+#-


ý7Ü-:0-Y,ë -ý-ýë-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-+$-+#è-ý7Ü-P-₫+ë -%,-bÜ-i#ë <-ýë-/Yè,-+#ë<-)Êè /;è<-‡$Ü -
:<Ë +#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-/Yè,-ý-2$<-ý9-₫ë+Ê Ê8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý-*ß/-ý<-#<ß$<-+è7Ü-dÜ9Ê Ê
+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-/Yè,-/bÜ-/;è<-#(è,-:Ê Ê/Yè,-,<-9/-·¦-0$-ýë-5Ü-/-7*ë/Ê Ê%è<-<Êë Ê+è-
:<-:#ë -ý-9$-vë-0Ü-+#è-/7Ü-:0-¸-¥ 7hÜ+-+è-+:-7eë9-&±+-6<ë -<ß-#)ë$-/9-e+è -ýë7Ü-ZÜ#-)ë7Ü-/;è<-
#(è,-+$-ZÜ#-ý7Ü-ië#<-ýë-\$-+#ë<-)èÊ l,-(è9-:<Ê 7+ë+-&#<-+$-5è-Z$-+$-#)Ü-0ß#-*0<-
%+-`Ü-{æ9-b²9-ý-,Ü-ZÜ#-ý7Ü-i#ë <-ýë-Y-è ¸¥#-#Ü-Z$ë -ý-ë P-/ß7ë-5<è -+$-Ê +!ë,-/Iè#<-:<Ê ZÜ#-ý7Ü-
ië#<-ýë-#$-5-è ,Ê +#è-/-7iÜ/-%Ü$-0-Ü +#è-/-7eë9-/-#$-8Ü,-ý-YèÊ +è-/Xè,-ý9-0Ü-eÊ /Yè,-ý9-
0Ü-eÊ 0*ë$-/9-0Ü-e7ë-5è<-<ëÊ Ê+è9-0-6+-2é-7+Ü9-Pë<-`Ü-[$-/-*0<-%+-#(Ü+-*ß,-#%Ü#-#Ü-HÜ-
:0-/6$-$,-P9-8ß,-*ß$-:-XÜ$-ýë-0è+-ý<-vë<-:Ü$-#Ü<-/)$-,<-2é-dÜ-0-.,-&+-`Ü-+ë,-#),-bÜ-
7¸¥,-0-7iá/-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +-P-f³9-/-(Ü+-¸¥-+:-7eë9-XÜ$-ýë-:è,-ý7Ü-*/<-:-0-7/+-,-2é-:-$<è -ý-0è+-
+èË 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê <$-+$-7'Ü#-D,è -dÜ-0-#(Ü<Ê ÊWë,-:-#$-7ë$-#)ë:-0+è -ý<Ê Ê<$-#Ü-2<Ý -:-0-Ü
7/+-ý9Ê ÊdÜ-07Ü-+ë,-¸¥-7/+-ý9-9Ü#<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð7&Ü-/-0Ü-D#-Ñ,ÜÊ
7¸¥<-e<-0Ü-D#-(Ü-w7Ü-7&9-¹¥/-7lÎ ,0-7&Ü-&-0è +-/9-[$-uë#-+$-02±$<Î
;Ü-2é-&ë<-0Ü,-%Ü<-`$-0Ü -.,-ý<Î +0-ý7Ü-T-&ë<-2±:-/5Ü,-₫ë+-ý9-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ₫Ü9-[+ë -/%°+-¸¥-[$-/-7+Ü-+#-*0<-%+-{æ-zè,-D,è -7oè:-2ì#<-)-è 7¸¥<-;$Ü -e<-
ý7Ü-&ë<-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-#%Ü#-`$-0Ü-D#-YèÊ 0+ë-:<Ê +#è-yë$-+#-7¸¥<-e<-*0<-%+-,Ü-0-Ü D#-ý7ë-
5è<-#<ß$<Ê 'Ü-P9-0Ü-D#-,Ê 2ì0<-:<Ê /<#<-ý-´¥,-bÜ-0*7-73+-%Ü$-Ê Ê/y$<-ý7Ü-
0*7-0-7bè:-/9-7b²9Ê Ê7n+-ý7Ü-0*7-,-Ü 7o:-/-YèÊ Ê#<ë,-ý7Ü-0*7-0-7&Ü-/9-7b²9Ê Ê
5è<-ý-P9-0Ü-D#-ý7Ü-0*7-/5Ü-:<-0-7+<-ý<-9#<-ý-[ë+-/%°+-&#<-7'Ü#-:ë-w-¸¥<-/5Ü7Ü-7b²9-
/-+$-Ê n-/-U+-%Ü#-9è-9è-/5Ü,-CÜ$-5Ü$-7.ë-/-(Ü-0-+$-w-/7Ü-7&9-¹¥/-U+-%Ü#-8ß+-8ß+-7ië-/-+$-
7l-:Ê eè-o#-0Ü-2é-:-$è<-ý-0è+-ý<-,0-7&Ü-&-0è+-%Ü$-7&Ü-zè,-0$-/<-f³9-¸¥-7&Ü-$<è -ý-/9-[$-
#Ü-u#ë -;9-/7Ü-0ë+-,<-8:-/-+$-02±$<-)Êè 7¸¥:-/-:ß$-:<Ê 9Ü-#69-&±-/ë-{-02ì9-7'ß#-ý-
+$-Ë Ê(Ü-0-w-/-¹¥/-9Ü9-dë#<-ý-+$-Ê Ê(Ü,-02,-*$-%#Ü -8ß+-10-»¥#<-`Ü<-7iëÊ Êþè<-/7ß -Ü 2é-
7ië-7+Ü-+#-02±$<-ý9-Q,Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê;Ü-/7Ü-2é-+0-ý7Ü-&ë<-0-8Ü,-ý-vë-Yë/<-#(è,-7"ë9-:ë$<-
₫ë+-%Ü<-`$-0Ü-.,-ý<Ê 7'Ü#-D,è -+$-P9-[$-#Ü-&<ë -0&Ü:-07Ü-*:-/-P9-9Ü$-¸¥-/9ë -,<-+0-ý7Ü-
T-&ë<-F0-ý9-+#-ý-{:-/-r<-+$-/%<-ý<-'Ü-P9-#+0<-ý7Ü-2±:-/5Ü,-¸¥-₫+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
34

#<ß0-ý-Ð:<-{æ-7o<-/<0-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
T-&ë<-…å/-ý7Ü-I-/-:<-7o<-)èÎ ZÜ#-ý-0Ü-+#è<-$,-<ë$-#<ß0-¸¥-7iëÎ
+#è-/-e<-ý<-0*ë-9Ü<-* 9-ý-*ë/Î +è-/<-ZÜ#-ý-/;#<-;Ü$-XÜ$-,<-/Z0Î
+#è-/7Ü-I-/-7/+-ý<-+$-¸¥-v$-Î d#-+$-/Uë9-/<-:ß<-`Ü-ZÜ#-ý-7+#Î
/w<-/Bë+-/!7-/t#-$#-# Ü-…Ü/-ý-7e$-Î +!ë,-0&ë#-#<ë:-#+/-8Ü +-`Ü-(è<-ý-5ÜÎ
D#-·¦ -l,-;è<-/#-8ë +-2±:-/5Ü,-/y/Î %è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ *9-ý-+0-ý7Ü-T-&ë<-…å/-ý7Ü-#5Ü70-I-/9-
b²9-ý-,ÜÊ <è0<-ý-8Ü+-+$-e<-ý-:ß<-$#-#Ü-:<-`Ü-7o<-/-ß F0-ý9-^Ü,-ý-/%<-<$<-{<-`-Ü
/Y,-ý-:-8Ü+-&è<-ý<-+#è-Z#Ü -#-Ü v$-+9ë -2±:-/5Ü,-¸¥-e-/-YèÊ +è7$-9,Ü -&,è -n$è -/-:<Ê 7+ë+-
&#<-5è-Z$-#)Ü-0ß#-+$-Ê Ê+è<-/þè+-:<-,Ü-0Ü-+#è-/Ê Ê0Ü-+#è-:<-,Ü-Z¨#-/W:-+$-Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-
$,-7ië-*0<-%+-+ëÊ Ê0-&#<-0Ü-Z$-#)Ü-0#ß -0è+Ê Ê+è<-/þè+-:<-,Ü-+#è-/-YèÊ Ê+#è-:<-/+è-
7ië-*0<-%+-+$-Ê Êþè-/-´¥,-·¦-/+è-/-+$-Ê Ê5è<-e³$-/-P9-(ë,-0ë$<-ý<-´¥,-,<-/y$<-ý7Ü-Vë-
#<ß0-bÜ-:<-Z#Ü -ý-0-Ü +#è-/-/%°-&-+$-/%<-ý-&,è -ýë<-+f:-/Ê 7oÜ$-#Ü<-8Ü-₯#<Ê &±$-$ß<-
eë:-<ë$-Yè-$,-<ë$-#<ß0-¸¥-7ië-5Ü$-Z¨#-/W:-l#-ýë<-0,9-/9-eè+-:Ê /<ë+-,0<-&-0*ß,-bÜ-
:<-+#è-/-/%°-7"ë9-+$-/%<-ý<-0*ë-9Ü<-<ß-þè<-,<-/+è-7o<-fë$-5Ü$-Ê $è<-7e³$-+$-e$-
<è0<-`Ü<-6Ü,-ý7Ü-*9-ý-&-0*ß,-bÜ-:<-+#è-/-e<-ý<-*9-ý-F0-#<ß0-#$-9ß$-7*ë/-ý9-7b²9-/-
8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê+è7$-)Ü$-73Ý,-{:-ýë-:<Ê :<-/<#<-ý-,Ü-,0-8$-0+è -0-Ü 7b²9Ê Ê7"ë9-/-,-,Ü-+!9-
,#-7o<-/ß-^Ü,Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-:<-`Ü-F0-^Ü,-,0-8$-0Ü-/yä-5Ü$-+#è-ZÜ#-#Ü-7o<-/ß-0Ü-
7&ë:-/9-eè+-ý-ýë-9$-9$-:-^Ü,-ý-+$-Ê :<-F0<-7.è:-7b²9-+$-/%<-ý<-{æ-&±$-8$-7o<-/ß-
&è-/-+è-/<-,Ê 7.è,-J#ë <-+$-e<-/<#<-:-/5Ü9-dè<-ý7Ü-W9-e<-`Ü-Z#Ü -ý-&-+$-/%<-ý-8ß:-
0&ë#-:-/;#<-;Ü$-dÜ,-&+-0Ü-e-/9-XÜ$-*#-ý-,<-+0-/%<-ý<-/Z0Ê +#è-/7Ü-I-/-&-/%<-n-
0ë-,<-`$-a+-¸¥-0Ü-#<ë+-ý9-7/+-ý-&è,-ýë<-+$-¸¥-v$-/9-e-+#ë<-:Ê +è7$-6#-/%<-*ß,-0ë$-#Ü-
+#è-/-+!ë,-0&ë#-#Ü-D,è -:-d#-+$-/Uë9-/-e<-ý<-:ß<-`Ü-0-Ü +#è-/-#<ß0-#1ì-/9ë -b9² -ý7Ü-ZÜ#-ý-
7+# ÊW#<-+$-XÜ$-ýë-/w<-/Bë+-+$-{:-/7Ü-/!7-0+ë-{æ+-6/-0ë-/t#-ý<-$#-#Ü-0Ü-+#è-/-/5Ü-
#1ì-/ë9-b²9-ý7Ü-iÜ/-ý-7e$-Ê +$-/-+$-7+ë+-ý-+$-8Ü+-&è<-ý7Ü-++-ý<-´¥,-,<-/y$<-)è-+!ë,-
0&ë#-#<ß0-+$-I-/-#<ß0-:-#<ë:-/-#+/-ý<-02ì,-F0-Dë#-+#è-/7Ü-:<-:0-¸¥-/€ç9-/<-8Ü+-`-Ü
0Ü-+#è-/-#<ß0-#1ì-/ë9-b²9-ý7Ü-(è<-ý-F0<-5-Ü /9-7b²9Ê +#è-ZÜ#-#(Ü<-!7$-9$-#Ü-<è0<-"ë-,9-
9#-:<-ý-YÊè +!ë,-0&ë#-‡Ü,-:<Ê +#è-/70-7ë,-)è-0-Ü +#è-/7ÜÊ Ê:<-´¥,-<è0<-`Ü<-/<#<-
ý-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý<-¸¥<-D#-·¦-<è0<-/rá$-/-:-7/+-ý9-e-YèÊ +è7Ü-2±:-8$-5Ü-/-T<Ê
35

<è0<-rá$-7+ë+-ý-F0<-:-,ÜÊ Êl,-ý-+$-,Ü-;è<-/5Ü,-+$-Ê Ê*0<-%+-7/+-ý<-rá$<-;Ü#-


%è<Ë Ê/+#-,-Ü +è-P9-*:-0-ë ‚ë9Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê ¸¥<-D#-ý9-rá$-<è0<-0Ü-/Bè+-ý7Ü-l,-ý-
+$-Ë 9$-{+æ -:-(è<-ý-e$³ -0-e$³ -Dë#<-ý7Ü-;è<-/5Ü,-+$-Ê e-/-#$-8,Ü -bÜ-7'ß#-Q#ë -#Ü-#,<-:-
#6ë/-ý7Ü-/#-8ë+-ý-F0<-:-2±:-/5Ü,-¸-¥ /y/-/ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-þè<-/ß-7oÜ$-+$-*ß,-0ë$-/7Ü-:0-90Ü -
:-#(Ü<Ê vë-‚ë$-/7Ü-2:± Ê 7eë$<-ý7Ü-2+-+Êë Ê+$-ýë-Ðvë-‚ë$-/7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
a+-ý9-*9-ý7Ü-#ë -7.$-/…å/-ý-:Î 7"ë9-/-*0<-%+-0è-7/ë <-\ä-iÜ7-Ü 2:Î
9:-iÜ7Ü-,#<-P9-;è<-;Ü$-l,-ý-8Ü<Î Z¨#-/W:-#<ß0-:<-f³9-¸¥-*9-7+ë+-vëÎ
»¥#<-l#-/%ë<-0-0Ü,-ý-8$-8$-/þè+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ þè<-/ß-&±$-$-ß +$-*ß,-0$ë -/7Ü-7¸¥-;è<-+è-+#-8$-+#-ý7Ü-P-/-8Ü,-0+ë -`ÊÜ +è-:<-
a+-ý9-¸¥-b9² -ý-*9-ý-5Ü-/-v-,-0+è -ý7Ü-#ë-7.$-/…å/-ý-:Ê 7"ë9-/-*0<-%+-:<-$è<-ý9-7e³$-
/7Ü-/<0-ý-(Ü+-#:-&è-/-YèÊ +è-:-7"ë9-/7Ü-02,-(Ü+-,ÜÊ :ß$-F0-7eè+-:<Ê 0Ü-#1$-/-:-lÜ-
5Ü0-0è+Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-7ië-l#á -/+è-/-0è+Ê Ê7/9-/7Ü-7ë/<-,-/<Ü:-/-0+è Ê ÊrÜ+-ý-+#-,7$-+#7-
/-0è+Ê Ê%è<-ý-P9-rÜ+-ý7Ü-#,<-9Ü<-0*ë-+0,-#$-¸¥-þè<-`$-0-è 0+#-#Ü-7ë/<-:-;-Bè,-¸¥-#,<-ý-
+$-Ë \ä-iÜ-Fë,-ýë7Ü-2:-:-?$-B,è -¸¥-{æ-/-+$-Ê 9:-i7Ü -Ü ,#<-:-#%è9-/9ß -73é#<-ý-P9-Z¨#-
/W:-"ë-,7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-%,-8Ü,-:Ê 7"ë9-/7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-,ÜÊ 0+ë-:<Ê rè+-rÜ+-0-9Ü#-+/$-#Ü<-þè-
/ë-F0<Ê Ê0Ü-+$-T-+$-$,-<ë$-F0-#<ß0-ýÊë Ê7ië-/-M-ý-ë +#-·¦-0Ü-0"<-7"ë9Ê Ê+ýè9-,-J-
0",-7"ë9-:-ë 7"ë9-/-/5Ü,Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-*ë#-0-+$-0*7-0-0+è -ý9-7"ë9-/<-+è7Ü-2±:-+$-ýë9-;è<-
ý9-e-5$Ü -Ê +è-,<-{æ,-¸¥-0Ü-/Bè+-ý7Ü-l,-ý-8Ü<-/U¨:-:ëÊ Ê+è-:-7"ë9-/7Ü-Z¨#-/W:-0+ë9-/Z¨-,-
#<ß0-YèÊ Z¨#-/W:-bÜ-¸#¥ -/W:-,ÊÜ ₫Ü9-(è-/9-:,è -ý7Ü-.ß$-ýë-M-v$<-10-,<-Z¨#-/W:-/+è,-
ý9-iá/-ý7Ü-Yè$-¸¥-Z¨#-/W:-&è,-ýë-0$ë,-ý9-03é-*ë#-·¦-.ë:-0Ü#-e³$-/-P-/ß-YèÊ 02,-#5Ü7Ü-#1ì-/ë-
+f:-/-2-i$-Ê 8Ü-₯#<-/gè<-Uë0Ê ¸¥+-7ië-uè,-K¨#<-F0<-8,Ü -:Ê 0Ü-:-Z#¨ -/W:-/{+Ê
T-+$-T-0Ü,-:7$-7+ë+-ý<-0Ü-$ë0<-ý-+$-7*/-Ië+-<ë#<-`$-+è9-#)ë#<-ý7ëÊ Ê7b²9-/7Ü-Z¨#-
/W:-,ÜÊ 7"ë9-/7Ü-/+è-7eë9-*0<-%+-0Ü-D#-#8ë-/7Ü-&ë<-(Ü+-8Ü,-ý<-/+è-/9-Zë+-7në-:-,+-+0-
+i<-uë-/9ß -¸-¥ /%ë0-ý-P-/-ß YèÊ T-0Ü-F0<-P9-[$-/+è-/9-#,<-`$-8,ß -9$Ü -0-Ü /D,-ý9-7b²9-
,<-7ië-/7ëÊ Êa/-ý-7¸¥-eè+-`Ü-Z#¨ -/W:-,ÊÜ .ß$-M<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-/7Ü-&<ë -*0<-%+-U+-%#Ü -
#Ü<-þè-7##-eè+-ý-<ë-þè<-0Ü-Dë#<-`$-7.#<-ý-F0<-`Ü-#6Ü#<-$ë9-D#-·¦-#8ë-/7Ü-7¸¥-eè+-%,-8Ü,-
ý<-Z#¨ -/W:-/-YÊè 03ì+-ª¢Ü!-:<Ê :#-0*Ü:-\ä-(#-%Ü#-7¸¥#-ýÊ Ê+è-,Ü-0#Ü -·-¦ <ë$-/-,Ê Ê0Ü-
/+è-ý-+$-Z#¨ -/W:-þ+è Ê ÊeÜ<-ý-:#-0*Ü:-7l-/-8Ü<Ê Ê7¸¥-e+è -Z¨#-/W:-\ä-0Ü-D#ë <Ê Ê
36

7.#<-ý-0Ü#-+$-7l-/-8Ü<Ê Ê7¸¥-eè+-:<-,Ü-Z¨#-/W:-#6Ü#<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê+è<-,-+-P-,+-+$-


+i-<#ë <-¸¥#-/W:-P9-[$-/-8ß+-10-97è $-:ß<-<è0<-`<Ü -0-Ü /6ë+-,Ê 7"ë9-/7Ü-#,<-<ß-*ë#-
0*7-0è+-ý9-Z#¨ -/W:-2/<-ý-ë &è-+-è #<ß0-+$-D#-·-¦ 7ië#<-ý-:-/6ë+-ý7Ü-v#<-#-:-8ë+-ý<-{æ-
02,-5Ü/-0ë9-/<0-:Ê +è-+#-:<-f9³ -¸-¥ *9-/9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-v-ë »¥#<-l#-ýë-7n:-zè,-b<Ü -/U¨:-/7Ü-
/%ë<-0-0-8,Ü -ý9-XÜ$-"$ë -9ß<-ý7Ü-#)Ü$-,<-8$-+$-8$-¸¥-/þè+-ý9-e-YèÊ ₫ë+-7'ß#-:<Ê
<è0<-%,-.,-ý9-03+-ý-8ÜÊ Ê<$<-{<-i$<-0è+-7+<-b²9-`$-Ê Ê/+#-,Ü-9$-#Ü-(è<-ý-
+è<Ë Ê#<ë-/7Ü-₫+ë -8ß:-0-b9² -)Êë Ê+-¸¥$-+-è /5Ü,-/+#-e+è -,Ê Ê8$-+$-8$-¸¥-+-è /5Ü,-)Êè Ê5è<-
+$-Ë 7¸¥:-/-:ß$-:<Ê $<-,-Ü aè+-:-*9-ý7Ü-*/<-/Y,-bÜÊ Ê*9-ý-9$-:-9#-:<-/Ië,-ý9-
bÜ<Ë Ê5è<-ý7Ü-2±:-/<0-0ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð7eë$<-ý7Ü-2+-Ñ,ÜÊ
,0-5 Ü#-rÜ+-ý7Ü-7eë9-/-0*7-+#-´¥,Î 0Ü-D#-0Ü-/D,-/yä-/9-Dë# <-ý-8Ü <Î
2$<-+$-/{-eÜ,-+ý:-:7$-&#<-ý7Ü-vëÎ U+-%Ü#-10-8$-þè-/7Ü -U/<-0è+-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-7"ë9-/-Z¨#-/W:-bÜ-02,-(Ü+-#),-:-./-,<-þë-;<-+$-$è<-7e³$-l#-ý-ë
/þè+-ý<-,0-5#Ü -rÜ+-ý7Ü-Iè-0ë-0,-&+-`Ü-+ý:-+$-7eë9-/-:è#<-:#è <-P9-[$-/-0*7-+#-ý-7+Ü-
´¥,-7¸¥<-e<-8Ü,-ý<-0-Ü D#-ý-€ç-0-P-/ßÊ #8ë-/7Ü-&ë<-8Ü,-ý<-0Ü-/D,-ý-Yë,-!7Ü-‡Ü,-P-/ßÊ
XÜ$-ýë-0è+-ý<-/yä-/9-eè+-ý-&±-/ß9-P-/ß9-Dë#<-ý9-7b²9-:Ê Dë#<-9Ü<-+-è 8Ü<-7"ë9-/7Ü-#,<-<ß-
&è-/9-i#<-ý-&#<-o:-bÜ-/+è-/-%,-2$<-ý-+$-Ê T-F0<-`Ü-+/$-ýë9-b9² -ý-/{-eÜ,Ê 0Ü-+/$-
7"ë9-:ë<-€9ç -{:-P-/ß7Ü-+ý:-7eë9-:7$-&#<-;Ü$-5è,-ý7Ü-vë-U+-%Ü#-10-8$-þè-/7Ü-#ë-U/<-0è+-
ý9-7b²9-)èÊ {:-2/-e0<-ý<Ê T-:-7&Ü-7.ë-0Ü-:-8ë$<-72ì:-Z#¨ -/W:-5<è -,-Ü Dë#<-ý7Ü-
dÜ9Ë Ê;è<-9/-Q,-ý-T-0Ü7Ü-+/$-d³#-0&ë#-:7$-0$ë,-ý9-7+ë+-0è+-+èÊ Ê;è<-9/-+#-+$-+è-
/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-#<ß$-9/-++-ý7Ü-Bè<-7o$<-:Ê Ê7+Ü-,-Ü Z¨#-/W:-7+Ü-{æ-7+Ü-7#ë#-ý-5è<-;è<-
ý<-0*ë$-dÜ9-9ëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-þè<-/ß-&è,-ýë-+$-*ß,-0ë$-/7Ü-:0-9Ü0-/Y,-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê :0-bÜ-7'ß#-Vë-þ/<-<ß-7ië-/Ê
+$ë<-#5Ü-<è0<-/þè+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð:0-bÜ-7'ß#-Vë-þ/<-<ß-7ië-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-,<-+!ë,-0&ë#-I-# <ß0-&ë<-rá$-2ì#<Î /yä-0è+-#),-bÜ-þ/<-<ß-$è<-0*ë$-,<Î
9$-#5,-7"ë9-/7Ü-7'Ü#<-:<-/…:-/7Ü-dÜ9Î e$-&±/-/9-¸¥-μ¥<-ý<-þ/<-<ß-/6ß$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ :0-90Ü -+è-F0<-`Ü<-+:-7eë9-&±+-6ë<-<ß-0Ü-#)$-/9-f³9-/-(Ü+-¸-¥ "0<-#<ß0-
:<-*9-/9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-$è<-7e³$-#Ü-vë-þè<-ý-+-è ,<Ê 9$-Yë/<-"ë-,<-,Ü-7"ë9-/7Ü-7'Ü#<-ý-P-%Ü-
37

^ë<-2é-7+Ü7Ü-7'Ü#<-„#-10-:<-`$-/@:-0Ü-¹¥<-ý-2+-0<-iá/-ý<Ê +è-:<-þë/-¹¥<-ý7Ü-þ/<-
#,<-:-þ/<-<ß-7ië-+#ë<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê 8ß:-<$<-{<-&ë<-+$-+#è-7¸¥,-)è-+!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0Ê v-
0-8Ü-+0-0"7-7ië-Yè-I-/-#<ß0-&ë<-rá$-8è-;è<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-2ì#<-+$-/%<-ý-F0<Ê 9$-(Ü+-(è<-
ý7Ü-þë,-*0<-%+-\$<-ý<-rÜ+-ý7Ü-7&Ü$-/-:<-ië:-%Ü$-2+-0è+-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-+$-Q,-ý<-#5,-þ/ë -
ý9-¹¥<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-,0-8$-/yä-/-0è+-ý9-#),-bÜ-þ/<-<ß-b²9-ý-{æ-02,-;è<-ý7Ü-$è<-ý<-0*ë$-,<Ê
/<0-ý-9$-(Ü+-+$-#5,-+#-0"7-a/-`Ü-.-0-<è0<-%,-*0<-%+-7"ë9-/7Ü-7'Ü#<-ý-&è,-ýë-:<-
f³9-/-(Ü+-¸¥-/@:-5Ü$-/…:-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê ¸¥<-7+Ü-,<-/6ß$-Yè-e$-&±/-&è,-ýë-0-*ë/-`Ü-/9-¸¥Ê 2±:-
:ß<-μ¥<-ýÊ $#-#¸¥$-/Ê 8Ü+-++-0ë<-Iè-#%Ü#-ý<-þ/<-<ß-7ië-/9-e7ëÊ Ê
7+Ü7-Ü +ë,-%°$-6+-/;+-,-/¸¥,Ê +$-ýë-þ/<-<ß-7ië-+#ë<-ý7Ü-{æ-02,-,ÊÜ 'ë-/ë-Bè<Ê Zë0-ý-
´¥,-:-8ë+-0ë+-`$-Ê Êþ/<-<ß-0-<ë$-/-:-0è+Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê <$<-{<-ý7Ü-Zë0-ý-
*0<-%+-`Ü-#5Ü-Dè,-0è+-¸¥-0-Ü 9ß$-/-+$-Ê ,$-ý-+$-dÜ-ý7Ü-a+-ý9-þ/<-7ië-8+ë -0+è -:<-7eè+-ý-
+$-Ë 7+Ü-+#-#Ü-þ/<-:-0-/Dè,-ý9-7"ë9-/-:<-*9-ý7Ü-*/<-0+è -ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-þ/<-8ß:-:-{-æ 7o<-#(Ü<-:<Ê {æ7Ü-8ß:-,ÊÜ #5,-{æ+-`<Ü -/Z¨<-ý7Ü-+!ë,-0&ë#-
I-#<ß0-Yè-0&ë#-#<ß0-:-*è#-ý-&è-&±$-#-Ü $ë<-73Ý,-0-Ü 7l-/-:<Ê *è#-&è,-v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-:ß#<-
7+Ü9-<$<-{<-+#-ý-#(Ü<-Q,-U¨-/5Ü-8è-;è<-M7Ü-/+#-(+Ü -+,ë -#(Ü<-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ýÊ &ë<-/Bë+-
e-7#ë#-:0-bÜ<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-6#-0è+-F0-e$-#Ü-/+è,-ý-+$-Bë+-eè+-#<ß$-9/-0Ü$-2Ý#-8Ü-#è9-[$-/-
:ß$-Dë#<-#(Ü<Ê +#è-7¸¥,-+$ë<-{:-r<-7.#<-ý7Ü-<9-/º¥#<-9Ü#-ië:-bÜ-8ë,-),-+$-Q,-ýÊ
Bè<-0*ß,-2#ì <-‚ë9-+$-(,-9$-7.#<-ý-F0<-<ëÊ ÊW#<-:-+-è Yè$-a+-ý9-bÜ-+!ë,-0&ë#-e,Ü -
x/<-º¥-/7Ü-8:ß -v-0Ê +$ë<-iá/-8ß:-8Ü-+0Ê nÜ,-:<-…/å -ý7Ü-i#ë <-0"7-7ië-&ë<-þë$-YèÊ v-
0-+!ë,-0&ë#-´¥,-7¸¥<Ê 8Ü-+0-<$<-{<Ê 0"7-7ië-&ë<-þ$ë -+#è-7¸¥,-8,Ü -`$-I:-¸-¥ /)ë,-
,<-þ/<-8ß:-¸-¥ /6ß$-/7ëÊ Ê7o<-/ß7-Ü 8ß:-,ÜÊ 9$-<0è <-Y$ë -#<:-6ß$-7'ß#-$-ë /ë-9$-/5Ü,-
*ß#<-B7è -Ü /+#-(Ü+-¸¥-/º¥#<-ý-(Ü+-+!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0-bÜ-9$-/5Ü,-)Êè +è7$-7o<-/-ß iá/-ý7Ü-&è+-¸¥-
þ/<-#,<-<ß-"<-v$<-,<-þ/<-<ß-7ië-/-,Ü-{æ7Ü-þ/<-7ië-+$-Ê <è0<-(Ü+-<$<-{<-0$ë,-¸¥-
7b²9-/7Ü-d9Ü -{-æ :-7'ß#-ý70-#1ì-/ë9-9$-:-T©,-iá/-·¦-8ë+-ý<-#5,-¸¥-0-Ü /1:-/9-$$-:-7'ë#-ý-
,Ü-7o<-/7ß -Ü þ/<-7ië-YÊè 8è-;<è -iá/-ý-:<Ê +!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0-b-Ü 0$7-/+#-:Ê Ê#5,-¸¥-
.ß,-2ì#<-/+è-7+ë+-,<Ê Ê#$-dÜ9-{æ-:-^ë,-ý-+$-Ê Ê7ë+-#<:-/-8Ü-<è0<-(Ü+-,ÜÊ Ê+`Ü:-7"ë9-
#<ß0-bÜ-/+#-(Ü+-¸¥Ê ÊDë#<-,<-Iè-#%Ü#-0(0-7'ë#-ýÊ Ê7o<-/ß7Ü-0&ë#-·-¦ 8$-+#-/;+Ê Ê
%è<-<ëÊ Ê
38

#<ß0-ý-þ/<-<-ß 7ië-/7Ü-2±:-,ÜÊ +0Ü#<-ý-Vë0-hÜ+-<ë-<9ë -e$³ -/-P9-:-/<0-ý-+$-¸<¥ -+$-


eè+-2±:-#º¥$-#<Ü -+$ë<-<ß-/Y,-ý-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-'Ü-P9-þë/-ý7Ü-2±:-,ÜÊ <$<-{<-:-0*9-*ß#-#Ü-þ/<-+$-Yë,-ýÊ +è<-/Y,-ý7Ü-+ë,-
(0<-<ß-v$<-ý<-7'Ü#<-ý-:<-*9-ý7Ü-dÜ9-&ë<-:-:0Ê +#è-7¸¥,-:-:0-[-7lè,-ý7Ü-w-i#ë <-º¥-
5Ü$-+è-/5Ü,-¸¥-þë/-ý-8,Ü -:Ê #<$-W#<-`Ü-v-0-,Ü-0&ë#-#<ß0-bÜ-n,Ü -:<-+è-#%Ü#-ýß<-03+-ý<-
+è-*0<-%+-´¥,-7¸¥<-8Ü,-)Êè Zë0-e³$-:<Ê v-0-<$<-{<-v-0-&<ë Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-v-0-+#è-7¸¥,-
)èË Êv-0-+ý:-Q,-Eë-Bè-<è0<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
M-ý-þ/<-<ß-<$ë -/7Ü-2+-,ÜÊ +!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0-bÜ-8ë,-),-;<è -ýÊ 9$-#5,-bÜ-þ/<-+$-
+!ë,-0&ë#-,$-.,-2±,-bÜ-a+-ý9-;è<-ýÊ ;è<-,<-þ/<-<ß-7ië-/9-+0-/%<-ýÊ +è-:<-rë#-#Ü-
dÜ9-8$-þ/<-#5,-0Ü-72ì:-/-Yè-a+-ý9-/5Ü-+$-Q,-ý7ëÊ Ê
lá#-ý-/y/-e-,ÜÊ +##-…å/-`Ü-dë#<-lá#-&-0*ß,-+$-/%<-ý7ëÊ Ê
/¸¥,-ý-.,-8ë,-,ÜÊ 0+ë-{:-02,-+0-ý-:<Ê 72é-/-+#-,-Ü *0<-%+-+$-Ê Ê7'Ü#-+$-*#è -
ý-+0,-+#-:<Ê Êþë/-d9Ü -þ/<-`-Ü +0-ý9-/;+Ê Ê%è<-+$-Ê #$-5Ü#-#<ß0-:-þ/<-7ië-
/Ë Ê+è-8Ü<-f³9-¸¥-<$<-{<-7*ë/Ê Ê%è<-<ë#<-:ß$-0*7-8<-<ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-+$ë<-#5Ü-<è0<-
/þè+-/;+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê ´¥,-Jë/-+$-Ê +ë,-+0-<è0<-/þè+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:7$-#(Ü<Ê ^ë,-ý-
+$-Ë 7'ß#-ý7Ü-<è0<-/þè+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð^ë,-ý7Ü-<è0<-/þè+-Ñ,ÜÊ
9$-(0<-:-+ý#-0-b²9-7ië-/-F0<Î /+è-+$-Q,-5Ü$-Z¨#-/W:-o:-/7Ü-dÜ9Î
e0<-+$-XÜ$-Bè-+#7-/-/)$-Xë0<-)èÎ 2+-0è+-F0-/5Ü<-^,ë -ý7Ü-e$-<è0<-/þè+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 'Ü-P9-9$-(Ü+-F0-ý-´¥,-·¦-Z¨#-/W:-0Ü-7+ë+-%Ü$-/+è-/-{-&è9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-(0<-fë$-
:<-B<è -<-ß +ý#-Yè-.-09-b²9-ý7Ü-7ië-/-9Ü#<-lá#-ýë-F0<-`$-+è-P9-7+ë+-ý-02±$<-Q,-8Ü,-ý7Ü-
dÜ9Ë +è-+#-:ß<-<è0<-/+è-/-+$-/+è-/7Ü-{æ-/<ë+-,0<-eè+-ý-+$-Q,-5Ü$-Z¨#-/W:-+$-Z¨#-/W:-
bÜ-{-æ :<-+$-(ë,-0ë$<-ý-F0<-o:-/-/+#-"ë-,<-e-+#ë<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê 09-;è<-ý<-+$-¸-¥ :è,-7+ë+-
`Ü-e0<-ý-+$-Ê +è-+#-rÜ+-:0-¸¥-Z¨#-/W:-/9-;è<-,<-\$-¸¥-0Ü-/6ë+-ý7Ü-XÜ$-Bè-+$-Ê T-+$-
<$<-{<-`Ü-/+è-/-7*ë/-ý-:-‡-ë /7Ü-+#7-/-+$-Ê (è-9$Ü -&#<-Z$-0è+-ý7Ü-/)$-Xë0<-)Êè {æ-:-
+0-/%7-/-+è-/5Ü-ýë-0"7-a/-`Ü-7ië-/-+0Ü#<-8ß:-¸-¥ e<-ý<-2+-0è+-ý-YèÊ )Ü$-73Ý,-F0-ý-/5Ü7-Ü
Vë-,<-7o<-/ß-:-+0-/%7-/Ê *0<-%+-<$<-{<-`Ü-<-:-7#ë+-ý9-e-/7Ü-/<0-ý<-^ë,-ý-e$-
&±/-`Ü-<è0<-/þè+-+ëÊ Ê
7+Ü7Ü-+ë,-%°$-6+-/;+-,-/¸¥,Ê +$-ýë-<è0<-/þè+-`Ü-$ë-/ë-,ÜÊ 0$ë,-Dë#<-{,-:<Ê <è0<-
39

/þè+-ý-,Ü-#5,-+ë,-dÜ9Ê Ê8$-+#-Jë#<-ý7Ü-e$-&±/-7+ë+Ê Ê%è<-ý-P9Ê <è0<-%,-*0<-%+-


<$<-{<-`Ü-<-:-7#ë+-ý7Ü-&+è -¸¥-9$-(+Ü -Jë#<-ý7Ü-e$-&/± -7*ë/-ý9-7+ë+-ý-YèÊ +è7$-{æ-ië#<-
Yë/<-<ë#<-/5Ü-:<-e$³ -/Ê ië#<-<0è <-%,-0-:<ß -ý7Ü-+,ë -b-Ü "ß9-&è,-9$-(+Ü -"-ë ,<-aè9-/7Ü-T#-
/<0-bÜ-XÜ$-Yë/<-+$-Q,-ýÊ $ë-/ë-7ië-´¥,-…ë:-¹¥<-ý7Ü-Jë#<-e$-7*ë/-ý9-7+ë+-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+eè-/-,ÜÊ <ë-þ-è 0ë<-₫ë+-,<-<$<-{<-`-Ü /9-<-020<-`-Ü +eè-/-/5ÜÊ +ýè<-/Y,-ý-
(è9-#(Ü<-<ë#<-8ë+-`$-02,-(+Ü -`Ü-Vë-,<-+eè-/-#(Ü<-ý-ë 7+Ü-#ë-y-5Ü$-i#<-&-è YèÊ +è7$-7ië-/9-
7+ë+-ý-+$-02±$<-ý9-<$<-{<-7*ë/-7+ë+-,Ü-^ë,-ý-+$-Ê 7ië-/5Ü,-ý-P9-<$<-{<-…å/-ý7Ü-
*/<-e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-F0-ý-#(Ü<-:-/Ië,-ý-,Ü-7'ß#-ý7Ü-<è0<-)èÊ ₫ë+-7'ß#-:<Ê e$-&/± -
<è0<-+è-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê ÊF0-ý-#(Ü<-<ß-;è<-e-YèÊ Êe$-&±/-^ë,-ý7Ü-<è0<-+$-,ÜÊ Êe$-&±/-7'ß#-
ý-(Ü+-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê7ië-/9-7+ë+-+$-7ië-/-8ÜÊ Êeè-o#-'-Ü P9-;<è -ý-P9Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-0"<-ý<-7+Ü-
#(Ü<-`ÜÊ Êeè-o#-90Ü -ý<-;<è -ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-+0Ü#<-ý-,ÜÊ e$-<-:<Ê <è0<-/þè+-ý-+è-,Ü-e$-&±/-:-+0Ü#<-ý-+$-<è0<-%,-:-
+0Ü#<-ý7ë-5è<-ý-P9Ê *è#-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-8è-;è<-72ì:-/9-+0Ü#<-ý-+$-Ê 2+-0+è -ý-/5Ü-:-
+0Ü#<-ý7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-/þè+-2±:-,ÊÜ #º¥$-#-Ü +$ë<-/Y,-(+Ü -+Êè +è-:7$-2+-0è+-/5Ü7-Ü $ë-/ë-,ÜÊ <è0<-%,-
*0<-%+-W9-0è+-`Ü-/+è-+#è-#<9-ý-+$-7n+-ý9-7+ë+-ý-,Ü-e0<-ýÊ +è-P9-8ë+-ý7Ü-Z¨#-/W:-
o:-5$Ü -d,Ü -&+-+è7Ü-{-æ 7#ë#-7+ë+-,Ü-X$Ü -BÊè +è-P9-7ië-F0<-/+è-/-+$-Q,-ý9-+#7-5$Ü -8Ü-9$<-
ý<-l$<-ý-,Ü-+#7-/Ê +è-#<ß0-bÜ<-l$<-ý7Ü-5è-Z$-0è+-ý-+$-02±$<-Q,-bÜ-0-&#<-ý7Ü-<è0<-
`Ü-a+-ý9-,-Ü /)$-Xë0<-)-è 9$-9$-#Ü-0Ü-0*ß,-dë#<-\$<-ý7ëÊ Ê0Ü$-+ë,-,Ü-<è0<-%,-i$<-+$-9<Ü -
<ß-&+-ý-0-8Ü,-ý9-,0-0"<-'Ü-10-a/-ý-+è-10-7ië-"0<-`<Ü -a/-ý-+0Ü#<-8:ß -e<-ý<-2+-0+è -
ý7ëË Ê+eè-/-,ÊÜ XÜ$-ýë-0&ë#-#Ü-0+ë-:<Ê e$-&±/-·-¦ <è0<-/þè+-ý<-0-6Ü,-ý7Ü-e0<-<#ë <-
/5Ü-rÜ+-/+è7Ü-{æ-10-8Ü,-ý<-2$<-ý7Ü-#,<-ý-/5Ü-5è<-e-5Ü$-Ê +è-/5Ü-<è0<-/þè+-`Ü<-6Ü,-ý-,Ü-
f$-7+<-`Ü-{æ-eè+-ý<-2+-0+-/5Ü-5è<-/;+-+ëÊ Êþè+-eè+-,Ü-zè,-/5Ü-YèÊ 9$-/5Ü,-#,<-9Ü#<-
{æ7Ü-z,è Ê +#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-/+#-zè,Ê 9$-9$-#Ü-8:ß -0$ë,-b²9-+0Ü#<-zè,Ê .,-8,ë -+$-
(è<-+0Ü#<-0*ë$-/-+-è 0-*#-zè,-,Êë Êþè-2±:-,ÜÊ <è0<-%,-:-/Dè,-,<-+0Ü#<-ý-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-
2+-0+è -/5Ü-þ-è 5Ü$-Ê &ë<-(Ü+-:-/Dè,-,<-+è-+#-#Ü-9$-/5Ü,-0-þè<-ý9-Dë#<-ý-+0Ü#<-ý-0è+-ý9-
/5Ü-ýë<-þè-/Ê <-Zè-+$-0+ë-{,-:<-/;+-+ëÊ Ê#ë-9Ü0-,ÜÊ 8ß0-/9-0-:<Ê +è-:-e$-&±/-<è0<-
+ý7-<è0<-+ý7-&,è -ý<ë -e0<-ý-&,è -ý-ë +$-Ê XÜ$-Bè-&,è -ýë-+$-Ê +#7-/-&è,-ýë-+$-Ê /)$-
40

Xë0<-&è,-ýë-/Vë0-ý9-e7ë-5è<-+$-Ê /D#-#(Ü<-:<Ê +$-ýë9-e0<-ý-/Vë0-ý9-eÊ Ê#(Ü<-


ý9-XÜ$-Bè-F0-/Vë0-5Ü$-Ê Ê#<ß0-ý9-+#7-/-/Vë0-ý9-eÊ Ê´¥,-bÜ-0*7-,Ü-/)$-Xë0<-<ëÊ Ê
5è<-0+ë-{æ+-0*ß,-ý9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
M-ý-&ë-#-,ÜÊ 6/-0ë-P-/{æ+Ê {-&è,-₫ë+-/{æ+Ê a+-ý9-W#<-`-Ü 2±:-:<-e³$-/-F0<-
<ëË Ê
lá#-ý-/y/-e-,ÜÊ ₫Ü9-(0<-<-ß v$-e7Ü-&ë<-*0<-%+-<è0<-/þ+-`Ü-/y/-e9-7ië-8$-Ê
a+-ý9-^ë,-ý7Ü-/y/-e-,ÜÊ e$-<è0<-`Ü-.,-8ë,-l,-ý<-<è0<-%,-vë<-0Ü-\ë$-/-+$-Ê 2ì#<-
/<#-%Ü$-2+-0è+-/5Ü-/Vë0-ý-+$-Ê +!9-,#-&ë<-/{+-v$-+ë9-¸¥-e-/7ëÊ Ê7'ß#-ý7Ü-/y/-e-,ÜÊ
/y/-ý-F0-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-.9-dÜ,-lá#-+$-/Z¨-+$ë<-/5Ü-:-yë/-2±:-{<-ý-7ë#-·¦-e³$-/-P9-
9ëË Ê
/¸¥,-ý-.,-8ë,-,ÜÊ <$<-{<-0-/…å/<-,-.9-5ë# Ê/…å/<-dÜ,-&+-,0-8$-0è+-*/<-0è+-
ý<-8ë,-),-:-2+-0è+-ý9-*è#-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-/!7-+$-/Y,-/%ë<-F0<-<ß-8$-8$-#<ß$<-ý-P9-:Ê
0+ë9-,Ê e$-&±/-<0è <-`Ü-/<ë+-,0<-#$-Ê Ê#:-)è-+-è :-#6ß#<-0&Ü<-,Ê Ê,0-0"7Ü-"0<-,Ü-
´¥,-#$-YÊè Ê+è-,Ü-+-è /<-T#-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-0+ë-:<-e³$-/-P9-9Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-7'ß#-ý7Ü-<è0<-/þè+-:-#<ß0Ê 9$-^Ü,-ý9-eè+-ý-.9-dÜ,-lá#-:-/y/-ýÊ #5,-0Ü,-
ý9-eè+-ý-/Z¨-+$ë<-/5Ü-:-/y/-ýÊ +è-#(Ü<-`Ü-(0<-:è,-XÜ$-ýë9-lÜ:-)è-vë-‚ë$-/7Ü-2:± -:ëÊ Ê+$-
ýë-Ð9$-^Ü,-ý9-eè+-ý-.9-dÜ,-lá#-:-/y/-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
#5,-dÜ9-Jë#<-e$-"ë-,-+ë,-# (è9-vë<Î :ß<-+$-:ë$<-₫ë+-*0<-%+-I-P9-/)$-Î
7'Ü#<-ý<-(è,-:-þ/<-`Ü-+/ß#<-7eÜ,-eÎ 9$-8$-&ë<-₫ë+-#5,-8$-+è-:-+#ë+Î
\ë$-/7Ü-<è 0<-ý-9/-·¦-+$-/7Ü -vë<Î Vë-#<ß0-"-,-0*ë7-Ü (è<-₫ë+-/Z0Î
6#-/%<-6#-0è+-+#è-2ì#<-%Ü -¹¥<-/…å/Î *0<-%+-<è0<-%,-+ë,-¸¥-7.è,-ý-/)$-Î
#,ë+-ý7Ü-8ß:-bÜ<-,0-8$-0Ü-/JÜ-dÜ9Î "ë$-hë7Ü-(è <-ý-l,-ý<-/6ë+-ý-/Vë0Î
&ë<-`Ü-dÜ9-¸¥-+!7-/-‡ë-/5Ü,-:è ,Î Yë$-(Ü+-6/-0ë9-„#-ý-0è+-ý9-eÎ
XÜ$-Yë/<-+#è-/7Ü-dë#<-<ß-<+-ý-8Ü<Î e$-&/± -₫ë+-:-º¥0-0è+-#ë -&-b ë,Î
(Ü,-02,-´¥,-·¦-8è$<-0è+-/Ië,-7iá<-/I0Î #5,-+ë,-7iá/-,-þë-$:-\$-/9-eÎ
8Ü+-,Ü-5Ü-:-0$ë,-ý9-<è0<-ý-8Ü<Î 7'Ü#-Dè ,-ý-8Ü-/<0-#),-#5Ü9-/6ß$-YèÎ
T#-0*ë$-+$-/%<-)Ü$-73Ý,-9/-/…å/<-ý<Î +è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-₫ë+-8ß:-(Ü+-:-º¥#<Î
&ë<-9/-F0-ý9-7eè+-ý7Ü-vë-ië<-`Ü<Î +$-ý9ë -*ë<-ý<-&ë<-F0<-2Ý#-:-7'ß#Î
41

5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /<0-ý-0"7-a/-
/9-¸¥-/<0-ý<-+ë,-bÜ-#ë-/-/1:Î *-09-Vë0-ý<-+ë,-(Ü+-0$ë,-¸¥-eÎ
`Ü-<è0<-%,-#5,-+#-F0<-<$<-{<-`Ü-<-:-+#ë+-ý9-e-/7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥-9$-(Ü+-0$ë,-ý9-Jë#<-ý9-
72$-{-/-+ë,-¸¥-#(è9-/7Ü-vë<-‚ë9-/-.-9ë:-·¦-dÜ,-ý-lá#-:-/y/-ý9-e-YèÊ +è7$-0+ë-:<Ê :#-
/6$-Ë e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý7-<è0<-+ý7-&è,-ýë-f³9-¸¥-0$ë,-ý9-Jë#<-ý9-e$-&±/-ý9-e-/7Ü-dÜ9-.-
9ë:-·¦-dÜ,-ý-l#á -ý-ë 7+Ü-+#-:-D#-ý9-{,æ -¸-¥ /y/-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê5è<-<ë#<-{<-ý9-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê
dÜ,-lá#-#Ü-+$-ýë-‚,Ü -ý7Ü-$ë-/ë-,Ü-0-&#<-ý7Ü-<è0<-`Ü<-/+ë#-ý-8ë$<-<-ß #)ë$-/Ê ´¥,-yë$-
/;+-0-*#-ý-#5,-dÜ9-Jë#<-e$-+ë,-#(è9-bÜ-v-ë +$-Q,-ý<Ê #)$-e-‚Ü,-ý-:-+eè-,Ê 6$-6$Ü -
+$-Ë 0Ü-7'Ü#<-ý-+$-Ê &ë<-`Ü-‚Ü,-ý-#<ß0-:<Ê +$-ýë-,ÜÊ /<0-ý-+$ë<-ý-ë 5Ü$-+$-*/<-)-è
0-+#-ý-/5Ü-+$-o:-:-+#-ý-/5Ü-+$-Q,-ý<Ê ,$-#Ü-+$ë<-ýë-9$-#Ü-:ß<-<ß-#)ë#<-ý-+$-dÜ7Ü-
+$ë<-ý-ë 9$-:-/+ë#-ý7Ü-7eë9-ý-:ë$<-₫ë+-'Ü-Xè+-ý-*0<-%+-a+-ý9-¸¥-e<-ý7Ü-5Ü$-/5Ü-:-/<0-
‚ë9-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý<-<è9-,-0è+-ý9-~-P9-8ë$<-<-ß #)ë$-/-+$-Ê #(Ü<-ý-,ÊÜ {:-ýë-+$-#%,-
#6,-+$-+i-+$-&0ë -?,ã -0-è &±-,+-#+ë,-<ë#<-7'Ü#<-ý<-(,è -ý-:-9$-#Ü-¹<¥ -ý-+$-‚9-)è-<ë-<ë7-Ü
#(è,-ýë-#$-:-7<ë -ý7Ü-þ/<-`-Ü */<-‚Ü,-ý<-7'Ü#<-ý-+-è :<-+/ß#<-7eÜ,-ý9-e+è -ý-+$-Ê #<ß0-
ý-,ÜÊ #5,-++-%Ü$-9$-0-Ü (0<-ý9-e-/7Ü-d9Ü -9$-8$-V-ë #<ß0-b-Ü 0-+#-ý-\$ë -5Ü$-+#-ý-#<ß0-
Q,-bÜ<-+0-ý7Ü-&ë<-:-₫ë+-ý<-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-bÜ-7ë<-<-ß 7b²9-5$Ü -Ê +è-:<-#5,-8$-μ¥<-
;Ü$-[ë+-/%°+-`Ü-Dè,-7oè:-73ì0-ý9-7b²9-/<Ê 8ß:-&ë<-7+ë+-ý-:Ê /<0-ý-6$-6Ü$-0è+-ý7Ü-
<è0<-`Ü<-*#è -ý-&-è &±$-#Ü-&<ë -,+ë -+$-720<-ýÊ &ë<-Yë,-ý7Ü-*/<-+$-Q,-ý<-9$-#Ü<-yë/-ý7Ü-
&ë<-+è-:-7#ë+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-2:± -h0Ü <-`Ü-$-ë /ë-,ÊÜ :è,-ý-+$-rá$-ý<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-/5Ü-Q,Ê #$-6#-(è<-ý-
\ë$-/7Ü-<è0<-ý-02±$<-Q,-+$-/%<-ý-+$-Ê $è<-ý9-7e³$-/7Ü-vë<-/y/-ý-:-9/-·¦-+$-5Ü$-0ë<-
ý7Ü-vë-+$-Q,-ý<Ê /y/-e-:-+eè-,Ê Zë0-ý7ÜÊ +#è-/-&ë<-Z¨+-`ÜÊ <è0<-%,-+ë,-eè+-`Ü-2±:-
hÜ0<-#<ß0-:<Ê +$-ýë-,ÜÊ *ß,-0ë$-/-<ë-*9-9Ü<-/¸¥,Ê *ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý-;$Ü -D-#(Ü<-`-Ü /!7-
rë:-:<-e³$-/7Ü-e$-Zë0-bÜ-/y/-e-*0<-%+-:è#<-ý9-/rá$<-)è-Vë-#<ß0-:-"-,-0-*-ë /9-7b²9-
/7Ü-(è<-₫ë+-`Ü-{æ,-/%+-+è-dÜ,-&+-/Z0-ý-+$-Ê #(Ü<-ý-,ÜÊ #1ì-/ë9-:ß<-$#-#Ü-e-/-+$-7oè:-
5Ü$-;è<-9/-b<Ü -0-6,Ü -ý-6#-/%<-`Ü-+#è-/-+$-Ê #1ì-/ë9-<è0<-`Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-+$-7oè:-5Ü$-;è<-
9/-`<Ü -6Ü,-ý-6#-0è+-`Ü-+#è-/7Ü-2ì#<-%Ü-¹<¥ -<ß-/…å/-ý-+$-Ê #<ß0-ý-,ÜÊ e$-<-:<-e-/-+ë,-
Q,-bÜ-ië#<-eè+-ý-<ë#<-F0-ý-/%°-#%Ü#-·¦-#<ß$<-`$-Ê 0+ë9-,-#ë-#<ß0-bÜ-e-/-eè+-ý-*0<-%+-
<è0<-%,-#5,-"ë-,7Ü-+,ë -¸¥-eè+-ý7Ü-T#-/<0-bÜ-7.è,-ý-/)$-,<-+$ë<-<-ß #5,-.,-bÜ-e-/-:#-·-¦ %Ü-
42

:ë,-e-/7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-/6ë+-ý7Ü-$ë-/-ë ,ÜÊ /6$-$,-:-+##-…å/-o:-/7Ü-'Ü-0-Ü X0-ýÊ +ë,-&è+-0Ü-7<ë -ý7Ü-
:ë#-…å/-<ë#<-#,ë+-ý7Ü-8ß:-bÜ<-9$-#-Ü T#-ý7Ü-/<0-ý-:-,0-8$-0Ü-/JÜ-5Ü$-#8ë-/-0è+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-
/Vë0-ý-YÊè +è-:-+eè-,Ê #,ë+-ý-:-'Ü-0Ü-X0-ýÊ Z¨#-/W:-+$-:,è Ê &ë<-:-$è<-<è0<-#<ß0-
:<Ë +$-ý-ë ,ÜÊ /+#-+$-/+#-#-Ü /7Ü-dë#<-:-h-ë 7há#-/%ë0-Eè#-#;è-U¨9-eè+-ý-<ë#<-`Ü-#,ë+-ý-
:-"ë$-hë-e$³ -,Ê /U:-ý-Yë$-¸¥-/<#<-ý-8ÜÊ Ê‚Ü,-+$-/+è-#;è#<-0&ë+-:-<#ë <Ê Ê:è#<-
₫+-#$-8Ü,-+è-´¥,-`$-Ê Ê"ë$-h-ë #%Ü#-#<Ü -7'ë0<-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<#ë <-+è7Ü-(è<-ý-l,-5Ü$-
#5,-8$-7¸¥-;<è -M-+$-/D#-ý-F0-ý-+μ¥7-Ü Vë-,<-#,ë+-ý-+è-+#-:-'Ü-0Ü-X0-¸¥-/6ë+-ý-+$-Ê
#(Ü<-ý-,ÊÜ e$-&/± -…/å -ý7Ü-&<ë -`Ü-dÜ9-¸¥-9$-#Ü-V-ë #<ß0-:-e-+!7-/7Ü-Z#¨ -/W:-&,è -ý-ë %Ü-5Ü#-
e³$-8$-‡ë-/-(0<-ý-0è+-ý9-+#7-/5Ü,-+$-¸¥-:è,-ý-,ÜÊ +ýè9-,-,+-l#-ýë7Ü-Z¨#-/W:-<è:-y+-
+c+-Ià/-0ë-/Yè,-ý-/5Ü,-7"ë9-/7Ü-#8ß:-$ë-wë#-%Ü$-(ë,-0ë$<-ý7Ü-+i-7'ë0<-ý7Ü-+ý7-/ë-&è,-ýë-8Ü,-
ý-+$-Ê #<ß0-ý-,ÊÜ +!ë,-0&ë#-#Ü-8ë,-),-<ë#<-/<0-b<Ü -0-Ü a/-ý7Ü-#,<-F0<-:-0<ë -ý-+$-Ê
a+-ý9-8$-+#-ý7Ü-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-/+#-F0-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü<-Yë$-ý7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-‡ë<-o:-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-6/-0ë-
:-„#-ý-0+è -ý-+$-0ë<-;Ü$-"ë$-¸¥-&±+-ý9-e-/7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-/Ië,-7iá<-`-Ü $ë-/ë-,ÜÊ +#è-/-:-‡ë-5Ü$-:è-:ë-0è+-ýÊ {æ-Wë,-bÜ-:<-7në-/6$-ý<ë -X$Ü -
Yë/<-x/<-ý-ë &è-+!9-ý-ë +#è-/7Ü-dë#<-<-ß <+-ýÊ +è-8<Ü -/Ië,-e-:-+eè-,Ê #ë-&7ÜÊ ‚ë9-/7ÜÊ
+ë,-eè+-`Ü-/Ië,-7iá<-#<ß0-:<Ê +$-ýë-,ÜÊ ¸¥<-7+Ü-,<-/6ß$-Yè-<è0<-%,-*0<-%+-v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-
e$-&±/-:-0-/!ë+-`Ü-/9-¸¥-/+#-#Ü-e$-&±/-₫ë+-ý-U+-%Ü#-`$-0Ü-7+ë9-X0-¸¥-¸<¥ -9$Ü -/-+$-/…å/-
+!7-/-<ë#<-:-<è0<-º¥0-ý-0è+-ý7Ü-#ë-&-bë,-ý-+$-Ê #(Ü<-ý-,ÜÊ (ë,-0ë$<-\ë$-/-+$-Ê +#è-
/-…å/-ý-+$-Ê #5,-+ë,-eè+-ý-F0<-:-(Ü,-+$-02,-0ë-´¥,-·¦-U+-%Ü#-`$-8è$<-ý-0è+-ý9-D#-μ¥<-
0Ü-#8ë-0Ü-Që#-$-{:-0+è -ý7Ü-/Ië,-7iá<-/I0-ý-+$-Ê #<ß0-ý-,ÊÜ <è0<-%,-#5,-:-+$ë<-+$-
/{æ+-,<-.,-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-+ë,-%°$-6+-9è-7iá/-,-9$-(Ü+-/U:-ý9-$,-7ië9-#,<-+#ë<-,7$-þë-/-
+$-$:-/7Ü-<è0<-\$-/9-e<-,<-+ë,-+è-*ë#-09-iá/-ý9-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê
M-ý-/<0-#),-bÜ-$-ë /ë-,ÊÜ <è0<-e$³ -+#è-/7Ü-$ë-/ë9-,$-¸¥-Iè-#%Ü#-·¦-#,<-ýÊ ‚ë9-/-9$-#Ü-
8Ü+-#8ë-/-+$-/%<-ý-7+Ü-,Ü-#,ë+-ý-+$-Z¨#-/W:-*0<-%+-`-Ü I-/-8Ü,-ý<-F0-ý9-Dë#-ý-5Ü-/7Ü-
/+è-/-:-0$ë,-ý9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-<è0<-ý<Ê :ß<-7¸¥-73ÝÊ <è0<-F0-Dë#-:<-/rÜ$-5Ü$-7+ë+-&±$-&#ë -
;è<-<ë#<-{-æ /…å/-ý-+$-Ê (è<-ý-M-\$<-ý7Ü-7¸¥-eè+-/{+-/Yè,-ý-<#ë <-Wë,-¸¥-<ë$-,<-+$ë<-
#5Ü7-Ü /<0-#),-:-+eè-,Ê 0*ë$-&<ë -/+è9-#,<Ê 8ë,-),-…/å -ýÊ <è0<-%,-+ë,-eè+-#<ß0-
43

:<Ë +$-ý-ë ,ÜÊ <è0<-#,<-ý7Ü-*/<-+μ¥-:-/Dè,-)èÊ F0-D#ë -´¥,-+$-o:-/7Ü-:ß<-<è0<-;Ü,-


‚$-#-Ü /+è-/-9ë-f$ë -+$-xë0-<è0<-0+è -ý-7'Ü#-Dè,-ý7Ü-:0-+$-*ß,-0ë$-b²9-ý7Ü-/<0-#),-8Ü,-:Ê
+è-(Ü+-8,ë -),-*0<-%+-þè-/7Ü-Dè,-8Ü,-ý<-#5Ü9-#6ß$-/9-e-+#ë<-)Êè +è-:7$-/<0-#),-+$-ýë-
,<-/5Ü-ý7Ü-/9-¸¥-(è9-/Zë#<-+$-+$ë<-#5Ü-F0<-`Ü-a+-ý9-<ë#<-8ë+-+ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-,ÜÊ /<0-
#),-+$-ýë7-Ü +$ë<-#5Ü-8,-&+-*ë/-ý9-eè+-ý-:-8Ü+-eè+-/¸¥,-bÜ<-7'Ü#-Dè,-ý7Ü-T#-0*ë$-/…å/-
+#ë<-ý<-0(0-#5#-5Ü-#,<-+$-Bè<-*ë/-T#-0*ë$-#1ì9-eè+-ý-+$-/%<Ê (,-*ë<-+$-*ß,-0ë$-/-
6+-ý9-/%°-+$-6Ü:-#,ë,-+$-F0-*9-/{+-:-<ë#<-ý-+$-Ê *ß,-0ë$-0Ü,-ý-(,-9$-#Ü-₫+ë -8ß:-:<-
7+<-ý7Ü-F0-*9-+$-)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-b-Ü Vë-0*7-8<-ý-9/-·-¦ /…å/<-ý<-2#ì <-‚ë9-0*9-dÜ,-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-,ÜÊ +è-,<-0*ë$-:0-8,-&+-¸¥-7.#<-ý7Ü-)Ü$-73Ý,-*ë/-ý-:-6#-0è+-+0-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-
+#7Ü-/<0-#),-%<è -e-YÊè +è7Ü-0*ß<-:ß<-`Ü-/!ë+-ý-0*7-8<-ý-‡å:-)-è #5,-+ë,-/%°-#%Ü#-<#ë <-
+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-₫+ë -8ß:-(+Ü -:-º¥#<-ý-YèÊ {æ+-v9Ê e$-&±/-<0è <-+ý7Ü-2:± -7+Ü-,ÊÜ ÊBè<-
*ë/-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-+$-Ê Ê7ië-/-8$-+#-…ë:-/-:Ê Ê7'Ü#-Dè,-,-,Ü-02±$<-ý-(+Ü Ê Ê%è<-
<ë#<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê7+Ü-8,-&+-`-Ü .9-d,Ü -*0<-%+-7"ë9-#<ß0-0Ü-D#ë -ý7Ü-;<è -9/-`Ü<-6Ü,-
%Ü$-5è,-ý-+$-9è-/-0è+-ý-+$-0*9-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-/Wë-/<-\è:-5Ü$-Ê Yë$-(Ü+-+$-X$Ü -B<è -+#-ý7Ü-*/<-
+$-Q,-+#ë<-<Êë Ê lá#-ý-;è<-9/-`Ü-$ë-/ë-,ÜÊ &ë<-*0<-%+-9/-·¦-F0-ý9-7eè+-ý7Ü-vë-i<ë -)-è
+$ë<-<$<-{<-`-Ü <<-/Z¨<-ý-8,Ü -`$-Ê 7+Ü9-+è7Ü-{æ-<-ë <ë9-Dë#-ý7Ü-vë-i<ë -`<Ü -;<è -9/-'Ü-P9-
/þè+-,Ê tä-…/å -`Ü<Ê ;è<-9/-{<-eè+-ý-,Ü-*ë<-ý-YèÊ Ê/<0-ý-+$-,Ü-#(Ü<-ýë-8+ë -b9² -,Ê Ê+è-
:<-Vë0-ý-8$-,Ü-9/-·¦-7e³$-Ê Ê+è-:<-+$ë<-iá/-v-,-0è+-ý-7*ë/Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê *ë<-
/<0-Vë0-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-#<ß0-9Ü0-bÜ<-/þè+-ý9-e-/-:<Ê +$-ý9ë -*<ë -ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`<Ü -;è<-e-'Ü-
Xè+-ý7Ü-&ë<-F0<-`Ü-…-2#Ý -0-:<ß -ý-"ë$-¸¥-&±+-ý9-e-+#ë<-)èÊ +è7$-…-2+-/6ë-#<ë-:-<ë#<-ý-
7'Ü#-D,è -ý7Ü-;è<-9/-+$-Ê :è#<-#<ß$-/!7-+$-+#ë$<-7iè:-/Y,-/%ë<-;è<-ý-:-7'Ü#-Dè,-
:<-7+<-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-%è<-7o<-0Ü$-{æ-:-/)#<-ý-/%<Ê 0+ë9-,-;è<-e-#$-:7$-Hë$<-ý-0è+-
ý7Ü-*ë<-ý-dë#<-0è+-¸¥-eÊ #(Ü<-ý-,ÜÊ *ë<-ý-+è7$-vä,-ýë-++-ý7Ü-Bè<-7o$-10-¸¥-0-/5#-ý9-/9-
¸¥-Dë#-%Ü$-5/Ü -09ë -+cë+-ý7Ü-/<0-ý<-+ë,-₫Ü-10-¸¥-0-:ß<-ý9-2+-07Ü-:ß$-Ê +$ë<-Yë/<-`Ü-9#Ü <-
ýË 7#:-0è+-`Ü-…/å -eè+-+$-Q,-ý<-/+è,-#(Ü<-l$-$<è -:-<#ë <-6/-07ë -Ü +ë,-bÜ-#ë-/-2±:-/5Ü,-¸-¥
/1:Ë #<ß0-ý-,ÜÊ *ë<-/<0-bÜ<-$è<-ý-Cè+-ý7Ü-2±:-+è-(Ü+-0*7-09-v$-+ë9-bÜ-Vë-,<-9$-#Ü-{æ+-
:-‚ë9-5Ü$-a+-ý9-P-/7Ü-+ë,-(Ü+-Iè-#%Ü#-·¦-Vë0-ý<-(0<-<ß-v$<-)è-2Ý#-+$-8Ü+-+cë+-10-¸¥-0-<ë$-
/9-#,<-:ß#<-`Ü-+ë,-8$-+#-ý7Ü-0$ë,-Dë#<-(Ü+-0$ë,-¸¥-7*ë/-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
44

7+Ü-+#-#-Ü +ë,-{<-ý-0+ë-{,-<ë#<-<-ß e³$-/-P9-:Ê /Z¨-,-dÜ,-lá#-#Ü-02,-(+Ü -,ÜÊ e$-


<è0<-`Ü<-/…å/-ý7Ü-/y/-e-#$-5Ü#-a+-&ë<-/5Ü-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-‚Ü,-<ë#<-l#á -#<Ü -/Z¨<-ý7Ü-+#è-/-
0*7-+#-…å/-ý7Ü-<è0<-ý-02±$<-Q,-+$-/%<-ý7ëÊ Ê
a+-&ë<-/5Ü-,ÜÊ 9$-9$-#Ü-0Ü-0*ß,-dë#<-+$-o:-/Ê ië#<-7"ë9-#<ß0-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-
`Ü<-6Ü,-ýÊ eè+-:<-#5,-bÜ-7+ë+-+ë,-Jë#<-ý9-eè+-ýÊ +è-P9-e<-,<-&ë<-/Y,-ý<-#¸¥:-e7Ü-
{æ+-e$-&/± -#<ß0-#$-9ß$-¸-¥ 0Ü,-ý9-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê
9/-+eè-,ÜÊ ‚Ü,-ý-<ë#<-lá#-ýë-9è-9è-:7$-‚Ü,-<ë#<-l#á -99è -+eè-,Ê #5,-.-9ë:-·¦-dÜ,-ý-l#á -
:-7#ë+-ý-‚Ü,-ý7Ü-‚,Ü -ý-<#ë <-<ë-<ë7-Ü ‚Ü,-ýÊ +è-/5Ü,-¸¥-9$-9$-#Ü-0Ü-0*ß,-dë#<-`<Ü -0-#<ë -ý9-
₫ë+-ý-<ë-<ë7Ü-2±:-hÜ0<Ê 9$-9$-#Ü-+!7-₫+-/6ë+-ý<-₫ë+-ý-<ë-<ë7Ü-/6ë+-ýÊ +#7-‡ë-+$-/%<-
ý<-₫+ë -ý-<-ë <ë7Ü-/Ië,-7iá<Ê +è-P9-/Ië,-ý<-<è0<-6Ü,-)-è #5,-¸¥-0-Ü #8è$-/<-₫ë+-ý-<ë-<ë7Ü-
/<0-#),Ê 7"ë9-#<ß0-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-Vë-,<-dÜ,-lá#-:-₫+ë -ý-<ë-<ë7Ü-;è<-9/-Yè-<0ß -%-° I-lá#-·¦-
7b²9-/9-0$ë,-{,-:<-/;+-%$Ü -Ê +è9-0-6+-0+ë-Z-è /U:-/6$-:<-+eè-/-{-&è9-e$³ -/-<ë#<-
<ëË Ê
i$<-$è<-,ÜÊ e$-<è0<-`Ü-/…å/-ý7Ü-&ë<-*0<-%+-/y/-ý-#<ß0-¸¥-7¸¥-/-:-Pë<-,<-.-9ë:-·¦-
dÜ,-ý-lá#-·¦-i$<-$è<-ý-8Ü,-)èÊ ‚Ü,-ý<-:ë$<-₫ë+-:-&#<-ý-+$-o:-/-:<-2±:-hÜ0<-.ß,-<ß0-
2ì#<-ý9-7b²9-:Ê +è-:<-+#è-‚ë$-¸¥-eè+-ý7Ü-&<ë -/5Ü-+$-Q,-ý9-7b²9-/<-/6ë+-ý-YÊè +è-#<ß0-
,Ü-{æ-+$-$ë-/ë-+$-a+-ý9-bÜ-Vë-,<-T#-ý-2±:-hÜ0<-`Ü-/y/-ý9-/Z¨<-<ëÊ Ê/<0-#),-,Ü-T#-ý-
)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ-/y/-ý-+$-Ê ;è<-9/-,-Ü T#-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`-Ü /y/-ý9-/Z¨<-:Ê /Ië,-7iá<-,Ü-+è-
*0<-%+-`Ü-ië#<-<ß-7b²9-/-8,Ü -,Êë Ê
…å/-2±:-,ÜÊ 0+ë-{,-:<Ê 9è-/-0è+-ý7Ü-‚Ü,-ý-+$-Ê Ê8$-rÜ+-0Ü-7+ë+-2±:-hÜ0<-+$-Ê Ê
*0<-%+-:-,-Ü /6ë+-ý-+$-Ê Ê8ë,-),-´¥,-Z¨+-/Ië,-7iá<-+$-Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-/<0-#),-#6ß#<-0+è -
0Ü,Ë Ê;è<-9/-*/<-+$-Q,-ý-8Ü,Ê Ê.-9ë:-dÜ,-ý-l#á -ýë-:Ê Ê/D,-ý-F0<-`<Ü -8$-+#-
‚ë9Ë Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-*0<-%+-`$-+0-ý-lá#-+$-Q,-ý9-(0<-<ß-v$-+#ë<-)èÊ Dè,-+0-ý-e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-+$-
Q,-ýÊ +$ë<-ýë-+0-ý-‚,Ü -<ë#<-dë#<-9-è 0-8Ü,-ý9-#5Ü-*0<-%+-:-7'ß#-ýÊ &è+-¸¥-e-/-+0-ý-
<è0<-%,-*0<-%+-`Ü-+ë,-¸¥-‚ë9-/Ê */<-+0-ý-7"ë9-#<ß0-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`Ü<-6Ü,-ýÊ /Wë-
/-+0-ý-v-,-0+è -ý7Ü-e$-&±/-·¦-/Wë-/Ê F0-+#-+0-ý-…/Ü -#(Ü<-`Ü-+$ë<-#(è,-¸-¥ ₫ë+-ý-F0<-
<ëË Ê
45

#(Ü<-ý-#5,-^Ü,-ý9-eè+-ý-/Z¨-+ $ë<-/5Ü-:-/y/-ý7Ü-2±:-,ÊÜ
9$-{æ+-^Ü,-,<-‚Ü,-ý<-7"ë9-/Z¨<-:Î X,-ý<-8Ü+-l$<-+ë,-0*ß ,-/#-./<-)èÎ
+ë,-₫ë+-ië<-#+/-#,<-U/<-0*9-*ß#-·¦Î .,-+$-/+è-/7Ü-+ý:-:-9/-·¦-+#ë +Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-7'ß#-ý7Ü-₫ë+-ý-:-/y/<-ý<-9$-{æ+-8ë$<-<ß-^Ü,-ý9-b²9-,<-<è0<-%,-
#5,-+#-^,Ü -ý9-eè+-+#ë<-ý<Ê +è7Ü-*/<-<0-:#-:,è -*0<-%+-`Ü-#1ì-/9ë -b9² -ý-,Ü-/Z¨-/7Ü-
+$ë<-ý-ë /5Ü-8Ü,-)èÊ 0+ë-{,-:<Ê ‚Ü,-02±$<-+è-Y,ë -:è,-7'ß#-+$-Ê Ê/+#-(+Ü -Bè<-<ß-7'ß#-
F0<-`Ü<Ê ÊX,-ý9-‰-+$-+ë,-₫ë+-+$-Ê Ê+ë,-0*ß,-(Ü+-¸¥-7+ë+-ý-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-#ë-9Ü0-+$-F0-
i$<-/Y,Ê .,-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-*/<-+$-,ÜÊ Ê73Ý,-ý9-e+è -+$-7'ß#-eè+-+$-Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-B<è -<ß-
7'ß#-eè+-ý<Ê Ê/Z¨-/7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-/5Ü9-;è<-eÊ Ê5è<-+#ë<-&è+-…-+ë,-<ë#<-{<-ý9-#<ß$<-ý-+è-
02±$<-ýV-\$ä <-ý-:<Ê ‚Ü,-ý7Ü-#8/-0ë<-:è#<-/<ë -)Êè ÊX,-ý9-‰-/7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü<-/<ßÊ Ê+ë,-
₫ë+-ý-8Ü<-/#-./-YèÊ Ê+ë,-0*ß,-ië<-&è,-#+/-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-'Ü-P9-e-/7Ü-2±:-8$-/Y,-ý-P9Ê
*ë#-09-#¸¥:-e7Ü-[ë+-Q,-7"ë9-¸¥-0-7¸¥<-ý-F0<-:-6$-6$Ü -#Ü-+$ë<-ý-ë 'Ü-P9-7ë<-ý-‚Ü,-ý<-:è#<-
ý9-/Z¨<-:Ê 7¸¥<-,<-.-9ë:-ýë7Ü-vë-:-7*+-%Ü$-8Ü+-:-7//-ý7Ü-2Ý#-X,-ý9-‰-/7Ü-#)0-‰<-
ý<-8Ü+-*9-ý-+$-*0<-%+-0aè,-ý7Ü-:0-¸¥-l$<Ê l$<-ý-+è-+#-y9-0Ü-Që#-ý9-9$-#Ü-Bè<-<ß-
7'ß#-%$Ü -‡ë-/-þè+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-9$-(Ü+-`$-#5,-:-/;+-e7Ü-&ë<-+ë,-+è-+#-+$-0Ü-7#:-5Ü$-0*ß,-ý9-
₫ë+-ý-:-þë-¸¥/-0è+-ý9-e-/<-vë-/#-./-YèÊ #¸¥:-e7Ü-"0<-+$-+/$-ýë-+0,-7oÜ$-0&ë#-#Ü-a+-
ý9-+$-0*ß,-ý9-*è#-ý-&è-&±$-#Ü-&ë<-Vë-<ë-<ë9-/Y,-,<-+è7Ü-+ë,-…å/-%Ü$-₫ë+-¸-¥ 7'ß#-ý7Ü-#),-7¸¥,-
bÜ-i<ë -&,è -#+/Ê /5Ü-ýë7$-/Z¨-,-6$-6Ü$-+$-&ë<-`-Ü ‚Ü,-ý-#(Ü<-<ß-7¸¥-/-8Ü,-:Ê +è-#(Ü<-ýë<-
#,<-U/<-+$-0*9-*ß#-+#-·¦Ê 7n:-bÜ-.,-ý-+$-8,ß -b-Ü /+è-/7Ü-+ý:-:-7ië-/-F0<-9/-·-¦
7#ë+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-+è-+#-#Ü-(0<-:è,-XÜ$-ýë9-lÜ:-)è-vë-‚ë$-/7Ü-2±:-,ÜÊ
#,+-`Ü-XÜ$-ýë-<è 0<-%,-*0<-%+-`ÜÎ Z¨#-/W:-0-:ß<-/+#-#Ü-"ß 9-¸¥-v$-Î
/+#-# Ü-/+è-+#è-7ië-lá# -´¥,-:-‚Ü,Î zè,-bÜ<-0Ü-7&ë9-XÜ$-Bè-e$-<è0<-‚$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ e$-&±/-<0è <-+ý7Ü-(0<-:è,-0-:ß<-ý7Ü-#,+-`-Ü XÜ$-ýë-lÜ:-,-#<ß0-YèÊ {æ-:-
‚ë$-/-e0<-ý-+$-XÜ$-Bè-l#-·¦-/Vë0Ê <è0<-+$ë<-:-‚ë$-/-(Ü,-02,-¸¥<-lá#-·¦-<è0<-/þè+-v$-Ê
₫ë+-ý-:-‚$ë -/-+#è-/-#5,-+,ë -¸¥-/Wë-5Ü$-/+è-Z¨#-#)ë$-:è,-:-I-è #%Ü#-·-¦ 7/+-ý9-e-YÊè +è7$-5Ü-
/-T<Ê #$-5Ü#-/+#-+$-#5,-F0<-,ÜÊ Êf³9-¸¥-/þ/-ý9-7+ë+-ý-+è<Ê Ê/+#-+$-#5,-¸¥-/Bè-
e-/Ê Ê#<$-/7Ü-+0-ý-₫+-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-/+#-#5,-/Bè-/7Ü-vë-‚$ë -6/-0ë-:-/y/-
ý-#:-&-è YèÊ +è7Ü-{-æ 02,-8$-Ê 7'Ü#-D,è -/+è-/-'-Ü Xè+-ýÊ Ê+è-´¥,-#5,-/+è-7+ë+-:<-e³$-Ê Ê
46

7'Ü#-D,è -Z#¨ -/W:-'-Ü Xè+-ýÊ Ê+è-´¥,-9$-/+è-7+ë+-:<-e³$-Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê /+#-/+è-#5,-bÜ-Z#¨ -


/W:-+# Ê8$-+#-/Bè-/9-0-e<-,Ê Ê<$<-{<-(Ü+-,Ü-0Ü-7iá/-%Ü$-Ê Ê7"ë9-/-,-8$-/+è-/-
0è+Ë Ê%è<-F:-0-+$-Q#ë -d#ë <-`-Ü Vë-,<-/Y,-ý-P9-8,Ü -:Ê +è7Ü-2:± -8$-Ê "è-+$-{:-"-#5,-
:-‚Ü,Ê Êbë$-+$-/ß/-"-9$-#<Ü -v$-Ê Ê5è<-ý7Ü-+,ë -P9-,0-0"<-a/-ý7Ü-09-b²9-<0è <-%,-
*0<-%+-`Ü-{æ+-:-*ë#-0-0è+-ý-,<-/<#<-ý7Ü-{æ-:<-+$-(,ë -0$ë <-ýÊ 7o<-/ß-:ß<-<0è <-:-
Z¨#-/W:-bÜ-2ì9-/-'Ü-Xè+-8ë+-ý-*0<-%+-/+#-#Ü-"ß9-¸¥-*è-2ì0-0è+-ý9-+#7-/5Ü,-‡ë-/5Ü,-¸¥-v$-
/7Ü-7¸¥,-ý-e-/-+$-Ê /+#-#Ü-{+æ -:-*ë#-0-0-0&Ü<-ý-,<-/<#<-ý7Ü-F0-+!9-b-Ü +#è-/7Ü-I-/-
+$-Ë 7o<-/ß-:ß<-<0è <-:-/+è-/7Ü-2ì9-/-%Ü-8+ë -ý-*0<-%+-7ië-/-9Ü#<-l#á -#-Ü <è0<-%,-´¥,-:-
9è-9-è ,<-2$-/9-‚Ü,-ý7Ü-7¸¥,-ý-e-/-YèÊ +è-+#-`$-v-ë ‚ë$-+ë,-/¸¥,-0-:<Ê #)ë$-:è,-#(Ü<-ýë-
\è:-09-‚$-Ê Ê+è-#(Ü<-x$ä -:-/þë,-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-(0<-<ß-:è,-5Ü$-Ê "0<-/6$-$,-þÜ+-
Z¨#-0*ë-+0,-'Ü-P9-e³$-8$-z,è -$,-bÜ<-0Ü-7&ë9-/7Ü-#ë-&-&,è -ý-ë /#ë<-:-X$Ü -B-è #5Ü9-e<-ý7Ü-´¥,-
Jë/-e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-I-è #%Ü#-·¦-‚$-:-þ<è -/D,-#ë$-7.è:-¸¥-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+ë,-+0-<è0<-/þè+-/Y,-ý-:-#<ß0Ê P-/<-*#-#%+-ýÊ Vë0-ý<-(0<-<ß-:è,-ýÊ
+è7Ü-7o<-/ß-/Y,-)è-020<-‚9-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:7$-/5ÜÊ dÜ-#6ß$-8ß:-9$-/5Ü,-0è+-ý9-#),-:-
7/è/<-ýÊ ,$-73Ý,-ý-+$-#$-6#-#Ü-/+#-9$-/5Ü,-0è+-ý9-#),-:-7/è/<-ýÊ +cë+-eè+-`Ü-vë-
9$-/5Ü,-0è+-ý9-#),-:-7/è/<-ýÊ U/<-`Ü-+ë,-/Z¨-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐdÜ-#6ß$-8ß:-9$-/5Ü,-0è+-ý9-
#),-:-7/è /<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
a+-ý9-dÜ-9ë:-73Ý ,-ý<-#6ß$-/7Ü-8ß:Î *0<-%+-/+è,-0Ü,-€ç-0-P-/ß9-[$-Î
D#-ý-0-8Ü,-0Ü-D#-+ë,-eè +-¹¥<Î #%Ü#-ýß-0-8Ü,-[-2ì#<-7e³$-5Ü $-7b²9Î
9$-+/$-0è+-+è-:<-`Ü-dÜ-/5Ü,-7iëÎ Eã:-n,-0-8Ü,-&-0è+-Eã :-0-iá /Î
#:-)è-iá/-,-9#<-ý-/I0-0Ü-¹¥<Î &-/%<-8Ü,-,-&-0è+-+0-/%<-7#:Î
+è<-,-0è+-[$-Jà,-[$-Dè ,-7oè :-10Î HÜ-:0-€ç-0-&±-8Ü-w-/-7lÎ
lÜ-67Ü-ië$-aè9-7'7-2ì,-P-/ß9-/PÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ */<-´¥,-Jë/-e$-<è0<-:<-a+-ý9-¸¥-b²9-ý-;è<-9/-+,ë -+0-e$-&/± -`-Ü <è0<-
Vë0-ý-:7$-*ë#-09-d-Ü 9ë:-¸¥-/+è,-/+è,-P9-[$-/-/+#-·¦-73Ý,-ý<-#6ß$-/9-e-/7Ü-8ß:-*0<-%+-
:ß$-9Ü#<-`Ü<-:è#<-ý9-/D#<-,-#%Ü#-`$-/+è,-ý-0-8,Ü -ý9-€ç-0-0",-bÜ<-‡å:-ý7Ü-€ç-07Ü-
+$ë<-ý-ë P-/ß9-[$-/-8,Ü -,ëÊ Ê+è7$-iá/-0*<-vë-0-/€ç9-/7Ü-7'Ü#-D,è -.:-/-F0<-`Ü<-[$-+$ë<-
/+è,-D#-·¦-5,è -5Ü$-Ê iá/-0*7-:ë#-ý9-º¥#<-ý7Ü-0ß-Yè#<-ý-F0<-`Ü<-D#-ýÊ #%Ü#-ýÊß 9$-
47

+/$-%,-<ë#<-<ß-7+ë+-ý-8ë+-`$-0-Dë#<-ý-+$-:ë#-ý9-Dë#-ý-:-º¥#<-ý-8Ü,-)èÊ 7+Ü-P9-[$-
+$ë<-F0<-&ë<-%,Ê D#-ý-0-8Ü,-ý9-*:Ê D#-:-e-/-0+è -d9Ü -9Êë Ê5è<-ý-P9-)è-,0-0"7-
/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê+è-&ë<-%,Ê 0Ü-D#-ý9-*:Ê 7há:-$ë9-{æ,-7.ë-/7Ü-+ë,-eè+-¹<¥ -ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê <-/ë,-+$-
f³-μ-¥ /5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê[$-/D#-&ë<-%,Ê #%Ü#-ý-ß 0-8Ü,-ý9-*:Ê +$ë<-[$-[-2ì#<-<ß-7e³$-5$Ü -
7b²9-/7Ü-d9Ü Ê &±7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-#%Ü#-:-9Ü#<-lá#-#Ü-0*ë$-2:± -*-++-ý-/5Ü,Ê +è-&<ë -%,Ê [-
2ì#<-ý7$-+ë,-:-/+è,-ý-0è+-ý9-*:Ê zè,-:<-e³$-/7Ü-d9Ü -7'7-2ì,-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê"0<-#<ß0-ýë-
&ë<-%,Ê 9$-+/$-¸¥-7b²9-/-0è+-ý9-*:Ê :<-`Ü-dÜ-/5Ü,-¸¥-7ië-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê 7b²9-/7Ü-Z¨#-/W:-
/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê:<-&ë<-%,Ê +ë,-+0-ý9-0Ü-/+è,-ý9-*:Ê J<-+$-¸¥<-`Ü-+$ë<-ýë9-0-iá/-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê
7¸¥<-0-e<-ý-/5Ü,-,Êë Ê+è7$-#ë-y-/9-/Bë+-,Ê 7¸¥<-e<-`Ü-+$ë<-ýë-*0<-%+-,Ü-D#-ý-0-8Ü,-)èÊ
+è-8Ü,-,-D#-+$ë<-#5,-¸-¥ 7b²9-0Ü-rÜ+-ý<-,0-0"7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-#$-¸¥7$-0Ü-7b²9-/-/5Ü,-+ë,-eè+-0Ü-
¹¥<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê 0Ü-D#-ý-8Ü,-)èÊ U+-%Ü#-#(Ü<-ý9-{,æ -7b²9-/<-<-/,ë -:<-f³-μ¥-+$-09-0è7Ü-{æ,-
/5Ü,-´¥,-Jë/-10-¸¥-+,ë -e+è -¹¥<-ý7Ü-d9Ü Ê 7ë-,-0Ü-D#-ý9-iá/-/0-5-è ,Ê +è7$-0-iá/-YÊè D#-0Ü-
D#-#%Ü#-:-#%Ü#-Pë<-ý7Ü-0$Ü -10-8Ü,-ý<-P<ë -<-0-i/á -ý<-Pë<-&ë<-`$-0-Ü /+è,-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê
7.#<-5/<-`<Ü Ê #:-)-è +$ë<-ýë-#$-P<ë -7iá/Ê Ê+è-(Ü+-:-8$-P<ë -,<-,ÜÊ ÊPë<-e-#$-8,Ü -+è-
7iá/-,Ê Ê#$-:-Pë<-,<-#$-5Ü#-7iá/Ê Ê%è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê#5Ü-#%Ü#-ýß-(Ü+-¸¥-$è<-ý7$-0-8Ü,-)èÊ
8Ü,-,-#%Ü#-+$-¸¥-0-J<-7#:-/<-[-2#ì <-<ß-7e³$-/9-0Ü-9Ü#<-ý-:Ê &±7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-#%Ü#-:-
+f:-/<-hë-&±Ê 8Ü-₯#<-`Ü<-F#-h# ʸ¥+-7ië<-/·¦$-/Ê 0Ü-8<Ü -(9è -₫+Ê T-8<Ü -/¸¥+-I-Ü
<ë#<-<-ß 0*ë$-/-P9-:<-[$-#Ü-Bè<-<-ß 7b²9-5$Ü -7ië-/7Ü-d9Ü Ê [-2ì#<-(+Ü -`$-0Ü-/+è,-)èÊ
#%Ü#-ý7ß -Ü #5Ü-0-iá/-ý<-+7è -Ü a+-&<ë -0-i/á -YèÊ a+-#5Ü-0ë-#;0-bÜ-/ß-0-iá/-ý<-a+-&ë<-03é<-ý-
<ë#<-0-iá/-ý-/5Ü,-)èÊ 7.#<-5/<-`Ü<Ê +$ë<-F0<-$ë-/ë-(Ü+-0è+-+èÊ Ê#5,-¸¥-[$-/9-
7b²9-dÜ9-9Êë Ê+$ë<-ýë-$ë-/ë-(Ü+-0è+-+Êè Ê#$-dÜ9-+$ë<-F0<-Y$ë -ý-(Ü+Ê Ê%è<-<Êë Êeè+-ý-ýë9-
i#<-ý7Ü-2$<-+/$-a/-7'ß#-#Ü<-02ì,-"0<-#<ß0-,-9$-+/$-¸¥-b²9-ý-7#7-8$-0è+-+èÊ 8ë+-
,-f$-7+<-/5Ü,-Që#-0Ü-rÜ+-ý-:-*0<-%+-`$-:<-+!9-,#-#Ü-Bè<-<ß-7o$<-)è-"0<-#<ß0-,-6#-
ý-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-d9Ü -9Êë Ê7ë-,-:<-/+è,-ý9-i/á -/0-5è-,Ê +ë,-+0-ý9-:<-`$-/+è,-ý9-iá/-ý-
0è+-+èÊ 7.#<-ý<Ê &ë<-7+Ü-+#-,-Ü &ë<-(Ü+-`<Ü Ê Ê7ë$-/-0è+-%Ü$-7ië-0+è -,Ê Ê:<-+$-:<-`Ü-
F0-ý9-^Ü,Ê Ê%Ü-P-/ß9-,Ü-7*+-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê+0-ý7Ü-+ë,-¸¥7$-7+Ü-0+è -%$Ü -Ê Ê#$-¸¥7$-7ië-/-8ë+-
0-8Ü,Ê Ê´¥,-J/ë -·-¦ ,Ü-:0-7'ß#-%Ü$-Ê ÊF0-ý9-^,Ü -ý-(-è /9-Yë,Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
,$-ý7Ü-i/á -0*7-73Ý,-ý-:<-d#ë <-Dë#<-(,-*ë<-eè-o#-‰-/-F0<-`Ü<-+$ë<-[$-F0<-0Ü-/+è,-
48

ý<-´,¥ -Jë/-8Ü,-`$-+$ë<-ý-ë +$-¸¥<-I0ë -e+è -9#<-0*7-E:ã -n,-&-0è+-*-ë /-:-<#ë <-ý<-#5Ü#-0Ü-


¹¥<-ý-+$-Ê ;è<-ý7Ü-0*7-U+-%Ü#-&-0+è -v<ë -#5#-·-¦ 0Ü-9ß$-/-+ë,-+0-/+è,-ý9-7+ë+-+Êè 03ì+-
:<Ë #$-:-/%ë0-+$-v-ë 8Ü<-#5,Ê Ê/<:-,-+-è vë-0Ü-7'ß#-ýÊ Ê/ß0-&±-/5Ü,-¸¥-´¥,-Jë/-·¦Ê Ê
8ë+-+è-+ë,-+0-8ë+-#5,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-<Êë Ê+è7$-P-/7Ü-0ß,-ý<-"/è <-ýÊ Eã:-n,-+ë,-+0-ý-0-8Ü,-)èÊ
&-0è+-ý7Ü-Eã:-0-iá/-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê #:-)-è iá/-,-&-;<-0+è -ý7Ü-,0-0"7-+$-,0-0"7-7lè<-ý-P9-
*0<-%+-#ë<-#%Ü#-·¦-7lè-/<-+$ë<-ýë-9#<-ý-Ië0-0Ü-¹<¥ -)Êè (Ü-»¥-ý-:<Ê lá#-#Ü-&9-,Ü-‚9-/-
,Ë Ên-9/-Eã:-&-lá#-·¦-7b²9Ê Êlá#-ýë-+#-#Ü-#ë-#%Ü#-,Ê Ê#ë$-/ß7$-Eã:-n,-10-¸¥-7b²9Ê Ê
5è<-<ëÊ ÊEã:-n,-F0<-dë#<-<ë-<ë9-8ë+-,-;9-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-+eè-/<-&-+$-/%<-ý<-W9-&-0è+-¸¥-
+0-/%<-ý7Ü-9$-2Ý#-+$-7#:-:ëÊ ÊEã:-n,-<Ü:-/ß-9è#-:-0-7e9-/9-#,<-ý9-7+ë+-ý7$-7#:-
)èË 9è#-:-0-7e9-/7Ü-/9-¸¥-[$-0ß,-bÜ-Eã:-bÜ<-0Ü-&ë+-0Ü-rÜ+-ý<-&ë+-,-+-è +$-7e9-/<-/9-0è+-¸-¥
7b²9-:Ê 0-&ë+-,-/9-0è+-ý<-"<-v$<-+$-7#:-:ëÊ ÊU+-%Ü#-07Ü-{æ,-bÜ<-¸¥<-/I0<-ý7$-
7#:-)èÊ U+-%#Ü -0-W-dÜ-0-7n+-,-;è<-ý-dÜ-0-{æ-0è+-¸¥-7b²9-/<-W-0-Ië0-eè+-¸-¥ 0Ü-7ië-:Ê
7n+-,7$-U+-%Ü#-0-#<ß0-¸¥<-#%Ü#-:-7n+-,-*0<-%+-¸¥<-0(0-¸¥-7b²9-/<-/U:-ý7$-U+-
%Ü#-#%Ü#-"-ë ,9-7b²9-5Ü$-Ê 9è<-0ë<-<ß-7n+-,-U+-%Ü#-0-#%Ü#-#Ü-&-W-0-7+<-ý-#(Ü<-ý-+-P-/-
Yè-&-#(Ü<-<ß-7b²9-/<-&-0+è -`Ü-+0-/%7-(0<-<ëÊ Ê
7+Ü<-,-Ü ;è<-e-J<-8+ë -¸¥-7+ë+-ý<-+ë,-:-0*9-P-"<-:è,-ý9-<ë$-/7Ü-dÜ9-,$-ý7Ü-P-iá/-+0,-
;ë<-8Ü,-ý<-7+Ü9-02,-#5Ü-10-¸¥-+$ë<-<ß-/Y,-ý9-[$-:Ê +è<-02ì,-,<-»¥#<-/Y,-0+ë-Z-è ý<-
Ië0-eè+-Kë#-,-0ë<-/I0<-ý7Ü-;è<-e-F0<-/)#<-8ë+-10-¸¥-7+ë+-ý-+$-Ê <è0<-10-ý<-&ë<-
*0<-%+-<è0<-`Ü-[$-/-10-¸¥-/+è,-ý9-7+ë+-ý-F0<-`$-+$ë<-ý9ë -‰-/7Ü-iá/-0*7-8Ü,-ý<-:ß$-
9Ü#<-`Ü<-<ß,-d³$-:-+/ß-07Ü-:0-¸¥-7'ß#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
{æ-02,-+è<-,-+$ë<-[$-*0<-%+-/+è,-ý9-iá/-ý-#%Ü#-`$-0è+-ý<-0è+-/5Ü,-¸¥-[$-/Ê [$-
8$-0Ü-/+è,-ý9-Jà,-ý9-[$-/Ê +è7$-Dè,-%Ü$-7oè:-/9-7e³$-/-10-¸¥-[$-/-8Ü,-)èÊ &ë<-*0<-
%+-9$-$ë<-,<-/+è,-ý9-i/á -,-+$ë<-ýë7Ü-9$-02,-0Ü-/)$-/<-þè-7'Ü#-<ë#<-#$-8$-0-Ü 9ß$-:Ê
+è-0-i/á -ý7Ü-#,+-`Ü<-D,è -%$Ü -7oè:-7e³$-#-Ü &ë<-F0<-+##-ý-0è+-ý9-7&9-¸¥-9ß$-/<-Yë$-ý-(+Ü -:-
[$-/-0Ü-7##-%Ü$-[$-/7$-Yë$-(Ü+-`Ü-{-:<-0-7+<-ý-YèÊ 7.#<-5/<-`Ü<Ê Dè,-%Ü$-7oè:-
7e³$-0-#)ë#<-ý7ÜÊ Ê&ë<-7#7-8+ë -ý-0-8,Ü -)Êè Ê+è-dÜ9-Yë$-ý-0-#)ë#<-ý7ÜÊ Ê&ë<-7#7-8ë+-
ý-0-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-P-/ß7Ü-Jà,-[$-Dè,-7oè:-10-¸¥-;9-/-+è-€ç-07Ü-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ-+ýè-F0<-+$-7l-/-8Ü,-)èÊ <è0<-
49

7há:-/7Ü-[$-/-:<-dÜ-9ë:-¸¥-0-iá/-ý-HÜ-:0-+$-Ê {æ-+$-zè,-bÜ-Dè,-7oè:-2ì#<-ý<-[$-/-[-
2ì#<-<-ß 7há:-/-€-ç 0-+$-Ê zè,-:-/Dè,-,<-*0<-%+-¸¥-a/-ý-&7± -Ü w-/-F0<-+$-7l-5Ü$-Ê 8ß:-
$è<-ý-0è+-ý9-<ë-<ë9-[$-/-lÜ-67Ü-ië$-a9è Ê /+è,-+$ë<-0è+-ý7Ü-"-+ë#-,-2ì#<-<ß-[$-/-/9-[$-#Ü-
7'7-2ì,-P-/ß9-/P-/9-e-YèÊ 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê U9-0-9/-9Ü/-09-0è-+$-Ê Ê€ç-0-6Ü:-/-&±-/ß9-+$-Ê Ê
HÜ-:0-uë#-+$-‡Ü,-P-/9ß Ê Ê7¸¥<-e<-&<ë -F0<-+è-P9-/PÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-d9Ü -9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð,$-73Ý,-ý-+$-#$-6#-#Ü-/+#-0è+-ý9-#),-:-7/è/<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
P-0",-<è0<-:7$-$-+$-/+#-0è+-+èÎ +è-,Ü-.ß$-ýë-:<-#5,-*-++-+$-Î
.ß$-ýë-M-+$-#%Ü#-·¦-0-+0Ü# <-dÜ9Î +$-ýë-iá/-,-J<-#5,-8ë+-ý9-7b² 9Î
+è-P9-0-8Ü,-#(Ü<-ý-iá /-1-,Î .ß$-ýë-0Ü-D#-/+#-(Ü+-D#-ý-7#:Î
+è-/<-.ß$-ýë-M-:-/Dè,-,<-`$-Î $9-73Ý,-+/$-#Ü<-+è-P9-#+#<-ý9-6+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ dÜ-/P-e7Ü-8ß:-/+è,-ý9-0-iá/-`$-,$-P-0",-<è0<-/+è,-ý9-iá/-/0-5è-,Ê
+è7$-0-i/á -YÊè <è0<-,-Ü (è9-:è,-bÜ-.$ß -ýë-:-…ë-/)#<-,<-$7ë-X0-ý7Ü-$9-73Ý,-7+Ü-:<-:ë#<-<ß-
0è+-%Ü$-+è-+$-/+#-#(Ü<-`$-*-++-0è+-ý<-8$-+#-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`Ü<-/D#<-,-+è-+#-·¦-iá/-ý-0è+-+èÊ
$70-/+#-·¦-73Ý,-ý-&ë<-%,Ê +ë,-+0-ý9-0-iá/-ý9-*:Ê .ß$-ýë-M-:<-*-++-ý70-#%Ü#-·¦-0è+-
ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +$-ýë-iá/-YèÊ *-++-¸¥-8ë+-,-.ß$-M-:<-J<-#5,-.ß$-ýë-lá#-ý9-7b²9-/-:-+è-7l-;è<-e-
:-0Ü-rÜ+-ý7Ü-d9Ü Ê 0ë-#;0-bÜ-/ß7Ü-0$Ü -/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê#%Ü#-·¦-8ë+-,-J<-#%Ü#-ý9-7b²9-/-:-.$ß -M-
J<-8ë+-+$-$9-73Ý,-/)#<-8+ë -J<-7#:-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê +$ë<-ýë-+$-+$ë<-0è+-/5Ü,-,Êë Ê
+è7$-#ë-y-/9-/Bë+-,Ê /+#-+è-,Ü-.ß$-ýë-M7Ü-2ì#<-ý-:<-#5,-*-++-ý-+$-Ê .ß$-ýë-M-+$-
#%Ü#-·7¦ $-0-+0Ü#<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-/+#-0-iá/-YèÊ +$-ý-ë P9-/+#-.$ß -*-++-¸¥-i/á -,-#5,-.$ß -ýë-lá#-
ý-8ë+-ý9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê .ß$-ýë-:<-#5,-:-$9-73Ý,-7'ß#-ý-0è+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-+$-Ê .ß$-ýë7Ü-02,-(Ü+-
o:-/<-+$ë<-ýë-0è+-ý9-7b²9-5Ü$-+$ë<-0+è -`Ü<-+,ë -e+è -0Ü-¹¥<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-*-++-¸¥-0-iá/-/Êë Ê+è-P9-
*-++-¸¥-iá/-ý-0-8Ü,-`$-#(Ü<-ý-/+#-.ß$-#%Ü#-ý9-iá/-/0-5è-,Ê +è7$-0-iá/-YèÊ 02,-(Ü+-0Ü-
0*ß,-ý7Ü-d9Ü Ê +è7$-.ß$-ýë-F0<-7¸¥<-e<-8Ü,-ý<-0Ü-D#-ý9-iá/-%Ü$-/+#-,Ü-W9-0*ë$-/-(+Ü -+-
P9-$ë-;è<-ý9-xë0-ý-<ë#<-D#-ý9-73Ý,-ý<-+è-#(Ü<-7#:-/7Ü-dÜ9-+$-Ê .ß$-ýë-#6ß#<-2ì9-
<ë#<-,$-#<è<-/%<-+eè-/-¸¥-0-\ä$-/-%,-8Ü,-:-/+#-,Ü-$-(Ü+-+ë-5è<-#%Ü#-ýß9-73Ý,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-+$-Ê
.ß$-ýë-þè-7'Ü#-#-Ü #5,-+/$-%,-¸-¥ iá/-:-/+#-,Ü-$7ë-X0-¸¥-9$-+/$-%,-¸¥-73Ý,-ý9-fë$-/<-i/á -
ý7Ü-dÜ9-9ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-I-;è-:<Ê #:-)-è .ß$-ýë-/+#-8,Ü -,Ê Êþè-+$-7'Ü#-ý-%,-¸¥-7b²9Ê Ê7ë,-
)è-.$ß -ýë-:<-#5,-,Ê Ê.ß$-ý7ë -Ü 02,-(Ü+-0è+-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê/+#-0-i/á -`$-+è7Ü-{,æ -D#-
50

ý<-+-è iá/-/ë-X0-,Ê +è7$-0-8Ü,-)Êè /+è,-#(Ü<-:<Ê {æ,-+$-U+-%Ü#-%è<-e-/Ê Ênè$-/-


+0#-:-<ë#<-/5Ü,-Jà,Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê+è-/<-(è9-:è,-bÜ-.ß$-ýë-M7Ü-2ì#<-ý-10-:-/Dè,-,<-+ë,-:-
%°$-6+-0-iá/-`$-$9-73Ý,-+/$-#Ü<-/+#-+$-#$-6#-<ë#<-+è-P9-…ë-/)#<-ý9-6+-+èÊ 7'ß#-ý-
:<Ë +è-dÜ9-.ß$-ý-ë :<-#5,-/+#-0è+-+èÊ Ê.ß$-ý-ë 0-#)ë#<-+è-73Ý,-0-iá/-dÜ9Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê
.ß$-ýë9-/+#-%è<-/Bë+-2é-.ß$-F0<-`ÜÊ Ê2ì#<-ý-8Ü,-bÜ-.ß$-ýë7Ü-$ë-/ë-0Ü,Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
+è7$-+ýè9-,-;Ü$-D7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-+$-rë#-;Ü$-<#ë <-8,-:#-2ì#<-ý-:-;Ü$-D-5<è -#+#<-ý9-6+-`ÜÊ
+è-+#-0-8Ü,-ý-8,-:#-%,-bÜ-;Ü$-D7Ü-02,-#5Ü-0Ü-Cè+-ý-P9-.ß$-ýë7Ü-2ì#<-ý9-$9-73Ý,-ý-10-:<-
/+#-%è<-e-/-#5Ü-0-iá/-YèÊ 0+ë-:<Ê 'Ü-P9-8,-:#-2ì#<-F0<-:Ê Ê;Ü$-D7Ü-0Ü$-¸¥-/;+-ý-
P9Ë Ê+è-/5Ü,-.$ß -ýë-F0<-/Dè,-,<Ê Ê´¥,-J/ë -<è0<-%,-5è<-e7ëÊ Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+cë+-eè+-`Ü-vë-9$-/5Ü,-0è+-ý9-#),-:-7/è/<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
7+ë#<-0",-Dë#-ý-7+<-ý-5Ü #-,<-0è+Î 0-7ë $<-0-þè<-+-P-/D#-0Ü-/·¦ /Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-#6ß$-/7Ü-8:ß -+$-73Ý,-ý7Ü-<è0<-#(Ü<-/+è,-ý9-0-i/á -`$-Ê +è-P9-
7+ë#<-0",-bÜ-Dë#-ý-(Ü+-/+è,-ý9-iá/-/0-X0-,Ê +è-:-¸¥<-#<ß0-bÜ-&-;<-8ë+-+0-0è+Ê 0è+-,-
U+-%Ü#-0-+$ë<-0è+-¸¥-*:-/<-D#ë -ý-#$-8ë+-+$ë<-0+è -¸¥-*:-:Ê 8ë+-,-W9-þè<-ý7Ü-D#ë -ý-7+<-
ý-,Ü-8:-)è-5#Ü -,<-0è+-:Ê 0-7ë$<-ý-,-Ü +-9ß$-0-þ<è -ý<-0-iá/-:Ê +-P-/7Ü-Dë#-ý-9$-#<Ü -9$-
:-/D#-%$Ü -02ì,-0-Ü /·¦/-Yè-0Ü#-#Ü<-0Ü#-0Ü-0*ë$-5Ü$-9:-iÜ7-Ü <ë<-9$-(+Ü -#%ë+-0Ü-¹<¥ -ý-/5Ü,-
,ëË Ê+è-P9-8$-9Ü,-&è,-nè$-/-:<Ê 'Ü-P9-U+-%Ü#-0*7-8+ë -ýÊ Ê+è-/5Ü,-*ë#-0-+/ß<-/D#-
+#ë<Ë Ê+è-P9-U+-%Ü#-#<ß0-/D#-dÜ9Ê Ê7'Ü#-Dè,-U+-%#Ü -:-0-Ü #,<Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
/5Ü-ý-ÐU/<-`Ü-+ë,-/Z¨-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
0+ë9-,-/+#-#(Ü<-#6ß$-73Ý,-#5Ü -+$-/%<Î 0"7-P9-9/-5 Ü-þè-/-0è+-;è <-,<Î
þè -0è+-(Ü+-`$-vë-8Ü -8ß:-:<-7+<Î *0<-%+-0aè,-ý7$-2Ý#-#Ü<-+/ß:-/7Ü-dÜ9Î
‡ë<-ý-´¥ ,-o:-+/ß-07Ü-:0-5è<-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-/;+-ý7Ü-+ë,-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê &ë<-+$-#$-6#-·¦-73Ý,-ý7Ü-/+#-#(Ü<-+$-Ê
8ß:-#6ß$-/-+$-8ß:-%,-73Ý,-ý-#(Ü<Ê +è-+#-#$-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-´¥,-#5Ü-+$-/%<-ý-+è-*0<-%+-
/+è,-ý9-0è+-ý<-+$ë<-0è+-¸¥-iá/-/0-X0-,Ê W9-/+è,-+$ë<-<ß-iá/-ý-dÜ<-/+è,-0è+-¸¥-<ë$-,-+è9-
#+#<-<-ß 9ß$-8$-Ê &ë<-*0<-%+-#+ë+-0-,<-9$-/5Ü,-b<Ü -0-iá/-ý<-8ë+-0è+-#(Ü<-!7Ü-0*7-
:<-7+<-ý-YÊè <-9-=<Ê +$ë<-ý9ë -73Ý,-ý-d³#<-+$-7l-/-YÊè Ê+$ë<-0è+-73Ý,-ý-+è-/<-`$-
,Ü-v,ä Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê I-;-è :<Ê +è-d9Ü -8+ë -+$-0è+-ý-:Ê Ê0"<-ý<-#,<-ý9-0-Ü e7ëÊ Ê5è<-
51

#<ß$<-ý-P9-8ë+-0è+-<ë#<-‡ë<-ý7Ü-#6è/-:<-ië:-/-,0-0"7-P-/ßÊ +$ë<-+$-+$ë<-0è+-¸¥-
73Ý,-ý7Ü-v7ë -Ü 7'ß#-ý-9/-·¦-5ÊÜ #+ë+-0-,<-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-þ-è /-0è+-ý9-:ß$-+$-9Ü#<-ý<-;è<-ý9-
e<-,<-þ-è 0è+-`Ü-#,<-:ß#<-+-è (Ü+-`$-‰-/<0-/Bë+-ý-+$-o:-/<-…-D#ë -+$-vë7Ü-8ß:-:<-7+<-
ý9-D#ë <-+#ë<-)Êè ₫ë+-7'ß#-:<Ê #$-2-é +$ë<-+$-+$ë<-0+è -+# Êvë-8Ü-0¸¥,-,-0Ü-#,<-ýÊ Ê
+è-2é-F0-ý-#5,-0è+-ý<Ê Ê+0Ü#<-ý-0è+-ý9-9/-·¦-Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê+è-P-/ß7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-+è-/Bë+-
ý<-0-Ü 02ì,-ý<-;<è -e-*0<-%+-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-0aè,-%Ü$-#6Ü#<-ý-‰-/7Ü-w-/-F0<-`$-#,<-:ß#<-
*+-!9-Yë,-ý-:-Bë+-eè+-2Ý#-#Ü<-+/ß:-/-P9-[$-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê 0*7-/{+-`Ü-‡ë<-ý-´¥,-+$-o:-/7Ü-
/Bë+-0+è -+-è ,Ü-*è#-&è,-bÜ-P-/7Ü-8$-Iè-+/ß-0-&è,-ýë-YèÊ +è-(Ü+-:0-¸¥-eè+-ý<-+è7Ü-:0-5è<-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Vë0-ý<-(0<-<ß-:è,-2±:-,ÜÊ
+è-P9-;è<-,<-73Ý,-ý-o:-/7Ü-$$-Î vë -8Ü<-e9-0è+-0(0-ý9-/5#-ý-:<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ P-/-‡ë<-o:-bÜ-#,<-:ß#<-+è-P9-:è#<-ý9-;è<-,<-+ë,-+0-+cë+-eè+-`Ü-9Ü#<-
ý<-‡ë<-ý7Ü-02,-0-%Ü7$-0-Cè+-ý9-0*9-73Ý,-bÜ-Dë#-ý-*0<-%+-+$-o:-5Ü$-#$-¸¥7$-0Ü-5è,-:-
0*7-o:-b-Ü +ë,-:-$è<-ý-#)Ü$-2#± <-<ß-Cè+-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`-Ü {æ,-+è-:-/+è,-+$ë<-/!#-ý7Ü-Y$ë -(Ü+-¸¥-
5è,-ý-<ë#<-9Ü#<-;è<-Bè<-+ý#-#Ü-v-ë 8Ü<-/%<-/%ë<-%Ü7$-e9-0è+-ý9Ê #1°/-;$Ü -+$-#1°/-Y,-
:<-e$³ -/7Ü-0è<-;Ü$-#(Ü<-/rè#<-)è-07è $-9$-8:-/-P9-9$-/5Ü,-¸-¥ 7'ë#-YèÊ þè-0è+-9Ü,-ýë-&è7Ü-
03ì+-:<Ê #9-8$-0-Dë#-%Ü9-8$-0-<è0<-;Ü# Ê0-/%ë<-ý-+è-þè-0è+-9Ü,-&è,-03ì+Ê Ê%è<-+$-Ê
/{+-Yë$-ý-:<Ê ;è<-9/-`Ü-.-9ë:-·¦-dÜ,-ý-Vë0-ý-7+Ü-,Ü-&ë<-#$-8$-0Ü-Vë0-ý-:#<-<ë-5è<-+$-Ê
0+ë-+$-{,-#(Ü<-!-0*ß,-ý9Ê 7+Ü-:-/<:-e-%Ü-8$-0è+Ê Ê#5#-ý9-e-/-%°$-6+-0è+Ê Ê8$-
+#-(+Ü -:-8$-+#-/-PÊ Ê8$-+#-0*ë$-,-F0-ý9-ië:Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-D#-·-¦ 0(0-ý9-#5# Ê
Bè<-*ë/-·¦Ê Z¨+-ý-:<Ê /+#-,Ü-0(0-ý9-/5#-%è70-:$<-5è<-xë0-<è0<-0è+Ê Ê%Ü-dÜ9-5è-,-
&ë<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-8ë$<-;è<-dÜ9Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-&ë<-*0<-%+-€ç-0-P-/ß9-;è<-ý7Ü-vë<-/<ë+-
,0<-`Ü-2ì#<-%Ü-¹¥<-/<#<-ý-:<-#ë0<-ý-9/-`Ü-0*9-dÜ,-ý-,-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-/D,-ý-7*ë/-ý9-
7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-+è7Ü-7o<-/ß-/Y,-%Ü$-020<-‚9-/-,ÜÊ
F0-Dë#-5Ü-5Ü$-$ë -/ë7Ü-2±:-9Ü#-ý<Î ₫,-+$-0$ë,-;è<-#6ß $<-<ë#<-8ë ,-),-7iá/Î
:0-+$-<-F0<-9Ü0-bÜ<-*ë/-ý-,ÜÎ .-9ë:-dÜ,-ý-{æ-8Ü-*è#-ý-YèÎ
7o<-/ß7Ü-:0-:7$-Yë$-(Ü+-XÜ$-Bè-#(Ü<Î 6ß$-7oè:-₫ë+-ý-:0-bÜ-#5Ü-9ß-/6ß$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-Vë0-ý-#ë0<-ý-:<-F0-ý9-Dë#-ý7Ü-72±/-0-0*7-+#-5Ü-5Ü$-#;Ü<-`Ü-*#ë -·¦-
52

'Ü-10-7+ë+-ý-+è-rÜ+-¸¥-#,<-ý<-:ß<-<è0<-:<-<ß-9ß$-Ê 8$-+#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`-Ü $ë-/-ë 0*ë$-/-0+è -


ý7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-T#-#è9-0*ë$-5Ü$-9Ü#-ý9-7b²9-)èÊ Z¨+-ý-:<Ê ,0-0"7-0*ë$-5è<-<è0<-%,-2Ý#-
·¦-9/-/Bë+-ýÊ Ê,0-0"7-'Ü-P9-0*ë$-Y-è +ë,-7+Ü-/D#-ý9-bÜ<Ê Ê+è-P9-&ë<-0*ë$-/-8$-+-è /5Ü,-
#;è#<-ý<-/Y,Ê Ê%è<-+$-Ê +/ß-0-/+è,-&±$-:<Ê 0-0*ë$-/-(+Ü -+è-0*ë$-/9Ê Ê;Ü,-·-¦ 6/-
ý7Ü-0+ë-:<-#<ß$<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê*/<-;<è -6$ß -7'ß#-#Ü-:0-+è<-…Ü/-ý-#(Ü<-ý-ë lá$<-d³$-Y-è ₫,-
M-+$-Ê 0$ë,-ý9-;è<-ý-lá# Ê0Ü-/Bè+-ý7Ü-#6ß$<Ê &#<-*ë#<-0è+-ý7Ü-\/ë <-ýÊ xä$-<è0<-
:-+/$-7eë9-/7Ü-Jà-7ná:Ê &ë<-`Ü-{,æ -bÜ-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-<ë#<-#,<-U/<-+$-0*9-*ß#-#Ü-8ë,-),-
F0<-9Ü0-ý-/5Ü,-7iá/-ý-+$-Ê :0-M-ý-ë +$-<-/%°-ýë-F0<-9Ü0-bÜ<-/ië+-%Ü$-+è-+#-#Ü-8ë,-),-
7*ë/-ý9-7b²9-/-YèÊ +è7$-+$-ýë9-e$-&±/-·-¦ <è0<-/þè+-,<-lë+-`-Ü 8è-;<è -0-*/ë -ý9-‚Ü,-<ë#<-
2ì#<-#(Ü<-:-7/+-ý-*9-ý-&-0*ß,-bÜ-+#è-/7Ü-2ì#<-#<ë#-ý-,-Ü 2ì#<-:0-YèÊ +è-:-#<ß0-:<-
2ì#<-:0-&±$-$ß9-l,-ý-(è9-/5#-/5ÜÊ 7oÜ$-ýë9-8$-+#-ý9-\ë$-/-/5ÜÊ &è,-ýë9-Jà-7ná:-bÜ-
?$-ý-/5Ü-#1ì-/ë9-/Vë0-ý7ëÊ Ê2ì#<-:0-9/-`Ü-0*9-dÜ,-ý-,-/+è,-ý-/5Ü-Dë#<-ý-+$-Bè<-<ß-0*ß,-
ý-Vë0-e³$-7'Ü#-D,è -ý7Ü-8è-;è<-$è<-7eè+-8,-:#-F0-/5Ü-þè-/-YèÊ /+è,-ý-0$ë,-ý9-Dë#<-ý-:-
‚ë9-/<-‚9ë -:0-0ëÊ Ê/5Ü-,Ü-/+è,-ý-0*ë$-/7Ü-W-P<-`-Ü lë+Ê 7'Ü#-Dè,-ý7Ü-)$Ü -$-è 73Ý,-bÜ-Iè-0Êë
6/-07ë -Ü &ë<-:-/6ë+-ýÊ 7'Ü#-Dè,-ý7Ü-&<ë -`Ü-0&ë#-·¦-b²9-ý7Ü-#,<-U/<-/5Ü-YèÊ W-0-#(Ü<-:-
+/$-ýë-MÊ dÜ-0-#(Ü<-:-Yë/<-M-+$-Q,-ý7ëÊ Ê/5Ü-ýë-9è-9è-:-&±$-7oÜ$-&è,-ýë-#<ß0-¸¥-+eè-/<-
$è<-7eè+-/%°-#(Ü<-<ß-i#<Ê &ë<-0&ë#-#Ü-Bè<-*ë#-·¦-/+è,-ý-/5Ü-9è-9è9-8$-&ë<-Bè<-;è<-/6ë+-
`Ü<-+eè-/7Ü-U+-%Ü#-0-/%°-lá#-#Ü-/+#-(Ü+-%,-b-Ü 8è-;è<-þè<-)-è "0<-#<ß0-b<Ü -/Z¨<-ý7Ü-0*ë$-
/<-\$-e-F0<-\$<-,<Ê 7'Ü#-Dè,-:<-7+<-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`Ü<-W9-0-0*ë$-/7Ü-+ë,-7.#<-ý7Ü-
/+è,-ý-+$ë<-<ß-0*ë$-/<-0*ë$-:0Ê e$-&±/-`Ü-8,-:#-/¸¥,-+$-Q,-ý7ëÊ Ê+è-,<-/I0-W9-
Dë#<-ý7Ü-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-8$-+$-8$-¸¥-#ë0<-ý9-eè+-ý<-Vë0-:0-YèÊ +è-:7$-&±$-7oÜ$-&è-#<ß0-¸¥-
8ë+-%$Ü -7.#<-ý7Ü-:0-8,-:#-/{+-+$-Q,-ý7ëÊ Ê+è-P9-yë/-:0-bÜ<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-e$-dë#<-`Ü-
&ë<-<ë-/¸¥,-Jë#<-,<-Vë0-:0-0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-Bè<-:-Eë-Bè-P-/ß7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-\$-e-n-5Ü$-n-/-0-
:ß<-ý-\$<-,<-Dë#<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-0*9-*ß#-ý-,Ü-0Ü-yë/-ý70-0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-:0-Yè-0Ü-yë/-ý7Ü-&ë<-
/%°-0$ë,-·-¦ b²9-ý7ëÊ Ê
#,<-U/<-+è-+#-#Ü-8ë,-),-bÜ-Dè,-+$-#ë$-0-#ë$-0-þè+-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-&-,<-<-5è<-F0-ý9-/5#-
ý7Ü-+/$-¸¥-e<-,-8ë$<-<ß-‚ë$-/7Ü-a+-ý9-bÜ<-<-/%°9-$è<Ê 0*ë$-:0-¸¥-<-+$-ýë-9/-·¦-+#7-/-
7*ë/Ë 7'Ü#<-ý-M-+$-o:Ê 8ë,-),-/{-n#-/%°-#(Ü<-7*ë/Ê Vë0-:0-#<ß0-¸¥-<-#(Ü<-ý-,<-
53

/%°-ý7Ü-/9-/ië+-+è-\$-Dë#<-8ë,-),-bÜ-a+-ý9-#ë$-,<-#ë$-¸¥-eè-/-/{-Yë$-7b²9-¸¥-7.è:-5Ü$-<-
/{+-ý9-+/$-/%°Ê +μ¥-ý9-<ë-<ë-8$-+#-9Ü#-/5ÜÊ /%°-ý9-7+ë -69è -&,è -ý7ë -Ü +/$-/U¨9-/-/Cè<-
)è-/%°-#%Ü#-´¥,-·¦-7ë+-<$<-{<-`Ü-<-:-#,<-ý9-7b²9-9Êë Ê<-+è-+#-9-è 9è-:7$-a+-ý9-+μ¥-+μ¥<-
/;+-ý-<ë#<-0+ë-Zè-{,-bÜ-<-02ì,-#º¥$-F0<-<ß-#<:Ê 2±:-+è-+#-#Ü<-.-9ë:-·¦-dÜ,-ý-{æ-:0-¸¥-
eè+-ý7Ü-*è#-ý-:<-'Ü-P9-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-+ë,-0+ë9-/Z¨<-,<-/Y,-ý-YèÊ Yë$-(Ü+-XÜ$-Bè7Ü-XÜ$-ýë-%,-bÜ-
e$-&/± -`-Ü <è0<-5è<-e-/-,-Ü &ë<-*0<-%+-`-Ü I-/-8Ü,-ý<Ê 7o<-/ß-:0-eè+-Eë-B-è *è#-ý-:7$-;è<-
9/-Y$ë -ý-(Ü+-+$-*/<-XÜ$-Bè-&,è -ý-ë #(Ü<-6$ß -¸-¥ 7oè:-/9-₫ë+-ý-:0-bÜ-#5Ü70-Dè,-·¦-#6ß$-+#ë<-
ý<-7+Ü9-*ë#-09-/;+-ý-8,Ü -)Êè 9Ü0-M-:<Ê ;è<-9/-XÜ$-Bè-#%Ü#-ý9ß -,ÊÜ Ê7'ß#-ý-#$-#<Ü -
;è<-b²9-ýÊ Ê6ß$-7'ß#-%è<-e9-/;+-ý-YÊè Ê9Ü0-7+Ü-<$<-{<-₫+ë -8ß:-:ëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê Eë-B-è
μ¥9-:<Ê Yë$-(Ü+-XÜ$-Bè-+eè9-0è+-ýÊ Ê#$-¸¥-<è0<-,Ü-9/-Vë0-ýÊ Ê+è-,Ü-<$<-{<-&ë<-+$-
,ÜË Ê+#è-7¸¥,-bÜ<-`$-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê :0-…,ë -:<Ê */<-+$-o:-/7Ü-;è<-9/-
+$-Ë Ê;è<-9/-o:-/7Ü-*/<-+#-`$-Ê Ê#$-dÜ9-7&Ü$-/-5è<-#<ß$<-ý<Ê Ê+è-/<-#(Ü<-!-\$-
0Ü-eÊ Ê5è<-e³$-/-P9-9ëÊ Ê
7+Ü9-{-æ 7o<-`Ü-*#è -ý-5è<-ý7Ü-+ë,-8$-0*7-#(Ü<-<:è -/-:<Ê {æ-:-‚9ë -/-{-æ &ë<-`ÜÊ Ê
7"ë9-:ë-9/-·-¦ /Uë9-e<-,<Ê Ê7o<-/-ß *è#-ý7Ü-(è-:0-,ÜÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê ₫Ü9-7+Ü<-7+ë+-
ý<-{-æ +$-Ê 7+Ü9-7+ë+-ý<-7o<-/7ß -Ü *è#-ý-5è<-i#<-;Ü$-Ê ´¥,-0aè,-të$-&è,-ý<ë Ê "0<-
/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-<-/,ë -¸-¥ 8ë+-ý-10-z,è -2#ì <-#(Ü<-`<Ü -8ë,-),-#ë$-¸¥-7.è:-/-:<-<$<-{<-
7*ë/-ý9-7+ë+-ý<-{æ-7o<-W-d9Ü -"<-:è,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-{æ7Ü-*#è -ý-+$-Ê XÜ$-ýë-8ë,-),-/%<-<è0<-%,-
:-9$-&<-T©,-iá/-·¦-8ë+-ý-‚$-#5Ü-(Ü-0-7ë+-6è9-Q,-ý-7l-/-:Ê ‚$-e-2ì#<-/{+-uë-/ß9-/7Ü-lÜ-0-
‡Ü,-P-/ß<-/…Ü/<-ý-(Ü+Ê ‚ë$-eè+-^Ü,-ië:-:0-bÜ<-‚$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-#+ë+-#,<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-
0$ë,-·¦-b²9-ý-:<-W-dÜ9-/6$-$,-a+-ý9-0è+-ý9-7+ë+-ý<-7o<-/ß7Ü-*#è -ý-5è<-/)#<-ý9-/5è+-
+èË /D#-#(Ü<-:<Ê <è0<-%,-F0<-,Ü-<$<-{<-(Ü+Ê Ê7ë,-`$-uë-/ß9-lÜ-0<-/…Ü/<Ê Ê+è-
/<:-,-,Ü-<$<-{<-<ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
+è-#(Ü<-`Ü-a+-ý9-,ÜÊ 2±:-#<ß0-…ë,-0è-:<Ê +ë,-#%Ü#-,-8$-0-Hë$<-+$-Ê Ê*/<-0$-
+!7-/-0è+-ý-+$-Ê Ê+/$-ýë-Fë,-ýë7Ü-+/$-e<-dÜ9Ê ÊW#<-`Ü-*è#-ý-a+-ý9-7.#<Ê Ê5è<-e³$-
/-P9-{æ-7o<-`Ü-*è#-ý-+è-#(Ü<-0*9-*#ß -7o<-/ß7-Ü +ë,-#%Ü#-,7$-:0-/ië+-ý-:-#<$-W#<-2:± -
/5Ü<-a+-ý9-¸¥-7.#<-ý-YèÊ W-0<-dÜ7Ü-.9-dÜ,-:-7'ß#-ý<-8ß,-9Ü$-ýë9-0*9-0Ü-dÜ,-%Ü$-#è#<-
+$-/%<-ý<-Hë$<-:Ê W#<-ý<-,$-*/<-;è<-6ß$-7'ß#-#Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-+è-+#-f³9-¸¥-Jë#<-
54

¹¥<-ý<-0-H$ë <-ý-+$-Ê W-0<-(,ë -0$ë <-#%Ü#-‚$ë -5$Ü -7+ë+-ý-#%Ü#-…/å -ý-:7$-+!7-*ß/-Zë0-


ý-<ë#<-0Ü-6/-ý7Ü-*/<-dë#<-9è-/-8ß,-¸¥-/Yè,-+#ë<-:Ê W#<-ý<-/þè+-Jë#<-8,-:#-+$-
/%<-ý7Ü-F0-i$<-0$-ýë-9-è 9è<-`$-+,ë -/+è-v#-·¦-…å/-¹<¥ -ý7Ü-dÜ9-*/<-6/-:-0$-/-+$-Ê W-
0<-<ë-<ë7Ü-vë-+$-0*ß,-ý9-7o<-/-ß …å/-ý7Ü-*/<-+!ë,-ý<-+!7-2é#<-&,è -ý<ë -/…å/-+#ë<-:Ê
W#<-ý<-8ß:-¸¥<-#,<-U/<-+/$-ýë7-Ü a+-ý9-+$-720<-ý7Ü-*/<-/+è-5Ü$-7&Ü$-eè+-`$-ië:-
eè+-¸¥-€9ç -/<-7o<-/ß-/+è-v#-·¦-eè+-¹<¥ -ý7Ü-d9Ü -+!7-/-0è+-ý-+$-Ê *è#-+0,-ý-*/<-0Ü-;è<-ý<-
+/$-ýë-½§:-5Ü$-.9-dÜ,-ý-*/<-:-7há:-ý<-+/$-ýë-7oÜ$-8Ü,-:Ê W#<-ý<-‚$<-,-$,-7ië9-
7b²9-/7Ü-:<-`$-*/<-`-Ü a+-ý9-bÜ<-e$-&/± -·¦-/€ç9-¹<¥ -ý-+$-Ê W-0<-#(Ü<-Dë#-v$-+ë9-"-ë
,9-₫ë+-:Ê W#<-ý<-T#-ý7Ü-/+è,-ý-+eè9-0è+-[ë+-/%°+-+#-0(0-&è,-ýë9-;è<-,<-#6ß$-73Ý,-
v$-+9ë -0+è -ý9-%Ü-[$-:0-¸-¥ yë$-¹¥<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-+/$-ýë-F,ë -ý9ë -b9² -ý<-7.#<-<ëÊ Ê#5,-8$-2±:-
lá#-+$-/¸¥,-+$-/%°-#(Ü<-:-<ë#<-ý<-a+-ý9-¸¥-7.#<-ý7Ü-2±:-0$-¸¥-/;+-+ëÊ Ê
:0-7+Ü9-7'ß#-+#ë<-ý7Ü-{æ-02,-8$-Ê {:-/<-#(è,-ýë-:-+#ë$<-)è-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-&ë<-.ß$-
/{+-hÜ-/5Ü-Yë$-Ê +è-/Z¨-,-#<ß$-9/-8,-:#-/%°-#(Ü<Ê +è-*è#-ý-90Ü -+μ¥Ê +è-8$-/Z¨-,-+è-[+ë -
#<ß0-00-/5Ü9-/Z¨-/-<#ë <-'Ü-Xè+-%Ü#-/Y,-ý-+è-*0<-%+-`$-F:-7eë9-v-0è+-7+Ü9-7'ß#-ý7Ü-:0-
Yè#<-10-¸¥-b²9-ý-YÊè (,-9$-7o<-/-ß 0*9-dÜ,-ý-F0<-`$-,0-5Ü#-<$<-{<-`Ü-7ë+-6è9-&è,-ýë<-
7#ë#-ý-:<-/y$-,<-#+ë+-*è#-&è,-:-7'ß#-+#ë<-ý-+$-Ê e$-<è0<-+$-W#<-dÜ-{æ+-#<ß0-bÜ<-
<-/%°-ý-{:-2/-&è,-ýë7Ü-#ë-7.$-:-/ië+-ý9-¹¥<-`$-Ê e$-&±/-&,è -ý-ë *ë/-ý-:-7"ë9-/9-7&Ü$-eè+-
`Ü-´¥,-D#ë -n-/-10-¸¥-0-6+-[$-#<ß0-00-7.ë-/7Ü-/#-&#<-`$-I+-,<-\$-+#ë<-;$Ü -Ê +è-\$ë -
eè+-`Ü-#(è,-ýë-+/$-/5Ü-ý7Ü-:0-6ß$-7'ß#-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-/+è-&,è -9$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-(+Ü -8Ü,-ý<-+è-,Ü-
F:-7eë9-v-0è+-:<-#5,-·-¦ 0-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê *è#-ý7Ü-Vë-#$-,<-º#¥ <-`$-0*9-F:-7eë9-v-
0è+-`-Ü :0-¸¥-7'ß#-+#ë<-ý-0-6+Ê *è#-9Ü0-W-0-W-07Ü-+ë,-F0<-dÜ-0-d-Ü 07Ü-,$-¸-¥ 7¸¥-/<-*#è -ý-
7+Ü-(Ü+-/Y,-ý-+$-*è#-9Ü0-*0<-%+-`Ü-0&ë#-+$-8$-Iè9-b²9-ý-YèÊ #<$-XÜ$-:<Ê 9$-/5Ü,-
#<$-/7Ü-XÜ$-ýë-7+ÜÊ ÊZè-[ë+-´¥,-+$-{æ+-´¥,-bÜÊ Ê7e³$-#,<-$è<-ý9-#),-:-7/è/<Ê Ê5è<-
+$-Ë /;+-{æ+-:<Ê 0(0-(Ü+-+ë,-Dë#<-9$-9Ü#-{:-ýë-,ÜÊ Ê{-02ì-&è,-ýë9-&±-tä$-´¥,-7//-
P9Ë Êv-0+è -+ë,-Dë#<-*/<-&è,-7+Ü-+#-·Ê¦ ÊF0-*9-*#è -ý-/<0-8<-0-:ß<-7¸¥<Ê Ê5è<-
<ëË Ê
#(Ü<-ý-<-/ë,-#+/-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 02,-^ë<-ý7Ü-Vë-,<-0+ë9-/Y,Ê +è7Ü-+ ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-
ý7ëË Ê+$-ýë-Ð02,-^ë<-ý7Ü-Vë-,<-0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
55

+è-,<-<-/ë,-#+/-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ *ß,-0ë$-/7Ü-:0-bÜ<-{æ+-‚$<-ý-Wë,-¸¥-<ë$-/Ê +è-,<-*ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý7Ü-:0-
9Ü0-:-7'ß#-ý7Ü-*ë#-09-9$-{æ+-:-<$<-{<-`Ü-<-/ë,-#+/-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-,Ü-7+Ü-P-Yè-5è<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê <-/ë,-#+/-*/<-+$ë<-+$-Ê +è7Ü-rë#-+0-2Ý#-/Y,-
ý7ëË Ê+$-ýë-:-7$-#<ß0Ê #$-:-+/$-/U¨9-/7Ü-8ß:Ê #$-/U¨9-/7Ü-+/$-Ê +è-'Ü-P9-U¨9-
/7Ü-2±:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#$-:-+/$-/U¨9-/7Ü-8ß:-Ñ,ÜÊ
$è<-ý9-7e³$-/<-{æ+-/U¨ :-*è#-&è,-9Ü#<Î e$-&± /-<è0<-# (Ü<-2:± -:-v-ë 7eë$<-ý<Î
f³9-¸¥-<$<-{<-…å/-7+ë+-U:-/6$-:Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #$-:-<-/,ë -#+/-ý7Ü-8:ß -,ÊÜ {,-:<Ê ;è<-ý<-r+Ü -:-0Ü-#,<-;Ü$-Ê ÊXÜ$-
Bè<-5Ü-:-0-Ü #,<-ýÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-;è<-9/-+$-XÜ$-Bè<-rÜ+-ý-+$-5-Ü /7Ü-0*7-#(Ü<-:<-$è<-ý9-
7e³$-/<-{æ+-/U¨:-5Ü$-*è#-ý-&,è -ý7ë -Ü 9Ü#<-+$-Q,-ý-Yè-+è7Ü-D#<-,ÜÊ 0+ë-{,-:<Ê ‚ë9-/7Ü-
Wë,-¸¥-XÜ$-Bè-+$-Ê Ê0ë<-ý-+$-,Ü-/6ë+-ý-+$-Ê Ê+#è-/-8$-+#-₫ë+-ý-,ÜÊ Ê9Ü#<-`-Ü D#<-<-ß $è<-
ý9-/;+Ê Ê%è<-ý-P9Ê +è7$-*<ë -ý-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-zè,-bÜ<-<+-ý9-b²9-ýÊ ´¥,-Jë/-+$-+,ë -+0-
ý7Ü-e$-&/± -`Ü-<è0<-9,Ü -ý-ë &è-F0-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü-2±:-:-vë-:è#<-ý9-7eë$<-ý-:<Ê i$<-0è+-#<ß0-
<ë#<-8,ß -+$-2é#<-:-0Ü-Pë<-ý9-2-é #%Ü#-<ë#<-¸¥<-f³9-/-(Ü+-¸¥-<0è <-%,-b-Ü +ë,-¸¥-<$<-{<-`Ü-#-ë
7.$-…å/-%Ü$-7*ë/-ý9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-U:-/-/6$-ýë-%,-+è-,-Ü ^Ü,-eè+-`Ü-<-/,ë -#+/-ý7Ü-[ë+-¸¥-b²9-ý-8Ü,-
,ëË Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#$-/U¨9-/7Ü-+/$-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê +è-{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-
/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
9$-{æ+-U¨-#<ß $-*ß#<-+$-8è-;è<-)èÎ Eë-Bè-/5Ü-8Ü-$ë-/ë9-#,<-ý-(Ü+Î
#<$-W#<-v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-*/<-0"<-`Ü<Î +/$-/U¨ 9-F0-/5Ü7Ü-<-/ë,-#+/-ý9-eÎ 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-
+/$-U¨9-{:-ý7ë -Ü {æ+-:<Ê +/$-0&ë#-9$-:-0è+-b²9-,Ê Ê/U¨9-/<-7*ë/-ý9-#-:-7b²9Ê Êo-
r,-7o<-<ß-+/$-/U¨9-/<Ê Ê+è-:-7o<-`Ü-+$ë<-[$-0è+Ê Ê%è<-ý-P9-<è0<-%,-9$-9$-#Ü-{æ+-
:-02±$<-Q,-bÜ-{æ-U¨-/5Ü7-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-#+ë+-0-,<-#,<-ý-+è-(+Ü -T,-%#Ü -eè+-ý7Ü-zè,-W#<-`-Ü */<-
`Ü<-0$ë,-¸-¥ 7b²9-/9-eè+-ý-YèÊ +è7$-I-"0<-U-¨ Eë-BÊè $#-xä$-#<ß$-Eë-BÊè *Ü#-:è-*ß#<-Eë-BÊè
´¥,-#5Ü-8è-;è<-E-ë Bè-Y-è Eë-B-è /5Ü7-Ü $ë-/ë9-8è-,<-T©,-iá/-·¦-#,<-`$-u-ë /ß9-lÜ-07Ü-]/ä <-<ß-/#-:-(:-
/<-¹<¥ -ý-0Ü-#<:-/-+è-(+Ü Ê .9-d,Ü -+$-#<$-W#<-`-Ü {æ+-+è-7ë#-0-F0<-<ß-0-i#<-ý7Ü-Eë-Bè-
*è#-ý7Ü-8$-I-è v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-{æ+-+ë,-*/<-:-0"<-ý7Ü-a+-ý9-&ë-#7Ü-:<-`Ü<Ê Dè,-bÜ-+`Ü:-7"ë9-
56

/5Ü9-/%°#-,<-/ß0-ý-<ë#<-+/$-U¨9-/-F0-ý-/5Ü<-U¨-/5Ü9-^Ü,-eè+-`Ü-<-/ë,-{æ+-:-#+/-ý9-
e7ëË Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
9$-{æ+-U¨-#<ß $-*ß#<-+$-8è-;è<-)èÎ Eë-Bè-/5Ü-8Ü-$ë-/ë9-#,<-ý-(Ü+Î
#<$-W#<-v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-*/<-0"<-`Ü<Î +/$-/U¨9-F0-/5Ü7-Ü <-/ë ,-#+/-ý9-eÎ
:ß <-I-+#-ý9-eè +-ý-/ß0-ý7Ü-+/$-Î U¨-8-Ü Eë-Bè-‡å:-U¨7Ü-<-/ë,-8Ü,Î
$#-xä$-+#-ý9-eè+-ý-#<$-/7Ü-+/$-Î #<ß$-#Ü-Eë-Bè-:ë$<-U¨7Ü-<-/ë,-8Ü,Î
8Ü+-+$-*Ü#-:è-7+#-eè+-.ë-(7Ü-+/$-Î *ß#<-`Ü-Eë-Bè-&ë <-U¨7Ü-<-/ë,-8Ü ,Î
´¥,-#5Ü7Ü-/#-&#<-+#-eè +-+ë,-bÜ-+/$-Î 8è-;è<-Eë-Bè-(Ü+-U¨7Ü-<-/ë ,-8Ü,Î 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ U:-Q,-:-
+/$-/5Ü7Ü-<-/ë,-'Ü-P9-7+è/<-,Ê *:-7b²9-I-/7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê 7ië-/7Ü-:ß<-$#-8Ü+-<è0<-
/5ÜË ÊF0-ý9-+#-ý9-e-/7Ü-d9Ü Ê Ê+/$-,-Ü F0-ý-/5Ü-8Ü<-`$-Ê ÊU:-/-Q,-ý-^,Ü -ý9-eÊ Ê
5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê F:-7eë9-v-0è+-`Ü-2:± -7+Ü9-#5Ü-:0-7o<-/7ß -Ü 7oè:-bÜ<-+/$-/5Ü9-$è<-:Ê
+è7Ü-Dè,-8$-"0<-lá#-Q,-ý7Ü-Eë-Bè7Ü-:ß<-I-xä$-*Ü#-:è-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý-"ë-,-8Ü,-ý<-+è7Ü-+/$-¸¥-e<-
)èË 0*ë-9Ü<-`Ü-D,è -0$:-¸-¥ þè-r+Ü -73Ý,-ý7Ü-*ë#-09-0Ü#-+$-Pè-/7Ü-I-0¸¥+-&#<Ê +è-,<-7"ë9-:ë-
M-,<-Yë$-n#-/¸¥,-%-° I-#(Ü<-`-Ü /9-¸¥-9Ü0-ý9-&#<-)-è :ß<-/þè+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-#,<-ý-I-,-Ü :ß<-`Ü-‚$-
e7Ü-#1ì-/ë-8,Ü -ý-+$-Ê :ß<-`$-$#-8+Ü -`Ü-D,è -+$-9#<-ý7Ü-‚$-e-8,Ü -ý<-*ë#-09-+è-(Ü+-+#-ý9-
eè+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥Ê T#-ý-#6ß#<-/C,-bÜ-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#<ß0-ý-ë #$-9ß$-¸-¥ .,-¹<¥ -#(Ü<-`Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-
‡ë<-/%<-/ß0-ý7Ü-+/$-/U¨9-/<Ê <+-ý7Ü-#,<-U/<-+$-:ß<-I7Ü-lÜ-0-+# Ê.ß$-ýë-M9-73Ý,-
bÜ-Dë#-ý-7## Ê.ß$-ýë7Ü-/¸¥+-/%ë0Ê .ß$-"0<-þè-0&è+-#+,-#<ß0-2$-/7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-P-/7Ü-
/þè+-9Ü0-+eÜ/<-`Ü-F:-7eë9-/Vë0-ý-:-+/$-Ê #,<-U/<-{æ7Ü-<-/{+-ý-+$-U:-/-0(0Ê
0*9-*#ß -#Ü-7o<-/-ß U¨-Eë-Bè-[$-Y$ë -6ß$-7'ß#-‡:å -/7Ü-U-¨ 0$ë,-¸-¥ 7b²9-/7Ü-<-/,ë -*è/<-ý-8,Ü -,ëÊ Ê
I-+è-+#-:-I-/-+$-8,-:#-#Ü-xä$-F0<-/Dè,-,<-,$-¸¥-7há:-Dë#-/þè+-%Ü$-dÜ-9ë:-¸¥-$#-#Ü-
/Bë+-ý-[-2#ì <-<ß-7e³$-/<-#8ë-/-xä$-,Ü-$#-#Ü-‚$-e7Ü-#1ì-/-ë 8Ü,-%$Ü -Ê :ß<-:<-$#-n-/<-/ß0-
+/$-#Ü-B<è -<-ß $#-xä$-+#-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥Ê /+#-#Ü-+-è "ë-,-(+Ü -:ß<-`-Ü +`Ü:-7"ë9-6/-07ë -Ü +/$-
#<ß0-#-+$-7oè:-/-#5Ü9-/5#-Yè-7+Ü9-a+-ý9-W#<-`Ü-+è-"ë-,-(+Ü -8-Ü #è-£-#7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-U:-
0è+-:-/Y,-¸¥-0Ü-9ß$-/-e$-<è0<-+!9-+09-:-/Dè,-,<-#<$-/7Ü-+/$-/U¨9-/<Ê HÜ-:0-bÜ-
#,<-U/<-+$-$#-xä$-#Ü-lÜ-0-+# Ê+eÜ/<-:-T9-5è,-bÜ-Dë#-ý-7## Ê(ë,-0ë$<-ý7Ü-/¸¥+-
/%ë0Ë xä$-W#<-+eè9-0è+-¸-¥ ;è<-ý7Ü-9$-eÜ,-x/<-02,-/%<-J#ë <-9Ü0-bÜ-:0-/Vë0-ý-:-+/$-Ê
57

{æ7Ü-<-+μ¥-ý-+$-U:-/-0(0Ê 7o<-/ß-#<ß$-Eë-B-è #<:-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-:$ë <-₫ë+-Jë#<-U¨-0$ë,-¸¥-


7iá/-ý7Ü-<-/,ë -*è/<-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
I-xä$-+è-+#-:-"0<-`Ü-₯$<-0-*#Ü -:è-e$-&/± -<0è <-F0<-/Dè,-,<-#,<-)èÊ I-8ß9-/-P-
/ß7Ü-,$-¸¥-x$ä -#-Ü #8ë-Ië:-:-/Dè,-,<-"0<-+!9-+09-&±-{æ,-P-/-ß 7ië-7ë$-#Ü-z,è -b<Ü -8+Ü -#6ß$-
73Ý,-bÜ-[$-/-/þè+-ý<-/!ë+-ý-*Ü#-:è-,Ü-8Ü+-+$-7oè:-/7Ü-‚$-e-8Ü,-ý-+$-Ê $#-:<-8Ü+-n-/<-
#<$-+/$-#Ü-B<è -<-ß 8Ü+-+$-*Ü#-:-è +#-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥Ê T7Ü-+è-"-ë ,-(Ü+-´¥,-Jë/-e$-&/± -<è0<-
`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-;è<-9/-.ë-(-0ë-:-/Dè,-,<-+ýè7Ü-8è-;è<-02ì,-ý7Ü-+/$-/U¨9-/<Ê #(Ü+-0*ß#-#Ü-
#Ü-#,<-U/<-+$-8+Ü -*Ü#-:è7Ü-lÜ-0-+# Ê9$-/5Ü,-/{+-%°7Ü-Dë#-ý-7## Ê7&Ü-/+#-#-Ü /¸¥+-
7'ë0<Ë d#-{-#<ß0-bÜ<-+ý7Ü-8è-;è<-…å/-ý-+`Ü:-7"ë9-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-:0-/Vë0-ý-:-+/$-Ê {æ7Ü-
<-/%°-ý-+$-U:-/-0(0Ê 7o<-/ß-*#ß <-Eë-Bè-/+è-Yë$-6$ß -7'ß#-&ë<-`-Ü U¨-0$ë,-¸¥-e+è -ý7Ü-<-/,ë -
*è/<-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
I-xä$-*Ü#-:è-+è-*0<-%+-`$-/#-&#<-[-2#ì <-ý7Ü-´¥,-#5Ü-:<-7¸¥-e+è -`Ü-8Ü+-#8ë<-)-è #6ß$-
73Ý,-¸¥-5è,-ý7Ü-[$-/-:<-#5,-¸¥-0+è -ý<-‚$-e-*0<-%+-`Ü-#1ì-/ë-W-0-F0<-:<-&è<-;,Ü -·-¦ n-/-
´¥,-#5Ü-0-9Ü#-ý7Ü-/#-&#<-+$-/%<-ý-+#-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥Ê 8è-;è<-`Ü-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-+ë,-+0-e$-
&±/-<è0<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-9$-9Ü#-+ë,-+0-ý-02ì,-eè+-/E-+$-1Ý#-#Ü-+/$-/U¨9-/<Ê Xë0<-
7'ß#-#,<-U/<-73#-/+è7Ü-‡<ë -ý-+$-Vë-#<ß0-&-0(0-7.ë-/7Ü-…Ü/-ý-/#-&#<-/%<-+# Ê
#(Ü<-[$-e³$-2ì9-bÜ-D#ë -ý-7## ÊT7Ü-/ß7Ü-/¸¥+-/%ë0Ê Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýë-8è-;<è -₫Ü-#6ß#<-!-+#-
T©,-iá/-`Ü-:0-/Vë0-ý-:-+/$-Ê {æ7Ü-<-/%°-#%Ü#-ý-+$-U:-/-0(0Ê 7o<-/ß-8-è ;è<-Eë-B-è 9Ü#-
Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-$-ë /ë-(+Ü -U-¨ 0$ë,-¸¥-eè+-ý7Ü-<-/ë,-,0-¹¥<-ý-{+æ -:-/5#-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+è-'Ü-P9-U¨9-/7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-F0<-´¥,-`$-*ß,-0ë$-#$-6#-:Î T#-# ,<-+$-/%<-7'ß#-+$-^Ü,-ý-YèÎ
+/$-Fë,-"-%Ü#-/E-*/<-$ë-‡ë+-+$-Î 0&ë#-# 5,-)Ü$-73Ý,-"ë-,<-ië:-/9-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +/$-/5Ü-ýë-+-è F0<-&ë-#7Ü-e-/-'-Ü P-/ß<-/U¨9-,Ê +/$-´¥,-`$-U9¨ -/-ý-ë yë/-
+ýë,-+$-/U¨9-8ß:-y/ë -07Ü-+/$-ý7ë Ü-a+-ý9-bÜ<-*ß,-0ë$-0-8,Ü -ý7Ü-U¨9-2±:-8$-0$-¸¥-7b²9-/-
:<Ë *ß,-0ë$-/7Ü-#$-6#-₫Ü-10-bÜ-+/$-¸¥-e<-,-e-eè+-:<-#<ß0-bÜ<-/Z¨<-ý-YèÊ eè+-ý-ýë-Eë-Bè-
yë/-+ýë,-T-+$-/+#-+$-#<$-W#<-+$-/w<-/Bë+-+$-7në-7në-7¸¥7-Ü +è-"ë-,-(Ü+-+è-W#<-`Ü-8,-
:#-M-:-9$-e,-&±+-ý<Ê e-/7Ü-:<-/%°+-/6$-ýë-vä#-ý-:-[ë+-#1$-09-e-/-/5Ü,-¸¥-<7Ü-&ë-#-
Wë,-¸¥-7ië-/<-T-+$-/ß0-ý-+$-yë/-0-T#-ý9-#,<-ý-+$-Ê *Ü#-2ì,-{,-/!ë+-+`Ü:-7"ë9-…å/-%Ü$-
58

0&ë+-+-è /+#-(Ü+-7'ß#-ý70-9#Ü -ý7Ü-0-è )ë#-+ë9-%Ü$-#,$-/-,ë+-ý-/%<-e<-,<Ê dÜ-02,-0-+$-


,$-8-è ;è<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸-¥ 7'ß#-ý<-{æ+-‚$<-ý7Ü-yë/-0-:Ê eè+-ý-J<-W#<-)$Ü -73Ý,-#<ß0-
2ì#<-ý7Ü-2#ì <-a+-ý9-%,-b<Ü -+/$-/U¨9-/<Ê e-/-yë/-07Ü-Vë-#<ß0-n-9#<-#+ë+-,<-#+,-
#<ß0-2$-/7Ü-T9-+#-ý-(Ü+-$ë-7në+-ý9-e<-ý-:<-9$-U:-bÜ-‚$-e7Ü-lÜ-0-%Ü-9Ü#<-+#-ý70-(0<-
^+-ý9-e<-;Ü$-Ê 7*ë/-e-9$-#,<-`Ü-8-è ;è<-%Ü-9#Ü <-#<ë<-*/è <-ý7Ü-0*ß<Ê :0-9Ü0-ý-#(Ü<-
`Ü-8è-;è<-0$ë,-¸¥-þè<-<0Ê &±-:ß+-lë+-#;è9-73ì0<-ý-:-<-/ë,-*è/<-ý-P9-þè-$è<-`Ü-¹¥<-9ß$-¸¥-
^Ü,-ý9-e<-ý<-{9æ -7b²9-/7Ü-a+-ý9-,Ü-+/$-*/ë -ý-YèÊ =è-9-ß !-7¸¥<-ý-:<Ê #$-#<Ü -#$-:-
+/$-/U¨9-/Ê Ê{æ+-+#-¹¥<-ý-7*ë/-d9Ü -+/$-Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
*ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý7Ü-#$-6#-Wë,-,<-‚$<-ý7Ü-:<-7në-%,-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-+/$-ýë-Fë,-ýë-"-%Ü#-&ë-
#7Ü-:<-90Ü -{<-ý-:-0-Pë<-ý9-/E-*/<-+$-Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-$-ë ‡ë+-ý-10-:-/Dè,-,<-{æ+-^Ü,-e+è -`Ü-
+/$-/5Ü-8$ë <-<ß-Jë#<-ý9-7b²9-)èÊ +ýè9-,-9#Ü -73Ý,-7¸¥<-ý-I-/7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê Eã:-2ì,-0è-:ë$-
/ß0-ý-+$-Ê Ê#)ë9-0-:-<ë#<-J<-+#-:Ê Ê/Dè,-,<-02,-(+Ü -´¥,-Q,-ý7ÜÊ Êv-07Ü-e,Ü -x/<-
+/$-/U¨9-,Ê Ê+`Ü:-7"ë9-´¥,-b-Ü XÜ$-ýë-0&ë# Ê/5Ü-ý7Ü-+-è (Ü+-+/$-/5Ü-7*ë/Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-
ý7Ü-+ë,-#<$-W#<-W-7b²9-/-F0<-`Ü<-v-07Ü-w0ä -ý-ë /5Ü-+/$-<ë#<-+$-Ê dÜ-7b²9-/-F0<-`Ü<-
Eë-Bè-F:-7eë9-07Ü-eÜ,-x/<-`Ü-9Ü0-ý-<ë#<-6/-+/$-0*7-8<-ý-e³$-/-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
+è-:<-`$-U:-/-0&ë#-·¦-b²9-ý7Ü-#$-6#-#5,-ý-7#7-5Ü#-,Ü-02,-Q,-v-07Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-+$-
eÜ,-x/<-`-Ü 0*ß-"-ë ,<-{æ+-^Ü,-%$Ü -ië:-/9-7b²9-)èÊ [ë+-/%°+-`Ü-Dè,-7oè:-73ì0<-ý-:-8è-;è<-
/1,-*/<-<ß-þè-5$Ü -+è-(+Ü -+/$-/U¨9-*0<-%+-`-Ü {:-ý-ë Eë-B-è 8è-;<è -`Ü-+/$-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +ýè9-,-
7.#<-8:ß -i/á -ý7Ü-yë/-+ýë,-0$-ýë-+$-/+ë -`Ü-Wë,-eë,-iá/-*ë/-/{æ+-ý7Ü-F0-ý9-*9-ý-/5Ü,-,Êë Ê
7+Ü9-7në<-+ë,-%°$-6+-^ë<-,Ê +/$-#Ü-$ë-/ëÊ $è<-2Ý# Ê+eè-/Ê 'Ü-P9-U¨9-/7Ü-2±:Ê 0-
*ë/-ý7Ü-(è<-+0Ü#<Ê *ë/-ý7Ü-.,-8,ë -)è-lá#-:<Ê +$-/ë-Ð+/$-#Ü-$ë-/ë-Ñ,ÜÊ 7*ë/-e-9$-#,<-`Ü-
8è-;<è -0$ë,-¸¥-þè<-<0-þ-è $è<-`-Ü ¹¥<-9ß$-¸¥-^Ü,-ý9-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð$è<-2Ý#-Ñ,ÜÊ >£Ü®₯Ü 7Ü-…-:<-0$ë,-ý9-#)ë9-/70-vä#<-ý<-,-+/$-YèÊ ‚$-e7Ü-
lÜ-0-7há+-ý70-#)ë9-5$Ü -Ê :0-V0ë -9$ß -+$-7o<-/ß-7*ë/-9ß$-#Ü-¹¥<-ý-a+-ý9-%,-7'ë#-ý7Ü-d9Ü -
)èË +bè<-E9ë -:<Ê #)ë9-+$-vä#<-ý-5<è -e-/Ê Ê+è<-,-+/$-5è<-/Bë+-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+eè-/-Ñ:-{-æ :0-7o<-/7ß -Ü +/$-#<ß0-:<Ê {æ-¸<¥ -`Ü-+/$-,ÜÊ +$-ýë9-v-0-:<-
v$-+#ë<-)èÊ ^Ü,-eè+-#$-5#Ü Ê+è-8Ü,-,-W#<-`Ü-:0-<ë-<ë-(,-Vë0-bÜ-Wë,-¸¥-7*ë/-+#ë<-ý7Ü-d9Ü Ê
:0-¸¥<-`Ü-+/$-,ÜÊ dÜ<-v-0-:<-<0-Zë0-Q,-9$-(Ü+-`<Ü -v$<-`$-9ß$-YÊè W9-{+æ -^Ü,-6Ü,-b-Ü
59

+/$-{æ,-+è-#$ë -7.è:-¸¥-e+è -ý7Ü-+/$-8,Ü -ý7Ü-d9Ü Ê 7o<-¸¥<-`Ü-+/$-,ÊÜ yë/-:0-J#ë <-ý7Ü-{æ,-


0*7Ü-¸<¥ -<ß-/U¨9-)Êè +è-0*9-*ß#-#-Ü 7o<-/ß9-‚ë9-eè+-`-Ü +/$-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-9Êë Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð'Ü-P9-U¨9-/7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ +/$-/U¨9-/-+è7$-+`Ü:-7"ë9-Wë,-¸¥-7ië-/-%,-)èÊ lÜ:-/ß-ý<Ê
+/$-/U¨9-+`Ü:-7"ë9-W,ë -7ië-/9Ê ÊEë-Bè-7&$-#Ü<-#<ß$<-ý-YèÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê+è-:-9$-/5Ü,-8è-
;è<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-+$-Ê T#-ý-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-,0-‡å:-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-+$-Ê 9Ü#-ý-(0<-`Ü-+`Ü:-
7"ë9-#<ß0-,Ü-90Ü -ý-'Ü-P-/9-yë/-+ýë,-Jë#<-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-+$-Ê 0*ë$-:0-ý-+$-Ê 0*ë$-Vë0-
:-#,<-ý-Yè-7.#<-ý-F0<-`Ü-₫ë+-8ß:-8,Ü -:Ê )Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-/D,-ý-Bè<-0*ß,-10-*ë/-ý-:-
<ë#<-ý7Ü-y/ë -+ýë,-bÜ<-,Ü-#¸¥:-e7Ü-+eè-/<-U:-+0,-7'ß#-ý-:-Eã:-2,ì Ê 7oÜ$-9<-9Ü<Ê 9/-
2ì0-/ß-P-/-ß +0Ü#<-Dè,-%°$-6+-10-+$-Ê +è-:<-`$-v-ë &è-/-U:-Q,-8$-9/-:-v-07Ü-:<ß -+`Ü:-:-
/Dè,-,<-/U¨9-/9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
+`Ü:-7"ë9-+è9-/U¨9-e7Ü-+/$-,ÊÜ ₫Ü9-F:-7eë9-v-,-0+è -ý7Ü-{æ-¸¥<-`Ü-+/$-*0<-%+-/5Ü9-
$è<-ý-8Ü,-)èÊ ‚$-e7Ü-lÜ-0-/5Ü-+$-Ê ‚ë$-eè+-/þè+-J#ë <-`Ü-:0-/5Ü-+$-Ê ‚$<-7o<-U¨-/5Ü9-
$è<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +è-P9-8$-X$Ü -ýë7Ü-{æ+-dÜ-0-:<Ê yë/-+ýë,-#<$-/-;è<-9/-+$-Ê Ê+è-0-*#-ý-
/5Ü-ý-YèÊ ÊF0-Dë#-lÜ-0-+#-e7Ü-dÜ9Ê Ê+/$-/U¨9-F0-ý-/5Ü-8Ü,-,Êë Ê5è<-+$-Ê 7¸¥<-ý-:<Ê
/ß0-ý7Ü-+/$-,Ü-+$-ýë-YèÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-#<$-/7Ü-+/$-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-;è<-9/-8è-;è<-)èÊ Ê/5Ü-ý-
+è-8$-+è-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-<ë#<-#<9-CÜ$-{æ+-Zè-´¥,-0*ß,-ý9-e³$-$ë-Ê Ê
eè-o#-W-7b²9-9$-:ß#<-{+æ -:ß$-0,-$#-#<ß0-bÜ-+eè-/<-{æ+-€ç-7ná:-š-/-P9-,Ê yë/-/ß-
++-ý-%,-:-d-Ü .,-ý7Ü-+/$-/%°Ê /+#-+$-#5,-+$-#(Ü<-!7Ü-+ë,-¹<¥ -ý7Ü-/Ië,-7iá<-%,-:-,$-
¹¥<-ý7Ü-+/$-MÊ ₫ë+-9Ü#<-0(0-ý7Ü-/½§:-º¥#<-%,-:-#<$-/-6/-0ë7Ü-+/$-#<ß0-/U¨9-/9-
#<ß$<-ý-+$-Ê :ß$-7¸¥<-0+ë-P9-,Ê 9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-[ë+-¸¥-b9² -ý-6/-0ë7Ü-+ë,-:-0<ë -ý7Ü-yë/-0-
a+-ý9-%,-:-0+ë-I-/7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸-¥ {æ+-`Ü-+$ë<-/Y,-P9-&-± /ë-/5Ü-J#ë <-`-Ü +/$-<ß0-%°-I-lá#-
/U¨9-/-+$-Ê ‚$<-ý<-[ë+-¸-¥ b²9-ý-{-&è-/-:-0ë<-ý7Ü-yë/-0-*ß,-0$ë -/-:-0+ë-8ë$<-Jë#<-8,-
:#-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-<ë-<9ë -dè-,<-+/$-I-/-<ë-lá#-:-8,-:#-9#<-ý9-/{+-/{-<ë-#%Ü#-
·¦-d-è ,<-/U¨9-/-YÊè {æ+-0,-$#-#Ü-:#ß <-#(Ü<-!7$-dÜ-,$-i/á -#<$-#Ü-+/$-/5Ü<-/Z¨<-ý-+$-Ê
0,-$#->-)Ü-8ë-#-:-9Ü#<-ý-I:-bÜ-+/$-I:-¸¥-/)ë,-,<-U¨9-/7Ü-2±:-Jë#<-&è,-+è-#<ß0-bÜ-:ß#<-
<ë-<ë9-e³$-/-:<Ê 0,-$#-Zè-ý-P9-,-‡ë<-/%<-+/$-#Ü<-Vë-#<ß0-+$-;<è -e-:-H$ë <-ý7Ü-lÜ-0-
‚ë$-Ë ‡ë<-0è+-`Ü<-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-+$-9$-e$³ -7ë+-#<:-bÜ-¹¥<-ý-7'ß# Ê;Ü,-·-¦ ‡ë<-0è+-`<Ü -
<è0<-(Ü+-#5Ü-0è+-I-o:-¸¥-$ë-‡+-%Ü$-!-+#-#Ü-8è-;è<-+$-Ê 9/-·¦-‡ë<-0è+-`Ü<-T©,-iá/-7ë+-#<:-
60

0$ë,-<ß0-bÜ-+ë,-(0<-<ß-:è,-ý-:-+/$-/9-eè+-+ëÊ Ê…å/-Zè-P9-,-₫-Ü /!7-/+è-#;è#<-7¸¥<-ý-:<Ê


#¸¥:-e-5-è Z$-%,-…ë:-/-:0-¸-¥ aè9-/7Ü-dÜ9-dÜ-+/$-/ß0-ý-<ë#<-dÜ-,$-#Ü-J<-/{-I-/{+-:-/Dè,-
,<-/U¨9-/Ê $-{:-%,-T-:0-¸-¥ aè9-/7Ü-dÜ9-,$-+/$-:ß<-:-/Dè,-,<-/U¨9-/Ê 7+ë+-&#<-%,-
‚ë9-/-:0-¸-¥ aè9-/7Ü-dÜ9-#<$-+/$-8ß0-:-/Dè,-,<-/U¨9-/Ê #)Ü-0ß#-%,-F0-Dë#-:0-¸¥-aè9-/7Ü-
dÜ9-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-`Ü-+/$-<è0<-:-/Dè,-,<-/U¨9-/-+$-/5Ü9-/;+-+ëÊ Ê
M-ý-Ð0-*ë/-ý7Ü-(è<-+0Ü#<-Ñ,ÜÊ <$<-{<-*ë+-ý7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê +ýè9-,-ý-Ü 4$-‚ë9-´,¥ -
72ì#<Ë Ê{æ+-+$-o:-,-/Eã$-0Ü-9$ß -Ê Ê+è-/5Ü,-+/$-+$-o:-,-,ÊÜ ÊW#<-+$-/<0-#),-7iá/-
0Ü-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê lá#-ý-Ð*ë/-ý7Ü-.,-8ë,-Ñ,ÜÊ A0-u#ë -:<Ê #<$-/-0&ë#-#-Ü +`Ü:-
7"ë9-¸¥Ê Ê7'ß#-+$-+$ë<-iá/-#<ë:-/-+$-Ê Ê+/$-/U¨9-/-8Ü-:<-F0<-eÊ Ê+è<-,Ü-2é-7+Ü-(Ü+-
:-8$-Ê Ê<$<-{<-(Ü+-`$-7*ë/-7b²9-,Ê Ê+$ë<-iá/-#5,-P-^ë<-%Ü-+#ë<Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-:ß$-
9Ü#<-0*7-8<-ý-e³$-$ë-Ê Ê
#(Ü<-ý-rë#-+0-2Ý#-/Y,-ý-,ÜÊ
+/$-#Ü-rë# -,Ü-+0-2Ý#-Zë0-ý-YèÎ W#<-`Ü-7¸¥:-/-0Ü-7+7Ü-8:-#0-%,Î
₫Ü -+$-a+-ý9-T#-ý<-/Z¨<-ý-F0<Î dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-2±:-¸¥-+#-ý9-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +/$-#Ü<-{æ+-^Ü,-`$-+è7Ü-+ë,-{æ+-:-/Yè,-ý7Ü-rë#-,Ü-+0-2Ý#-YèÊ +è7$-+/$-
/U¨9-/-(+Ü -`Ü<-+0-2Ý#-+$-Z0ë -ý-*ë/-ý-8,Ü -ý<-+è-(Ü+-:#è <-ý9-/þ$-+#ë<-)èÊ ´¥,-7¸¥<-:<Ê
+/$-F0<-:è#<-ý9-Jë#<-b9² -ý<Ê ÊI-/-8,-:#-+0-2Ý#-´¥,Ê Ê0-(0<-9/-·¦-/rá$-/9-
eË Ê+è<-,Ü-+$ë<-iá/-0&ë#-7*ë/-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-:-+0-2Ý#-#Ü-$-ë /ë-,ÊÜ /rá$-e7Ü-+ë,-a+-ý9-%,-:<-0Ü-7+7-/7Ü-<è0<-ý-<-/ë,-+$-/%<-ý-
YèË XÜ$-ýë7Ü-{æ+-d-Ü 0-:<Ê #$-5Ü#-,,-),-:<-0Ü-7#ë$-Ê ÊHÜ-:0-¸¥-8$-+0-2Ý#-/Bë+Ê Ê+0-
/%7-/-,Ü-Zë0-ý9-7+ë+Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê <$<-{<-´¥,-bÜ-Eë-Bè7-Ü #<$-/-#<ß0-73Ý,-%$Ü -0Ü-
(0<-ý9-rá$-/7Ü-&-,<-+0-2#Ý Ê9$-{æ+-Zë0-ý7Ü-&-,<-Z0ë -ý-8,Ü -ý<-$ë-/ë-#%Ü#-:-a+-ý9-+$-
₫Ü-Që#-#Ü<-dè-/7ëÊ Ê
$è<-2Ý#-,ÜÊ W#<-`Ü-Vë9-º¥#<-,<-+è-(Ü+-`Ü-/½§:-º¥#<-rá$-5Ü$-/…å/<-ý<-9$-{æ+-`Ü-(ë,-
0ë$<-ý-7¸¥:-/9-eè+-ý<-W#<-`Ü-7¸¥:-/-5è<-e-5Ü$-Ê <-0-87Ü-…-:<-+0-/%<-ý7Ü-*-2Ý#-+$-
0,7-+$-Zë0-ý-<ë#<-:-7'ß#-ý<-'Ü-P9-+0-/%<-ý-:<-7+7-/9-e-/-0-8Ü,-ý<-Eë-Bè7Ü-8:-#0-
00-+0-2Ý#-YèÊ /rá$<-,-W#<-`Ü-/y/-ý-*0<-%+-`Ü-#5Ü-Dè,-¸¥-7b²9-5Ü$-Ê 0-/rá$<-,-
/y/-ý-*0<-%+-+ë,-0è+-¸¥-7b²9-/<-"è-(,è -+$-/%<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +è-P9-8$-=è-9ß-!-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-{æ+-
61

:<Ë 0Ü-7+7-+0-ý-0&ë#-b9² -ýÊ Ê7+<-ý9-b²9-,-2Ý#-ý9-/;+Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê


+è-:-+eè-,-/+è-7¸¥<-5Ü-{+æ -:<Ê ₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-T#-ý-8ÜÊ ÊF0-ý9-+eè-/<-#6ß$-e-YèÊ Ê
5è<-ý<-₫7Ü -Ü +0-2#Ý Êa+-ý9-bÜ-+0-2Ý# ÊT#-ý7Ü-+0-2#Ý -Y-è #<ß0-¸-¥ /Z¨<-ý-8Ü,-:Ê +è-
F0<-9Ü0-ý-/5Ü,-¸-¥ dÜ-X$Ü -Ê ,$-X$Ü -h# Ê#<$-/-r#ë -#-Ü 2±:-¸¥-/rá$-5Ü$-F0-ý9-+#-ý9-
e7ëË Ê
+è-+#-#Ü-+ë,-%°$-6+-^ë<-,Ê ₫Ü7Ü-+0-2Ý#-,ÜÊ <ë-*9Ê e$-<0è <Ê dÜ-{+æ -#<ß0-bÜ-/rá$-
020<-<-ß i#<-ý-F0<-)èÊ +$-ýë-:-<ë-*9-9Ü<-/{+-`Ü-\$-v$-Ê #(Ü<-ý-:-;$Ü -D-#(Ü<-`Ü-
/!7-rë:-,<-e³$-/7Ü-/y/-eÊ #<ß0-ý-:-e-₫ë+-F:-7eë9-b-Ü {æ+-F0<-:<-e$³ -/7Ü-+0-2Ý#-*ß,-
0ë$-+$-*ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý-F0<-<ëÊ Ê
a+-ý9-bÜ-+0-2Ý#-,ÜÊ W#<-v-0è+-,<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-9Ü#<-M-₫Ü7Ü-+0-2Ý#-+$-Ê I-/-+$-8,-
:#-#Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-+0-2#Ý -a+-ý9-/-F0<-)èÊ +è-:-9Ü#<-M7Ü-+0-2#Ý -,ÊÜ dÜ-^ë,-<è0<-+$-
7'ß#-<0è <-Zë0-Z¨+-+ë,-eè+-`-Ü 2±:-h0Ü <-#<ß0-+$-Ê +!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0-73Ý,-5Ü$-Ê ]<-+,ë -/+è-
Yë$-+eè9-0è+-`-Ü e$-<è0<-+$-<è0<-(Ü+-+!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0-b-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-%,-¸-¥ #6ß$-/-Yè-+è-/5Ü,-
9Ü#<-`Ü-+0-2#Ý -d-Ü J<-`-Ü Eë9-lÜ:-+$-T-U¨-d#-&,è Ê ,$-8/-8ß0-#(Ü<-`Ü-0"7-#<$-.,-2±,-{<-
/)/-Yè-‚ë9-/Ê #<$-/-"0<-+!9-+09-#(Ü<-7/9-73#-#-Ü {<-6ß$-¸-¥ 7oè:-/Ê +è-"ë-,-(Ü+-/+è-
Yë$-#(Ü<-6ß$-7'ß#-#Ü-{<-7&Ü$-/-YèÊ +è-P9-dÜ-,$-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-Eë-Bè-+$-Ê lÜ:-/ß-+$-Ê d#-{-
#<ß0-73Ý,-5Ü$-Ê +è-+#-Yë,-ý7Ü-v-0-:-μ¥<-ý<-/Yè,-ý-Yè-Eë-Bè7Ü-9Ü#<-`Ü-+0-2Ý# ÊdÜ-&ë<-þë/-
6$-6$Ü -+$-+è7Ü-I-/-e0<-ý7Ü-‚,Ü -ý-Yè-/5Ü-Yè9-5Ü$-Ê ]<-+ë,-B<è -&#<-`Ü-0è<-e$-<è0<-+//-
Që#-#Ü-+#7-/5Ü7Ü-8è-;è<-‚Ü,-ý-,Ü-9Ü,-&è,-9Ü#<-`Ü-+0-2Ý# ÊdÜ-(,-9$-Ê ,$-e$-<è0<Ê #<$-
/-e-/-₫ë+-ý-F:-7eë9-dÜ-,$-Y-è *è#-ý-#<ß0-73Ý,-5Ü$-Ê ]<-+ë,-xä$-+/ß-09-/%Ü$<-ý<-#5ë0-0è+-
`Ü-#<ß$-…å/-ý-,Ü-ýV-9#Ü <-`Ü-+0-2Ý# ÊW9-bÜ-Zë0-ý-+è-*0<-%+-+$-0&ë+-ý7Ü-:<-`$-%-Ü ¹¥<-<ß-
…å/-%Ü$-Ê 7'ß#-ý9-#)ë#<-ý7Ü-<è0<-%,-0-/…:-/-F0<-ië:-/-+$-Ê 0-ië:-/-F0<-+ië:-/-
+$-Ë +/ß#<-0-dÜ,-ý-F0<-+e³$-/-+$-Ê 8ë$<-<-ß f-$,-:<-0-7+<-ý-F0<-wë-/-:-7#ë+-%Ü$-Ê
]<-+,ë -¸¥-*0<-%+-6ß$-7'ß#->è-4î-bÜ-Zë0-ý<-{<-7+è/<-ý-+$-Ê º¥-/+è<-.ß$-"0<-+/$-8ß:-bÜ-
T-F0<-2Ý0-ý9-0&ë+-%Ü$-n-9#<-`Ü-Vë-#<ß0-;,Ü -·¦-n-/-Eë-B-è #<ß0-b-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-#5Ü-Jë#<-8è-ië:-
&è,-ýë9-…ë:-+ië:-+e³$-5Ü$-wë-/9-eè+-ý-,Ü-:<-`Ü-9Ü#<-`Ü-+0-2Ý#-#ë Ê
I-/7Ü-+0-2#Ý -,ÊÜ ₫Ü9-Vë-#<ß0-0Ü-+#è-/-:<-Q#ë -%Ü$-T-W#<-)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-:<-0Ü-7+7-/-,-Ü U¨-
#<ß$-*#ß <-`Ü-+0-2Ý#-8Ü,-:Ê a+-ý9-¸¥-Vë-#<ß0-#8ë-6:ë -0è+-ý<-%-Ü 0(è<-`Ü<-v-0-/´¥9-/-+$-Ê
62

0&è+-N0-:-D#-·¦-0Ü-7o:-5Ü$-.,-7+ë#<-ý7Ü-/<0-ý<-/Iè-#¸¥$-{æ,-0Ü-&+-ý7Ü-e0<-ý<-e-/-
#(Ü<-,Ü-Eë-Bè-U¨7Ü-+0-2Ý# ÊW#<-+$-d#-{-/Ië,-ý-9/-7oÜ$-#Ü-+/$-:<-(Ü,-02,-¸¥<-lá#-#0-w-
5#-:ë-¸¥<-F0<-:<-0Ü-7+7-/9-eè+-ý-,Ü-Eë-Bè-#<ß$-#Ü-+0-2Ý# Ê#<$-/7Ü-+ë,-#5,-¸¥-0Ü-‰-/-+$-
v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-e$-&±/-`-Ü <è0<-6$ß -7'ß#-#Ü-d#-{-:<-0Ü-7+7-/-#(Ü<-,-Ü Eë-B-è *ß#<-`Ü-+0-2#Ý -#ë Ê
a+-ý9-¸¥-7$-7ië-/-0*7-+#-8è-,<-9$-/5Ü,-F0-+#-8Ü,-ý<-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-U¨-#<ß$-
*ß#<-+$-0(0-ý9-‚ë9-/-,-Ü 0(0-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-+0-2Ý#-YèÊ +è-(+Ü -;è<-9/-+$-)$Ü -73Ý,-bÜ<-Dë#<-
;Ü$-#ë0<-ý9-e<-ý-:<-+$ë<-i/á -*0<-%+-7e³$-/7Ü-d9Ü -/Ië,-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
8,-:#-#Ü-+0-2Ý#-,Ü-M-2,-M-:<Ê ;è<-ý9-e-/-M-,ÊÜ .ß$-"0<-<ë#<-M-2,-bÜ-D#ë -2#ì <-
F0<-8è-,<-9Ü#<-M-8/-8ß0-<ë#<-U¨-+$-8è-;è<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-Dë#<-ý9-eè+-ý-Yè-P-/7Ü-+0-
2Ý#-#ë Ê
0Ü-\$-/-M-,ÜÊ ¸¥#-M-*/<-`Ü<-6Ü,-,-:0-bÜ-ië#<-<ß-7b²9-/9-0Ü-]ë$-5$Ü -Ê ]<-+,ë -&<ë -
*0<-%+-0(0-ý-(Ü+-¸¥-Jë#<-ý<-P-/-:-dë#<-9Ü<-+$-₫ë+-ý-:-v$-+ë9-bÜ<-7eè+-ý-0è+-ý7Ü-#)Ü-
0ß#-0Ü-+0Ü#<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-Bè-&è,-ýë7Ü-7+ë+-&#<Ê 9$-9#Ü -ý7Ü-8-è ;è<-Dë#-ý-7'ë0<-ý7Ü-5è-Z$-Ê 6ß$-
7'ß#-P-/7Ü-{:-ýë-#;ë$<-<-ß 0Ü-7/è/<-ý7Ü-$-{:Ê #(Ü<-73Ý,-bÜ-5è,-D#ë -0(0-(+Ü -të$-¸-¥ 0Ü-;ë9-
/7Ü-n#-+#ë -Yè-Dë#<-#ë0<-`Ü-‚9ë -/<-0Ü-\$ë -/7ëÊ Ê
₫+-ý9-e-/-M-,ÜÊ rë#-#%ë+Ê 0-eÜ,-:è,Ê 0Ü-2$<-₫ë+Ê Jà,-+$-Ê /x$-2Ý#-‰-/-F0<-
5Ü$-/%°-…ë:-/-:-<ë#<-)è-#5,-+ë,-¸¥-7b²9-,-₫+-ý9-e-5Ü$-Ê ]<-+,ë -¸¥-rë#-,Ü-x$ä -Yè-/ß0-%,-:-
<ë#<-ý7Ü-*/<-`Ü<-+##-ý70-#6ß$-73Ý,-D#ë -ý7Ü-r#ë -9$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`<Ü -#%ë+-ý<Ê /1°,-
0ë7Ü-»¥-g70-/+è-&è,-bÜ-8è-;è<-<ß<-`$-‚Ü,-ý-0è+-ý9-+è-v$-/-+$-Ê 9$-9Ü#-(Ü+-8ß:-d#-{-&è,-ýë-
+$-"-‚ë9-:-/Dè,-,<-º-¥ /+è-7b²9-0+è -…å/-ý-,-Ü 7+ë+-ý-₫ë+-ý-+$-Ê 7"ë9-/-0è+-[$-:<-7ië-/-
…ë:-/7Ü-Jà,-+$-Ê …-*0<-%+-/Bë+-0è+-¸¥-Dë#<-ý<-#/-]<-0è+-ý9-/E-‡ë+-ý-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-/x$-
2Ý#-F0<-<ëÊ Ê
+$-¸¥-v$-/-M-,ÜÊ e$-<è0<-+!9-+09Ê lÜ-&è,Ê lÜ-&±Ê ;-&è,-bÜ-₯$<-0-F0<-#1$-
+0è7Ü-Dë#-ý-‚ë9-/-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-+#ë<-ý<-/Dè,-%Ü$-Ê ]<-+ë,-¸¥-.ß$-M7Ü-₯$<-0-73#-0è+-¸¥-7&Ü$-
/<-+$-¸¥-v$-/7ëÊ Ê
/…å/-ý9-e-/-M-,ÜÊ ;è<-ý9-e-/7Ü-+0-2Ý#-M-ýë-+-è (Ü+-Dë#<-#ë0<-`Ü-‚9ë -/<-9$-{+æ -:-2±:-
/5Ü,-¸¥-…å/-ý9-eè+-ý-Yè-Vë0-ý7Ü-+0-2Ý#-+$-Ê /9-0-#<ß0-ýë-dÜ-P9-,-₫ë+-ý7Ü-+0-2Ý#-#1ì-
&è7ëË ÊI-/7Ü-+0-2Ý#-#<ß0-+$-8,-:#-(è9-M-/Zë0<-ý<-+0-2Ý#-(è9-/{+-%è<-0-¼Ô7Ü-₫Ü-U+-¸¥-
63

i#<-<ëÊ Ê
T#-ý7Ü-+0-2Ý#-,ÜÊ ₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-b-Ü +0-2#Ý -:-#,<-ý7Ü-#$-6#-#<Ü -…/å -ý-:-<#ë <-ý7Ü-
U/<-<ß-/rá$-/9-e-/-T#-ý9-/Yè,-ý7Ü-+0-2#Ý -#%,-#6,-bÜ-{:-ýë7-Ü hÜ-0-Ü /;Ü#-ý-:-<#ë <-(Ü-»-¥
YèË /E<-/Y,-ý7Ü-+ë,-#ë-/+è-/9-/gë:-,Ê Eë-Bè-yë/-+ýë,-bÜ-U¨-:-0Ü-72é-5Ü$-/!7-0Ü-#%ë# Êv-
07Ü-8ß0-:-0Ü-₫ë+Ê ++-%,-2ì#<-0Ü-#%ë# Ê+!ë,-0&ë#-+$-0"<-ý7Ü-+!ë9-:-0-Ü 7/#-%Ü$-&$-
fë<-ý9-0Ü-7*ß$-Ê Eë-B-è \ä,-bÜ-8ß0-:-0-Ü ₫ë+Ê 02,-$,-bÜ-#6ß$<-0-0Ü-/Yè,Ê 02,-(Ü+-+$-0Ü-
Q,-ý7Ü-+0-J<-0Ü-/Dè,Ê 0"<-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-:-0-Ü #;èÊ [ë+-0Ü,-:-#<$-&ë<-0Ü-Y,ë Ê 02,-Q,-
bÜ-#6ß$<-0-+$-[ë+-Q,-b-Ü yë/-0-0Ü-\$-Ê +ë,-/+è-Yë$-+$-D#<-8/-8ß0-+$-0Ü-7o:Ê 0&è+-:-
`:-!-10-¸¥7$-,$-7*/-0Ü-eè+Ê #5,-bÜ<-₫+-ý7Ü-T#-0Ü-₫ë+Ê v-07Ü-#+,-<-0Ü-x0ë Ê 9$-
#5,-bÜ-020<-0Ü-7l-:Ê )Ü$-73Ý,-e$Ü -@ë+-`-Ü +/$-¸¥-0-Ü #)ë$-Ê /w<-ý-+$-&ë-#-0Ü-2#Ý -#<Ü -
/9-0-Ü #%ë+Ê +/$-D#<-`Ü-d#-{-:<-0-Ü 7+7-5Ü$-/E-0-Ü /Bè+Ê F:-7eë9-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-0Ü-
+gá#<-;Ü$-þè-/7ë -Ü 0*ß-wë#-0Ü-e+è Ê yë/-+ýë,-#1°#-·¦-7"ß9-/-:<-(0<-ý9-0Ü-e-/-F0<-<Êë Ê
+è-+#-rá$-/7Ü-*/<-,ÜÊ #,$-/!#-#Ü-#,<-F0<-0Ü-/Bè+-ý7Ü-l,-ý-+$-Ê +0-2Ý#-:<-
7+<-0-7+<-Dë#-+cë+-e+è -ý7Ü-;<è -/5Ü,-+$-Ê #6ë/-ý-T©9-:,è -ý7Ü-/#-8ë+-+$-Ê (0<-,-/+#-
(Ü+-$,-X0-¸¥-9$-:-/Dè,-,<-73é0<-ý7Ü-$ë-2-;<è -ý-+$-Ê 8ß:-#5,-:-/Dè,-,<-73é0<-ý7Ü-hè:-
8ë+-ý-+$-Ê (0<-ý7Ü-(è<-+0Ü#<-0*ë$-/<-7'Ü#<-ý-+$-Ê .,-8ë,-:-oë+-ý<-μ¥<-ý-Y-è +è-+#-
#Ü-V-ë ,<-7/+-ý<-/rá$-/7ëÊ Ê+è-8$-Zë0-e³$-:<Ê %Ü-Yè-+$ë<-iá/-0&ë#-7+ë+-,Ê Êrë#-,-Ü
8ë$<-<ß-#)ë$-8$-yÊ Ê7&Ü-/7Ü-¸<¥ -:-//-`$-y7ÜÊ ÊD#-·¦-+0-2Ý#-/rá$-/9-eÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
(0<-,-dÜ9-/%ë<-ý-,ÜÊ 8ß:-#$-6#-:<-(0<-ý-F0<-+è-+#-#-Ü lá$-¸¥-/;#<-;Ü$-Ê #5,-
F0<-7bë+-Z0ë -b-Ü Vë-,<-'Ü-P9-9Ü#<-ý<-/;#<-ý9-e-:Ê (0<-ý-&è,-ýë-,ÊÜ 8ß:-#$-:-/Dè,-
,<-(0<-`$-9ß$-Yè-*ë#-09-<ë-<ë7Ü-:ß#<-/5Ü,-/;#<-,<-y9-+/$-+$-+0-2Ý#-,ë+-ý9-e-/-8Ü,-
,ëË ÊW#<-ý<-I-/7Ü-+0-2#Ý -:<-7#:-,-Eë-B7è -Ü +f:-/9-6$-*:-¸¥-7ië-/<-02ì,-(0<-ý7Ü-(è<-
+0Ü#<-+$-Ê +0-2Ý#-2±:-/5Ü,-¸¥-/rá$-,-9/-2é-#%Ü# Ê7oÜ$-+$-*-0<-þè-/-/¸¥,-,0-/%°-lá#-
2±,-:-0&ë#-7iá/-ý-<ë#<-#,<-U/<-+$-0*9-*ß#-#Ü-.,-8ë,-+ý#-·¦-0è+-ý9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-þè+-rÜ$-/-:-#(Ü<Ê 2Ý#-#ë$-0-+$-020<-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-0Ü$-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-
{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð2Ý#-#ë$-0-+ $-020<-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-0Ü$-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P9-{æ+-^Ü,-+#-ý7Ü-#$-6#-#Ü<Î <-/ë ,-þè+-eè+-:0-bÜ-9Ü 0-ý-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-+/$-/5Ü<-{æ+-^,Ü -%Ü$-+0-2Ý#-0-(0<-ý<-V-ë #<ß0-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-#$-
64

6#-W#<-`Ü-:0-:<-+$ë<-iá/-f³9-¸¥-…å/-ý9-7+ë+-ý-+#-#<Ü -<-/ë,-/)/-ý-+-è (Ü+-e$-&/± -`Ü-:0-¸¥-


þè+-rÜ$-/9-e+è -ý7Ü-*/<-6/-0ë-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-,-Ü 7+Ü-P9-9-ë 5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è7$-Eë-Bè-*è#-ý7Ü-:0-9Ü0-+$ë<-,Ü-/þè+-Jë#<-#(Ü<-8,Ü -:Ê +è-#(Ü<-`Ü-₫-Ü +ë,-%°$-6+-/;+-,Ê
9Ü0-#(Ü<-<ë-<ë7Ü-$ë-/ëÊ $è<-2Ý# Ê+eè-/Ê #ë-9Ü0Ê +#ë<-ý-Yè-M-:<Ê +$-ý-ë /þè+-90Ü -b-Ü $ë-
/ë-,ÊÜ Bè<-+ý#-#Ü-T7Ü-F:-7eë9-)Êè 02,-(Ü+-º¥-/+è-+$-02±$<-Q,-¸-¥ b²9-ý-/%ë<-;Ü$-/)#<-ý-
:<-e$³ -/7Ü-T-U¨-[$-Y$ë -Ê +è-8$-a+-#5Ü-F0-Dë#-#Ü<-/)#<-ý7Ü-T-U-¨ :Ê a+-&<ë -&ë-#7Ü-a+-
ý9-{:-/<-W#<-{æ+-:<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-/þè+-&ë#-#Ü-9Ü0-ý-2$-/Ê 9$-7o<-`Ü-a+-ý9-W#<-`Ü-
0*ß-/þè+-¹<¥ -ýÊ $ë-/ë7Ü-a+-ý9-*ß,-0ë$-0-8,Ü -ý7Ü-º¥-/+è7Ü-&-;<-+$-Y$ë -(Ü+-`Ü<-{<-/)/-ýÊ
eè+-:<-`Ü-a+-ý9-+#-J#ë <-0Ü,-#<ß0-2$-/-Yè-a+-&ë<-/5Ü-Q,-,Êë ÊJë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-$-ë /ë-,ÊÜ 0$ë,-
<ß0-ý7Ü-T7Ü-F:-7eë9-)èÊ 02,-(Ü+-º¥-/+è-+$-02±$<-Q,-¸-¥ b²9-ý7Ü-/%ë<-0,Ü -b-Ü T-U¨-[$-Yë$-0Ü-
/D,-ý-{æ7Ü-Jë#<-9Ü0-+$-Ê +è-/D,-ý-7o<-/ß7Ü-Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-02,-(Ü+Ê +è-8$-a+-#5Ü-F0-ý9-
0Ü-D#ë -ý7Ü-8-è ;<è -:Ê a+-&<ë -{æ7-Ü a+-ý9-Eë-B7è -Ü :ß<-:-#,+-¸¥-/[¨,-ýÊ eè+-:<-`Ü-a+-ý9-I-
xä$-*Ü#-:è-+/ß-09-+#-eè+Ê F0-ý7Ü-a+-ý9-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-+$-Yë$-#6ß#<-T,-%Ü#-ý-Yè-a+-ý9-
#<ß0-Q,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð$è<-2Ý#-Ñ,ÜÊ /þè+-9Ü0-b-Ü U+-+ë+->ß,$Ü-g-0-5è<-ý7Ü->ß,$Ü-,Ü-/%ë<-ý70-/)#<-ý-
<ë#<-:-7'ß#-ý<-F0-ý9-Dë#-ý<-#<9-·¦-/%ë<-ý70-/)#<-ý7Ü-+ë,-)è-/þè+-ý-8Ü,-:Ê #$-:<-
/%ë<-;Ü$-#+#<-ý7Ü-#5Ü-,Ü-Jë#<-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-YèÊ +è-(Ü+-`Ü-U+-+ë+-,Ü-a,-g-0-,Ü-0-/%ë<-ýÊ iá/-
ýË Jë#<-ý-<#ë <-:-7'ß#-ý<-/%ë<-0è+-»#¥ <-7e³$-#-Ü +ë,-,ëÊ Ê+è-#(Ü<-!7Ü-g-0-,-Ü 9Ü0-ý-Yè-
*/<-<0-:0-bÜ-#-ë 9Ü0-bÜ-+,ë -¸¥-7b²9-9Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+eè-/-Ñ,ÜÊ $ë-/ë7Ü-Vë-,<-+eè-,Ê /%ë<-;Ü$-/)#<-ý-Bè<-<ß-+ý#-ý7Ü-T7Ü-F:-7eë9-
bÜ-:0-7"ë9-/%<-:-/þè+-9Ü0-+$-Ê /%ë<-0-+$-o:-/-0$ë,-<ß0-ý7Ü-T7Ü-F:-7eë9-bÜ-:0-7"ë9-
/%<-:-Jë#<-9Ü0-Y-è #(Ü<Ê ‚$-e-‚ë$-e+è -:-Pë<-,Ê ´¥,-Jë/-7'Ü#-D,è -þè-/7Ü-9Ü0-ý-+$-‚9-)è-
/þè+-9Ü0-´¥,-Jë/-/+è,-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-+$-Ê +ë,-+0-7'Ü#-Dè,-7##-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-+$-‚9-)è-Jë#<-9Ü0-
+ë,-+0-/+è,-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-5è<-ý-#(Ü<Ê #ë0-2±:-bÜ-Vë-,<Ê þè-#,<-/5Ü7Ü-/#-&#<-‚ë$-/-+$-
/Y©,-,<-/þè+-9Ü0-Vë0-2±:-/5Ü-YèÊ €ç-7ná:-š-/-:<Ê þè-#,<-/5Ü-ýë-+#-e7Ü-dÜ9Ê Ê/þè+-
ý7$-+è-/5Ü,-F0-ý-/5ÜÊ Ê‡ë<-%,-‡ë<-+$-‡<ë -ý-0è+Ê Ê;Ü,-·¦-‡ë<-ý-0è+-/5Ü7Êë Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
Jë#<-90Ü -,ÜÊ ´¥,-Jë/-9$-eÜ,-x/<-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-I-x$ä -*#Ü -:è7Ü-F:-7eë9-+$-Ê #5,-:ß<-:-/Dè,-
ý-+`Ü:-7"ë9-7"ë9-:ëÊ +è-+#-F0<-`Ü-{<-7+è/<-<ß-b²9-ý-+ë,-+0-7ë+-#<:-&è,-ýë-/Bë+-0è+-T,-
65

%Ü#-þè<-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-₫Ü-+$-Ê a+-ý9-Jë#<-ý-&,è -ý-ë <è0<-të$-0,-$#-#-Ü Zè-F0<-<Êë Ê


/5Ü-ý-Ð#ë-9Ü0-Ñ,ÜÊ #,<-:ß#<-`Ü-:0-:-7'ß#-ý7Ü-Wë,-¸¥-{+æ -‚$ë -/7Ü-dÜ9-/þè+-9Ü0-:0-b-Ü
Wë,-7ië9-‚$-5Ü$-Ê {æ+-e$-,<-#,<-:ß#<-+$ë<-/Vë0-ý7Ü-d9Ü -J#ë <-9Ü0-:0-bÜ-+$ë<-#5Ü-8Ü,-
ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý70Ê 8è-;è<-`Ü-2ì#<-`Ü-#5Ü-7+Ü$-/-/<ë+-,0<-`Ü-2ì#<-+$-Ê 8è-;è<-`-Ü 2ì#<-a+-ý9-
%,-F0-ý-*0<-%+-ý7Ü-8-è ;è<-þè-/7Ü-##è <-/<:-/7Ü-{æ9-8$-/<ë+-,0<-`Ü-2#ì <-/þè+-ý7Ü-90Ü -ý-
/Vë0-ý-W,ë -¸-¥ 7ië-+#ë<-ý7Ü-d9Ü -)Êè Eë-B-è XÜ$-7iè:-:<Ê F0-Dë#-/#-&#<-`<Ü -/%Ü$<-ýÊ Ê
*ë#-09-D#ë -ý7Ü-&-ë #-/Y,Ê ÊF0-Dë#-9$-/5Ü,-;<è -ý-,Ê Ê0Ü-Dë#-ý-:-7'ß#-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê
9Ü0-M-:<-`$-Ê /þè+-ý7Ü-9Ü0-:-:è#<-#,<-;Ü$-Ê ÊJë#<-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-7+ë+-F0<-:Ê Ê*/<-
7+Ü-Jë#<-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-`Ü<Ê ÊU<-`Ü-90Ü -ý-P-/9ß -#<ß$<Ê Ê5è<-e³$-Y-è 0+ë9-,-‚$-e-7há:-/-
´¥,-/)#<-+$-<-/ë,-bÜ-&-#(Ü<Ê ‚ë$-eè+-Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ýÊ iá/-7o<-*ß,-0ë$-+$-0&ë#-#Ü-#ë-9Ü0-
<ë#<-:-P<ë -ý7ëÊ Ê
M-ý-Ð+#ë<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ [ë+-/%°+-*-0:-¸¥-73Ý,-ý-\ë$-5Ü$-Ê :0-0-+#-<-/¸¥,-+$-Ê 7o<-/ß-
#6ß#<-U¨7Ü-D,è -7oè:-/…Ü#-ý7Ü-dÜ9-+$-Ê a+-ý9-9$-#-Ü +$ë<-7o<-7'Ü#-Dè,-ý7Ü-+$ë<-i/á -7iá/-
ý-,Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-+$-Ê 7.ë-/7Ü-/#-&#<-`Ü-lÜ-0-\ë$-5Ü$-Ê :0-+#-ý-<-#<ß0-+$-7o<-/ß-T,-%Ü#-
þè<-U¨7Ü-Dè,-7oè:-/…Ü#-ý7Ü-dÜ9-+$-Ê a+-ý9-9$-#Ü-+$ë<-7o<-d#-{-&è,-ýë-0&ë#-#Ü-+$ë<-iá/-
7iá/-ý-,-Ü Jë#<-90Ü -b-Ü +#ë<-ý-YèÊ XÜ$-ýë7Ü-{æ+-dÜ-0-:<Ê 7'Ü#-Dè,-ý-8-Ü +$ë<-i/á -,ÊÜ Ê/þè+-
ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý7Ü-‚ë9-/<-7*ë/Ê Ê7'Ü#-Dè,-7+<-ý7Ü-+$ë<-i/á -,ÊÜ ÊJë#<-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý7Ü-‚ë9-/<-<ëÊ Ê
5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-/5ÜÊ /ß0-+/$-+$-Bè<-<-ß 7oè:-/7Ü-/þè+ -9Ü0-[$-Y$ë -6$ß -
7'ß#-/Vë0-ýÊ #<$-+/$-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-/7Ü-6/-:0-#<:-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-/Vë0-ýÊ +/$-
#<ß0-ý-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-/7Ü-.ë-(7Ü-:0-/+è-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-/Vë0-ýÊ +/$-/5Ü-ý-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-
/7Ü-Jë#<-&è,-9Ü#-Yë$-6$ß -7'ß#-·¦-/Vë0-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-#<ß0Ê /þè+-90Ü -b-Ü +#ë<-ý-/Y,-ýÊ
/þè+-90Ü -+$ë<Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-/Z¨-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð/þ+-9Ü0-bÜ-+#ë<-ý-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+$-ý-ë /ß0-ý7Ü-+/$-+$-Bè<-7oè:-/Î [ë+-/%°+-*-0:-[$-5,è -‚$-/7Ü-dÜ9Î
*ß,-0ë$-a+-ý9-/þè+-9Ü0-+#-:-/y/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ :0-b-Ü 9Ü0-ý-+è-:7$-+/$-/5Ü-<-ë <ë-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-/7Ü-:0-/5Ü-8ë+-ý-:<Ê
+$-ýë-/ß0-ý7Ü-+/$-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-/7Ü-:0-,ÜÊ /D,-ý-[ë+-+$-#8ë-/-/%°+-`Ü-7'Ü#-Dè,-*-0:-bÜ-
+$ë<-ý9ë -[$-/-:-+è-+$-+è9-5è,-ý7Ü-´¥,-·¦-D#ë -ý-7+Ü-(Ü+-‚$-/9-e-/7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥Ê *ß,-0ë$-/-0-¼Ô-+$-
66

a+-ý9-/-8ë-#-#ë$-0-#(Ü<-`Ü-2±:-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-+#-:-/y/-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð/þè+-9Ü0-+$ë<-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê Zë0-bÜ-Vë-,<-0+ë9-/Y,Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-
ýë-ÐZë0-bÜ-Vë-,<-0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-:-/…å/-e7Ü-T-+$-…å/-eè+-*/<Î 'Ü-P9-/…å/-ý7Ü-:0-+$-7o<-/ß9-/%<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-+ýè9-,-2ì$-+ë,-¸¥-#(è9-/-:Ê /…å/-e-9Ü,-*$-&è-/7Ü-,ë9Ê …å/-eè+-9Ü,-*$-
+ýë#-ý7Ü-6$ë -Ê …å/-2±:-2ì$-#Ü-*/<-:-0"<-ý<Ê iá/-7o<-7+ë+-ý7Ü-,9ë -/+è-v#-·¦-7*ë/-ý-
/5Ü,Ë /þè+-9Ü0-bÜ-:0-+è-:7$-/…å/-e-&ë<-+eÜ$<-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-T-+$-Ê 8è-
;è<-`Ü-/+#-(+Ü -`Ü-T-+$-Ê +è-+#-#Ü-eÜ,-x/<-02,-07Ü-T9-i#<-ý-Yè-#<ß0Ê …å/-eè+-`-Ü */<-
Wë,-7ië-+$ë<-#5Ü-B<è -`<Ü -/Z¨<-ý-F0<-+$-Ê 'Ü-P9-…å/-ý7Ü-2±:-d#-{-#%Ü#-‡ë<-2ì0-/ß-2ì#<-
`Ü-…å/-ý-F0<-+$-Ê /…å/<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-9Ü#-73Ý,-/5Ü,-i/á -ý7Ü-2:± -+$-/%<-Pë<-,<-7oè:-/7Ü-
2±:-bÜ<-9Ü0-ý9-/Y,-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-/5ÜÊ #$-/…å/-e7Ü-TÊ #$-#Ü<-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<Ê 'Ü-P9-…å/-
ý7Ü-:0Ê +è-P9-/…å/<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ßÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#$-/…å/-e7Ü-T-Ñ,ÜÊ
/…å/-e-v-0-8Ü-+0-0"7-7ië7Ü-2ì#<Î 5Ü -+$-hë -/7Ü-eè-o#-/<0-7+<-`$-Î
eÜ,-x/<-+$ë<-iá/-a+-ý9-f9³ -7+ë +-,Î I-#<ß0-´,¥ -7¸¥<-ýV-$-(Ü+-/Vë0Î
+è-8$-dÜ-P9-/9-&+-´¥,-<è:-dÜ 9Î [$-rÜ+-6Ü:-#,ë,-U¨-#<ß0-ýV-7e³$-Î
9Ü#-73Ý,-I:-7&$-F0-7ná:-/%°-#(Ü<-/%<Î ₫Ü-+$-eè-o#-2±:-¸¥-/Xè,-ý9-eÎ
,$-P9-0&ë#-*ß,-/<0-ý-T©,-iá/-dÜ9Î /+è-/-&è,-ýë-ýV-<î-£-/Î
8Ü+-/5Ü,-,ë9-/ß-μ¥-9ß-/%°-#<ß0-/%<Î /þè+-J#ë <-*/<-+$-ië:-/-(è-/9-/Xè,Î
#<$-/-+eÜ$<-+$-9Ü#-ý-+eè9-0è+-ýÎ d#-{7Ü-#6ß#<-;9-02ì-þè<-Eë-Bè-7&$-Î
I-#<ß0-´¥,-7lÜ:-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-F:-7eë9-bÜ <Î 0Ü-7b²9-T,-%Ü#-þè<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-/…å/Î
8$-#<$-9Ü #-73Ý,-Eë -Bè-l#-ýë-I:Î /+è-# ;è#<-´¥,-7¸¥<-h#-7*ß$-8ë$<-Jë#<-TÎ
…å/-ý-&è,-ýë-(è-{æ7Ü-₫ë+-ý-8Ü<Î 0*9-*ß# -U¨-+$-8è-;è<-0$ë,-¸¥-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-:-+$-ýë-/…å/-ý9-e-/7Ü-T-,Ü-₫9Ü -#ë$-¸¥-^ë<-ý-P9-#<ß0-:<Ê +$-ý-ë ,ÜÊ
7ë+-#<:-e$-&/± -`Ü-<è0<-Y$ë -#<:-7##-ý-0è+-ý7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-8è-;è<-#<ß0-Q,-)Êè $ë-/ë-9$-
/5Ü,-*ß#<-Bè-#<ß0-¸¥-7ië-/-´¥,-:-a+-ý9-0è+-ý9-#+ë+-,<-/º¥#<-ý-,Ü-+0-2Ý#-<è0<-+ý7-+$-Ê
#(Ü<-ý-,ÊÜ 7"ë9-7+<-*0<-%+-:-a/-ý-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-&ë<-`Ü-U-¨ 8è-;è<-<0è <-+ý7-YèÊ
+è-#(Ü<-#+ë+-0-,<-+eè9-0Ü-dè+-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-%,-¸-¥ /º¥#<-ý-,Ü-+0-8è-#(Ü<-0è+-`-Ü +ë,-)Êè lÜ-0-
67

‚$-/7Ü-#5Ü-,ë9-/-ß 9Ü,-ýë-&-è P-/ß7ëÊ Ê+è-:-{æ7Ü-*#è -ý9-9Ü#<-+$-"0<-+$-/+è-/9-#;è#<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-


ýë-<ë#<-`Ü<-/Y,-:Ê W#<-gÜ-8-/<-/+#-#Ü-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-+$-Ê >ß-£-8<-e$-&/± -`Ü-<è0<Ê 8ë-
#<-*ë#-0*7-0+è -ý7Ü-e$-&±/-`-Ü <è0<-<0-e$-&±/-`Ü-<0è <-´¥,-·¦-/6$-ý-ë +$-Ê 0-¼Ô-8-ë #-/<-
9$-9#Ü -ý-e$-&±/-`Ü-<0è <-T#-ý7Ü-/+è,-ý-+eè9-0è+-₫ë+-8:ß -+$-o:-/70-/+è,-ý-+eè9-0è+-T#-
ý7Ü-&ë<-U¨-&,è -ýÊë >-¹¥<-+eÜ$<-8è-;<è -#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý7Ü-r<-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-I-/-e$-&±/-<è0<-`Ü-
+`Ü:-7"ë9-5è<-/)#<-;Ü$-Ê 0,-$#-Zè-ý<Ê :ß<-%,-F0<-`Ü-XÜ$-+/ß<-,-₯$<-0-M-7¸¥<-:-
/Dè,-ý7Ü-<0è <-(Ü+-7ë+-#<:-/7Ü-&ë<-U¨-e$-&±/-`-Ü <è0<-/º¥#<-ý9-#<ß$<-ý-+$-Ê #5,-¸¥-0-
+#-ý7Ü-.$ß -"0<-þè-0&è+-`<Ü -/Z¨<-ý7Ü-&ë<-7+Ü-+#-#Ü-[$-#5Ü-#¶¦#-07Ü-.ß$-<ë#<-<0-.ß$-
"0<-þè-0&è+-#5,-5è<-i#<-ý-8è-,<-#+,-#<ß0-2$-/7Ü-T7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-F0-ý9-+#-ý-+$-Ê
;Ü,-·¦-n-/7Ü-V-ë #<ß0-#+ë+-0-,<-E-ë Bè-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý-#<ß0-bÜ-T7Ü-/+#-(+Ü -¸-¥ #,<-ý9-/;+-ý-F0<-
`$-+ë,-#%Ü#-·¦-7//-/ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8Ü,-8$-9$-$ë-0-;è<-ý<-*-++-¸¥-/6ß$-/<-7há:-)è-0-Dë#<-ý-,Ü-
‚$-e7Ü-lÜ-0-7+0-J/-P-/ß-YèÊ +ýè9-,-,ë9-/ß-(Ü+-7+0-`Ü-lÜ-0-:<-0-i:ë -/9-9$-#-Ü e-/-eè+-0Ü-¹¥<-
ý-P9-#(Ü<-0è+-`Ü-+ë,-+è-8$-0-Dë#<-,-8Ü,-ý-10-bÜ<-.,-0Ü-*ë#<-ý<-lÜ-0-‚$-+#ë<-:Ê +è-‚ë$-
eè+-`Ü-*/<-,Ü-7há:-ý-uë-/ß9-/-´¥,-/)#<-`-Ü &-F0<-/þè+-90Ü -bÜ<-+$-<-/ë,-bÜ-&-,-Ü Jë#<-90Ü -
bÜ<-‚ë$-/-8Ü,-5Ü$-Ê 'Ü-P9-‚ë$-,Ê 7há:-/7Ü-&<ë -:<-(ë,-Z¨#-/W:-bÜ-F0-ý9-;9-/7Ü-9Ü#<-
{æ,-+è-(+Ü -:0-/+è-/-&è,-/ë9-€ç9-/9-e+è -ý-:Ê €ç9-2±:-+è7Ü-9$-$ë-:-/<:-/5#-0+è -ý9-/5#-ý<-
#$-;9-bÜ-9$-/5Ü,-+#-[$-¸¥-7&9-/7Ü-#,+-`Ü<-)èÊ {æ-02,-+è<-#<$-W#<-`Ü-*è#-ý-7+Ü9-´¥,-
7e³$-/+è,-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-:0-/+è,-+$-Ê Z¨#-/W:-/+è,-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-7#ë#-/+è,-¸-¥ [$-/<-7o<-
/ß-:0-eè+-`Ü-+ë,-8$-+è-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-,-02,-(+Ü -*è#-ý-/<-#5Ü-\ë$-/-#è#<-‚$ë -/7Ü-:0-:<-a+-ý9-
¸¥-7.#<-ý7ëÊ Ê
+è-P9-/…å/-#5Ü-+0-8è-+eè9-0è+-$ë<-6Ü,-,<-U/<-`Ü-/…å/-e-+$ë<Ê +è-+#-#Ü-eÜ,-x/<-<0-
I:-:<-;9-/7Ü-02,-07Ü-T-YÊè +è7$-$ë-/ë-/{æ+-#<ß0-b-Ü v-0-9Ü#-73Ý,Ê *è#-9Ü0-+μ¥7Ü-8Ü-+0Ê
#,<-#<ß0-0"7-7ië7Ü-2#ì <-)è-I-/-#<ß0Ê F0-ý-5Ü-/-+$-h-ë /ëÊ &#<-o:-+$-&#<-/%<Ê
7"ë9-:ë7Ü-+/$-d³#-+$-7"ë9-bÜ-2:± -¸¥-/Y,-ý7Ü-eè-o#-/<0-:<-7+<-ý-8ë+-`$-Ê eÜ,-x/<-+$-
+$ë<-i/á -F0-ý-#(Ü<-#5,-:<-a+-ý9-¸¥-0<-7.#<-ý-f³9-¸¥-7*ë/-ý9-7+ë+-,<-I-/-#<ß0-ý-ë +è-
´¥,-bÜ-#<$-#<ß0-8ë,-),-n,Ü -:<-+$-/%<-ý-#%Ü#-·¦-7¸¥<-ý-ýV-*+ë -n$è -I:-$-(Ü+-/Vë0-ý9-
e7ëË Ê+è-P9-8$-*ß#<-…å/-#<$-7¸¥<-#,+-8Ü#-:<Ê $-…å/-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-7iá/Î $-
0*ë$-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-0*ë$-Î $-,Ü-/+è-#;è#<-7¸¥<-ý-8Ü,Î 5è<-+$-Ê e$-#)è9-:<Ê
68

¸¥<-#<ß0-<$<-{<-0-:ß<-*0<-%+-`Ü<Î +/$-/U¨9-Bè<-#,$-Eë-Bè-l#-ýë-I:Î ýV-7e³$-


#,<-$-(Ü+-Vë0-ý-8Ü<Î 5Ü-hë-9/-7e0<-*0<-%+-Jë#<-ý9-7b²9Î 5è<-<ë#<-7e³$-/-P9-
9ëË Ê
+è-P9-/+è-#;è#<-´¥,-7¸¥<-μ-¥ 9ß-ýV-…/å -ý7Ü-2:± -#)è9-"-9è-99è -8$-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-0*7-8<-ý-
5Ü#-0&Ü<-ý-:<Ê 7+Ü9-XÜ#<-07Ü-@ã+-ý-0*9-*ß#-ý-þ/ë -ý7Ü-+ý:-0#ë,-#%Ü#-/ß-ý-#)è9-7eÜ,-
9Ü#-73Ý,-iá/-ý7Ü-{:-ýë-F0-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü-6/-#)è9-+$-7oè:-/7Ü-+/$-¸¥-e<-,<Ê dÜ-P9-e$-&±/-
/…å/-ý7Ü-:0-:-7n:-+$-8ß,-¸¥-dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-#è#<-+$-/9-&+-´¥,-<è:-/7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥Ê [$-rÜ+-
6Ü:-bÜ<-#,ë,-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#1ì-/ë-{:-/-U¨-#<ß0-bÜ-F0-ý-;9-/-μ-¥ 9ß-ýV-7e³$-#,<-:Ê 7"ë9-
μ¥-9ß-{:-/7Ü-#¸¥$-73Ý,-<ë#<-9#Ü -73Ý,-I:-7&$-&,è -ý-ë F0-7ná:-/%°-#(Ü<Ê Vë-r$á -+ý7-/ë-8/-
8ß0-bÜ<-/Uë9-/-/%<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-8$ë <-Jë#<-₫Ü-+$-Ê eè-o#-&ë<-U¨-2é-+ý#-0è+-T-/%°-#<ß0-ý-
Vè9-¸¥-d$³ -/<-02ì,-<-ë <ë7Ü-2:± -¸¥-/Xè,-ý9-e-Yè-{:-ýë-&,è -ý-ë :-X,-#<,-7/è/<-ý-P-/7ß Êë Ê
,$-P9-0&ë#-+$-*ß,-0ë$-#Ü-+$ë<-iá/-8Ü+-:-#$-/<0-ý-*0<-%+-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥Ê
#1ì-/ë-a/-/+#-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-μ¥-9ß-8Ü+-/5Ü,-,ë9-/ß-:Ê 7"ë9-μ¥-9ß-&-è /7Ü-&è-0&ë#-<ë#<-F0-7ná:-
/%°-#<ß0-Vë-rá$-/5Ü-+$-/%<-ýÊ /þè+-ý-+$-Jë#<-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-#(Ü<-:-/Dè,-,<-*/<-:0-+$-
ië:-/7Ü-:0-:-º¥#<-,<-(è-/9-/Xè,-ý9-e-Yè-{:-ýë-:-7oè:-/)#<-ý-P-/ß7ëÊ Ê
#<$-/-+ë,-9$-<0è <-&ë<-*0<-%+-`-Ü #,<-:ß#<-+eÜ$<-!-+#-+$-T©,-iá/-9Ü#-ý-+eè9-0è+-
6ß$-¸¥-7'ß#-ý-(Ü+-D#<-d#-{7Ü-#6ß#<-<ß-;9-/-02ì-þè<-Eë-Bè-7&$-&,è -ýÊë I-/-#<ß0-ý-ë ´¥,-"-
#%Ü#-·-¦ 7lÜ:-/-9$-e³$-/+è-&è,-9ë:-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:-ë (Ü+Ê /þè+-J#ë <-+eè9-0+è -:0-6/-XÜ$-ýë7-Ü F:-
7eë9-b<Ü -(0<-<ß-v$<-,<-0Ü-7b²9-T,-%Ü#-þè<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-/…å/-ý9-e-Yè-{:-ý-ë 0(è<-,<-7+ë+-
+ë,-iá/-ý-P-/ß7ëÊ Ê
8$-#<$-9#Ü -73Ý,-#1ì-0&ë#-E-ë Bè-l#-ýë-I:-dë#<-¸¥<-`Ü-/+è-/9-#;è#<-ý-´,¥ -7¸¥<-;Ü$-
7/9-/-&è,-ýë-h#-7*ß$-9ë:-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-9/-7e0<-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý7Ü-8Ü-+0-bÜ-T-#<$-/-
#%Ü#-7iá/-(Ü+Ê iá/-ý-&è,-ýë-+$-7oè:-/7Ü-(è-{æ7Ü-₫ë+-ý7Ü-/½§:-º¥#<-:-/Dè,-,<-0*9-*ß#-#Ü-
7o<-/ß-U¨-+$-8è-;<è -M-0$ë,-¸-¥ e-YèÊ {:-ý7ë -Ü #ë-<9-9$-(Ü+-7"ë+-,<-+/$-/€ç9-/-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-#$-#Ü<-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-/Y,-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
#$-8$-…å/-eè+-*/<-`Ü-9Ü0-ý-,ÜÎ Wë,-7ië -+$ë<-#5Ü-Bè<-`Ü-e-/<-7'ß#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-/…å/-e-v-0-d-Ü ,$-#<$-/-8$-#<$-+è-+#-#$-:7$-…/å -eè+-*/<-`Ü-9Ü0-
69

ý-,ÜÊ *ë#-09-W,ë -¸¥-7ië-/-/<#-‚ë$-7#:-\ë$-0*ß,-…/å -bÜ-9Ü0-ý-+$-Ê /9-¸-¥ +$ë<-#5Ü-/þè+-


ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-8,-:#-+$-/%<-ý-+$-Ê 0*9-nÜ,-:<-`Ü-"-Uë$-/-Bè<-bÜ-e-/-Yè-F0-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-
(0<-:è,-:-#º¥#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê I-/7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-+$-Ê +è-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-9/-
7e0<-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-<ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-#<ß0Ê Wë,-7iëÊ +$ë<-#5ÜÊ Bè<-`Ü-e-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-
:7$-#(Ü<Ê hÜ+-`Ü-Wë,-7ië-+$-Ê &ë-#7Ü-Wë,-7ië7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-h+Ü -`Ü-Wë,-7ië-:7$-/5ÜÊ :0-
bÜ-I-/-þ/<-<è0<Ê 7#:-zè,-ZÜ#-…Ü/-‚ë$-/-Eë9-<è0<-/Vë0-/w<Ê 0*ß,-zè,-2ì#<-/<#<-
ý-0¼:-bÜ-9Ü0-ýÊ eÜ,-x/<-f³9-¸¥-7'ß#-ý-v-07Ü-F:-7eë9-9ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð:0-bÜ-I-/-þ/<-<è0<-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-:-þ/<-<ë$-e$-&±/-<è0<-/þè+-,<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ …å/-eè+-`Ü-*/<-+è-:7$-*ë#-09-8ß:-a+-ý9-%,-:-þ/<-<ß-<$ë -5$Ü -Ê T#-ý7Ü-
/<0-ý<-e$-&±/-0&ë#-·¦-<è0<-/þè+-ý-Wë,-¸¥-/)$-,<-(0<-:è,-F0<-:-9Ü0-bÜ<-#º¥#-ý9-e-
+#ë<-)Êè <$<-{<-`Ü-&ë<-*0<-%+-`Ü-#5Ü70-I-/-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +è-+#-#Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-#ë$-¸¥-
/Y,-6,Ü -%Ü$-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê þ/<-7ië7-Ü {æ-$è<-7e³$-+$-#5,-.,-bÜ-/<0-ýÊ 8ß:-2$<-<ë#<-
:ë#-ý7Ü-Yë,-ý-+$-D#-&+-`-Ü :0-+$-+è-73Ý,-#$-6#-/%<-\$<-,<-+è-+#-:<-a+-ý9-¸¥-0<-
7.#<-ý-*ß,-0$ë -+!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0Ê a+-ý9-I-/-#<ß0Ê ´¥,-7¸¥<-E-ë Bè-yë/-+ýë,-:Ê #$-6#-
9$-#<Ü -*ë#-l$<-09-b²9-0"7-a/-bÜ-7ië-/<Ê ¸¥<-e$-&/± -0-*ë/-`-Ü /9-¸¥Ê 2±:-%Ü-03+-aè+-
;è<-`Ü-μ<¥ -ý-&è,-ýë<Ê +0Ü#<-7+ë,-n,Ü -:<-<ë-<7ë -Ü #º¥$-:<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-e+è -ý-,Ü-8ß:-+$-e+è -
ýë-#(Ü<-<ß-73Ý,-ý<-´¥,-Jë/-{7æ -Ü þ/<-7ië-+$-Ê <è0<-(Ü+-8-è ,<-9$-/5Ü,-F0-+#-8è-;è<-<ß0-
Q,-+!ë,-0&ë#-I-#<ß0-¸¥-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý-:Ê +è-P9-;è<-ý<-8ß:-+$-eè+-ýë-#(Ü<-0è+-¸¥-Dë#<-ý-,Ü-
+ë,-+0-7o<-/7ß -Ü þ/<-7ië-YèÊ 8è-;<è -i/á -ý-:<Ê +#-*ë/-o:-/7Ü-<è0<-<$<-{<Ê Ê0Ü-
7b²9-lÜ-0è+-&ë<-+$-,ÊÜ Ê8ë,-),-T©,-Jë#<-+#è-7¸¥,-(Ü+Ê Ê8Ü,-dÜ9-9$-#Ü-<0è <-(Ü+-0&ë# Ê%è<-
<ëË Ê<è0<-/þè+-`$-0+ë9-,-Dè,-XÜ$-Bè-+$-Ê /Dè,-ý-e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-6ß$-¸¥-7oè:-/<-´¥,-Jë/-
^ë,-7'ß#-+$-Ê +ë,-+0-‡ë<-ý-*0<-%+-+$-o:-/7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-7ë+-#<:-/7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-0(0-
ý9-7'ë#-ý-:-#,+-*0<-%+-2$-YèÊ f$-7+<-:<Ê ´¥,-Jë/-+ë,-+0-+eè-/-8Ü<Ê Êe$-&±/-
<è0<-+è-F0-ý-#(Ü<Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð7#:-zè,-ZÜ#-…Ü/-‚ë$-/-Eë9-<è0<-/Vë0-/w<-Ñ,ÜÊ
(0<-Dë#<-8ë ,-),-þè-/7Ü-#è#<-#%Ü# -ýÎß ZÜ# -P$© -:-7bë+-v-0-Eë-Bè-<0è <Î
70

þ/<-<ß -/6ß$-5Ü$-T-/Vë0-W#<-/w<-)èÎ /;#<-Zë0-l#-ýë<-9$-{æ+-:è#<-ý9-‚$-Î


5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ₫Ü9-<-ë <ë-þ-è /ë7Ü-{+æ -:-*ë#-0è+-,<-/<#<-ý7Ü-…Ü/-#(Ü<-/#-&#<-+$-/%<-ý-
2,-ý-ë &è-8ë+-ý<-*9-ý-+$-F0-0aè,-:-/9-¸¥-#%ë+-%Ü$-Ê a+-ý9-:0-bÜ-+$ë<-#5Ü7Ü-(0<-f$ë -+$-
Dë#<-ý7Ü-8è-;<è -2±:-/5Ü,-¸¥-0Ü-þ-è /7Ü-#è#<-#%Ü#-ýß-,ÊÜ W9-/<#<-`Ü-ZÜ#-ý-+$-/%<-ý-:<-
7#:-/7Ü-P©$-/-F0<-8Ü,-ý<Ê +è-+#-:-#,ë$-5Ü$-7bë+-ý-&è,-ýë<-+è-‚ë$-eè+-`Ü-#(è,-ýë-a+-ý9-¸¥-
7.#<-ýÊ v-0-+$-+eè9-0è+-ý7Ü-/%ë0-Q,-7+<-Eë-Bè-<è0<-+ý7-þ/<-<-ß Iè-#%Ü#-ý9-/6ß$-5Ü$-Ê
dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-F:-7eë9-#$-9ß$-+$-7oè:-/9-U¨-T7Ü-F0-ý-/Vë0Ê XÜ$-ýë7Ü-#<$-W#<-8Ü-#è-
/{-ý-/¸¥+-IÜ-7/è/<-‚$ë -<#ë <-+0Ü#<-ý7Ü-7në-7¸¥-+$-/%<-)-è /wÊ ZÜ#-P©$-W9-e<-/;#<-
;Ü$-dÜ,-&+-0Ü-e-/7Ü-Zë0-<è0<-l#-ýë<-9$-#Ü-{æ+-:è#<-ý9-‚$<-,<-F0-ý9-+#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
+è7$-&ë<-/5Ü-/Y,-ý7Ü-0+ë-:<Ê e0<-ýÊ e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý7-&ë<-/5Ü-+$-Q,-,-ZÜ#-ý-e<-
;Ü$-/<#<-ý-*0<-%+-6:Ü -bÜ<-,ë,-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê/5Ü-#$-5è-,Ê 7+Ü-P-YèÊ F0-ý9-<ß,-7eÜ,-
ý-´¥,-·¦-₫+ë -ý-+$-Ê #(è,-ýë-´¥,-·¦-₫ë+-ý-+$-Ê <ë9-&±+-ý7Ü-Yë/<-+$-Ê Dè,-bÜ-Y/ë <-<ëÊ Ê5è<-
#<ß$<-ý-P9-ZÜ#-ý-/;#<-ý-:-Yë/<-/5Ü-2$-+#ë<-;Ü$-+è-2$-,-ZÜ#-ý7Ü-.ß$-ýë-9Ü-9/-10-8$-
/;#<-ý-2+-Q,-:,-#%Ü#-#Ü<-e$-/9-7b²9-)èÊ 0+ë-:<Ê #$-#Ü<-/U:-ý-¸¥-0-9ßÊ ÊZÜ#-ý-
;Ü,-·¦-0Ü-/6+-/bÜ<Ê Ê:,-%Ü#-9/-·-¦ /;#<-ý-8<Ü Ê Ê+è-+#-*0<-%+-e$-/9-7b²9Ê Ê%è<-
<ëË Ê
+è-:-U/<-7+Ü9-Dè,-bÜ-Yë/<-,ÜÊ /;#<-8:ß -`Ü-Dè,-v-0-Eë-B-è <è0<-+ý7Ê 9$-{+æ -`Ü-Dè,-+è-
:-Iè-#%Ü#-μ¥<-ý<-þ/<-<ß-7ië-/-+$-e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-0Ü-#)ë$-/-8Ü,-:Ê +è7$-7+Ü9-/+#-#5,-
bÜ-Z#Ü -i/Ü -+#-ý9-03+-¸¥-#<ë:-X0-ý-+$-Ê W#<-+ë,-/<0-ý-:-2$-Ê W#<-+ë,-,ÜÊ Eë-B-è
<è0<-+ý7-+0-2Ý#-Bè<-<ß-þë$-Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-#<ë:-7+è/<-*ß#<-{æ+-/U¨:-/7Ü-2Ý#-8Ü,Ê #(è,-
ýë-´¥,-·¦-₫ë+-ý7Ü-Yë/<-,ÜÊ 0Ü-+#è-/7Ü-#(è,-ýë9-+#è-/-:-₫ë+-ý-Y-è 7+Ü9-T-V0ë -W#<-/w-ZÜ#-…Ü/-
/gá-/7Ü-+0Ü#<-#,+-<ë#<-8Ü,Ê <ß,-7eÜ,-ý7Ü-Yë/<-W9-e<-:-7bë+-ý-+$-Ê <ë9-&±+-ý70-
y9-Që#-ý7Ü-Yë/<-dÜ,-&+-Zë0-ý7Ü-<è0<-8Ü,-ý<Ê Yë/<-#(Ü<-ýë-+è-/w<-ý7Ü-0'ß#-·¦-/+#-,Ü-0-Ü
;è<-<ë#<-2Ý#<-/%+-T©#-#Ü-/;#<-ý-/)ë,-,-+è-:-2$-5Ü$-Ê #:-)è-0Ü-7+ë,-,7$-#,ë$-7bë+-0è+-
,-/;#<-ý7Ü-v-ë 0Ü-þ-è 5Ü$-Ê 7bë+-ý-/;7-0-5#Ü -þè<-d,Ü -&+-(è<-+0Ü#<-;è<-ý<-Z0ë -<0è <-
»¥#<-:-7e³$-/-&ë<-(Ü+-+ëÊ Ê
7+Ü-(Ü+-#<$-W#<-v-0è+-`-Ü ,$-#Ü-h<á -8Ü,-ý<-*ë#-09-‚9ë -/7$-;Ü,-·-¦ 7oè:-&#<-ý-8,Ü -
%Ü$-Ë ₫Ü9-/Vë0-/w<-7+Ü7-Ü .,-8,ë -2+-0è+-ý9-#<ß$<-)Êè +#ë$<-ý-2Ý#-#<ß0-ý7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê
71

Eë-Bè-<è0<-+ý7-/Vë0<-,<-,ÜÊ ÊW#<-`$-9/-·¦-/w-eè+-ýÊ Ê+è-8Ü-ZÜ#-´¥,-e$-,<-,ÜÊ ÊEë-Bè-


<è0<-+ý7-7l-/9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê Eë-B-è <è0<-+ý7-u7ä -Ü {æ+-:<Ê 9$-e$³ -*Ü#-:-è 8Ü-#-è
/{Ë Ê<$<-{<-´¥,-bÜ-<-/ë,-)èÊ Ê(0<-&#<-*0<-%+-7'ë0<-ý9-eè+Ê Ê%è<-+$-Ê lÜ-0è+-
/;#<-ý7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê 7+Ü-+#-¸¥<-#%Ü#-:-/{-I-/{+-/w<-,-(0<-&#<-*0<-%+-/U$<-)è-
$,-<$ë -#<ß0-:<-*9-/9-7b²9-9ë-5è<-<ë#<-{-&è9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð0*ß,-zè,-2ì#<-/<#<-ý-0¼:-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
8è-;è<-/<ë+-,0<-2ì# <-:-9#-:<-dÜ9Î I-#<ß0-{-02ì9-dÜ-,$-[ë+-/%°+-+$-Î
.ß$-"0<-þè-0&è+-9$-e³$-e$-&±/-<è 0<Î 0"7-a/-0&ë+-‡Ü,-,0-0"7Ü-03ì+-¸¥-7/ß:Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7.#<-ý-tä-…å/-`Ü<Ê +è-7l7Ü-<-/ë,-*0<-%+-:<Ê Ê{æ-+$-7l-/7Ü-7o<-/ß-
7e³$-Ë Ê<-/,ë -0+è -ý9-7o<-8ë+-ýÊ Ê;è<-Q,-#$-#Ü<-…/å -ý9-¹¥<Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-&ë<-*0<-%+-
{æ-7o<-7oè:-/-%,-·¦-iá/-ý<Ê /+è,-#(Ü<-+eè9-0+è -`-Ü P-/<-#5Ü-/6ß$-Ê 2ì#<-#(Ü<-6ß$-
7oè:-¸-¥ Jë#<-ý<-{æ-e<Ê &ë<-U¨-+$-#6ß#<-U¨7Ü-7o<-/-ß 7e³$-/-8,Ü -5Ü$-Ê +è7$-9Ü,-&è,-nè$-/-
:<Ë #6ß#<-`Ü-U-¨ +è-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê Ê/<ë+-,0<-2ì#<-:<-7e³$-/-YèÊ Ê&ë<-`Ü-U¨-+-è 0+ë9-/Z¨-
,Ë Ê{:-ýë-8è-;è<-2ì#<-:<-7há$<Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê 7o<-/ß7Ü-0*9-*ß#-&ë<-U¨-*ë/-ý7Ü-
{æ-0*ß,-5Ü-T#-#Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-2#ì <-8Ü,-:Ê +è7$-/<ë+-,0<-`Ü-2#ì <-/<#<-ý-:-9#-
:<-;Ü$-‚Ü,-<ë#<-.9-dÜ,-b<Ü -/Z¨<-ý7Ü-/<ë+-,0<-/<#-*/<-0*7-8<-ý-5Ü#-0&Ü<-`$-Ê e-
y-:-+ë,-&è-/-0¼:-.ß:-/-:<-T#-ý-#$-8$-0è+-ý<Ê +è-:-7/+-+#ë<-ý-8Ü,-ý<Ê +è7$-#$-:-
7/ß:-/7Ü-8ß:-…/å -ý7Ü-0¼:-I-#<ß0-9/-7e0<-{-02ì-0"7-a/-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë9-0$ë,-<ß0-/5Ü,-¸¥-
/º¥#<-ý9-0<ë -ý-:Ê 7/ß:-e7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-0&ë+-ý7Ü-0¼:-#1$-5Ü$-+#-:-b-,ë0-ý-:#-:è,-0*ë$-
/{æ+-P9-/!ë+-ý<-+0Ü#<-Dè,-¸¥-e<-)èÊ dÜ-P9-,-+/$-&è,-#<è9-bÜ-<-#5Ü-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-9-Ü 9/-uÜ$-
/5Ü-(Ü-w-<ë#<-[ë+-`Ü-7'Ü#-Dè,-T-0Ü7Ü-7eë9-2ì#<-/<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-ý-/%°+-`Ü<-8ë$<-<ß-#)0<-ý-
+$-Ë ,$-P9-,-9$-:<ß -.ß$-ýë-M-"0<-M-þ-è 0&è+-lá#-#Ü<-/Z¨<-ý-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý-
YèË ý#<-ý-#<è9-bÜ-<-#5ÜÊ h#-e³#-ýÊ V:-2Ý#<-9Ü-9/Ê 8,-:#-/5Ü-uÜ$-/5ÜÊ I-9ë-
z$-(-Ü wÊ e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-T-07Ü -Ü 7eë9-2ì#<-<ë#<-9$-:ß<-[ë+-/%°+-`Ü-7'Ü#-D,è -9,Ü -ýë-&è7Ü-7e³$-
#,<-<ß-+0Ü#<-ý-+$-Ê #<$-/-P9-,-7"ë9-7+<-`Ü-{æ9-b²9-ý7Ü-´¥,-#5Ü-#<è9-bÜ-<-#5ÜÊ +è-
(Ü+-XÜ$-Bè-e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-+$-0-o:-/-lÜ7Ü-e³#-ýÊ 9$-9Ü#-ý-9$-e³$-7ë+-#<:-e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-
9Ü,-ýë-&è7Ü-9Ü-9/Ê +è-:<-2+-0è+-/5Ü-+$-+#7-/-/5Ü-+$-8è-;è<-/5Ü-<ë#<-7e³$-/-uÜ$-/5Ü-*/<-
;è<-6ß$-¸¥-7oè:-/-(Ü-w-:-<#ë <-ý9-T,© -b<Ü -i/á -ý-YèÊ 0+ë9-,-8ß:-&<ë -`Ü-+eÜ$<-#6ë+-0-,<-9$-
72

/5Ü,-bÜ<-F0-ý9-+#-ý-0è-:ë$-;Ü,-·-¦ ₯$<-ý-P-/7ß -Ü $ë<-:Ê 9$-9#Ü -ý-9$-e³$-#Ü-8è-;è<-0Ü-7b²9-


/7Ü-/+è-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-9ë:-ý-%Ü9-8$-0-7##-ý7Ü-I:-[$-#6ß#<-/C,-P-/ß-,0-0"7Ü-0*<-#·¦#<-ý9-
a/-ý7Ü-0&ë+-ý7Ü-‡Ü,-&è,-e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý7-,0-0"7-03ì+-`Ü-^ë,-:0-bÜ-Yë/<-:<-F0-ý9-7ná:-
ý-P9-0ë<-;$Ü -7"ë9-#<ß0-8$ë <-+#-#-Ü $$-¸¥-7/ß:-:Êë Ê
+è-P9-dÜ-,$-#<$-/-*0<-%+-0&ë+-‡Ü,-Yë/<-ý7Ü-Që#-&-,<-/<ë+-,0<-+$-Ê 0Ü-+0Ü#<-
ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`<Ü -6,Ü -ý7Ü-Q#ë -&-,<-8è-;<è -`Ü-2ì#<-<-ß 7b²9-/-8Ü,-:Ê 0¼:-7+Ü-(Ü+-+$ë<-ý-ë &±$-
8$-+0Ü#<-ý-+$-/<0-ý7Ü-*/<-a+-ý9-%,-bÜ<-\è:-/<-/<ë+-,0<-0*7-8<-ý-*ë/-ý9-7b²9-)èÊ
'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê .-9ë:-dÜ,-ý-7+Ü-F0<-(Ü+Ê Ê*ß/-ý<-0¼:-e<-ý<-*ë/Ê Ê/+è-#;è#<-.-ë o$-+0-ý-
7+ÜË Ê:ß<-`Ü<-:<-F0<-e<-ý-,ÜÊ Ê#<è9-bÜ-"-+#ë -+$-Q,-5$Ü -Ê Ê,+-´¥,-:<-,-Ü ië:-/-
+$-Ë Êw-/-P9-#<:-8+Ü -7ë$-/7ÜÊ ÊT-0Ü-a+-ý9-7.#<-ý-+$-Ê Ê,ë9-+$-#<è9-,-Ü .ß,-2ì#<-
ý<Ë Ê{:-ýë7Ü-9#Ü <-<ß-þè-/9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê !-0-:-»Ó-Ü :<Ê uÜ$-/5Ü-.ß:-/7Ü-/<ë+-,0<-
`Ü<Ë Ê/¸¥+-/5Ü-0-:ß<-5Ü-/9-7b²9Ê ÊuÜ$-n,-.ß:-/7Ü-/<ë+-,0<-`Ü<Ê Ê2+-0è+-/5Ü-+$-Q,-
ý9-7b²9Ê Ê9Ü,-&,è -[-/¸¥,-.ß:-/-8Ü<Ê Ê7.#<-ý7Ü-,ë9-/¸¥,-*ë/-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê#)è9-&è,-.ß:-
/7Ü-/<ë+-,0<-`<Ü Ê Ê0Ü-6+-:ë$<-₫+ë -7.è:-/9-7b²9Ê Ê(Ü-w-.ß:-/7Ü-/<ë+-,0<-`<Ü Ê ÊP-
Vë0-<è0<-:-#<:-/9-7b²9Ê Ê9Ü,-&,è -.:ß -/7Ü-/<ë+-,0<-`Ü<Ê Ê9$-e³$-8è-;<è -*ë/-ý9-
7b²9Ë Ê0¼:-#%Ü#-.:ß -lá#-+$-Q,Ê Ê/<ë+-,0<-2ì#<-,Ü-/<0-0Ü-a/Ê Ê+è<-,-+-è :-/Ië,-ý9-
eË Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-ÐeÜ,-x/<-f³9-¸¥-7'ß#-ý-v-07Ü-F:-7eë9-Ñ,ÜÊ
a+-ý9-eÜ,-x/<-+$ë<-iá/-´,¥ -bÜ -#5Ü Î v-07Ü-F:-7eë9-0ë<-μ¥<-#,+-¸¥-/[¨,Î
2ì#<-/<#-# <ë:-#+/-+/$-/5Ü7Ü-8è-;è<-v$-Î *ß#<-8Ü+-#%Ü#-/rè<-+#ë$<-ý7Ü-9$-$ë-/þ$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /<#<-‚$-+è-+#-´¥,-:<-`$-W#<-`Ü-:0-7+Ü9-a+-ý9-¸¥-#:-&-è /-,ÜÊ 9$-
{æ+-:-eÜ,-x/<-f³9-¸¥-7'ß#-ý-+$-*ß,-0ë$-+$-0&ë#-#-Ü +$ë<-iá/-´,¥ -b-Ü #5Ü-Dè,-¸¥-b²9-ý-,Ü-/!7-lÜ,-
<ß0-Q,-bÜ-I-/7Ü-v-0-"ë-,-8Ü,-ý<Ê +è-(+Ü -d#ë <-¸¥<-+!ë,-0&ë#-´¥,-7¸¥<-<-ß $è<-ý7Ü-;<è -ý-/D,-
ýë<-F:-7eë9-¸¥-e+è -ý-:-7/+-%Ü$-Ê +è7$-*ë#-09-2+-0+è -ý7Ü-/!7-lÜ,-l,-)è-%-Ü 03+-:è#<-ý9-
0*ë$-/7Ü-Vë-,<-0ë<-μ¥<-:-#,+-¸¥-/[¨,Ê #ë0<-,<-/%ë<-0Ü,-bÜ-0ë<-μ¥<-l#-ýë<-*-0:-bÜ-[$-
/-/1,-*/<-<ß-€ç9-¹¥<-ý-:-/y/Ê +è7$-*#ë -09-hÜ+-9Ü0-<ë-<-ë P9-8:ß -:0-Dè,-#<:-#+/Ê
₫Ü-7ië7-Ü 8,-:#-/¸¥,-ý70-a+-ý9-{,æ -/;#<-8,-:#-/{+-ý-+$-/%°-ý-#$-9ß$-#Ü<-2ì#<-
/<# Ê++-μ¥<-l#-ýë<-I-/{æ+-v-0-:-#<ë:-/-8$-8$-#+/Ê 0*9-eÜ,-x/<-+/$-/5Ü7Ü-8è-
73

;è<-:0-¸¥<-7ë+-6è9-‡<ë -*Ü0-bÜ-2±:-¸¥-v$-Ê 0ë<-μ¥<-»¥#<-`Ü<-7ë+-¸¥-º-¥ ,<-9$-:-/YÜ0Ê v-


07Ü-*#ß <-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-8-è ;è<-+$-9$-#Ü-8Ü+-&±-:-&±-/5#-ý-P9-+eè9-0è+-#%Ü#-·-¦ /rè<-:-9$-
,$-9<Ü -0+è -&,è -ýë7Ü-+#ë$<-ý7Ü-9$-$-ë Ië:-o:-T#© -ý9-/þ$-:-0(0-ý9-#5#-#ë Ê
+è7Ü-+ë,-%°$-6+-^ë<-,Ê yë/-+ýë,-£-/-Ü T<Ê #$-d9Ü -Eë-Bè-73Ý,-ý-8ÜÊ Ê+$ë<-iá/-yë/-+ýë,-
Bè<-7o$<-#<ß$<Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9Ê Eë-B-è *è#-ý7Ü-+$ë<-i/á -*0<-%+-v-0-+0-ý7Ü-B<è -<-ß 7o$-/-
:<-#5,-%Ü<-`$-2±:-/5Ü,-i/á -ý-0-8,Ü -ý<-v-07Ü-F:-7eë9-bÜ-:0-:-7'ß#-+#ë<Ê +è7$-E-ë Bè-0è-
:ë$-:<Ê Eë-Bè-<è0<-+ý7-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#1ìÊ Êv-0-<$<-{<-´¥,-+$-0(0Ê Ê5è<-ý<-I-/7Ü-v-
0-+è-(Ü+-<ë-þè70-7.#<-ý-#$-8Ü,-`$-9ß$-<$<-{<-+$ë<-<ß-/P-+#ë<-;Ü$-Ê +ë,-:-+è-/5Ü,-
#;è#<-ý-#%Ü#-:-#<ë:-/-/)/-ý<-*0<-%+-:-/)/-ý9-7b²9-,7$-Ê 9$-(Ü+-`Ü-/<0-ý7Ü-aè9-
<ë<-0ë<-ý-7'ß#-2±:-bÜ-a+-ý9-:<-.,-8ë,-{-&è-&±$-7e³$-/<-,-dë#<-/%°7Ü-+!ë,-0&ë#-´¥,-7¸¥<-
<ß-/P-+#ë<-ý-+$-Ê +è9-0-6+-/+#-%#-#Ü-[$-$ë9-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-:<-`$-/!7-lÜ,-&è-5Ü$-
&è<-T#-YèÊ %Ü7Ü-d9Ü -5-è ,Ê /+#-%#-:-<$<-{<-#6ß#<-`Ü-U¨-+$ë<-`Ü-5:-/P-/-+$-#<ß$-*ë<-
ý7Ü-U:-/<-.ë$<-ý7Ü-U/<-7+Ü9Ê 9$-{æ+-:-<$<-{<-`Ü-nÜ,-:<-7'ë#-ý7Ü-/+#-z,è -03+-ý<-
<$<-{<-&ë<-`-Ü U¨7Ü-5:-/P-/-:-‚9ë -/7Ü-/!7-lÜ,-,-Ü /<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-%Ü$-<$<-{<-´,¥ -:<-T#-
ý9-$<è -ý<-<ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-,0-0"7-lÜ-0-0è+-ý7Ü-0+ë-:<Ê ´¥,-+#7-/ëÊ +è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-
F0<-,Ü-<è0<-%,-*0<-%+-:-[$-/7$-0-8Ü,-bÜÊ +#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-,Ü-8ë$<-<ß-[$-/<-&ë<-
Yë,-5Ü$-*9-ý7Ü-<-/,ë -7+è/<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-F0<-:<-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-T#-ý9-
6ß$-5Ü#-%è<-+$-Ê a+-ý9-W#<-`Ü-*è#-ý-7+Ü9-Eë-Bè-yë/-+ýë,-bÜ-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-:-+`Ü:-7"ë9-bÜ-T-
*0<-%+-Bè<-<ß-º¥#<-ý7Ü-2±:-b<Ü -7ië-+,ë -03+-ý-8,Ü -ý<Ê Eë-B-è yë/-+ýë,-:-/C<-ý70-0&ë+-,-
+`Ü:-7"ë9-bÜ-7"ë9-:ë-*0<-%+-:-+è-P9-e<-ý9-7b²9-/<-"è-(è,-#(Ü<-!-#5,-:<-&è<-&è-/-8Ü,-
5Ü$-Ë #<ë:-7+è/<-`Ü-8ß:-#<:-#+/-ý-:7$-8è-;è<-ý-P9-#5,-,<-₫,-7lè,-ý-+$-Ê W9-
8ë+-#<:-7+è/<-`Ü-2±:-¸-¥ Vë0-ý-#(Ü<-+ë,-:-a+-ý9-0è+-+èÊ 0+ë-:<Ê #$-5Ü#-{:-/-8Ü+-eè+-
ýË Ê+è-8Ü-0¸¥,-,-+è-/º¥#<-)èÊ ÊD#-ý9-e,Ü -bÜ<-xë/-ý9-eè+Ê Ê%è<-<Êë Ê
2ì#<-/<#<-8,-:#-/¸¥,-ý-0+ë-Z-è F0<-:<-{<-/Z¨<-%Ü-9Ü#<-ý-.,-8ë,-/%<-8$-8$-
#<ß$<-;Ü$-Ê +ý:-]<-`Ü<-º<¥ -ý7Ü-0+ë-:<Ê #$-5Ü#-dë#<-/%°7-Ü <$<-{<-:Ê Ê+0Ü#<-
,<-*:-0ë-‚9-e<-)èÊ Êd#-72:-+è-/5Ü,-0&ë+-eè+-+0Ê Ê/<ë+-,0<-+#-:-8Ü-9$-5Ü$-Ê ÊZÜ#-
ý-+#-`$-7&#<-ý9-/bÜ+Ê Ê/U¨:-+$-#<ë:-/-7+è/<-b²9-ýÊ Ê+è-8Ü-/<ë+-,0<-.ß$-ýë-,ÜÊ Ê
,0-0"7-#$-/9-D#-·¦-7e³$-Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<Ê 8,-:#-/{+-ý-,ÜÊ <$<-{<-#<$-/7Ü-:0-
74

9Ü0-¸¥Ê 8,-:#-/{+-ý7Ü-2±:-/6ß$-:Ê Ê5è<-ý7Ü-+,ë -Vè#-ý-Eë-Bè7Ü-{æ,-/;#<-I-/9Ê {:-/-


7"ë9-/%<-₫,-l$<-)èÊ Êv-0-XÜ$-ýë9-/º¥#<-ý-:Ê Êd#-þ/<-0&ë+-+$-/;#<-ý-+$-Ê Ê8Ü-
9$-<0è <-/þè+-:ß<-+/ß:-+$-Ê Êe$-&±/-&è,-ýë9-8ë$<-<-ß /WëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê +è-8-Ü :<-e$-¸¥Ê
Eë-Bè-yë/-+ýë,-<$<-{<-+ý:Ê Ê5è<-<#ë <-7e³$-/-7+Ü7Ü-U/<-<-ß f-$,-:<-0Ü-7+7-/9-#<ë:-/-
7+è/<-ý-+$-Ê &ë<-7"ë9-/Uë9-/-#(Ü<-0Ü-7e³$-/-,-Ü W#<-`-Ü Yë,-ý-$<è -ý-M-Q,-8Ü,-dÜ9-f-$,-
:<-7+7-/9-0Ü-Yë,-ý-+$-Ê +è-/5Ü,-¸¥-&ë<-¸¥<-#<ß0-¸¥<-0è+-¸¥-Yë,-ý-:<-/U¨:-/-:-0Ü-Pë<-ý<-
*ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý7Ü-U/<-7+Ü9-+è-#(Ü<-0Ü-+#ë<-ý9-/5è+-%Ü$-Ê #(Ü<-ý7ë -Ü 2/-·¦-þ/<-<è0<-:<ß -
+/ß:-/[,-ý<-8,-:#-/{+-+$-Ê /%°-ý-,Ü-/!7-/{+-8ë$<-Jë#<-+$-#)è9-CÜ$-*ß#<-…å/-7#7-
5Ü#-:<-`$-7e³$-5$Ü -₫-Ü 0*ß,-lá#-ýë7-Ü Yè$-¸¥-₫,-7lè,-/º¥#<-#<ë:-/Wë-/-+$-^ë,-:0-a+-ý9-dè-
/<-/%°9-/IÜ<Ê +è-+#-#Ü-+0Ü#<-ý-,-Ü 7+Ü9-8#Ü -2#ì <-:-7'Ü#<-ý<-0-‡ë<-<Êë Ê
#<ë:-/-#$-:-7+è/<-ý7Ü-8ß:-8$-{:-/-+#ë$<-/{æ+Ê 9Ü#-73Ý,-/E-/{æ+Ê #$-6#-X,-
/{æ+-#<ß0-bÜ-Yè$-¸-¥ #)è9-07Ü-d#ë <-7+Ü9-*#ß <-Bè-e,Ü -x/<Ê 0"7-7ië-#)+-{Ê ^ë,-:0-+/$-
/U¨9-#<ß0-bÜ-&±-/ë-8$-‡å:-U¨-#)è9-Yë,-(Ü+-:-2$-/<-/{æ+-ý-lá#-Q,-bÜ-I-/{æ+-9Ü#-73Ý,-v-0-
F0<-dë#<-¸¥<-+!ë,-0&ë#-I-#<ß0-0-:ß<-ý7Ü-$ë-/ë9-;è<-ý-+$-Ê #$-#Ü<-7+è/<-ý-ýë-0"7-
0(0-7ië-/-´¥,-bÜ-e$-9$-#Ü<-l$<-ý<-+$-Ê 'Ü-P9-7+è/<-,-I-/{æ+-v-0-+è-F0<-þë,-´¥,-6+-
8ë,-),-´¥,-Jë#<-+#ë<-7+ë+-´¥,-7e³$-¸¥-vë-*#-/%+-,<-9è-Pë<-:Ü$<-/þç9-bÜ-#¸¥$-»¥#<-l#-ýë<-
+$-Ë #$-#-Ü dÜ9-,-9Ü0-#(Ü<-V0ë -ý7Ü-/9-&+-5Ü-5Ü$-+$ë<-iá/-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-8-è ;<è -&è,-ýë7Ü-e,Ü -
x/<-{æ+-:-º¥#<-,<-0&ë#-#Ü-+$ë<-i/á -f9³ -¸¥-7iá/-ý7Ü-y+-¸¥7ëÊ Ê
v-07Ü-F:-7eë9-Vë0-ý7Ü-.,-8ë,-,ÜÊ ´¥,-7¸¥<-9,Ü -ý-ë &è7Ü-{+æ -:<Ê #$-#<Ü -/U:-ý-7/ß0-
n#-·¦Ê ÊT-U¨-7/ß0-n#-/Vë0-ý-/<Ê Êv-0-%°$-6+-l,-ý-0&ë# Ê/<ë+-,0<-7+Ü-,Ü-.-0*7-
8<Ë Ê5è<-<ë#<-#<9-CÜ$-{æ+-#º¥$-´,¥ -:<-0*7-8<-ý-#<ß$<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-&ë-#7Ü-Wë,-7ië-:-#(Ü<Ê 7#:-zè,-/<:-/-+$-Ê 0*ß,-z,è -/…å/-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-
#(Ü<Ë /#è#<-/„+-ý-+$-Ê rá$-/7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-/Vë0-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð/#è#<-/„+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
9$-/5Ü,-0-iá/-P9-[$-/#è #<-`Ü-2ì#<Î #)ë9-0-eÜ,-:-/!7-/Vë-l#-·¦-/„+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê F0-ý9-Dë#-ý-/#è#<-8Ü,-)èÊ Ê/#è#<-,Ü-9$-#Ü-<è0<-:<-e³$-Ê Ê
5è<-ý-P9Ê #+ë+-,<-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-+$ë<-02,-¸¥-0-iá/-`$-9$-#Ü-(ë,-0ë$<-ý7Ü-Dë#-2ì#<-dÜ-9ë:-
¸¥-;9-/<-02,-0-P9-[$-/Ê /+#-7"ë9-8-ë e+-F:-7eë9-F0<-:-72é-5$Ü -u#<-P-/7Ü-/#è#<-
`Ü-2ì#<-Yë$-n#-/{+-%°-:-<ë#<-ý-:Ê /+#-(Ü+-=è-9ß-!7Ü-$-{:-+$-Q,-ý<-/;0<-ý7Ü-#)ë9-0-
75

W#<-+$-d#-{<-7+ë+-ý7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-6+-0Ü-;è<-ý9-/x/<-)-è /A,-ý9-eÜ,-:Ê /+è,-ý7Ü-2#Ý -


#Ü<-#,ë+-72é-0+è -ý9-#5,-¸¥-<ë$-5#Ü -ý7Ü-/!7-/VëÊ /A,-`$-0Ü-2Ý0<-;Ü$-5-Ü /7Ü-2Ý#-:-0Ü-(,-
ý7Ü-#¸¥#-ý-%,-0*7-+#-l#-ýë7Ü-W#<-+$-0è-02ì,-hë-&-± 7/9-/7Ü-&9-+//-ý<-ZÜ#<-/„+-#6Ü9-
)è-+ý#-2+-0$-ý7ë -Ü .-9ë:-·¦-/„+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ðrá$-/7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-/Vë0-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
Eë-Bè 7Ü-{:-*/<-d#-02,-0è -.$ß -+$-Î Vë-#<ß0-T-W#<-#¶¦#-0<-/9-&+-/rá$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ?ã,-0-/„+-,<-Vë-#%ë+-ý7Ü-+ýè-P9-/9-#%ë+-`Ü-/#è#<-/„+-,<-dÜ,-&+-0Ü-
7'ß#-ý7Ü-y+-¸¥-rá$-/7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-/Vë0-ý-:-M-YèÊ +$-ýë-,ÜÊ /+#-(Ü+-5è-Z$-Eë-Bè-:<-7në<-ý7Ü-
7ë+-6è9-bÜ<Ê 7ë#-Eë-B7è -Ü <-#5ÜÊ /9-E-ë Bè7Ü-•-/Ê Yè$-Eë-B7è -Ü μ9¥ -+$-v-oèÊ 9-μ¥9-bÜ-dÜ-9ë:-¸¥-Eë-
Bè7Ü-š-/<-#)0<-ý7Ü-μ9¥ -"$-{:-*/<-)-è {:-ý7ë -Ü .ë-o$-#Ü-N#<-9Ü-/1,-ýë-P-/-ß 0Ü-dè+-0Ü-;Ü#<-ýÊ
#(Ü<-ý-,ÊÜ +è7Ü-dÜ-9ë:-¸¥-7"ë9-:ë-E-ë Bè-9Ü,-&è,-ýV-9:-iÜ-Yè-9Ü#<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-d#-02,-M-ýë-9è-9è-
/5Ü,-7/9-5$Ü -/D,-ý-i$<-0è+-ý7Ü-μ9¥ -aÜ0-wä0-ý-ë dÜ-,$-M-ˆ#<-`Ü<-Yè$-7ë#-dë#<-020<-´¥,-
·¦-#)0<-ýÊ #<ß0-ý-,ÜÊ +è-+#-:<-þè<-ý7Ü-0è-8è-;è<-M-Q,-bÜ-"-+ë#-%,-/U:-ý-7'Ü#-ý7Ü-0è-
.ß$-P-/ß-9/-·¦-7/9-/<-0#9-bÜ-º,¥ -0-è :-ˆ$-/ß-/5Ü,-¸¥-/9-¸¥-#%ë+-ý<-dë#<-<7ß $-(è-0Ü-¹¥<-ý9-
+0Ü#<-ý7ëÊ Ê/5Ü-ý-,ÊÜ 9$-#5,-b-Ü Vë-#<ß0-T-W#<-#¶¦#-07Ü-8-è ;è<-<ß-#+ë+-,<-8,Ü -ý-:-
8Ü,-ý9-;è<-ý-,-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-T©,-iá/-`-Ü rá$-7"ë9-&è,-ýë-YÊè /+è-7¸¥<-:<Ê *0<-%+-<ß-+$-8-è ;è<-
+$-Î /#è#<-<ß-Dë#-ý-#$-8$-0+è Î /rá$-/9-e-+$-rá$-eè+-0+è Î %è<-<ëÊ ÊM-ý-,ÊÜ
#<$-7iè:-:<Ê 020<-`-Ü {:-ý-ë 0Ü-Dë#-8-è ;è<-`<Ü Ê Ê/#è#<-`Ü-{:-ý-ë F0-D#ë -0,,-ý9-
eË Ê5è<-ý-P9-*0<-%+-`$-+è-"-ë ,-(Ü+-`-Ü P-/<-6Ü,-ý-YèÊ /9-¸-¥ #%+-e-#%ë+-e+è -/9-&+-#<ß0-
!7$-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-0Ü-+0Ü#<-ý-!-+#-0(0-8$<-&è,-ýë9-;è<-,-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-:-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-`Ü<-u#<-
0Ü-C+è -ý<-rá$-/-F0<-`Ü-0&ë#-8Ü,-)èÊ yë/-+ýë,-&è,-ýë<Ê Dë#-<è0<-v-ë 8Ü-lÜ-0-+#Î /#è#<-
5è<-e-/7Ü-0Ü$-8$-0è+Î %è<-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê+è-+#-#-Ü +#ë<-ý7$-#:-nè$-:<Ê $ë-/-ë /+#-#5,-
#(Ü<-0è+-`$-Ê Ê+$-ýë7Ü-:<-%,-F:-7eë9-ý7ÜÊ Ê)Ü$-73Ý,-(0<-:è,-/9-#%ë+-+# Ê$è<-ý9-
/<:-dÜ9-020<-#%ë+-eÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-0*ß,-zè,-…å/-ý-:7$-#(Ü<Ê eÜ,-+//-ýÊ 0&ë+-J<-eÜ,-/x/-/ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐeÜ,-+//-ý-
Ñ,ÜÊ
8è-;è<-#6Ü-eÜ,-/+#-#,<-8ë-e+-:Î T#-ý9-+//-ý<-02,-07Ü-Dë#-ý-/<:Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ F:-7eë9-bÜ-7#:-zè,-/<:-,<-0*ß,-zè,-#1ì-/ë-[ë+-/%°+-8è-;è<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë9-eÜ,-
76

bÜ<-/x/-ý-:Ê +//-e-8è-;è<-T7Ü-7o<-&ë<-F0-M7Ü-#6Ü-/BÜ+-eÜ,-x/<-&è,-ýëÊ +//-ý7Ü-8ß:-


/+#-…å/-ý-ýë-+$-#,<-"$-…å/-ý7Ü-8ë-e+-+$-/%<-ý-F0<-:Ê 7/è/<-ý7Ü-2±:-++-0ë<-#¸¥$-
»¥#<-W#<-+$-)Ü$-73Ý,-a+-ý9-bÜ-‚9-\ë<-8Ü-₯#<-`-Ü 0è9-/rè#<-ý-+$-%$-)è7ß-lÜ:-/-ß <ë#<-`Ü-
…<-/U¨:-)èÊ )Ü:-bÜ-#$-/ß-"-dè-/-P9-0"7-a/-·¦-<+-ý7Ü-T-2ì#<-*0<-%+-/+#-#,<-8ë-e+-
:-T#-ý9-/YÜ0-5Ü$-+//-ý<Ê 0-+#-#(Ü<-,$-02,-07Ü-D#ë -ý-*0<-%+-+#-ý-9/-7e0<-8è-
;è<-`Ü-9:ë -ý-&è,-ý9ë -;9-/-YèÊ #:-n$è -:<Ê W#<-/Bë+-7ë+-/Z¨7Ü-d#-{-8Ü<Ê Ê7o<-/ß-F0-
M7Ü-eÜ,-x/<-+//Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð0&ë+-J<-eÜ,-/x/-Ñ,ÜÊ
dÜ-,$-#<$-0&ë+-)Ü$-73Ý,-9ë:-0ë-+$-Î W#<-+$-d#-{<-/+è-&è,-7+ë+-@ã 9-\è:Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ eÜ,-+//-ý7Ü-Bè<-<ßÊ #:-n$è -:<Ê 0Ü-+0Ü#<-&<ë -:-vë<-/)#<-;Ü$-Ê Ê8è-
;è<-%,-bÜ<-‚,Ü -Y/ë <-`Ü<Ê Ê*0<-%+-2±:-/5Ü,-eÜ,-b<Ü -/x/Ê Ê%è<-7e³$-/-P9-0&ë+-J<-e,Ü -
bÜ<-/x/-ý7Ü-*ë#-09-8è-;è<-9$-I:-0è-xä$-&9± -;9-/<-0-+#-#(Ü<-73Ý,-bÜ-(<è -þ,ë -*0<-%+-
/rè#<-#)ë9-/gá<-)è-/<$-Ê *-0:-¸¥-5è,-ý7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-F0<-‡ë<-o:-Y$ë -(Ü+-¸¥-‚$<-,<Ê dÜ-
0&ë+-T-J<-`Ü-0è-)ë#-<ë#<-(è9-₫ë+-MÊ +/$-M7Ü-ýßaè-<ë#<-9$-e³$-#Ü-+0-J<-MÊ Eë-Bè7Ü-
#6ß#<-<ë#<-7+ë+-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-M-ýë-F0<-<ë-<ë7Ü-0Ü$-#Ü-*ë#-0-:<-+è-+$-+è7Ü-7+ë+-8ë,-bÜ-F0-ý-0-
2$-/-0+è -ý-0&ë+-ý7Ü-Eã:-9è-9è-:<-`$-0&ë+-J<-<ë-<-ë *ë#<-ý7Ü-T-0-ë Eã:-Xè+-¸¥-7në-/7Ü-0&ë+-‡Ü,-
9/-7e0<-`Ü<-,0-0"7Ü-"0<-#$-/9-/<0-ý-+$-Ê ,$-0&ë+-^,-#)ë9-9%-#<ß0-<ë-<9ë -0è-
xä$-<-/ë,-<ë#<-`Ü<-‚9ë -/<-02,-73Ý,-9$-#-07Ü-Dë#-ý-‚$-Ê +0-8-è #(Ü<-0è+-`-Ü /¸¥+-I-Ü +$-
6#-0+è -7+ë+-8ë,-bÜ-.$ß -ýë-+$-&#<-0+è -+09-&è,-bÜ-{-02ì9-Dë# Ê&è<-&è9-7.è:-/<-0&ë+-‡Ü,-
0"7-a/-·¦-\9-/-+$-Ê #<$-0&ë+-#(Ü<-[$-:ë#-Dë#-#(Ü<-0è+-&ë<-+eÜ$<-<ß-/…:-/-+$-Ê
8ß:-+/$-;<è -#<ß0-*/<-;è<-6$ß -7'ß#-·¦-‚9ë -/-+$-Ê T#-ý-)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-bÜ-0&ë+-ý-[+ë -+#-ý7Ü-
5Ü$-/%°+-T-+$-T-0ë-Yè-[$-₫ë+-*0<-%+-0&ë+-ý7Ü-d#-{-:<-7+7-ý-0è+-ý-+$-Ê 0&ë+-ý7Ü-8ë-
e+-'-Ü Xè+-ý7$-<è0<-(Ü+-8è-;è<-&è,-ýë7Ü-9:ë -ý9-Z¨+-ý-9ë:-ý-8è-;è<-`Ü-0&ë+-ý-YÊè *0<-%+-`$-
0&ë+-J<-+0-2#Ý -#Ü-d#-{-:-<-ë <ë7Ü-9$-W#<-/Bë+-ý-&<ë -{Ê /%7-/-:<-{Ê /Vë0-ý-8è-{Ê
´¥,-`$-&ë<-(Ü+-I:-%Ü9-8$-[$-/-8è-;è<-€ç-07Ü-9ë:-ý9-;è<-ý-d#-{-&è,-ýë-F0<-+$-Q,-ý<-/+è-
/-&è,-ýë7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-b-Ü 0&ë+-ý7Ü-‡Ü,-.$ß -+`Ü:-7"ë9-/-F0<-`-Ü +/$-ýë7Ü-₫ë+-8:ß -¸¥-7+ë+-@ã9-7e³$-
/9-\è:-)è-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/-/ëÊ Ê
Wë,-7ië-7+Ü-F0<-:-+#-J#ë <-^Ü,-#<ß0-‚ë9-,Ê ‚$-e-7"ë9-/7Ü-¸¥<-<ß-'Ü-P9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-rÜ+-
77

ý9-7'ß#-ý-:-þè-#,<-`Ü-þë,-+$-d-Ü 07Ü-#,<-:ß<-:ë$<-₫ë+-`-Ü 7#:-zè,-F0<-‚$-5$Ü -/rá$-/-


+$-Ë 0*ß,-zè,-/<ë+-,0<-&-0*ß,-bÜ-:<-#<ë#-ý-F0<-+#-ý9-eè+Ê ‚$<-7o<-+$ë<-#5Ü-
<$<-{<-`Ü-03+-ý-:-/9-¸¥-#%ë+-ý7Ü-/¸¥+-/5Ü-/%ë0-ý-+$-2ì#<-#(Ü<-#<ë#-%Ü$-Ê 7ë+-6è9-&è,-
ýë<-+/$-/U¨9-/-+$-<$<-{<-`Ü-5Ü$-8ë$<-<ß-‚ë$-/7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-0$ë,-¸¥-eè+-ý-:-<ë#<-ý-+$-
0*ß,-ý<-7o<-/ß-Jë#<-ý9-eè+Ê ‚ë$-eè+-Wë,-7ië-7+Ü-+#-#Ü<-I-x$ä -*Ü#-:è7-Ü #è#<-+$-#ë:-<-
&ë+-%Ü$-(0<-Dë#<-`Ü-I:-"-/þè+-ý7Ü-*/<-H+-e$³ -¸¥-7b²9-/<-Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-^Ü,-eè+-¸¥-7ië-/9-
/;+-+ëÊ Ê
I-/7Ü-<-/%+-#(Ü<-ý-+$ë<-#5Ü-:-#(Ü<Ê I-/7Ü-F:-7eë9-+$-Ê +è7Ü-8,-:#-eè-o#-·¦-/;+-
ý7ëË Ê+$-ýë-:-/5ÜÊ {æ-)Ü$-73Ý,-#<ß0-bÜ-"ë#-+/ß/-ýÊ 7o<-/ß-Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ý7Ü-+ `Ü:-7"ë9-
/þè+-ýÊ #<:-/D,-+#-#<ß0-/;+-ýÊ rë#-Zë0-#6è9-/5Ü7Ü-0,-$#-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-
:7$-#(Ü<Ê +#-ý-+$-/%<-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-ýÊ +è-{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+#-ý-+ $-/%<-)è-
0+ë9-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+$ë<-#5Ü-7&Ü-+$-/9-+ë-þè-/7Ü-2±:Î ‚ë$-eè+-6/-+$-{-&è7Ü-)Ü$-73Ý,-,ÜÎ 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ …å/-*/<-`Ü-
+$ë<-#5Ü-D,è -/Dè,-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/þè+-ý7Ü-*ë#-09Ê ‚$-e-<0è <-%,-F0<-`Ü-7&Ü-rÜ+-+$-/9-
+ë7Ü-rÜ+-ý-+$-þè-/7Ü-rÜ+-ý7Ü-2±:-9Ü0-ý9-7e³$-/-+$-0*ß,-ý9Ê ‚ë$-eè+-6/-ý-+$-{-&è-/-+è-/5Ü,-
(Ü+Ë ´¥,-·¦-[$-Ê {æ7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-#<ß0-/Vë0-ý9-e-YèÊ +è<-,Ü-‚$<-7o<-U¨-#<ß0-7iá/-9ß$-
#Ü-Dè,-7oè:-7iÜ#<-ý-YèÊ <$<-{<-#<$-/7Ü-:0-9Ü0-:<Ê rÜ+-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-^Ü,-2±:-bÜ<Ê Ê
7'ß#-ý7Ü-8,-:#-M-9-ß /5# Ê#$-+#-+$ë<-´¥,-9$-9#Ü -dÜ9Ê Ê;Ü-/-+ë,-+0-/+è,-ý-YÊè Êþè-/-
/9-0-´,¥ -J/ë -8Ü,Ê Êþè<-ý7Ü-90Ü -#<ß0-#(Ü<-0è+-+ë,Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê +è-/5Ü,-(Ü+Ê ´¥,-[$-Ê {æ7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-,Êë Ê+$-ýë-Ð+è-
/5Ü,-(Ü+-Ñ,ÜÊ
Yë $-&è,-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-+eÜ $<-0"7-P9-+#Î /+è,-#(Ü<-+eè9-0è +-+eÜ$<-<ß-0(0-ý9-/5#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-Yë$-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-,ÜÊ ‚$-e-7ië-/-F0<-7&Ü-/7Ü-2-é dÜ-,$-#Ü-
*Ü0-9Ü0-F0<-Jë#<-ý7Ü-0*9-7&Ü-rÜ+-&ë<-U¨7Ü-7ë+-#<:-5è<-$ë-0-;è<-,-Që#-ý-%,-bÜ-…Ü/-o:-
#<:-Yë$-F0-ý9-0Ü-D#ë -ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-+9-#%Ü#-#,<-ý-+è-8Ü,-:Ê ‚ë$-eè+-7"ë9-7+<-`-Ü /Z¨<-ý7Ü-
&ë<-*0<-%+-<0è <-:<-#5,-¸-¥ 0è+-%Ü$-<è0<-`$-9$-#-Ü $ë-/<ë -0-i/á -ý<-&ë<-*0<-%+-`Ü-#,<-
:ß#<-+-è /5Ü,-(+Ü -#+ë+-0-,<-‡<ë -ý7Ü-0*7-*0<-%+-+$-o:-/<-,0-0"7-P9-+#-ýÊ ´¥,-Jë/-
+$-+ë,-+0-¸¥-73Ý,-ý7Ü-/6$-$,-+eè-/-e9-0è+-ý<-/+è,-#(Ü<-+eè9-0è+-T#-ý7Ü-&ë<-U¨-&è,-ýë-9$-
78

/5Ü,-bÜ<-7ë+-#<:-/7Ü-+eÜ$<-<-ß 0-/%ë<-ý9-0(0-ý9-/5# Ê+è-:0-¸¥-'Ü-P9-7b²9-,Ê F0-ý9-


0Ü-D#ë -ý7Ü-Yë$-(Ü+-+-è 7&Ü-/-7ë+-#<:-+$-Ê 7o<-/ß-&<ë -U-¨ #(Ü<-!-+$-F0-ý-0*ß,-5Ü$-+è-P9-
/Vë0<-ý7Ü-Bè<-*ë#-(Ü+-¸¥-7&Ü-/-+#-ý-&ë<-U¨7ë-X0-ý7Ü-#5Ü-7o<-ˆè:-/7Ü-$-{:-e-5Ü$-Ê +è-P9-
/Vë0<-ý<-09-7"ë9-/7Ü-l-Ü 0-7&Ü-rÜ+-‚ë$-5Ü$-D#-ý9-P-/-+$-Ê #6ß#<-0è+-`Ü-"0<-+#-ý9-
eè+Ë 89-‡ë<-ý-+$-o:-/7Ü-8-è ;è<-&ë<-U¨-0$ë,-¸¥-e+è -ý7Ü-9#Ü <-`Ü-<-/,ë -#<ë<-7+è/<-ý<-7o<-
/ß-Jë#<-ý9-eè+Ê /9-¸¥-+ë,-bÜ-7ë+-#<:-{æ+-:-þè-/7Ü-#5Ü-/)Ü$-/<-,-:0-#ë$-07Ü-Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-
^Ü,-eè+-¸¥-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-д¥,-[$-Ñ,ÜÊ
XÜ$-Bè-€ç -0-´¥,-[$-9Ü# -ý7Ü-‡Ü,Î #<:-:-73Ý,-0è+-0"7-a/-´¥,-·¦-‡ë Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ XÜ$-Bè-€-ç 0-´¥,-·¦-[$-/7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-,ÜÊ ‚$-e-7&Ü-r+Ü -`Ü-U+-%Ü#-/5Ü-ý7Ü-B<è -+-è
(Ü+-:-T©,-iá/-:ë$<-U¨7-Ü 7ë+-#<:-,0-0"7-‡,Ü -+$-o:-/-P-/ß-:-8è-;è<-M7Ü-9$-[$-7+ë -+$-*Ü#-
:è-2ì0-/ß7Ü-F0-ý-€ç-0-P-/ß9-;9-8$-$ë-0-;<è -ý<-:<-x$ä -#-Ü zè,-:<-<0è <-[$-#<ß0-:ß#<-Q#ë -
#Ü-90Ü -ý-;Ü,-·¦-n-5Ü$-₯$<-ý7Ü-/9-+ë7Ü-:ß<-+/$-ýë-´¥,-2$-/9-iá/-ý-HÜ-:0-P9-8+-8ß+-d$-dë+-¸¥-
[$-/-+-è (Ü+-8Ü,-:Ê ‚ë$-eè+-+è-"-ë ,-(Ü+-0-Dë#<-ý7Ü-7ië-/-´,¥ -:-9$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-9$-I:-XÜ$-Bè-€ç-0-
P-/ß7Ü-‡Ü,-‡ë-/-YèÊ +è7$-,0-0"7-+#-ý-:<-‡Ü,-+$-7'7-2,ì -#<:-/9-[$-8$-,0-0"7Ü-&ë-
7ná:-10-:<-/+è,-ý9-0-iá/-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-XÜ$-Bè-+è7$-F0-ý-#<:-:-$ë-/ë-73Ý,-ý-0è+-ý-0"7-P9-
a/-ý9-/E:-5Ü$-9Ü<-<ß-0-&+-ý-´¥,-·¦-‡Êë +è-:0-¸¥-'Ü-P9-7b²9-,Ê +è-(Ü+-€-ç 0-P9-[$-/7Ü-&-
,<-/9-+ë-+$-7o<-/ß-:$ë <-U¨-#(Ü<-!-+$-F0-ý-0*ß,-ý-+$-Ê Bè<-*ë/-·¦-/9-+ë-+#-ý-:ë$<-₫ë+-
Jë#<-ý7Ü-U7¨ Êë Ê5è<-+#-Jë#<-`Ü-$-{:-eè+-%Ü$-+è-P9-/Vë0<-ý<-/9-+7ë -Ü rÜ+-ý-‚ë$-Ê &+-ý9-
P-/-+$-#6ß#<-`Ü-"0<-+#-ý9-eè+Ê :ë$<-U-¨ €ç-0-P-/-ß 02,-+ýè<-‡<-ý-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9-/7Ü-
9Ü#<-`Ü-<-/ë,-#<ë<-7+è/<-ý<-7o<-/ß-Jë#<-ý9-eè+Ê 7ë+-#<:-+è-(Ü+-8è-;è<-`Ü-U¨9-<ë$-/7Ü-{æ-
XÜ$-Bè-&,è -ýë-{æ+-:-þè-/7Ü-#5Ü-/)Ü$-/<-J#ë <-9Ü0-bÜ-^,Ü -e+è -¸¥-7b²9-9Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð{æ7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-Ñ,ÜÊ
d#-{-#%Ü #-ý-n-0ë-8Ü#-7oá7Ü-2±:Î *0<-%+-þè+-eè +-{æ-8Ü-<-/ë,-,ÜÎ
0Ü-7b²9-8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë-0"7-:-;9Î Iè-#%Ü#-<è0<-/6ß$-#<:-[$-2+-¸¥-7+ë,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ {æ7Ü-)Ü$-$-è 73Ý,-,ÊÜ ‚$-e-/9-rÜ+-+è-dÜ-07Ü-rÜ+-ý-:è,-ý-:-0$ë,-¸-¥ dë#<-ý-,-#$-
¸¥-þè-/9-7b²9-/7Ü-#,<-:-rÜ+-ý-þ-è /7Ü-z,è -b<Ü -+9è -7'ß#-:-"+-`-Ü /9-+7ë -Ü xä$-<è0<-+è-8Ü,-:Ê
‚ë$-eè+-0Ü-T-U¨-d#-{-#%Ü#-ý-+$-n-0ë-8Ü#-7oá7-Ü 2±:-bÜ<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-*0<-%+-þè+-%Ü$-‡:å -ý9-
79

eè+-ý-+$-Ê +è-(Ü+-/+è-#<:-Y$ë -ý-(Ü+-`-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-%,-¸¥-/Vë0<-,<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-*0<-%+-`$-/+è-


#<:-bÜ-F0-ý9-7ná:-ý7Ü-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-%,-¸¥-7&9-/7Ü-{æ-eè+-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê Yë$-(Ü+-XÜ$-Bè-6ß$-
7'ß#-#Ü-9$-I:-{æ7Ü-<-/ë,-,ÜÊ 9$-9Ü#-:<-#5,-¸¥-0-Ü 7b²9-/7Ü-8è-;è<-`-Ü XÜ$-ý-ë s¢ïÜ +$-œ-ñ× :-<ë#<-
ý-#6ß$-73Ý,-#(Ü<-Y$ë -#Ü-,0-0"7-:-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-;9-/9-/Vë0<-,<-8Ü+-#5,-¸-¥ 0-8è$<-ý9-Iè-
#%Ü#-·¦-<è0<-/6ß$-:-#<:-[$-2+-¸¥-dÜ,-ý9-7+ë,-ý9-e-YèÊ +è7$-<-:èÊ <Ü$-$è-Ê T#-#è-T$-
$è-/-Yè-#<:-/7Ü-2+-/5Ü-+$-Ê 0Ü-#8ëÊ 0Ü-7b²9Ê 0$ë,-ý9-0Ü-7b²9Ê %Ü9-8$-/€ç9-¸¥-/·¦/-
ý-Yè-/D,-ý7Ü-2+-/5Ü-/%<-2+-/{+-b+-¸¥-b²9-ý-:-/y/Ê +è-:0-¸¥-'Ü-P9-7b²9-,Ê +è-(Ü+-+`Ü:-
7"ë9-*0<-%+-þ+è -ý7Ü-{æ9-7b²9-/-P9-7"ë9-/7Ü-þè-#,<-<ß-7'ß#-!7Ü-/9-+ë7Ü-xä$-<è0<-+-è (Ü+-`Ü<-
rÜ+-ý-dÜ-07Ü-{-æ eè+-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-<$<-{<-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨<-`$-¸¥:-e7Ü-&è+-¸¥-#6ß#<-U7¨ -Ü F0-ý9-7ná:-ý-
[-2ì#<-ý9-Yë,-ý7Ü-&-,<-+è-#<ß0-F0-ý-0*ß,-ý<-,-þè-/-#,<-<ß-+#-ý-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨7ë-5è<-$-{:-
eË +è-P9-/Vë0<-ý<-þ-è #,<-<ß-7'ß#-ý7Ü-rÜ+-ý-‚ë$-5$Ü -7+ë+-ý7Ü-"0<-+#-ý9-e+è Ê #¸¥:-e-
#$-7¸¥:-¸¥-[$-/7Ü-‡å:-U¨-0$ë,-¸¥-e+è -9ß$-#Ü-*9-ý7Ü-<-/,ë -#<ë<-7+è/<-ý<-7o<-/-ß Jë#<-ý9-
eè+Ë /+è-/-+$-x$ä -<0è <-:<-e$³ -/7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-T-U9¨ -0$ë,-¸¥-Q$-¹¥<-ý7Ü-#5Ü-/)Ü$-/<-Jë#<-
9Ü0-bÜ-^,Ü -e+è -¸¥-7b²9-/-8,Ü -,ëÊ Ê+è-F0<-`$-:0-9Ü0-:<Ê Yë$-ý<-F0-´¥,-02,-0-0-0è+Ê Ê
/+#-·¦-73Ý,-ý7Ü-5è,-ý-ië:Ê Ê+è-dÜ9-0*ë$-Bè<-+è-/5Ü,-(+Ü Ê ÊXÜ$-Bè-7e³$-/7Ü-#5Ü-9-ß /5# Ê#ë-
9Ü0-7b²9-/7$-+è-/5Ü,-$è<Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-`Ü<-/Y,-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/þè+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê Dè,-#5:-8<-"$-+$-Ê /Dè,-ý-T9-/þè+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-
ÐDè,-#5:-8<-"$-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-:<-7/9-/7Ü -7ë+-‡ë<-+$ë<-73Ý ,-‚$-Î 7e³$-/-9Ü0-/Iè#<-8ß0-M 7Ü-0"7-t$ë -¸¥Î
=è-9-ß !-+ý:-+bè<-ý7Ü -.-ë o$-+$-Î Eë-Bè7Ü-rá$-7"ë9-¸9¥ -hë+-/!ë+-ý9-/%<Î
ýV-(Ü -w-lè# <-ý7Ü-#+,-:-<ë#<Î dÜ-[ë+-5 Ü-hë7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-&è,-ýë9-#<:Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7o<-/ß-D,è -+$-/Dè,-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/þè+-ý-:-₫Ü7-Ü #ë-90Ü -,ÊÜ [ë+-&#<-ý7Ü-Bè<-
<ß-/%°+-9Ü0-ý9-&#<-ý7Ü-5è,-ý-‚$ë -/-+$-Ê +è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-F0<-#$-¸-¥ 72$-{-/7Ü-5Ü$-…Ü/-ý-
*0<-%+-+$-o:-/7Ü-9$-[$-#-Ü 5Ü$-"0<-2+-0+è -ý-+è9-72$-{-/-+$-Ê :0-#$ë -07Ü-¸<¥ -<ß-*ë#-
09-9#<-ý-:ß<-I7Ü-"0<-‚$<-,<-n-/-$#-x$ä -+$-8Ü+-*Ü#-:è-9Ü0-ý9-7&Ü$-5Ü$-+#-ý9-e+è -
+#ë<-ý<-Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ý7Ü-#ë-9Ü0-$è<-ý-8,Ü -:Ê +è7Ü-dÜ9-+$-ýë-D,è -bÜ-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/Vë0-+#ë<-;Ü$-
+è7$-0-+#-ý7Ü-#,<-U/<-7'Ü#-Dè,-&#<-90Ü -/Y©,-,<-V0ë -ý9-eè+-ý-YÊè #:-n$è -:<Ê [ë+-
`Ü-9Ü0-ý-7e³$-2±:-bÜ<Ê Ê9Ü0-/Iè#<-#5:-8<-#º¥$-/5Ü,-/þè+Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê+è-'Ü-P9-/Vë0-,Ê
80

,0-0"9-#,<-ý7Ü-{7æ -Ü <-/ë,-+è-:<-7/9-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-7+ë -6è9-0-è xä$-&±7Ü-F0-ý9-‡ë<Ê [ë+-/%°+-


+$ë<-ýë9-73Ý,-ý-*0<-%+-‚$<-,<-Yë$-(Ü+-¸¥-b²9-/9-0ë<Ê W9-+è-)Ü$-U/<-Yë$-ý9-/Vë0-ý-,Ü-
,$-73Ý,-Dë#-‚ë$-/-8Ü,-:Ê 7+Ü9-,Ü-#6ß#<-8ß:-‚ë$-/7Ü-+#ë<-ý-*-++-8Ü,-ý<-/Q/<-ý9-0Ü-
7ië7ëË Ê+è-,<-‚$-e-<è0<-%,-F0<-#$-¸¥-þè-/7Ü-[+ë -`-Ü 7'Ü#-D,è -&#<-ý7Ü-#5Ü9-b²9-ý-,0-
0"7Ü-"0<-+$-&#<-ý9-7b²9-/7Ü-{æ7Ü-#1ì-/ë-´¥,-eè+-<è0<-(Ü+-+$-eè-o#-7ië-/7Ü-:<-₫Ü-0*ß,-
ý9-/<#<-ý7Ü-/#-&#<-<0è <-:-5è,-ý<-8:ß -[$-b²9-*,ß -0ë$-¸¥-^,Ü -ý7Ü-7e³$-/5Ü7-Ü +`Ü:-7"ë9-
9Ü-9/-+$-/%<-ý-iá/-ý-+è-8Ü,-:Ê ‚ë$-eè+-{æ7Ü-8Ü-#è-:<-9Ü0-ý9-&+-ý7Ü-<-/ë,-F0<-:<-&ë<-
7e³$-,0-0"7Ü-"ë$<-<ß-xä$-0è-&±-<-Yè-7e³$-/-/5Ü9-9-/-+$-/%<-90Ü -ý9-/Iè#<-ý9-/Vë0-YÊè
+è-+#-`$-€ç-7ná:-9ë:-ý-:<Ê dÜ-9ë:-7e³$-<ë#<-8ß0-F0<-´¥,Ê Ê*/<-+$-;è<-9/-#(Ü<-0è+-
ý7ÜË Êr-/D,-Eë-Bè-₫,-0-YèÊ Ê#;è9-/-T-0ë-0¡-0-!ÜÊ Ê^Ü,-eè+-r#è -03+-#ë<-+!9-0Êë Ê8$-
;Ü$-#8ë-/-…ë:-07Ü-0"7Ê ÊYë$-#<:-,0-0"7-´¥,-/6$-0ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-7e³$-M-+#-ý-8ß0-
M7ë-5è<-$-{:-/6ß$-/<Ê ‚$<-7o<-<$<-{<-F0<-#$-¸¥-72$-{-/7Ü-5Ü$-&ë<-`Ü-+eÜ$<-+$-
+è7Ü-d#-{-8ß0-M9-F0-ý9-+#-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê+è-P9-7e³$-M-8ß0-M7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ-0"7-:ë$-¸¥-
#5:-8<-"$-#<:-#+/-YèÊ +è7Ü-‚$-e-<è0<-%,-F0<-9$-#Ü-2é-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-/7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-
`Ü-8ß:-¸¥-b²9-ý-8ß:-dë#<-+$-"$-aÜ0-+$-8ë-e+-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-5è,-Dë#-8Ü,-:Ê ‚ë$-eè+-F0-[$-#Ü-
$ë-/ë-¨-áò 8Ü#-:<-5-Ü /-*9-ý-&,è -ý7ë -Ü #5:-0è+-"$-$0Ê l#-ýë-:-=è-9-ß !-+ý:-&è,-ýë-9/-·¦-+bè<-
ý<-9:ë -ý7Ü-¸¥9-hë+-#<$-/-0&ë#-#Ü-.ë-o$-#-Ü F0-ý-:0-¸¥-eè+-ýÊ 7ë#-#5Ü-"ë9-8ß#-:ë#<Ê *ë#-
+/ß/Ë VëÊ D-//<Ê {,-b-Ü a+-ý9-<ë#<-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-d-Ü 9ë:-¸¥-Eë-Bè7Ü-rá$-/7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-9$-e³$-
#Ü-¸9¥ -hë+-&,è -ýë-/{,-`Ü-/!ë+-ý-/%<-/Vë0<-,<-7o<-¸¥<-`Ü-5Ü$-+$-#5:-8<-"$-¸-¥ 0ë<-ý7Ü-$-
{:-e<-ý<Ê ‚$<-7o<-<$<-{<-`Ü-#,<-&ë<-+eÜ$<-‡ë<-o:-bÜ-9$-/5Ü,-Eë-Bè-/1°,-0ë-M7Ü-£-
#-#<$-/-+bè<-ý-&è,-ýë-0$ë,-¸¥-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê:0-¸¥<-<ß-7e³$-/-9Ü0-/Iè#<-9Ü-9/-+$-/%<-ý-I-
7"ë9-:ë-M-+$-+/ß-07ëÊ Ê#5:-8<-"$-#-Ü 7ë#-#5Ü-[-2ì#<-Eë-Bè-ý+-(Ü-F0<-,Ü-I-7"ë9-F0<-`-Ü Pè-
/9-#,<-ý7Ü-xä$-+$-"0<-F0<-<ëÊ Ê+è-F0<-+$-9ë-#%Ü#-·-¦ 7lè<-ý7Ü-<0è <-#<:-Yë$-/+è-/7Ü-
&-,Ü-#5:-8<-"$-Yè-+è-(+Ü -:#è <-ý9-/Vë0<-ý<-I-xä$-*Ü#-:è-F0<-0(è,-5Ü$-¸¥:-,<-8è-;è<-a+-
ý9-%,-bÜ-#5Ü-7+Ü$-/<-:0-#ë$-07Ü-^Ü,-eè+-¸¥-7ië7ëÊ Ê+è7-Ü ,$-¸¥-‚$-e-<0è <-%,-F0<-#$-¸¥-þè-
/9-7b²9-/7Ü-#,<-07Ü-ýV-+$-Ê .-07Ü-"ß-h#-lë+-#;è9-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-Dë#-ý-‚ë$-eè+-5Ü-/-:-ýV-(-Ü
wË hë-/ë-:-ý+-(Ü-lè#<-ý-%,-eë:-<ë$-#Ü-#+,-:-<ë#<-ý-/Vë0<-ý<Ê ‚$<-7o<-0-&#<-ý-
+$-7ë+-#<:-/-<ë#<-#+,-+è-+#-#Ü-02ì,-+ë,-0*ß,-ý9-<$<-{<-`Ü-#6ß#<-U¨7Ü-8ë,-),-7&9-/-
81

8Ü,-:Ê :0-¸¥<-ýV-,-Ü I-7"ë9Ê (Ü-0-,-Ü #·¦0-0ë7Ü-0èÊ w-/-,Ü-₫Ü-/ë7Ü-=î-8Ü#-YèÊ 7/9-73#-#Ü-


º¥-/+è-+$-Ê 8$-,-;è<-9/-07Ü-ýV7Ü-P-è /9-(Ü-0-e$-&±/-`-Ü <è0<-#,<-ý-8/-`Ü-´¥q-/D,-ý7Ü-90Ü -
ý-'Ü-P-/-/5Ü,-ý+-(Ü-w-/7ëÊ Ê+è-P9-/Vë0<-ý<-Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-¸¥<-<ß-#·¦0-0ë-+$-Ê d#-{7Ü-:<-
:-/Dè,-,<-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-*ë/-ý7Ü-#5Ü-/)Ü$-/<-,-^Ü,-eè+-¸-¥ 7ië7Êë Ê0+ë9-,-‚$-e-d-Ü
[ë+-`Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-7'Ü#-Dè,-*-0:-¸¥-[$-/-7+Ü-(Ü+Ê ‚ë$-eè+-{-+$-2+-:<-7+<-ý<-5Ü-/-+$-hë-
/ë7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-&è,-ýë-{,-Y©#-ýë-/!ë+-ý9-#<:-/)/-ý<Ê ‚$<-7o<-<$<-{<-9$-[$-#Ü-5Ü$-
"0<-0*7-+$-+/ß<-0è+-ý-:-+/$-7eë9-*ë/-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð/Dè,-ý-T9-/þè+-ý-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+Ê 0'ß#-/Z¨-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-
Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
,$-/%°+-þè-/-/5Ü<-/Z¨<-/#-&#<-´¥,Î [$-Yë$-d#-{9-/…å/-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-Dè,-#5:-8<-"$-/þè+-ý7Ü-Bè<-<ß-/Dè,-ý-T7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-/Vë0-ý-,ÜÊ ₫Ü9-
8è-;<è -Eë-Bè-´,¥ -:<-/·¦<-ý9Ê þè-/-´¥,-Jë/-/+è,-ý-5è<-e-YèÊ Ê7&Ü-/-8$-,Ü-+,ë -+0-/+è,-ý-
8Ü,Ë Ê/+è,-#(Ü<-7+Ü-:-F0-ý9-$è<-e<-,<Ê Ê/;+-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü-+eè-/-#<ß$<-ý-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-ý-
P9-9Ü0-ý-+$-ýë-,Ü-þè-rÜ+-‚ë$-eè+-8Ü,-ý<-rÜ+-ý9-þè-/7Ü-9Ü0-ý-+$-0*ß,-ý9-/Vë0-ý-8Ü,-:Ê
+è7$-‚$-e-,$-/%°+-`Ü-<è0<-%,-0$:-<ë#<-þè-/7Ü-#,<-F0-ý-/5Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-:ß<-`Ü-/#-&#<-
9#<-ý-´¥,-8Ü,-:Ê ‚ë$-eè+-[$-:-9$-/5Ü,-0-i/á -ý-Yë$-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-&±-w-7'7-2ì,-0è-:ë$-
#Ü-#6ß#<-P-/ß7Ü-T7Ü-d#-{9-/Vë0<-ý<Ê ‚$<-7o<-<$<-{<-`Ü-#6ß#<-U¨-F0-#(Ü<-7iá/-
ý7Ü-(è9-:è,-·¦-7b²9-/-YèÊ +è-P-/ß7-Ü :0-/…å/-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-+$-ý-ë ,Ü-7+Ü-P-YÊè
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ,ÜÊ
{æ-:<-7o<-/ß9-/5è$<-ý<-Vë$-þè <-‚ë$-Î 8è-;è<-0$ë,-e$-M-8Ü<-0$:-þè<-‚ë$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7+Ü-
U+-%Ü#-W#<-:<-iá/-ý<-lë+-þè<-‚ë$-Î <è0<-10-Jë#<-ý7Ü-T-8Ü<-Jà<-þè <-‚ë$-Î
:-/5ÜÊ +/$-/½§:-:<-+$-ýë-/-‡ë<-/%<-F0<-:-Vë$-þè<-+$-0*ß,-ý9-{<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-
+$-Ë +/$-7oÜ$-‡ë<-ý-&$± -:-0$:-þ<è -+$-0*ß,-ý9-0$ë,-e$-#Ü-/þè+-&ë#-+$-Ê +/$-Fë,-‡ë<-
0è+-`Ü-#$-6#-:-lë+-#;è9-þè<-+$-0*ß,-ý9-W#<-10-bÜ<-/þè+-ý-+$-Ê 8$-9/-;Ü,-·¦-‡ë<-0è+-
:-Jà<-þè<-+$-0*ß,-ý9-U+-%Ü#-l,-Jë#<-<ß-/þè+-ý-Yè-þè+-&ë#-F0-ý-/5Ü-8ë+-ý-:<Ê +$-ýë-,ÜÊ
#(Ü<-þè<-F0<-*ë#-09-07Ü-0$:-+$-+è-,<-V-ë $-Yè-:,-#(Ü<-<-ß þè-/-YèÊ #<9-CÜ$-₫Ü-a/-P9-,-
*ë#-09-{7æ -Ü <-/ë,-:<-{æ-Eë-B-è 73Ý,-ý-T,-þè<-`Ü-U¨9-/Vë0Ê +è-(+Ü -B<è -&#<-`-Ü *Ü#-:è9-º¥-/-uä<-
/U¨:-/7Ü-zè,-:<-7o<-/ß-Eë-Bè-73Ý,-ý-5:-d#-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý7Ü-U9¨ -/5è$<-ý70Ê W-7b²9-9$-
82

U+-/+#-r<-#5,-r<-<-ß e-/7Ü-&ë-#-P9-,Ê 8è-;<è -Iè-0ë-:<Ê r<-+$-/1°,-0ë9-/%<-ý-,ÊÜ Ê


7"ë9-/7Ü-&ë<-:<-þè<-ý-YÊè Ê<è0<-%,-b<Ü -,-Ü r<-<ß-eÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê 'Ü-P9-<$<-{<-0*ß-:<-
e³$-Ë ÊT©,-b<Ü -i/á -ý7Ü-&#ë -+$-Ê Ê&ë-#7Ü-8,-:#-Jë#<-ý-:Ê Ê0"<-ý-<$<-{<-r<-8Ü,-
,ëË Ê5è<-#<ß$<-)Êè +è-:7$-0,-$#-…/å -Zè7-Ü :ß#<-P9-,Ê /+è-7¸¥<-:<Ê /+#-#Ü-r<-<ß-
#5,-e-/-:-M-Yè-{7æ -Ü <-/ë,-:<-#1ì-/ë-8/-8ß0-/þè+-ýÊ dë#<-/%°7Ü-/+è-/9-#;è#<-ý-F0<-
/´¥#-,<-0"7-9ß-/YÜ0-ý-+$-Ê <è0<-%,-F0<-/´¥#-,<-…Ü/-ý-‚$-/-+$-Ê #(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý-:-
&è-/-/Bë+-ý-+$-Ê 0"7-,<-/)ë,-:-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-7#ë+-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê #5,-bÜ-r<-<ß-/+#-
e-/-:-/{+-+è-#1ì-/ë-8/-8ß0-º¥-Y-è {æ7-Ü <-/ë,-¸¥-e³$-/-+$-Ê +è-:<-8/-80ß -¸¥-/þè+-ý-+$-Ê 8/-
`Ü-Dë#-2ì#<-:<-8Ü-#è-/þè+-ý-+$-Ê 8ß0-:<-7ë+-7në-5Ü$-T-:-#<ë:-/-#+/-ý-+$-Ê +`Ü:-
7"ë9-*0<-%+-/+#-8/-80ß -:-/YÜ0<-ý<-8è-;<è -ý9-$-{:-/þè+-ý-+$-Ê 8/-8ß0-‚ë9-/-e-
5Ü$-0"7-9ß-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/þè+-ý-+$-Ê /+#-#Ü-D#ë -ý-5-è #(Ü<-T9-/þè+-+è-dÜ9-7+ë,-ý-+$-Ê ₫,-
l$<-ý-:-{<-#+/-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
{æ+-Zè-€ç-7ná:-P9-,-#1ì-/ë-8/-8ß0-T9-/þè+-,<-X0ë <-ý9-7'ß#-%Ü$-$ë-029-J<-`Ü-+`Ü:-
7"ë9-8-Ü #è7Ü-‡Ü,-‡ë-/-/+#-#Ü-r<-<ß-#5,-e-/-+$-Ê *ß#<-+0-/U¨:-5Ü$-e,Ü -x/<-Bè<-#,$-#-Ü
zè,-bÜ<-#ë$-/ß-8Ü-#è-d#-02,-U¨-8ë$<-Jë#<-<ß-eè+-ý<-[$-dë#<-+$-Yë$-dë#<-`Ü-5è,-ý-‚ë$-/-
#5,-bÜ-r<-<ß-/+#-e-/-YèÊ +è-+#-#Ü<-Vë$-þè<-`Ü-/#-&#<-‚ë$-ý9-eè+-+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+/$-7oÜ$-‡ë<-ý-&±$-:-0$:-þè<-+$-0*ß,-ý9-0$ë,-e$-#Ü-/þè+-&ë#-Ñ,ÜÊ 7+Ü-:7$-+#ë<-+ë,-
2$-2±:-02±$<-ý-:-&ë-#-{<-7oÜ$-/Z¨<-#<ß0-¸¥-7e³$-/7Ü-{<-ý-0-{æ+-F0<-`Ü-+#ë$<-ý-0$ë,-
e$-M-/þè+-:-*ë#-09-0$:-º¥#<-`Ü-9Ü0-ý-+$-‚ë9-,Ê të$-#<:-:<Ê 0$:-º¥#<-e$-&±/-
F0-M-YèÊ Êw-/-/%°-,Ü-<-/%°7Ü-2±:Ê Êþè+-ý-9$-/5Ü,-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨Ê ÊT©,-iá/-U¨-#<ß0-/+#-(Ü+-
+ëË Ê5è<-/9-+ë-,<-:ß<-72ì:-/-2#ì <-:0Ê 0$:-¸¥-:<ß -:è,-ý-+$ë<-:-‚ë$-/<-‚9ë -:0Ê
0$:-¸¥-º#¥ <-ý-,<-/6ß$-e$-&±/-M7Ü-9Ü0-ý-0*ë$-Vë0-bÜ-:0-¸¥-/5#-YÊè w-/-/%°7-Ü $ë<-/%°9-
02ì,-,<-0Ü-yë/-ý7Ü-6ß$-7'ß#-9$-/5Ü,-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨9-iá/-ý-,Ü-þè-/-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-YèÊ #5Ü-:0-7o<-
/ß7Ü-7oè:-¸¥-//<-`Ü<-iá/-ý7ëÊ Ê
‚$-#5Ü-+è-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-‚ë$-e+è -0$ë,-e$-+$-ýë-w-/7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/Vë0-ý-,ÜÊ ‚$-#5Ü-#6ß#<-
`Ü-.ß$-ýë-,0-0"7Ü-"0<Ê :ß<-´¥,-#5Ü7Ü-F0-;è<Ê (ë,-0ë$<-ý-#)Ü-0ß#-.7Ü-"0<-+!9-&-
<ë#<-‚$ë -5$Ü -+#-ý9-e+è -:Ê Jë#<-90Ü -b-Ü ¸¥<-+#7-/-/%°-lá#-8<-//<-*/<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-;9-
/7Ü-8è-;<è -+$-ýë-<è0<-<ë-<ë9-D#ë -ý7Ü-$-ë /ë9-Jë#<-ý7Ü-F0-ý-:0-eè+-w-/7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-/€ç9-,<-
83

/Vë0<-ý<Ê 7o<-/ß7Ü-¸<¥ -,-02,-/6$-ý-ë <ß0-%°-I-#(Ü<-<ß-^,Ü -5Ü$-0è-:ë$-P-/ß7Ü-8-è ;è<-<ß-0$ë,-


ý9-e$-&±/-/ëÊ Ê
0$ë,-e$-#(Ü<-ý-(Ü-07Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-,ÜÊ ‚$-#5Ü-2ì9-/7Ü-.ß$-ýë-<7Ü-"0<Ê (ë,-0ë$<-ý-%,-
bÜ-8Ü+-+-è <è9-[-$-{:Ê 07Ü-"0<-+09-&-<ë#<-‚$ë -5Ü$-+#-ý9-eè+-:Ê Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-¸¥<-"ß-
Eã:-#(Ü<-F0-ý9-e$-/7Ü-/+è-Yë$-T,-%Ü#-þè<-ý7Ü-$-ë /ë-0<-/D,-;è<-9/-`-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-#6ß#<-:-
<ë#<-ý7Ü-.$ß -ýë-MÊ 7e³$-/5Ü<-dè-/7Ü-"0<-(-Ü »¥-ý-ë &ë<-`-Ü +eÜ$<-:-<#ë <-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-M-2+-0è+-
/5Ü<-dè-/7Ü-:0-Yë$-ý-(+Ü -(-Ü »¥9-;9-/7Ü-8è-;è<-#(Ü<-ý-e$-&±/-`Ü-<0è <-<ß-Jë#<-ý7Ü-F0-ý-:0-
eè+-(Ü-07Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-/€ç9-,<-/Vë0<-ý<Ê 7o<-/ß7Ü-¸¥<-,-+ýè-e+-/6$-ýë-/{+-%°7Ü-9$-
/5Ü,-¸¥-^Ü,-5Ü$-0(0-ý-(Ü+-`Ü-8è-;è<-<ß-0$ë,-ý9-e$-&±/-/ëÊ Ê
0$ë,-e$-#<ß0-ý-<-/ë,-d#-02,-+$-/%<-ý-,ÜÊ "ß-Eã:-#(Ü<-`Ü-/9-¸¥-lÜ-6-(è-/9-:è,-ý7Ü-
<è0<-/9-+ë7Ü-F0-;è<-º¥#<-ý-+$-Ê 7¸¥-;è<-`Ü-.ß$-ýë-0è7Ü-"0<Ê $#-8Ü+-`Ü-F0-ý9-;è<-ýÊ
(ë,-0ë$<-ý-7+ë+-&#<Ê /9-+ë7-Ü F0-;<è -F0<-‚$ë -5$Ü -+#-ý9-e+è -:Ê Jë#<-90Ü -b-Ü ¸¥<-"-ß Eã:-
#(Ü<-:ß#<-Që#-·¦-+#-ý7Ü-Bè<-<ß-:<-xä$-¸¥<-‚ë9-+$-/%<-ý-7##<-ý<-8è-;è<-#<ß0-ý-/D,-
ý7Ü-Eë-Bè9-Jë#<-ý7Ü-F0-ý-:0-eè+-<-/ë,-d#-02,-bÜ-2±:-¸¥-/€ç9-,<-/Vë0<-ý<Ê 7o<-/ß7Ü-¸¥<-
,-&ë<-*0<-%+-0-7lè<-ý9-D#ë <-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-^,Ü -5$Ü -<-ë <ë9-Dë#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-<ß-0$ë,-ý9-e$-
&±/-ý7ëÊ Ê
0$ë,-e$-/5Ü-ý-<-/ë,-d#-02,-+$-/%<-ý-9ë-#%Ü#-·¦-7lè<-ý-,ÜÊ "ß-Eã:-<è0<-#<ß0-9ë-
#%Ü#-·-¦ 7lè<-ý-+$-Ê 7¸¥-eè+-`-Ü .ß$-ý-ë xä$-#Ü-"0<Ê e-/-Vë-M7Ü-F0-;è<Ê (ë,-0ë$<-ý-n#-
+ë# Ê/9-+ë7Ü-F0-;<è -+$-"ß-h#-7lè<-ý-<ë#<-‚$ë -5Ü$-+#-ý9-e+è -:Ê Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-¸¥<-"ß-E:ã -
xä$-#<ß0-bÜ-eè+-:<-F0-ý9-+#-ý-{æ-Eë-Bè-73Ý,-ý7Ü-$ë-/ë-+$-Ê 'Ü-Xè+-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-/5Ü-ý-;è<-e-´¥,-
:-a/-ý-E-ë Bè7Ü-/+#-(Ü+-¸-¥ Jë#<-ý7Ü-F0-ý-:0-e+è -7lè<-ý7Ü-$ë-/ë-7ë+-`Ü-*#Ü -:è70-#ë$-/ß-#%Ü#-·¦-
/€ç9-,<-/Vë0<-ý<Ê 7o<-/ß7Ü-¸¥<-,-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-03+-ý-9ë-#%Ü#-·¦-7lè<-ý7Ü-/+#-
(Ü+-¸¥-^,Ü -5Ü$-e-/-i/á -ý7Ü-8è-;è<-<ß-0$ë,-ý9-e$-&±/-ý7ëÊ Ê
0$ë,-e$-M-ý-+è-:<-U¨-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý-,ÜÊ 0$:-bÜ-#,<-U/<-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-,<-dÜ9-
/1<-ý-+$-Ê F0-;è<-`Ü-.ß$-ýë-&±7Ü-"0<Ê 8Ü+-`Ü-F0-;è<-2ì#<-/{+-`Ü-&ë<-(Ü+-¸¥-73Ý,-ý7Ü-&Ê
(ë,-0ë$<-ý-5è-Z$-Ê þè-/-:,è -ý7Ü-:ß<-`-Ü þè-0&è+-Jë#<-ý7Ü-#,<-U/<-9$-/5Ü,-‡å:-ý7Ü-U9¨ -‚ë$-
5Ü$-+#-ý9-eè+-:Ê Jë#<-90Ü -b-Ü ^Ü,-eè+-¸¥-7ië-2:± -"ß-Eã:-xä$-#<ß0-<è0<-+$-/%<-;Ü,-·¦-F0-
ý9-+#-ý7Ü-$ë-/ë-7o<-/ß7Ü-Eë-Bè-73Ý,-ý-+$-Ê 9$-/5Ü,-<$<-{<-F0<-`Ü-'Ü-P-/7Ü-8è-;è<-F0-ý9-
84

ië:-/7Ü-7o<-/ß-M-ý-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý7Ü-/+#-(Ü+-9$-{æ+-:-Jë#<-ý7Ü-F0-ý-:0-eè+-T7Ü-U¨-{,-
+$-&-:ß#<-Jë#<-ý9-/Vë0<-ý<-7o<-/-ß 7o<-/ß7Ü-¸<¥ -,-…Ü/-ý-*0<-%+-+$-o:-/7Ü-8è-;è<-
+eÜ$<-+$-9$-/5Ü,-+eè9-0è+-ý7Ü-/+#-(Ü+-¸¥-^,Ü -%Ü$-&<ë -`Ü-+eÜ$<-`Ü-8è-;<è -0$ë,-ý9-e$-&±/-ý-
YèË {æ+-:<Ê w-/-0è-:ë$-8è-;è<-)èÊ Ê/¸¥,-bÜ-/¸¥,-ý-0(0-ý-(Ü+Ê Ê9$-T7Ü-<-/ë,-d#-02,-
,ÜË Ê<ë-<ë9-Dë#-ý9-/Bë+-ý9-eÊ Ê*0<-%+-#%Ü#-b²9-,,-),-(Ü+Ê ÊJë#<-ý-&ë<-+eÜ$<-+#-ý-
YèË Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
7oÜ$-ý-ë 0$ë,-e$-/5Ü-/þè+-ý-,ÊÜ #:-ý-ë :<Ê +$-ýë-Y$ë -(Ü+-e$-&/± -<0è <Ê Ê#(Ü<-ý-<-
/ë,-7e³$-/-YèÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-:-,Ü-#6ß#<-Jë#<-ýÊ Ê/5Ü-ý-:-,Ü-8Ü-#-è 7#ë+Ê Ê%è<-ý<-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-
`Ü<-7&Ü-rÜ+-/9-+ë-+$-/%<-ý-‚ë$-Ê T7Ü-<-/ë,-/Vë0<-ý<-þè-rÜ+-`Ü-(9è -:,è -lÜ-67Ü-F0-;è<-"ß-h#-
#Ü-+/ß<-<ß-º¥#<-ý-‚ë$-Ê T-U¨-Jë#<-ý9-/Vë0<-ý<-xä$-/%°<-9Ü0-bÜ<-/þè+-,<-:ß<-…å/-ý-‚ë$-Ê
#,<-#<ß0-:-<#ë <-ý9-8-Ü #è-/!ë+-ý9-/%<-,<-+/$-ýë-8ß:-:-r+è -ý7Ü-#,<-U/<-‚$ë -/-Yè-Eë-B-è
/5Ü7Ü-2ì#<-/þè+-ý-7+Ü-+$-7l-/9Ê 7¸¥<-ý7Ü-{æ+-dÜ-0-:<-`$-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
/Z¨<-ý-.-{æ+-P9-&ë-#-#<ß0-/þè+-,ÜÊ #+,-bÜ-(Ü-0<-07Ü-Eã:Ê w-/<-.7Ü-"ß-/Ê <-/ë,-8Ü-
#è-#+,-Yè$-¸¥-//<-ý<-,-Ü /9-+ë7Ü-F0-;<è -)-è ‚ë$-eè+-#<ß0-ýë-+è<-+!9-+09-2ì#<-6,Ü -ý-:-F0-
;è<-7'ß#-ý9-(è-/-(+Ü -‚$ë -/-8Ü,-:Ê +è-d#-02,-¸¥-/€ç9-/<-,-Ü .-07Ü-7¸¥-7në+-`<Ü -7b²9-/7Ü-
#,<-U/<-M7Ü-9Ü0-ýÊ +è-:-8Ü-#è<-02,-ý-:<-7ë+-6è9-‡ë-/Z¨-e<-ý<-,Ü-0$:-¸¥-:ß<-&#<-ý-+è-
(Ü+-7e³$-/-M<-7.è:-Z¨+-^,Ü -/D,-#-ë dè<-)è-.$ß -"0<-þè-0&è+-90Ü -ý-/5Ü,-iá/-ý-+è-‚$ë -Ê U¨-
8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý<-,Ü-+/$-ýë-F0<-Jë#<-,<-dÜ-9ë:-¸-¥ /%<-ý-‚ë$-/9-eè+-+Êë Ê+è-#<ß0-b-Ü +$ë<-
/Y,-,Ü-d#-02,-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-*0<-%+-`-Ü *ß#<-E-ë Bè7Ü-$ë-/ëÊ 8Ü#-7oá-#<ß$-E-ë Bè-T7Ü-F0-ý-
8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý-U7¨ -Ü Eë-B9è -+#-ý9-e+è -ý7ëÊ Ê‚$<-7o<-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-F0<-#$-7¸¥:-b-Ü
‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨9-/5è$<-,<-Eë-Bè-/1°,-0ë7Ü-£-#-:-<ë#<-ý9-T©0<-<ß-º¥#<-ý-+$-/P0<-ý7Ü-03+-ý-
Yë,-ý7Ü-Dè,-7oè:-/…Ü#<-ý-8,Ü -,Êë Ê+è-P9-8è-;è<-M7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-0$ë,-e$-M7Ü-2ì#<-0$:-þè<-`Ü-
/#-&#<-‚ë$-/9-eè+-+ëÊ Ê+è7$-‚$-e7Ü-#1ì-/ë9-/Y,-ý-10-:<-Vë$-þè<-<ë#<-þè-#,<-#5,-bÜ-
/#-&#<-‚$ë -eè+-¸-¥ 7ië-/7$-;è<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+/$-Fë,-‡ë<-0è+-`Ü-#$-6#-:-lë+-#;è9-þè<-+$-0*ß,-ý9-W#<-10-bÜ<-/þè+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ rÜ,-/ß-
<ë#<-l+ë -+$-#;è9-10-:-#,<-:ß<-`Ü-r+è -:è,-º¥#<-,<-.$ß -ý9ë -iá/-ý-+$-0*ß,-ý9-:ß$->-¹¥-8-ë
#7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-‡ë<-0è+-`Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-:7$-#(Ü<-)Êè 9$-;9-:<Ê #%Ü#-%9-7'ß#-ý-#$-5-è ,Ê Ê
T-F0<-0-/þè+-XÜ$-ý-ë l,-ý<-Jë#<Ê Ê9Ü0-bÜ<-7'ß#-ý-#$-5è-,Ê Ê+eÜ$<-+$-8è-;è<-90Ü -b<Ü -
85

7'ß#-,<-,ÜÊ Ê5è<-7e³$-/-P9-:Ê 9Ü0-bÜ<-7'ß#-ý<Ê ;è<-9/-`Ü-+eÜ$<-Yë$-,-´¥,-·¦-/6$-


0ë7Ü-t$ë -¸¥-´¥,-Jë/-`Ü-[$-&-*0<-%+-T7Ü-d#-{9-9$-/5Ü,-b<Ü -;9-/-#(Ü<-0+è -6ß$-7'ß#-€ç-0-P-
/ß7Ü-T-U¨9-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-/5è$<-ý-+$-Ê #%Ü#-%9-¸¥-7'ß#-ý<-T-F0<-&#-#Ü<-0-/þè+-`$-W#<-
l,-ý-10-:<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-7"ë9-:ë9-#<:-/9-i/á -ý-YèÊ 7ná:-Q-è :<Ê >-¹¥-8ë-#7Ü-*è#-ý-,ÜÊ Ê
XÜ$-ýë-10-5Ü#-/Bë+-e<-ý<Ê Ê0-þ+è -Jë#<-ý7Ü-T-U¨-/Vë0Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê+è-+#-#Ü<-#1ì-/ë9-lë+-
#;è9-þ<è -`Ü-/#-&#<-‚ë$-/9-eè+-+ëÊ Ê /5Ü-ý-Ð8$-9/-;Ü,-·¦-‡ë<-0è+-:-J<à -þè<-+$-0*ß,-ý9-U+-%Ü#-
l,-Jë#<-<ß-/þè+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ Jà<-þè<-F0<-<è0<-10-:-/Dè,-,<-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-:ß<-<ß-iá/-ý-+$-0*ß,-
ý9-0,-$#->-)Ü-8ë-#-;Ü,-·¦-‡ë<-0è+-`Ü-/þè+-2±:-&ë-#-+$-2Ý#-:-0-Pë<-ý9-8Ü+-&ë<-#+ë+-,<-T7Ü-
7"ë9-:ë-8è-;<è -€ç-07Ü-d#-{9-#,<-ý-(Ü+-l,-ý<-#<:-7+è/<-10-bÜ<-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý-0è-:$ë -:-
#6ß#<-/C,-ý-%,-*/<-<ß-;9-/-P9-/þè+-Jë#<-+eè9-0è+-¸-¥ /Vë0-ý-YèÊ H+-e³$-{:-ýë-:<Ê
8è-,<-T©,-0(0-+`Ü:-7"ë9-:Ê Ê8Ü,-ý9-;è<-,<-/Vë0-ý-:<Ê Ê*-++-vë-8Ü-9Ü0-ý-8Ü<Ê Ê₫,-
l$<-#;è#<-#<ë:-7+Ü9-0Ü-+#ë<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-P9-/þè+-&ë-#-F0-ý-/5Ü-ýë-+è-#1ì-/ë9-þè-/-#$-#Ü<-/Z¨<-ý-+è<-+è-+$-0*ß,-ý9-/Vë0-:Ê
*ë#-0è+-`Ü-/#-&#<-‚$-dÜ9-þè-/-9è-9è<-`$-*0<-%+-/Vë0-ý-+$-Ê a+-ý9-:<-+$-ýë-/Ê
<è0<-%°$-6+-/D,-ýÊ /D,-ý-&è9-*ë/-ýÊ ;Ü,-·¦-*ë/-ý7Ü-#ë-9Ü0-+$-‚9-)è-/Vë0-ý-´¥,-0aè,-të$-
&è,-ý<-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
+è7$-Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/-*0<-%+-#%Ü#-%9-¸¥-#<:-0Ü-¹¥<-:-9Ü0-bÜ<-0-7lè<-ý9-
%Ü-7+ë+-¸¥-#<:-¹¥<-ý-2±,-&+-,Ü-:<-+$-ýë-/-8Ü,-:Ê 9#<-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#%Ü#-&9-#<:-*è/<-
;Ü$-þè-0&è+-`Ü-T-:-<#ë <-ý-#%Ü#-&9-#<:-0Ü-*è/<-ý-,Ü-#(Ü<-ý-+$-Ê þè-0&è+-`-Ü T-F0<-`$-
#%Ü#-&9-#<:-*è/<-ý-,Ü-#<ß0-ý-Yè-+è-8,-&+-/þè+-9Ü0-"ë-,<-7e³$-:Ê +è-,<-Jë#<-9Ü0-+$-
ˆ#<-)è-/Vë0<-ý<-n-*Ü#-#Ü-+/ß<-<ß-+`Ü:-7"ë9-‡ë-/Z¨-¹¥<-;Ü$-*ß,-+$-*ß,-020<-(Ü,-02,-+eè-
/-0è+-%Ü$-/<0-#),-bÜ-:<-2ì#<-*ë#<-0è+-¸¥-7iá/-ý9-7b²9-:Ê /5Ü-ý-U+-#%Ü#-:-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-
bÜ-#<:-,$-6+-0Ü-;è<-ý9-7e³$-5Ü$-8Ü+-:-/<0-ý-10-bÜ<-<è0<-%,-bÜ-+ë,-0$-ýë-…å/-¹¥<-ý<-
iá/-ý7Ü-þè<-/ß-5<è -e-YÊè +è-+#-:-9Ü0-/5Ü,-:<-+$-ýë-/Ê 8è-;è<-./è <-ýÊ 8è-;è<-:-%°$-6+-
+/$-/Ê &è9-+/$-/-5è<-0(0-‚ë9-{æ+-<ë#<-`Ü-+#ë$<-ý-8è-;è<-5/<-Bè<-7o$<-+$-/%<-ý<-
I:-¸-¥ 7+ë,-ý9-03+-+ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð0'ß#-/Z¨-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
#$-8$-d#-{-#%Ü#-‡ë<-2ì#<-…å/-`Ü <Î þè-/7Ü -9Ü0-ý-#<ß0-ýë-‚ë$-/9-eè+Î
86

%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ þè+-*/<-`Ü-&ë-#-/5Ü-ýë-+è-+#-#$-:7$-:<-+$-ýë-/<-I-/7Ü-T-d#-{-#%Ü#-ý-
/Vë0<-ý<-:ß<-%,-F0<-+$-ý9ë -þ<è -,<-eÜ<-ý9-b9² -ý7Ü-#,<-U/<-+$-Ê +è-:-#<:-[$-*ë/-
,<-d#-{-‡ë<-/%<-`Ü<-:$-2ì-+9-:-//<-ý7Ü-#,<-U/<-+$-Ê +è-:-/D,-ý-*ë/-,<-2ì0-/ß-
2ì#<-`-Ü …å/-ý<-,-2+ì -8ë:-,<-@,-ý7ë -Ü #,<-U/<-)è-þè-/7Ü-rÜ+-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-#<ß0-ýë-+è-‚ë$-/9-eè+-
ý-8Ü,-:Ê +è7Ü-{æ-02,-#$-6#-#%Ü#-#Ü-{æ+-:7$-9Ü0-bÜ<-#ë0<-ý-/D,-ý7Ü-+/$-#Ü<-+/$-ýë-
/½§:-7oÜ$-Fë,-ýë-#<ß0-¸¥-,-7.ë-/7Ü-dÜ9-9ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-#<:-/D,-+#-#<ß0-:-/y/-ý-,ÊÜ
‚ë$-eè +-a+-ý9-T-8Ü-#<:-[$-,ÜÎ 0$ë ,-<ß0-#ë0<-ý-/D,-ýë <-#6ß#<-[$-‚ë$-Î
$-{:-l#-ýë<-5è,-ý7Ü-<è0<-‚ë$-Yè Î +#-ý-l,-ý<-*0<-%+-T-9ß-‚ë$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ þè+-ý7Ü-2±:-+è-(Ü+-‚ë$-/9-eè+-ý7Ü-*/<-`Ü-a+-ý9-,ÜÊ …å/-*/<-´¥,-/6$-:<Ê
*-0:-F0-Dë#-{æ,-:<-#5,-ý-8ÜÊ ÊrÜ+-ý7Ü-Z#¨ -/W:-#5,-%Ü7$-8ë+-0-8Ü,Ê Ê+è-+$-F0-ý-
7#:-/9-b²9-ý7Ü-<è0<Ê Ê7+Ü-,Ü-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-,Ü-Dë#<-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê6/-%Ü$-{-&è-/-8Ü-/+#-(Ü+-
%,Ë Ê#$-8Ü,-+è-,Ü-´¥,-Dë#-[$-0-Ü 7b²9Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-/5Ü,-*-0:-/+#-+$-/+#-#Ü-/7Ü-+$ë<-
ýë9-5è,-ý-+$-73Ý,-Y$<-7#:-/7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-T#-ý9-:0-¸-¥ eè+-+#ë<-;Ü$-Ê +è-:-#<ß0Ê
+$-ý-ë F0-ý-#<:-/-5<è -T7Ü-#<:-[$-…å/-ý-,ÜÊ :<-+$-ýë-/<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-:-#<:-[$-
*ë,-+!7-8$-T#-ý9-0ë<-ý<-/Vë0<-ý<-{æ+-^Ü,-e+è -`Ü-Yë/<-&è-/-+$-Ê d#-{-#%Ü#-ý-P-/ß9-
#$-<è0<-/6ß$-y-<-,<-/I0<-#ë-9Ü0-<ë#<-0-$è<-ý9-5:-+$-U¨-+$-d#-02,-{,-&7Ü-&-;<-
F0<-9è-9è-:-<è0<-6Ü,-ý<-<ë-<ë7Ü-#<:-[$-þè<-ý-+$-#%Ü#-&9-¸¥-#<:-7+è/<Ê 0*9-Cë#<-ý-
0è+-ý7Ü-JÜ$-/ß-0-Ü #8ë-/-#<:-₯$<-`Ü-,$-¸¥-#6ß#<-/C,-#<:-/g-0-7lè<-ý9-[$-/-P9-8ß:-
#<ß0-:-0$ë,-<ß0-/5Ü,-¸¥-[$-/7Ü-#ë0<-ý-/D,-ýë9-b²9-ý<-,Ü-dÜ-9ë:-#6ß#<-.ß$-¸¥-[$-/-F0<-
‚ë$-/9-eè+-+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-$-{:-/D,-ý-,ÜÊ T7Ü-#<:-[$-*ë/-0-*ë/-#$-P9-T-+è9-;è<-ý-10-bÜ-$-{:-(Ü-2-é /-
0Ü,-ý9-7o<-¸¥<-`Ü-<$<-{<-þë,-*0<-%+-6+-%Ü$-8,ë -),-0*7-+#-J#ë <-ý-+è-(Ü+-+$ë<-<ß-0ë<-
ý7Ü-$-{:-/D,-ý-ë +$-Ê #<:-[$-*/ë -,<-+è-(Ü+-8-è ;è<-`Ü-U9¨ -+$ë<-<ß-$<è -ý7Ü-;<è -ý-l#-ýë<-9$-
(Ü+-<è0<-*-0:-¸¥-5è,-ý7Ü-73Ý,-<è0<-‚ë$-/9-eè+-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-+#-ý-l,-ý-,ÜÊ {<-ý9-5Ü-hë7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#$-+$-#$-/Vë0-ý-+è7Ü-5:-d#-U¨-0+ë#-
{,-&<-<ë#<-Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ý9-/%<-ý-<$<-{<-`Ü-8è-;è<-+è-(Ü+-+è-+$-+è7Ü-F0-ý9-;9-/7Ü-/E-+ë,-
D#<-#<ß0-9-è 9è-,<-l,-ý9-e-+#ë<-`$-Ê 0+ë9-,-#¶¦#-0-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-Y$è -,-7o<-/ß-F0-e$-#Ü-
87

8ë,-),-F0<-9$-/5Ü,-T,© -i/á -·-¦ /º¥#<-ý-:<-8,ë -),-#$-+$-#$-5Ü#-T7Ü-F0-ý-+è-+$-+è7Ü-$-ë /ë9-


#+ë+-,<-+#-ý9-/º¥#<-ý-:-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-/Vë0-ý7Ü-T-+è-8$-+è-:<-#5,-¸¥-0-b²9-ý9-F0-ý9-
+#-ý9-0ë<-ý<-[$-5è,-*0<-%+-`$-#+ë+-,<-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-T-8-è ;è<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-9-ß ‚ë$-/9-e+è -
+ëË Ê
/5Ü-ý-rë#-Zë0-#6è9-/5Ü7Ü-0,-$#-/;+-ý-:-/5ÜÊ )Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ-#6è9Ê XÜ$-ýë-W#<-`Ü-#6è9Ê
7në-7¸¥-nÜ,-:<-`Ü-#6è9Ê +#ë$<-ý-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-#6è9-/;+-ýëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-#(Ü<Ê )Ü$-$è-73Ý,-
bÜ<-I:-‚$-/-+$-Ê 7eë$<-ý7Ü-2+-7o<-/ß-+$-/%<-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-I:-‚$-/-
,ÜË
´¥,-`$-<è0<-73Ý,-Iè -#%Ü#-/<0-#),-bÜ <Î 9$-#Ü-<è0<-(Ü+-T-U¨9-Jë#<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Î
d#-{-n-9#<-#6ß#<-<ß-7¸¥-e<-ýÎ +0Ü#<-ý7Ü-Dè,-¸¥ -0"<-ý<-/5#-,<-`$-Î
:ß <-/r$-xä$-9ë-/<:-5Ü$-8Ü+-0Ü #-xä$-Î Iè-# %Ü#-#)+-+è-8ß,-*ß $-i$<-0$-/Vë0Î
9Ü0-bÜ<-#8ë-*ë /-#ë0<-/D,-0*9-dÜ,-/9Î :è#<-ý9-/y/-dÜ9-*ß,-2ì+-/rÜ$<-)è-eÎ
eÜ$-@ë+-:-<ë#<-)Ü$-73Ý,-þë,-´¥,-/<:Î U/<-<ß-0Ü-Dë#-#¶¦#-07Ü-$$-¸¥-uë+Î
9è<-7#7-T-U¨7Ü-I:-‚ë$-:0-¸-¥ yë$-Î T-+$-9$-<è0<-+eè9-0è+-+ë,-:-/:-/PÎ
₫ë +-8ß:-*0<-%+-8è-;è<-9ë:-ý9-aè9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /þè+-ý7Ü-&ë-#-+è-+#-´¥,-#$-:-/Dè,-`$-/+è-#;è#<-5-Ü hë7Ü-U-¨ #<ß$-*#ß <-+$-
9$-#Ü-Vë-#<ß0-9ë-0(0-&è,-ýë9-/Dè,-ý9-/…å/-ý7Ü-dÜ9-rë#-Zë0-#6è9-/5Ü7Ü-0,-$#-+$-Q,-ý9-
#%è<-)Êè #<$-Jë#<-{æ+-:<Ê 8è-;è<-7'Ü#-Dè,-#$-:-8$-Ê Êrë#-Zë0-#6è9-/5Ü-0-*è/<-
,Ë Ê,0-8$-+ë,-0è+-8#ß -ý-z$-Ê Ê8ë$<-Jë#<-+ý:-b-Ü rë#-7në#-*/<Ê Ê#%Ü#-;è<-ý<-,-Ü ´¥,-
rë#-*ë/Ê Ê+ýè9-,-…-#%,-73Ý,-b-Ü "<Ê Ê,0-0"7Ü-(-Ü 0-#%Ü#-6Ü,-ý<Ê Ê&±-o,-Yë$-#-Ü (Ü-0-
´¥,Ë Ê0-/6ß$-ý9-8$-Yë$-rë#-*ë/Ê Ê+è-dÜ9-rë#-Zë0-#6è9-/5Ü-#%è<Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê
:<-+$-ýë-ý<-T-U¨7Ü-F0-ý9-<0è <-73Ý,-ý-:<-#5,-¸¥-0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-8Ü+-Iè-#%Ü#-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-
/<0-#),-bÜ<Ê 9$-#Ü-<è0<-(Ü+-F0-;è<-2ì#<-/{+-+$-T7Ü-U¨-+$-8è-;<è -<-ß Jë#<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-)$Ü -
$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-#6è9-#+/-ý9-e-YèÊ +è7$-Ê )Ü$-73Ý,-#6è9-,Ü-*ë+-U¨-:Ê ÊIè-#%Ü#-<0è <-/6ß$-
8è$<-0Ü-eÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9Ê *ë#-09-T-d#-{-#%Ü#-ý-:-n-/-<-/ë,->-+!9-ý7ë 0-œ-ñ× Wë,-ýë-:-
<ë#<-ý-há-#$-ý-#<:-/9-oÜ<-ý-+$-Ê 9#<-ý-T7Ü-#6ß#<-02,-(Ü+-+$-Q,-ý-*ë+-ý9-oÜ<-ý-
<ë#<-7¸¥-e<-:Ê 9$-0¸¥,-"+-(è-/9-+0Ü#<-ý-#)ë+-ý7Ü-Dè,-¸¥-/þè+-ý7Ü-2±:-:-0"<-ý7Ü-…å/-ý-
ýë<-#5#-ý9-eÊ +è-P9-e<-,<-`$-/+è-/7Ü-Y,-:-:ß<-#,+-/r$-Ê xä$-9ë-:,-#<ß0-/<:-
88

/5Ü,-8Ü+-`Ü-73Ý,-Y$<-0Ü#-#Ü-P-Y$<-xä$-#Ü-7ië-Q#ë -#<ß0-8ß:-<ë-<ë-:-8-o:-¸¥-0-<ë$-/9-d#ë <-


0(0-ýë9-+0Ü#<-Dè,-:-Iè-#%Ü#-·¦-#)+-+è-8ß,-*ß$-:-i$<-0$-/9-/Vë0-ý<-(0<-M-9Ü0-ý9-7&9-
/9-7b²9-)èÊ
+è7$-+0Ü#<-Dè,-:-<0è <-0Ü-#,<-ý9-7¸¥-eè+-`Ü-D#ë -ý-0$-ýë-/,-/ß,-:$-:ë$-¸¥-7b²-/-,Ü-#8ë-
/7Ü-(0<-9Ü-#69-b-Ü &±-P-/ßÊ +è-,<-F0-Dë#-%°$-6+-5Ü-,<-.:-&9è -+0Ü#<-Dè,-:-<0è <-#,<-;Ü$-
+è7Ü-F0-7b²9-bÜ-/#-&#<-/D<-ý<-0Ü#-/1°0-8$-8Ü+-8ß:-¸¥-4:-bÜ<-7&9-/-,Ü-*ë/-ý7Ü-(0<-
#%ë$-9$ë -#Ü-tä$-P-/ßÊ +0Ü#<-Dè,-:-Vë0-ý-'Ü-P-/9-9$-(Ü+-+-è +$-+9è -#<:-*è/<-;Ü$-+è7$-&è-&±$-
F0-7b²9-0-$è<-ý-%Ü-7+ë+-/€ç9-¸¥-/·¦/-%Ü$-+è-:<-Dë#-ý-#5,-·¦-0Ü-#8ë-/-,Ü-#ë0<-ý7Ü-(0<-&±-&è,-
+:-7//-P-/Êß T7Ü-F0-ý-+7è $-9$-<0è <-+$-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-/rè<-,<-/Vë0<-ý<-Dë#-ý-#$-#<Ü -
`$-/9-¸¥-0Ü-&ë+-ý9-U¨-8ë$<-Jë#<-:-<è0<-'Ü-10-#,<-7+ë+-ý-+è-rÜ+-¸¥-Zë+-ý-,Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-(0<-
02ì-&±$-xä$-#Ü<-/þë+-ý-P-/Êß +è-:<-`$-₫,-bÜ-+!9-,#-/-\ä7Ü-/ß-#-2±,-&+-#<:-¹¥<-;Ü$-(Ü,-
02,-D#-·-¦ 8ß:-zè,-#$-#<Ü -`$-0Ü-7në#-ý9-#<:-/D,-2+-/{+-b+-¸-¥ b²9-ý-,Ü-0*9-d,Ü -ý7Ü-
(0<-{-02ì-&è,-ýë-x/<-+$-o:-/-P-/-ß YèÊ +è-P9-0-b²9-bÜ-/9-¸¥-:è#<-ý9-/y/-%$Ü -+$-ýë-,<-
0Ü-<,ß -ý9-e-/7Ü-dÜ9-#ë0<-9Ü0-b<Ü -*ß,-2+ì -`-Ü 8ß,-9Ü0-ý9-/rÜ$<-)è-/#ë0-ý9-e-+#ë<-:Ê +è7Ü-2é-
<è0<-0Ü-#<:-/7Ü-eÜ$-/-+$-Ê 7b²-/-]ä,-ýë9-b²9-ý7Ü-@ë+-ý-+$-Ê :-<ë#<-ý7Ü-"ë$-,<-Hà#<-
7*Ü/<-+$-Ê 7*ë9-8<-<ë#<-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-b-Ü þë,-e³$-,-$ë-;<è -;$Ü -/)$-X0ë <-<ß-0-;ë9-/9-´¥,-:-
<ë-<ë7Ü-#(è,-ýë-/Dè,-)-è /<:-:ëÊ Ê
+è-(Ü+-I:-‚ë$-5Ü$-/ë#<-7eÜ,-ý7Ü-*/<-($-#)è9-02ì-{:-º¥<-:,-+$-Ê v-0-+#ë$<-7¸¥<-
:<-T-:0-¸¥-yë$-ý-<ë#<-F0-ý-lá#-·¦-#<ß$<-ý-P9-#,+-/Z¨-,Ê U/<-<ß-<è0<-F0-ý9-0Ü-Dë#-
ý-#¶¦#-07Ü-$$-¸¥-9$-//<-<ß-Të+-`<Ü -të+-:-$:-#<ëÊ 9è<-7#9-T-U¨-+è-(Ü+-&è-/-9-Ü 9/-,<-&±$-
/-)Ü:-7oá-10-<#ë <-&è-&±$-0+ë#-+eÜ/<-₫ë+-:0-(è-9$Ü -/º¥#<-#,<-0-$<è -ý9-/Vë0<-ý<-I:-
‚ë$-5Ü$-:0-¸-¥ yë$-Ê U/<-9è9-T7Ü-F0-ý-+$-9$-<è0<-+eè9-0è+-¸-¥ /rè<-)è-/Vë0-e-V0ë -e+è -`Ü-
#(Ü<-73Ý,-\$<-:-Vë0-0",-9$-$ë-9Ü#-ý7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-#,<-:ß#<-`Ü-+ë,-:-/P-/-F0<-`Ü<-0(0-
/5#-#Ü-F:-7eë9-/þ$-Ê Bè<-*ë/-[$-i#<-Dë#-2ì#<-T-W#<-8è-;è<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ëÊ /#ë-/-5Ü-
hë7Ü-&<Ê /67-/·¦$-2ì#<-7"ë9Ê 7ië-7¸¥#-Eë-Bè7Ü-#9-<ë#<-0+ë9-,-₫ë+-8:ß -%Ü-+$-%Ü9-[$-/-
*0<-%+-T-8-è ;è<-ý7Ü-9ë:-ý-7/7-5Ü#-ý9-:0-¸¥-aè9-/9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð7eë$<-ý7Ü-2+-7o<-/ß-+$-/%<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P9-)Ü$-73Ý,-#6è9-:-/Dè,-,<-`$-Î 8Ü+-`Ü -8ß:-¸¥-0-7lè<-#<:-[$-Jë#<Î
89

+/$-ýë7Ü-8:ß -¸-¥ d#-{-0$ë,-<ß0-;9Î :ß<-`Ü-8ß:-¸¥-;Ü,-‚$-*/ë -ý7Ü -P<Î


#5,-[$-+/$-/€ç9-&ë-7ná:-%Ü9-8$-7&9Î =è-9ß-!-+ý:-U¨-8Ü-+$ë<-iá/-*ë /Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-'Ü-U+-/Y,-ý7Ü-0,-$#-#Ü-I-/-)Ü$-$-è 73Ý,-b-Ü #6è9-"ë-,-:-/Dè,-,<-`$-8ß:-
#<ß0-b+-¸¥-b9² -)-è :ß<-*-0:-¸-¥ 73Ý,-ý7Ü-0$ë,-5è,-T7Ü-U¨9-Jë#<-ý9-7b²9-)Êè +$-ý-ë 9$-#Ü-8Ü+-
`Ü-8ß:-¸¥-#$-/Vë0-ý7Ü-T-U¨-d#-02,-{,-&-:ß#<-+$-/%<-ý-#<:-:-0-7lè<-ý-0è-:ë$-#-Ü
#6ß#<-/C,-P9-7&9-/7Ü-#<:-[$-Jë#<Ê #(Ü<-ý-<è0<-;Ü,-·¦-‚$<-ý7Ü-0*ß-:<-8+Ü -+cë+-0-
8Ü,-ý9-0Ü#-<#ë <-+/$-ýë7Ü-₫ë+-8:ß -¸-¥ T7Ü-d#-{-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-;9Ê #<ß0-ý-<0è <-`<Ü -:ß<-
7eë$<-)è-T-(Ü+-9è#-ý-:ß<-`Ü-8ß:-¸¥-#<:-/<-:ß<-;Ü,-·¦-‚$<-ý-*ë/-ý7Ü-P<-#5,-bÜ-[$-/-6Ü:-
bÜ<-#,ë,-%Ü$-9$-+/$-¸¥-€9ç -/-+$-Ê :<-+$-+$ë<-iá/-*ë#<-0è+-¸¥-…å/-¹<¥ -ý-<ë#<-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-
bÜ-₫+ë -8ß:-/<0-b<Ü -0-Ü a/-ý7Ü-&-ë 7ná:-&è,-ýë-%Ü9-8$-7&9-5$Ü -U7¨ -Ü rë#-7në#-ý<-0*9-*ß#-=è-9-ß
!-+ý:-&è,-ýë7Ü-U-¨ 0Ü-6+-ý-{,-b-Ü 7"ë9-:ë-+$-+eè9-0è+-ý7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-*ë/-ý9-7b²9-9Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-ÐXÜ$-ýë-W#<-`Ü-#6è9-Ñ,ÜÊ
W#<-`Ü-#6è9-,Ü-0Ü-7b²9-*ß#<-rë#-+$-Î 8Ü-#è7Ü-nè$-/-#<:-/!ë+-/Xè,-ý-YèÎ
8/-8ß0-5 :-,<-5:-+$-#<$-/-,<Î 0#:-0è-P-/ß9-7"ë9-/-(è-/Xè,-8Ü,Î
=è-9ß-!-+ý:-#<ß$-#Ü-+$ë<-i á/-*ë/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ $#-:-(Ü$-ýë-W#<-`-Ü #6è9-#+/-ý-,ÜÊ T-<ë-<7ë -Ü 9Ü#<-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-
*ß#<-r#ë -<-/ë,-#$-8Ü,-ý-+$-Ê +è7Ü-0*9-I-W#<-<0-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-8-Ü #è-#<:-/9-/!ë+-ý-:-<0è <-
#)+-ý-,Ü-/Xè,-ý7Ü-8,-:#-Yè-w-/-U9-nè$-P-/ß7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-+$-Ê *ß#<-rë#-:<-W#<-nè$-e³$-Ê
8/-`Ü-5:-,<-8ß0-bÜ-5:-+$-Ê +è-,<-*ß#<-!9-/{æ+-8ß0-bÜ-#<$-/-,<-8/-bÜ-#<$-/9-º¥#<-
)è-*ß#<-!9-*Ü0Ê y9-8$-+è-P9-/9-0-&+-ý-7#:-0è-P-/ß9-7"ë9-/-,Ü-(è-/Xè,-bÜ-8,-:#-Yè-
7#:-0è-t+-!ë9-bÜ-+#ë$<-ý-8Ü,-:Ê +è-+#-#Ü<-W#<-xä$-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-+#-,<-#<ß$-#Ü-rë#-7në#-
ý<-0*9-*#ß -=-è 9ß-!-+ý:-&è,-ý7ë -Ü #<ß$-0-Ü 6+-ý-{,-bÜ-7"ë9-:ë-+$-+eè9-0è+-ý7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-*ë/-ý9-
7b²9-9ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-Ð7në-7¸¥-nÜ,-:<-`Ü-#6è9-Ñ,ÜÊ
7në-7¸¥7-Ü #6è9-b <Ü -+ë,-#(Ü<-03+-ý-+$-Î +$ë<-iá/-+/$-¸¥-e-/-…å/-ý-YèÎ
[ë+-/%°+-[$-i#<-Dë#-2ì#<-T-W#<-+$-Î 8è-;è<-&è,-ýë9-7&9-/-…å/-ý-&è<Î
8ë,-),-nÜ,-:<-´¥,-:-+/$-7eë9-5Ü$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #$-7+ë+-nÜ,-:<-`Ü-"-€ç9-/-7në-7¸¥7-Ü #6è9-,ÊÜ *ß#<-r#ë -W#<-n$è -:<-7në<-
ý7Ü-7ë+-6è9-bÜ<-{:-/-0&ë+-%Ü$-eÜ,-x/<-/Z¨<-)-è 9$-+ë,-/…å/Ê 7ië-/7Ü-…Ü/-#(Ü<-‚$<-,<-
90

<$<-{<-`Ü-<-:-/!ë+-ý<-#5,-+ë,-7iá/-ý-Y-è +ë,-#(Ü<-03+-ý-+$-Ê y9-8$-7ë+-6è9-‡ë-/Z¨<-


*ß,-0ë$-+$-0&ë#-#Ü-+$ë<-iá/-/+#-(Ü+-`Ü-+/$-¸¥-e-/-,Ü-…/å -ý7Ü-8,-:#-Y-è {:-ý7ë -Ü .ë-(-7bè+-ý-P-
/ß7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-8Ü,-:Ê 0*9-+è-P9-/…å/-ý7Ü-iá/-0*7-[ë+-/%°+-`Ü-#6ß#<-[$-Ê i#<-ý7Ü-…-
U+Ë 8Ü+-`Ü-D#ë -2#ì <-'Ü-Xè+-ý-*0<-%+-[$-Yë$-T7Ü-Uʨ i#<-Yë$-W#<-`-Ü …-+$-Ê 9Ü#-Yë$-
8è-;è<-&è,-ýë7Ü-7"ë9-:ë9-7&9-/-…å/-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-8,-:#-/ß$-/-2$-5Ü#-#Ü-+#ë$<-ý-YèÊ +è-+#-#Ü<-
8è-;<è -`-Ü I:-7eë$<-;Ü$-n,Ü -:<-[-2ì#<-:-9$-+/$-/Cè<-ý<-0*9-*#ß -<$<-{<-F0<-`-Ü 8ë,-
),-+$-nÜ,-:<-0-Ü 6+-ý-{,-bÜ-7"ë9-:ë-´,¥ -:-+/$-7eë9-&è,-ýë-*/ë -ý9-7b²9-9Êë Ê5Ü$-5è<-ý7Ü-2Ý#-
n+-,-Ü T#-0-7lè,-ý7Ü-…7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð+#ë$<-ý-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-#6è9-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+#ë$<-ý-0Ü-7b²9-T-2ì#<-'Ü-Xè+-´¥,Î 9$-9Ü#-I:-¸¥-Dë#<-;Ü$-#ë 0<-ý-:<Î
xä$-<è0<-T-U¨-+eè9-0+è -9ë-0(0-ý7Ü Î =è-9ß-!-+ý:-*ß#<-`Ü -+$ë<-iá/-*ë/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-+#-₫7Ü -Ü {<-7+è/<-#:-ýë-&-è +#ë$<-ý-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-#6è9-,ÜÊ 5Ü-/-+$-hë-/7ë -Ü
T-2ì#<-'Ü-Xè+-ý-´¥,-`$-;è:-:<-7'7-2ì,-/5Ü,-9$-#Ü-9#Ü -ý7Ü-9$-I:-:<-#5,-¸¥-0-i/á -ý9-
Dë#<-;Ü$-+è7Ü-{æ,-:-#ë0<-ý-&è9-/D<-ý-:<Ê /#-&#<-`-Ü /5ë,-ý-x$ä -+$-+è7Ü-"-:ë-€ç9-/-ýë-
<è0<-+$-eÜ,-bÜ<-xë/-ý-ýë-8è-;è<-`Ü-T-U-¨ #<ß0-!7$-<0è <-(Ü+-`Ü-$$-¸¥-+eè9-0è+-9ë-0(0-¸¥-^Ü,-
ý7Ü-0*ß-:<-+#ë$<-ý7Ü-I:-Jë#<-)-è Yë$-rë#-%Ü#-%9-¸¥-7në#-ý-*ë/Ê 0*9-*ß#-=è-9ß-!-+ý:-&è,-
ýë7Ü-*ß#<-0Ü-6+-ý-{,-b-Ü 7"ë9-:ë-+$-+eè9-0è+-ý7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-*ë/-ý9-7b²9-9Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-F:-7eë9-b-Ü 8,-:#-eè-o#-·¦-/;+-ý-:Ê +0-2#Ý -ý-/þè+-ýÊ 8è-;<è -ý-/YÜ0-ý-<ë#<-
+`²<-#%Ü#-·¦-/Y,-ý-,ÜÊ
F:-7eë9-8,-:#-+0-2Ý#-d#-{7Ü-U¨Î Eë-Bè-#<ß0-bÜ-$ë-/ë9-eÜ,-/x/<-;Ü$-Î
8è-;è<-+/$-/U¨9-…Ü/-ý7Ü-lÜ-‚$<-)èÎ 9Ü# <-+$-9Ü#<-/+#-0-7&ë:-d#-{<-#+/Î
#(Ü<-[$-/<:-dÜ9-+eÜ$<-:<-8è-;è<-ýÎ ₫,-l$<-9ë-0(0-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý9-/PÎ
Eë-Bè 7Ü-d#-+$-5/<-,Ü-/<Ü:-,<-`$-Î +bè<-ý7Ü-#+,-:-/D,-ý9-/º¥#<-<ß-#<ë:Î
9$-:<-F0-‡å:-9Ü#-ý7Ü -T-0ë-8Ü<Î /E7-8Ü-d#-72:-+ë,-bÜ-d#-:è,-/)/Î
dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-+/$-ýë9-+bè<-@ã7Ü-8ß:Î (è9-₫ë+-7+ë+-8ë,-^,-#)ë9-9%-+$-Î
‚ë9-…ë:-6ß$-7'ß#-0&ë+-ý7Ü-‡Ü,-&è,-ýë<Î /+è-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-T#-ý9-\è:Î
&è-/7Ü-8ë,-),-/W#<-ý-Eë-Bè7Ü-uä<Î U¨-+$-8è-;è<-nÜ ,-:<-$-{:-/þè+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ W9-/;+-ý-+-è F0<-9Ü0-ý-+$-ýë7Ü-F:-7eë9-+$ë<-#5Ü-8Ü,-:Ê +è-(+Ü -Jë#<-ý9-
91

eè+-ý7Ü-8,-:#-#Ü-F:-7eë9-F0<-#$-:-7e³$-/7Ü-#5Ü-+$-ýë-T-+0-2Ý#-ý7Ü-U¨9-/þè+-ý-+è-:7$-
d#-{-#%Ü#-‡ë<-2ì#<-…å/-`Ü-+eè-/<-/Y,-ý-#$-8$-#1ì-/ë7Ü-U¨-Jë#<-ý9-/Vë0-ýÊ 8ß0-bÜ-<-
/ë,-/þè+-ýÊ +è-:<-8ß0-/Vë0-ýÊ <è0<-+ý7-<ß0-/Iè#<-/Vë0-ýÊ 9Ü#<-/+#-#Ü-{<-
7+è/<-ý-+$-M-9Ü0-ý-'Ü-P-/9-#5Ü-¸¥<-<-ß eÜ<-ý-/%<-ýÊ ,9-<,ë -,<-7+ë+-ý7Ü-29ì -/<-#¸¥$<-)è-
+è-+ë,-¸¥-#(è9-/Ê &±$-0-:è,-ýÊ Vë-#<ß0-bÜ-¹¥<-ý-9Ü0-bÜ<-7.è:-/Ê 9$-9Ü#<-`Ü-e-/-:-+/$-
€ç9-/-F0<-‚ë$-5Ü$-7o<-¸¥<-<ß-<$<-{<-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-/P0<-ý-+$-Ê e$-&±/-+ë,-¸¥-#(è9-/<-
9/-·-¦ e³$-,<-+!7-*ß/-03+-ý-+$-Ê +è-:<-/5è$<-)è-e$-&±/-XÜ$-ýë9-#;è#<-ý-+$-Ê /¸¥+-
/·¦:-)-è /<0-#),-/þè+-ý-+$-Ê F0-ý-*0<-%+-0aè,-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-/Cè<-ý-F0<-8,Ü -:Ê :0-
#ë$-07Ü-2é-,-/+è-Y$ë -8-è ;è<-`Ü-T-U¨9-7iá/-ý9-e-/7Ü-d9Ü -/+è-xä$-<0è <-:-T-U¨9-Q$-/-+$-Ê +è-
,<-0&ë#-#Ü-+$ë<-iá/-:-f³9-¸¥-‚ë9-/7Ü-#5Ü-7+Ü$-ý<-,-^,Ü -e+è -¸¥-7ië-/-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
8,-:#-F:-7eë9-+$ë<-:-/¸¥,-8ë+-ý7Ü-+$-ýë-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/-ý-,ÜÊ ‚$-e-eÜ<-ý-+è-(Ü+-`Ü-:ß<-
$#-8Ü+-#<ß0-bÜ-¹¥<-ý7Ü-I:-,9-<ë,-ý-‚ë$-/9-eè+Ê ‚$<-7o<-,Ü-<$<-{<-ý-,-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-
`Ü-#<$-/-/<0-b<Ü -0-Ü a/-ý-:-0$7-/Cè<-ý-(Ü+-8Ü,-%Ü$-Ê ‚ë$-eè+-,ÜÊ +0-2#Ý -ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-
/þè+-6Ü,-ý-,-+è-*0<-%+-`Ü-₫-Ü /ë9->ù-+!9-ýëÊ 0iÜ,-ý9->¡ï+09-ýÊë *ß#<-!9-œ×-ñ Wë,-ýë-#<:-
5Ü$-7/9-/70Ê 8$-,-F0-[$-7+ë -+ý#-0+è -0-Ü /þë+-ý-/Vë0<-,<-+0-2Ý#-ý7Ü-U-¨ #<ß$-*#ß <-
<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-E-ë Bè-#<ß0-bÜ-$ë-/ë-+$-+eè9-0è+-ý9-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/<-;$Ü -Vë-#<ß0-F0-ý9-+#-
ý-<$<-{<-´,¥ -b-Ü U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-<-ß 0ë<-ý7Ü-$-{:-e<-ý<Ê :0-#ë$-07Ü-¸¥<-,-"-ß Eã:-xä$-#Ü-
"0<-#<ß0-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-)èÊ +è-F0<-`Ü-XÜ#<-0-6+-,<-₯$<-0-7.è:-/-:<-e³$-/7Ü-8-è ;è<-
{æ+-:-þè-/7Ü-#5Ü-7+Ü$-/7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+/$-/U¨9-/-:Ê ‚$-e-,ÜÊ eÜ<-ý-+è-I-"0<-7.è:-/<-(,ë -0$ë <-ý-¸¥#-M7Ü-F0-D#ë -
9#<-ý9-b²9-ý-+è-‚ë$-/9-eè+Ê ‚$<-7o<-,Ü-<$<-{<-ý-,-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-*0<-%+-`Ü<-
/+#-(Ü+-"0<-#<ß0-&ë<-`-Ü {:-ý9ë -+/$-/U¨9-/-+è-8Ü,-5$Ü -Ê ‚ë$-eè+-,ÜÊ eÜ,-x/<-`Ü-B<è -<ß-
T-2ì#<-F0<-`Ü-0#ë-/ë7Ü-#,<-M9-9Ü#<-/+#-#1ì-/ë9-b²9-ý7Ü-+-è /5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-M-9$-9$-#-Ü 8ß0-
+$-0(0-ý9-‚ë9-/7Ü-Bè<-&#<-`Ü-0<è -e$-&±/-`Ü-<0è <-8è-;<è -F0-ý-M7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ-/¸¥+-IÜ-M9-º¥-
/7Ü-&±-/ë7-Ü {æ,-//<-ý<-+/$-/U¨9Ê U¨-:ß<-`-Ü ,$-#$-Ê (ë,-0ë$<-ý-M7Ü-…Ü/-ý7Ü-l-Ü 0-/#-
&#<-+$-/%<-ý-‚$<Ê &±7Ü-T#-0-89-:+ß -ý-:<-Eë-Bè7-Ü 9Ü#<-:-0-Ü /þë+-ý<-02ì,Ê T-<ë-<ë7-Ü
9Ü#<-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-9#Ü <-`Ü-/+#-ýë-9Ü#<-#5,-¸-¥ 0-72ì:-/7Ü-d#-{<-#+/-Yè-7*ë/-e-9$-#,<-
`Ü-8è-;è<-0$ë,-¸¥-b²9-/7Ü-$-{:-/6ß$-/<Ê Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-U/<-+#7-/5Ü-:ß#<-7e³$-Që#-#Ü-9Ü0-
92

ý<-¸#¥ -M-8è-;è<-M9-+/$-/U¨9-5Ü$-xä$-<è0<-#1°#-)ë9-¸¥-*0Ü -ý7Ü-{æ-eè+-ý<-:0-#ë$-07Ü-^Ü,-eè+-


¸¥-7ië-/-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-/…å/-e-+$-…å/-eè+-#(Ü<-<ß-[$-/7Ü-Dë#-ý-/<:-/7Ü-dÜ9-¸¥-8è-;è<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-iá/-ý-,ÜÊ
‚$-e-e<Ü -ý-+-è 9$-+$-9Ü<-0*ß,-b-Ü 7ië-/-W-0-F0<-+$-v-ë ië<-`Ü-¹<¥ -ý-0(0-ý9-b²9-ý-+è-‚$ë -/9-
eè+Ë ‚$<-7o<-,Ü-<$<-{<-ý7Ü-2é-,-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-*0<-%+-8è-;è<-#%Ü#-·¦-b²9-ý<-
+#ë$<-ý-#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý9-9ë-0(0-ý-(Ü+-8Ü,-5Ü$-Ê ‚ë$-eè+-,Ü-+0-2Ý#-ý7Ü-*ß#<-rë#-:<-e³$-/7Ü-
7ë+-6è9-bÜ<-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ-+eÜ$<-,-/º¥#<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-ý-F0<-`Ü-*ß#<-{æ+-/U¨:-/<-+è-+#-&ë<-`Ü-U¨-
:<-0-#8ë<-/5Ü,-¸-¥ #6ß#<-`Ü-U-¨ /Vë0<-ý-+$-7l-/7Ü-T-2ì#<-`-Ü F0-ý9-/5è$<-ý-F0<-U+-%Ü#-
#Ü<-₫,-l$<-)è-+0-2Ý#-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:-ë +$-9-ë 0(0-¸¥-7lè<Ê #+ë+-,<-:ß<-+0-2#Ý Ê<è0<-8è-
;è<-<è0<-+ý9-T,© -b<Ü -i/á -ý9-/PÊ +è<-+0-8è-:-0&ë#-+0,-*-++-¸¥-73Ý,-ý7Ü-5è,-Dë#-\ë$-/-
+$-Ë 8è-;<è -`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-+è-(+Ü -9$-#Ü-<è0<-+$-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-;<è -ý-+$-Ê <$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-
eÜ,-x/<-/+#-(Ü+-:-7'ß#-ý-<ë#<-`Ü-+#ë<-ý-8ë+-%Ü$-:0-#ë$-07Ü-2é-+ýè7Ü-7ë+-#<:-bÜ<-+ë,-bÜ-8è-
;è<-02ì,-ý9-eè+-ý-+$-Ê 7"ë9-7+<-#(Ü<-0è+-`Ü-8è-;è<-{æ+-:-þè-/7Ü-#5Ü-7+Ü$-/7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-/º¥#<-<ß-#<ë:-/-,ÜÊ +è-,<-8,-:#-/{+-Q,-bÜ-&±-/ê¬Ù47Ü-e-0-/ß0-,<-ˆè$-/7Ü-0&ë+-
8ë,-+$-Ê 7+#-&:-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-&±-#1$-#Ü<-T-F0<-`Ü-Eë-Bè7Ü-d#-+$-5/<-+#-,Ü-/gá<-)è-lÜ-0-
/<Ü:-/9-e<-,<-`$-Ê hÜ-?$-ý+-(Ü-w-/-<ë#<-#1ì-7"ë9-<ë-<ë-+$-720<-ý<-*ß#<-+bè<-ý7Ü-
#+,-/BÜ+-%Ü$-03é<-ý-:-+0-8-è +eè9-0è+-&±-:-&±-/5#-ý-P9-+$ë<-i/á -`-Ü 7o<-/ß-0-*/ë -ý-+è-rÜ+-¸¥-
/D,-%Ü$-#8ë-/-0è+-ý9-/º¥#<-<ß-#<ë:-:ëÊ Ê
M-ý-d#-e-/-,ÊÜ 7+Ü-+$-0&ë+-/Yë+-F0<-`Ü-‚$-e-,ÜÊ eÜ<-ý-+è-/67-/·¦$-#ë<-{,-#,<-
"$-<ë#<-:-%Ü-+#9-₫+ë -%Ü$-Ê 8ß:-,ë9-bÜ-/%+-9<Ü -+$-"è-i#<-…/å -ý-F0<-‚$ë -Ê ‚$<-7o<-
,Ü-<$<-{<-ý7Ü-2é-,-+è-(Ü+-¸¥-0&ë+-ý7Ü-/!ë+-ý-0*7-8<-ý7Ü-‡Ü,-D#-·¦-7e³$-/-+$-d#-#Ü-#,<-
0&ë+-ý7Ü-5$Ü -v-,-0+è -ý9-7b²9-ý-(+Ü -8Ü,-5Ü$-Ê ‚ë$-eè+-,Ü-d#-0&ë+-/Yë+-ý7Ü-:<-9Ü0-F0<-)Êè
+è<-:0-#$ë -07Ü-2-é 9Ü#-ý-/½§:-º¥#<-`Ü-9:ë -Iè+-:-%-Ü +#9-₫ë+-ý7Ü-#5Ü-7+Ü$-/<-^Ü,-eè+-¸¥-
7ië7ëË Ê+è-:-+eÜ$<-+$-8è-;è<-#(Ü<-<-ß 0è+-ý7Ü-$$-¸-¥ +eè9-0è+-ý7Ü-T9-Dë#<-ý-(+Ü -7lè<-ý-,,-
),-bÜ-d#-%è<-e-/-F:-7eë9-0&ë#-#Ü-d#-8Ü,-:Ê 7'Ü#-Dè,-rÜ-º¥7Ü-2±:-¸¥-W#<-dÜ-ý-+$-Vë-/Y©,-)è-
d#-0&ë+-.ß:-/-:-7ná:-+#7Ü-T-F0<-9$-#<Ü -‡:å -ý7Ü-:$ë <-₫ë+-:-/Iè-/-/5Ü,-9$-#-Ü XÜ$-#-
<ë#<-:<-F0-ý9-‡å:-ý-9$-#Ü-9Ü#-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-:<-#5,-¸¥-0-#8ë<-ý7Ü-T-0ë-+ý#-·¦-0è+-ý<-
;Ü,-·¦-μ¥<-ý7Ü-2:± -b<Ü Ê >-)Ü-ýØ-=ëï5è<-/E7Ü-d#-72:-/<-T-F0<-0(è<-)-è m-)Ü-£à-=ïë 5è<-+ë,-bÜ-
93

d#-#Ü-:,-/)/-ý9-0ë<Ê
lá#-ý-0&ë+-ý-,ÜÊ T-F0<-`Ü-₫,-<ë#<-#6ß#<-%,-₯$<-ý-dÜ7Ü-+/$-ýë-MÊ +è-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-
F0-;è<-,$-#Ü-+/$-ý-ë MÊ +è-(+Ü -8è-;è<-F0-ý-*0<-%+-ý9-/º¥#<-ý-#<$-/7Ü-+/$-ýë-Yè-:ë$<-
₫ë+-ý7Ü-8ß:-%,-<ë-<ë9-+bè<-@ã9-þè+-ýÊ :ë$<-₫+-e7Ü-8ß:-dÜ-0&ë+-5Ü-ý-:-*$-þè<-&±-þè<-03é<-
ý7Ü-0è-)#ë -<#ë <-+$-Ê l#-ý-ë :-+/$-M7Ü-ýßaè-<ë#<-9$-e³$-¸¥9-hë+-`Ü-J<-)è-+/$-;è<-`Ü-(è-/9-
₫ë+-ý-MÊ ,$-0&ë+-8Ü+-¸¥-7ë$-/7Ü-#6ß#<-<#ë <-/E-+$-Ê Xë0<-7'ß#-:<-e$³ -/-+ë,-)-è +/$-
;è<-`Ü-V-ë M7Ü-7+ë+-ý-20Ý -e+è -`Ü-8ë,-),-MÊ ,$-0&ë+-a+-ý9-/-¸¥#-M-F0-+#-I-/{+-Yë$-‚9-
/¸¥+-IÜ-^,-0&ë+Ê 7+ë+-8ë,-6#-0è+-`Ü-/+è-/<-8-è ;è<-`Ü-Yë/<-þ+è -ý7Ü-#)ë9-0Ê {æ-lá#-"0<-
#<ß0-bÜ-I-/-&#<-0è+-+09-&è,-bÜ-₯$<-09-/þÜ:-/7Ü-9%-F0<-+$-Ê #<$-0&ë+-+ë,-+eÜ$<-
+$-8-è ;è<-D#<-T-2ì#<-8/-8ß0-0(0-ý9-‚9ë -/7Ü-º-¥ /+è-a+-ý9-%,-bÜ<-8<-//<-+$-0<-/D,-
bÜ-+#7-/5Ü7Ü-9Ü0-ý-:<-þè<-ý7Ü-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-0&ë#-·¦-0-Ü 7b²9-/7Ü-8-è ;è<-`Ü<-2Ý0<-ý-‚9ë -0&ë+-
+$-Ë *ë#-09-9$-#Ü-#(Ü<-73Ý,-b-Ü Dë#-2ì#<-#(Ü<-0è+-;è<-9/-6/-0ë<-&ë<-`-Ü +eÜ$<-<-ß /%ë0-
,<Ë +è-:<-+0Ü#<-0è+-`-Ü XÜ$-Bè-&è,-ýë<-/+#-P7Ü-(è9-:è,-:-/Dè,-,<-:ë#-ý9-º#¥ <-ý7Ü-+i-
/#è#<-0*7-+#-€-ç 0-P-/ß7Ü-)$Ü -$-è 73Ý,-bÜ-7há:-7"ë9-bÜ<-7"ë9-7+<-9-ë 0(0-të$-¸¥-/…:-/7Ü-
0&ë+-ý-+$-Ê +è-"ë-,-(Ü+-`Ü-0&ë+-ý-e-eè+-:<-#<ß0-#+ë+-0-,<-F0-ý9-+#-ý<-,$-;è<-*0<-
%+-U¨-+$-8-è ;è<-&è,-ýë9-6ß$-¸¥-7'ß#-ý9-;è<-ý-YÊè +è-P9-,-+$ë<-/;0<-+$-8Ü+-e$³ -)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-
bÜ-9:ë -ý<-\è:-/7Ü-0&ë+-ý7Ü-‡Ü,-&è,-ýë<-&<ë -`Ü-+eÜ$<-{<-ý9-/!$-Yè-T-F0<-`Ü-+/$-ýë7Ü-8ß:-
¸¥-.ß:-/<-/+è-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-T#-ý9-\:è -/9-e7ëÊ Ê
/¸¥,-ý-/Yë+-ý-,ÜÊ &ë<-`Ü-U-¨ :<-#6ß#<-U¨-:ë$<-₫ë+-J#ë <-ý-5Ü-&#<-hë-/ë7Ü-F0-ý9-;9-/-
+$-Ë +è-:<-#$-7¸¥:-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨9-/Y,-ý-F0<-`Ü-U¨-#<ß$-*#ß <-`Ü-&-è /7Ü-8ë,-),-B<è -<-ß l,-ý<-
/W#<-ý-/Bë+-ý-6/-%Ü$-{-&-è /7Ü-Eë-B7è -Ü uä<-9/-·¦-…ë#-%Ü$-/Yë+-ý<Ê U¨-+$-8-è ;è<-D#-%Ü$-a/-
ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-#6Ü-eÜ,-T#-ý9-7.è:-ý9-0ë<-ý-(ë,-0ë$<-ý-+$-o:-/-&è-/7Ü-$-{:-
/þè+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
:0-9Ü0-(0<-<-ß :è,-ý7Ü-U/<-/þè+-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-8,-:#-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-59-e³$-¸-¥ /w<-ý7Ü-
F:-7eë9-7e³$-/<Ê +è7Ü-‚$-e-,Ü-7"ë9-/9-0Ü$-2Ý#-8Ü-#è7Ü-$#-#Ü-/Bë+-ý-¸¥-0-+$-…-+ë,-7lè<-
73Ý,-bÜ-Dë#-ý-F0<-‚ë$-5Ü$-Ê ‚$<-7o<-,Ü-<$<-{<-,<-#¸¥:-e-:-&ë<-7"ë9-/Uë9-/-<ë#<-
#<ß$-E-ë Bè7Ü-nÜ,-:<-`<Ü -+ë,-03+-ý7Ü-Dè,-7oè:-…#Ü Ê:0-#ë$-07Ü-U/<-<ß-I-x$ä -+e$<-#<:-
bÜ-8Ü-#è9-^Ü,-ý-+$-Ê rë#-*ß9-7lè<-;Ü$-/+è-#<:-0-Ü Dë#-ý9-7&9-/7Ü-^Ü,-eè+-¸-¥ 7iëÊ ‚ë$-eè+-,Ü-
94

$#-/w<-8Ü+-/w<-Eë9-/w<-0"7-a/-`Ü-/w<-ý-<#ë <-+$-7oè:-/7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-'Ü-X+è -ý-F0<-


<ëË Ê
I-/7Ü-<-/%+-#<ß0-ý-…å/-*/<-Bè<-`Ü-e-/-F0<-+`²<-#%Ü#-·¦-/;+-ý-,ÜÊ
)Ü$-73Ý,-/Vë0-ý7Ü-Bè<-`Ü-e-/-,ÎÜ /9-&+-/<:-5Ü$-+$ë<-iá/-\è:-/7Ü-d9Ü Î
*ß,-020<-´¥,-·¦-#)ë9-07Ü-0&ë +-ý-7/ß:Î */<-;è<-+eè9-0è +-´¥,-₫ë+-a+-ý9-%,Î
/+è-&è,-2ì#<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë<-(ë,-0ë$<-#%ë+Î U:-Q,-0Ü-+$-+bè<-Q,-8ë-e+-0&ë#Î
+$ë<-iá/-T -+$-/<ë+-,0<-8è-;è<-2ì#<Î dÜ-,$-#<$-/-v-,-0è+-ý-8Ü<Î
/…å/-e-0(è<-;Ü $-…å/-ý7Ü-(0<-&#-Uë$-Î …ë:-/-:0-:ë$-‚ë9-/-&è+-¸¥-dÜ,Î
=è-9ß-!-+$-₫+ë -8ß:-0(0-ý9-7b²9Î 8è-;è<-T-:-/Xè,-/rÜ$<-0Ü-0$7-8$-Î
7ië-/7Ü-+ë,-dÜ9-*ß#<-+0-#,+-,<-/U¨:Î 7'Ü#-Dè,-2±:-Yë,-{æ+-#<ß0-/!7-(,-F0<Î
*-2Ý# -/…#<-;Ü$-:<-`Ü-#(è9-e$-#)+Î a+-ý9-/ë+-"0<-<ë-"-rá$-/7Ü-dÜ9Î
&è-5è-7"ë9-/%<-/;:-&±7Ü-/¸¥+-IÜ<-/A,Î :<-F0<-#<ë9-0Ü-9ß$-/7Ü-0*7-Z¨+-,ÜÎ
F0-/5Ü7Ü-+:-¸¥-Eë-Bè7Ü-D-oë-/Eã$-Î /…å/-e7Ü-T-:-*ß,-0ë$-0&ë#-(Ü+-`Ü Î
+$ë<-iá/-{æ,-+$-¸¥<-<ß-T#-ý9-v$-Î +0Ü#<-0è+-*ß#<-Bè7Ü-/!7-lÜ ,-#<ë/-ý7Ü -dÜ9Î
0&ë+-%Ü$-/Yë+-ý<-#)$-9#-+#-`$-+/ß:Î &ë-#-8ë-e+-T#-&+-(0<-ý-F0<Î
#,ë$-5Ü $-7bë+-ý7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-9/-·¦-/;#<Î D#-0*7-‚$-dÜ9-[ë+-/%°+-T-[$-´¥,Î
7ë+-#<:-Yë$-(Ü+-*Ü#-:è-&è,-ýë 9-/Z¨Î &+-0*7-/<:-y+-6ß$-7'ß#-€ç-07Ü-U¨<Î
[$-i#<-Dë #-2#ì <-T-W#<-&ë<-U¨9-‚$-Î +#è-2ì#<-0Ü-6+-7.è:-5Ü$-0*9-+e³$-/Î
8ë$<-<ß-/Wë-+$-^ë,-:0-6/-0ë-#+/Î ;Ü <-/Bë+-uä-+$-0è-)ë#-&9-7/è/<-ý<Î
dë#<-¸¥<-#,<-U/<-´¥,-·¦-+#è-:è#<-\è:Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-/þè+-9Ü0-b-Ü )Ü$-$è-73Ý,-+è-+#-/Vë0<-6Ü,-ý7Ü-Bè<-`Ü-e-/-8$-,Ü-/%°-#<ß0-
YèË +$-ýë-#)ë9-0-7/ß:-/-,ÜÊ +#ë<-ý-,Ü-#6ß#<-%,-#6ß#<-0è+-`Ü-/9-#%ë+-*0<-%+-/<:-
5Ü$-2ì#<-F0-ý-#(Ü<-J#ë <-ý-:<-+$ë<-iá/-F0-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü-Y/ë <-\è:-/9-e+è -+èÊ /D#-#(Ü<-
:<Ë <è0<-%,-´¥,-bÜ-rë#-/rá$-dÜ9Ê ÊEë-Bè-<è0<-+ý<-#)ë9-0-/Y,Ê Ê%è<-ý<-02ì,-#<9-
CÜ$-#Ü-{+æ -+$-0,-$#-:<-0$-¸¥-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê ¸¥<-F:-7eë9-:<-Q$-/7Ü-*ß,-020<-´,¥ -·-¦
/)$-/9-e-5Ü$-a+-ý9-v-0è+-,$-#Ü-#)ë9-0-,Ü-rë+-`Ü-¸¥<-<ß-T#-ý9-/W#<-<ëÊ Ê#)ë9-07Ü-$ë-/ë-,ÜÊ
'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê #)ë9-,Ü-&ë<-`Ü-+eÜ$<-8,Ü -)èÊ Ê0-,-Ü 9Ü#-ý7Ü-8-è ;è<-8,Ü Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-+eÜ$<-8è-#(Ü<-
<ß-0+è -ýëÊ Ê$è<-2Ý#-,ÜÊ ý-:7Ü-…-:<-.ß$-ý-ë M-+$-7e³$-/-/5Ü-F0<-`Ü-Y/ë <-þè+-ý7ëÊ Ê+eè-/-
95

,ÜË dÜ-J<Ê ,$-.$ß -ýëÊ #<$-/-e$-<è0<Ê 8$-#<$-+è-"-ë ,-(Ü+-`-Ü #)ë9-0-/5ÜÊ +è-9-è 9è-
:7$-F0-+eè-0$-/-:<-7+Ü9-dÜ7Ü-#)ë9-0-#1ì-/ë9-/Y,Ê +è-:7$-Dè,-#)ë9-D#-#)ë9-73Ý,-#)ë9-
{æ,-#)ë9-7n:-#)ë9-<ë#<-8ë+-ý-:<Ê 7+Ü9-*,ß -020<-<ß-7n:-¸¥-#)$-/7Ü-#)ë9-07Ü-0&ë+-ý-
YèË #)ë9-J<-9Ü,-ýë-&è-+$-ýV-£”7Ü-[ë+-¸¥-"-6<-/6$-@ã-\ä$<-ý70-8ß:-:ß#<-/;0<-ý7Ü-
+eÜ/<-7+<-0-7+<-2,-¸-¥ /%ë<-ý-:-/67-/·¦$-+$-/%<-ýÊ 8ß:-7'Ü#-D,è -:<-7+<-ý-I-#<ß0-
+0-%,-F0<-+$-7'Ü#-Dè,-ý-rÜ+-#<ß0-7e³$-ýë7Ü-2ì#<-F0<-:-7/ß:-/7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-2#ì <-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë<-0&ë+-ý-:Ê $ë-/-ë ,ÜÊ */<-;è<-+eè9-0è+-`Ü-´¥,-₫ë+-a+-ý9-%,-
8Ü,-:Ê $è<-2Ý#-#-−-1-g7Ü-…-:<-/+è-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-2#ì <-&è,-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-(,ë -0$ë <-ý7Ü-š-/-
#%ë+-ý9-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê+eè-,-U:-Q,-0Ü7Ü-2ì#<Ê +bè<-Q,-8ë-e+-0&ë#-#Ü-2ì#<Ê +$ë<-iá/-T7Ü-
2ì#<-+$-Ê 2ì#<-&,è -ý-ë /<ë+-,0<-8-è ;è<-+$-/%<-/5Ü9-#<ß$<-:Ê +è-+#-`$-9Ü0-/5Ü,-
*/<-;è<-6ß$-¸¥-7oè:-/7Ü-þè-/ë-+0-ý-7¸¥<-ý-+$-Ê a+-ý9-8ë-e+-M-:-<ë#<-ý-2$-/-+$-Ê
+$ë<-i/á -`Ü-Dè,-·¦-#6ß#<-/C,-/!ë+-%Ü$-8è-;<è -`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ý-rá$-0-/%<-/Vë0-ý-
+$-Ë [$-:-0-7##-ý9-₫+-ý<-/<ë+-,0<-+$-₫ë+-/5Ü,-¸¥-0Ü-+0Ü#<-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`Ü<-6Ü,-ý<-
8è-;<è -`-Ü 2ì#<-J#ë <-ý-YÊè €ç-7ná:-/;+-{æ+-Eë-B-è :<Ê þè-/-ë 037-/-´¥,-2ì#<-ýÊ ÊF:-7eë9-
7¸¥<-ý7Ü-2ì#<-5è<-eÊ Ê7eë9-/7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-2$-/-,ÜÊ Ê/+è-/7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-2ì#<-<ß-/;+Ê ÊT-
+$-+0-%,-´¥,-7¸¥<-ýÊ Ê7¸¥<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-2ì#<-<ß-/;+Ê Ê*0<-%+-₫ë+-:-0-Ü 73Ý,-ý<Ê Ê
2ì#<-#(Ü<-{æ,-¸¥-Jë#<-eè+-ýÊ Ê2ì#<-&è,-ýë-9ß-$è<-ý9-/;+Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-+#-#Ü-:<-`Ü-9Ü0-ý-,Ü-₫9Ü -:<-{-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-2#ì <-7"ë9-02,-(Ü+-ý-:-#$-¸¥-72ì#<-ý7Ü-
#,<-¸¥9-h+ë -<ë#<-+/è,-ý7Ü-#,<-<ß-U9ë -"$-9Ü0-ý-#<ß0-ý-/Iè#<-:Ê #$-#-Ü 2é-72ì#<-ý7Ü-
¸¥<-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-/-F0<-+$-Ê 'Ü-P9-e-/7Ü-a+-ý9-/E-+$-/E7Ü-:,-e-/-<ë#<-nÜ,-:<-`Ü-"-
Uë$-/7Ü-&#<-0&ë+-(-Ü 2é-/-10-:-0Ü-7iá/-ý<-0-0ë<-;Ü$-#$-:7$-F:-7eë9-.ë-0ë-T7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-
:-#,<-ý<-*/<-;è<-`Ü-J<-F0<-+0-8è-#(Ü<-0è+-`Ü-/¸¥+-IÜ9-eÜ,-/x/Ê +0-2Ý#-#Ü-J<-F0<-
:<-dÜ-(è9-₫ë+Ê ,$-7+ë+-8ë,Ê #<$-/-9Ü#-07Ü-2ì#<-+ý#-·-¦ 0è+-ý9-oá:-ý-+$-Ê *0<-%+-
`$-!-+#-Ië:-o:-#+ë+-07Ü-#5Ü-:-$$-#<Ü -J#ë <-ý-v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-0&ë+-ý-F0<-`<Ü -d-Ü P9-+`Ü:-
7"ë9-ý-F0<-0&ë+-ý<-/…å/-e7Ü-T-0(è<-;Ü$-…å/-ý-ý7ë Ü-+0-2Ý#-(0<-&#<-*0<-%+-Uë$-/9-
eè+Ë 2ì#<-i:-¸¥-7*/-Ië+-´-¥ %ë-*-0:-bÜ-/+è,-5è,-\$<-)è-/¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-0&ë+-J<-#·¦0-0ë7Ü-0è<-/º¥-
/7Ü-₯$<-0<-:ß<-,$-#Ü-T-2ì#<-*0<-%+-0&ë+-ý9-/<0<-ý<-,$-P9-F:-7eë9-ý7Ü-.ß$-"0<-
þè-0&è+-`Ü-T-F0<-0&ë+Ê ^Ü,-yë/-‡ë<-/%<-:-¹¥/-*-07Ü-,0-μ¥$-#Ü-¸¥<-<ß-)-,7Ü-03+-₫ë+-H+-¸¥-
96

e³$-/-:-‚ë9-)èÊ +è7$-/…:-e7Ü-5Ü$-Dë#<-ý<-/…:-e-#(Ü<-73Ý,-bÜ-5è,-Dë#-+$-XÜ$-Bè<-/…:-e-
5Ü$-/%°Ê …ë:-eè+-yë/-+ýë,-8$-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-…ë:-/7Ü-P-/Ê )Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-…ë:-/7Ü-(0<Ê
+/$-ýë-8ß:-¸¥<-`<Ü -…ë:-/7Ü-₫+ë -ýÊ */<-&è,-ýë<-…ë:-/7Ü-Wë,-e³$-#Ü-B<è -<-ß 7'ß#-ý7Ü-#+0<-
$#-0$ë,-¸¥-d³$-/<-…ë:-/7Ü-03+-₫ë+-:-0"<-ý-+$-Ê /…:-e-73Ý,-ýÊ …ë:-/Ê Yë/<-ý-:-
0"<-ý7Ü-!Ü$-!-9-#<ß0-2ì#<-ý-F0<-`Ü<-ië:-/-:0-¸-¥ :ë$<Ê F:-7eë9-.ë-0-ë 7hÜ#-ý7Ü-´¥,-
₫ë+-`Ü<-X0ë <-ý9-º¥#<-ý<-W9-bÜ-2ì#<-5Ü$-#Ü-T-F0<-`$-7+ë+-&#<-&,è -ý<ë -e$-&±/-<è0<-`Ü-
$ë-/ë9-º¥-,<-9$-:-9ë-#%Ü#-·¦-*Ü0-5Ü$-Ê 9è#-ý7Ü-/+è-/-<-+$-Ê #;è9-/-&±-<ë#<-:#ß <-Që#-#Ü-
7e³$-M7Ü-90Ü -ý<-9Ü,-&è,-0"7-7ië-:-<ë#<-ý-9Ü#<-M7Ü-/+è-/-/þè+-%Ü$-Ê :ß#<-7e³$-#Ü-+#7-
/5Ü-fë$-/7Ü-0*9-xä$-‚ë9-bÜ<-"0<-73#-0è+-¸¥-/6ß$-/-Që#-a/-/rè-/7Ü-‚9ë -/<-:ß#<-Q#ë -#-Ü
+#7-/5Ü7-Ü 8è-;<è -(0<-<ß-fë$-/7Ü-02ì,-9Ü0-bÜ-+ýè<-+,ë -b-Ü T,-%Ü#-þè<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`-Ü 9ë-0(0-ý-:-
8$-+#-ý9-‚9-/<-I-"0<-`Ü-+ý7-/ë-0"7-7ië-*0<-%+-#<$-/7Ü-rè#-vä#-#Ü<-0(è<-ý9-
/<0<-ý<-#<$-/-I-"0<-`Ü-T-F0<-0(è<-)è-‚ë9-/-2+-¸¥-d,Ü Ê 8ß:-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-+$-8:ß -%,-9$-
9Ü#-6$ß -¸¥-7'ß#-ý<-7"ë9-7+<-#+ë+-,<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-iá/-ý-(Ü+-7"ë9-#<ß0-0-Ü +0Ü#<-/+è-/-&è,-
ýë-+è-"ë-,-(+Ü -`Ü<-0&ë+-ý9-/<0<-ý<-8$-#<$-0&ë#-#-Ü 2ì#<-7"ë9-0*9-dÜ,-,ëÊ Ê
0ë<-yë/-7l-7/#-#Ü-2é-#:-ýë-:<Ê +$-ýë-7+ë+-8ë,-l#á -#<Ü -0&ë+Ê Ê#(Ü<-ý-+0-J<-/¸¥+-
IÜ<-/;#<Ê Ê#<ß0-ý-+i-/#è#<-#6ß#<-.ß$-Yë/Ê Ê%è<-ý-P9-2ì#<-.ß+-&-#<ß0-¸¥-‡ë<-,<Ê
+$-ýë-7+ë+-8ë,-bÜ-T-0ë-,0-0"7-#$-/9-‡ë<-)è-0&ë+Ê /9-ý-/¸¥+-IÜ<-/x/-:-/;#<Ê *-09-
#<$-/-:-7"ß-/7Ü-+i-/#è#<-7μ¥#<-/…:-/Y/<-,<-2ì#<-J<-,$-#-Ü rè#<-v#ä <-<ß-:$ë <-
₫+-:Ê yë/-+ýë,-bÜ-#,$-/-*ë/-,-Eë-Bè7Ü-uä-+$-#9-:-<ë#<-ý7$-eÊ T#-0-F0<-#<ë#-7'ë#-
0è+-ý9-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-+0è-#)ë9-0&ë+-ý7Ü-9<-0-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-Yè$-¸¥-.ß+-&-#<ß0-ý7$-/[,-)è-/¸¥+-
IÜ9-]9-/<-09-b-Ü #,<-/¸¥,-<#ë <-T#-07Ü-+0-2Ý#-·¦-#)ë#<-ý-F0<-:-/Wë<-)èÊ …å/-"$-,<-
#ë0-ý-/¸¥,-%°-/ë9-/-,Ü-rÜ,-ýë7-Ü 6-:0-8Ü,-ý<-+è9-/þ:-:ëÊ Ê
+è-P-/ß7Ü-2ì#<-`-Ü 7"ë9-:-ë +è9-7¸¥<-ý-*0<-%+-+ý:-=è-9ß-!-+$-₫ë+-8:ß -0(0-ý7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-
&è,-ýë-¸¥<-+-è (Ü+-¸¥-7*ë/-ý9-7b²9-:Ê Bè<-0*ß,-ý<-`$-90Ü -b<Ü -+è-P9-7*ë/-ý7Ü-U:-ý-%,-¸¥-
7b²9-/-<#ë <-.,-8ë,-&-è YèÊ Eë-Bè-š-/-:<Ê /<ë+-,0<-,$-,<-2#ì <-7"ë9-0&ë# Ê2é-7+Ü9-
/<0-ý-´¥,-7iá/-%Ü$-Ê Ê/#è#<-+$-/9-&+-5Ü-/-+$-Ê ÊdÜ-0-9Ü#-73Ý,-{:-/7Ü-5Ü$-Ê Ê´¥,-·¦-
/6$-ýë-7*ë/-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-*ß#<-+0-/U¨:-/-,ÜÊ /D,-#8ë-´¥,-·¦-a/-ý7Ü-8-è ;è<-`Ü-T-:-/U¨:-+$-0-/U¨:-/<-
97

/Xè,-/rÜ$-Yè-(è-9Ü$-0Ü-0$7-8$-Ê 7"ë9-/9-Z¨#-/W:-bÜ<-0,9-/7Ü-7ië-/-F0<-`Ü-+ë,-03+-ý7Ü-
dÜ9-¸¥-W,ë -'-Ü P9-*#ß <-+0-/%<-ý7Ü-*-2Ý#-#Ü-#,+-,<-^<ë -)è-#¸¥$-»#¥ <-l#-ý-ë +$-#<$-/7Ü-Aè7ß-
&±$-<ë#<-`Ü-…<-/U¨:-:ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-&+-*-ë /…#<-ý-,ÊÜ 7'Ü#-Dè,-9$-{æ+-ý7Ü-2±:-¸¥-Y,ë -5$Ü -Yë,-ý7Ü-/Y,-ý-+$-a+-ý9-v-
0è+-Eë-Bè-*#è -ý-rá$-/7Ü-#(è9-"-+$-Q,-ý-.ë-{æ+-0ë-{+æ -0-,$Ü -Y-è {æ+-#<ß0-b<Ü -/Z¨<-ý7Ü-&ë<-þë$-
+0-2Ý#-%,-%Ü-/Vë-/7Ü-/!7-(,-ý-F0<-:-#)ë9-0-7+ë+-8ë,-bÜ-.ß$-ýë9-/Wë<-)èÊ Wë,-/{æ+-#<ß0-
9Ü#-73Ý,-v-0-F0<-`Ü<-'Ü-P9-/Vë<-ý-:<-0Ü-#8è:-/7Ü-*-2Ý#-/…#-%Ü$-nÜ,-:<-/5Ü-<ë#<-'Ü-P9-
7+ë+-ý7Ü-:<-`Ü-#(è9-e$-/%ë:-+0-¸¥-#)+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
M-ý-/D,-0-þë$-/-,ÜÊ +#ë<-ý-a+-ý9-%,-¸¥-b9² -ý-Wë,->ë-{,-bÜ-yë/-+ýë,-&,è -ý<ë -/ë+-"0<-
:-0*7-+0#-&ë<-0Ü,-bÜ-(è9-72é-0-Ü 7e³$-/7Ü-y+-¸¥-d#ë <-/5Ü7Ü-<ë-"-/rá$-/9-/!7-/Vë<-ý7Ü-nÜ,-
:<-D#-·¦-03+-ý7Ü-d9Ü Ê &è-5-è Yè-0-rÜ$-#-Ü 2±:-¸¥-/Iè-5Ü$-#¸¥$-/7Ü-<è0<-Q,-/¸¥+-0ë-#,ë+-‚Ü,-
^,-0ë7Ü-9Ü#<-%,-/D,-0-/%°-#(Ü<-7"ë9-+$-/%<-ý-rá$-07Ü-#)ë9-#5ë$-/;:-/7Ü-&-± /¸¥+-I9Ü -
/x/<-ý-:<-`Ü-/A,-ý9-‚Ü,Ê
lá#-ý-9ë:-ý7Ü-oë-/Eã$-/-,ÜÊ nÜ,-:<-F0-ý-/5Ü7Ü-e-/-/…å/<-6Ü,-ý-+è-F0<-5Ü-/-:-0-5Ü-/-
<ë#<-Që#-dë#<-<ß-#<ë9-0Ü-9$ß -/9-eè+-ý7Ü-0*7-Z¨+-`Ü-n,Ü -:<-,ÜÊ 5Ü-{<-+/$-l#-F0-ý-/5Ü-:-
9Ü0-ý-/5Ü,-[$-rÜ+-*0<-%+-/‰-9*-ýV-!H-=è-9ß-!7Ü-+:-¸¥-#<:-,<-:<-/5Ü7-Ü +eÜ/<-+$-0*ß,-
ý7Ü-oë-9-/Uë9-)è-Eë-Bè7Ü-D-U+-`Ü-+#ë$<-ý-Q,-ý<-o-ë /Eã$-$-ë Ê Ê
/¸¥,-ý-+$ë<-iá/-/U¨:-/-,ÊÜ /…å/-e-8è-;è<-T7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-:-02,-Q,-bÜ-*ë+-ý9-3-#+-+$-
#<ë:-e$-/%°#-ý-<ë#<-/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-J<-:-/Dè,-)-è *ß,-0ë$-nÜ,-:<-/5Ü-+$-iá/-ý-&è,-ýë-/{+Ê
*ß,-0Ü,-U¨-+$-8è-;<è -0&ë#-(Ü+-`Ü-+$ë<-iá/-f³9-/-(Ü+-¸¥-_:ë -/7Ü-#<ë:-/-a+-ý9-¸¥-#+/-YÊè
+è7$-…/å -ý7Ü-U/<-<-ß P<-/6$-e³$-,-+-è 0-*#-·¦-+$ë<-i/á -0-v$<-,-8:-/7Ü-(è,-8+ë -ý<-+-è P9-
:è,-ý-:-{æ,-bÜ-+$ë<-iá/-v$-/-5è<-i#<-ý-+$-Ê …å/-ý-0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-*ë-9$<-þ-9è$<-;9-/7Ü-
¸¥<-<ß-T#-ý9-)è-$è<-ý-"ë-,9-+$ë<-iá/-v$-/7Ü-&ë-#-e7ëÊ Ê
/{+-ý-#)$-9#-7/ß:-/-,ÜÊ /…å/-e7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-ý-F0<-`<Ü -+0Ü#<-ý-0+è -ý7Ü-*ß#<-Bè7Ü-
»¥#<-`<Ü -+#ë$<-)è-/+#-%#-#Ü-+$-ý9ë -/Xè,-ý-+$-(-è /Xè,-b-Ü ¸¥<-,-*ß#<-(-è /9-03+Ê …å/-ý-
+$-…å/-&è,-bÜ-¸¥<-<ß-'Ü-P9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-+ë,-*0<-%+-/…å/<-ý9-03+-ý7Ü-/!7-lÜ,-Bè<-<ß-#<ë/-ý7Ü-
dÜ9-¸¥-d-Ü ,$-#-Ü 0&ë+-ý-'Ü-Xè+-ý<-0&ë+-%Ü$-&è-/7Ü-8ë,-),-:-μ¥<-ý-&è,-ý<ë -/W#<-;$Ü -/Yë+-ý<-
:<-…å/-ý7Ü-#)$-9#-+#-`$-+/ß:-:ëÊ Ê
98

+μ¥-ý-,ë$<-/;#<-,ÜÊ /Xè,-…/å -`Ü-¸¥<-<ß-&-ë #-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ-90Ü -ý<-Dè,-…å/-0&ë+-ý7Ü-J<-


<ë#<-+#ë<-ý7Ü-8ë-e+-F0<-:-#º¥$-:<-0-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-T#-ý-+$-Ê #º¥$-0*ß,-0-2$-/<-&+-ý-
+$-Ë &ë-#7Ü-8,-:#-/w<-/Bë+-`Ü-2±:-<ë#<-#º¥$-+$-0Ü-0*ß,-%Ü$-8ë-e+-0-+#-ý<-(0<-ý-YèÊ
0+ë9-,-(<è -ý7Ü-{-æ /5Ü<-,$ë <-ý9-b9² -ý-F0<-`Ü<-7n:-8,ß -b-Ü +$ë<-iá/-:-…/Ü -ý9-eè+-ý<Ê
<è0<-#,ë$-5Ü$-7bë+-ý7Ü-$$-2±:-:ß<-`Ü<-d#-+$-$#-#Ü<-#<ë$-ýë9-‰-/<-0*ë:-/7Ü-0è-W#<-
+$-Eë9-<è0<-8Ü#-/{-/w<-:-9/-·¦-/;#<-)è-<ë9-&±+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
/%°-ý-/Z¨-9Ü0-,ÜÊ +#ë<-&+è -<è0<-%,-F0<-`-Ü {æ+-:-7há:-[$-D#-ý9-P-/7Ü-0*7-:-5è,-ý-
8ë+-ý<-+è-‚ë$-/7Ü-dÜ9-8Ü,-:Ê Z¨+-2±:-W9-/Vë0<-ý7Ü-dÜ-[ë+-#5:-8<-"$-+$-,$-/%°+-T7Ü-
7"ë9-:ë9-[$-/-´¥,-#1ì-/ë7Ü-*ß#<-!7Ü-7ë+-6è9-bÜ<-9Ü0-ý9-/Z¨<-)èÊ 0*9-<-/ë,-+$-¹Ó-+-;Ü,-·¦-n-
/7Ü-/9-+$-Ê +è7$-7ë+-#<:-Y$ë -ý-(Ü+-#+ë+-#,<-9$-e³$-#-Ü *Ü#-:è-&,è -ý-ë ‡ë<-ý-0*7-+#-o:-
/7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-/Z¨<-:-%Ü-#,<-<-ß 0(0-ý9-/5#-#ë Ê
/%°-#%Ü#-ý-*,ß -020<-`Ü-T9-Q$-/-,ÊÜ Yë$-(Ü+-"ë-,9-Xë0<-ý9-7'ß#-ý-,-Ü &+-ý7Ü-0*7-8Ü,-
ý<Ë +è-/<:-/7Ü-y+-¸¥-y9-8$-Yë$-(Ü+-`Ü-$$-:<-XÜ$-Bè7Ü-9$-I:-[$-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-€ç-0-P-/ß7Ü-
T7Ü-U¨-9$-e³$-#¶¦#-07Ü-2:± -%,-¸¥-:0-bÜ<-#<:-/7Ü-#,<-#<ß0-Eë-Bè-#<ß0-bÜ<-{<-#+/-%Ü$-Ê
#6ß#<-[$-…-i#<-<è0<-`Ü-D#ë -2ì#<-*0<-%+-8-Ü +0-b-Ü T-+$-+è7Ü-W#<-`Ü-…-+$-#,<-:ß#<-
&ë<-`Ü-U¨9-;è<-ý<-₫ë+-:0-:-7'ß#-#ë Ê7+Ü-+#-#Ü-‚$-e-,ÜÊ eÜ<-ý-+è-(Ü+-:$-2ì-Jë#<-,<-7&Ü-
/-y9-8$-7e³$-/-02ì,-ý-YèÊ [ë+-/%°+-rá$-7"ë9-:-/Z¨-/-,Ü-#6ß#<-<ë#<-[$-/-*Ü0-ý-+$-Ê
rá$-7"ë9-,<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-.ë-o$-#Ü-Pè-/7Ü-/9-/Z¨-/-,Ü-<-&±-:-*Ü0-ý-<ë#<-9#<-ý-*Ü0-ýÊ 7"ë9-
F0<-9Ü0-ý9-#1ì-/ë-:-*Ü0-ý9-[$-/Ê 8ß0-8/-+$-+è-8è-;è<-<è0<-+ý7-:-*Ü0-ý-0&è+-ýÊ 8è-
;è<-<è0<-+ý7-<-/ë,-:-*Ü0-ý-*ë/-ýÊ +è-bè,-Jë#<-`Ü<-¹-Ó +7$-/Z¨<-ý-(è9-*ë/-Yè-7&Ü-/7Ü-7ë+-
#<:-+$-Ê +è-:<-T9-Q$-/-/9-+ë-‚ë$-5Ü$-Ê ‚$<-7o<-,ÜÊ <$<-{<-#6ß#<-`Ü-U¨7Ü-[$-/-
,Ü-&<ë -U¨7-Ü nÜ,-:<-8,Ü -5Ü$-&<ë -`Ü-U¨7Ü-8-è ;è<-`$-+eÜ$<-`Ü-$ë-/ë-8Ü,-ý<-+è9-*Ü0-ý-+$-Ê +è-:<-
#6ß#<-U¨7Ü-[$-/-{æ,-0Ü-&+-ý<-,-+è-:<-Q$-/-02ì,-,ëÊ Ê:0-#ë$-07Ü-¸¥<-<ß-+/$-/5Ü-ý7Ü-(0<-
:è,-[ë+-/%°+-7+ë -#<:-¸¥-/%°#-,<-y9-8$-6ß$-7'ß#-#-Ü U¨9-Q$-¹<¥ -<ß-…å/-ý7Ü-{æ9-7ië-/<-^Ü,-
eè+-+ëÊ Ê
/%°-#(Ü<-ý-/Wë-^,ë -,ÊÜ +è-P9-.9-dÜ,-*è#-ý-:<-a+-ý9-¸¥-0<-7.#<-ý-v-,-0+è -ý7Ü-+#è-/-
2ì#<-#(Ü<-6ß$-7oè:-¸¥-/…å/<-ý<-02ì,-¸¥<-#<ß0-b-Ü +#è-I-*0<-%+-7bë+-ý-<ë#<-`Ü<-,0-8$-
0Ü-6+-ý9-(Ü,-9è-/5Ü,-#ë$-,<-#ë$-¸¥-7b²9-a+-&è,-ýë<-7.è:-/-+$-Ê <è0<-+$-ýë9-/þè+-ý-,<-
99

/I0<-:0-…å/-ý-*0<-%+-`-Ü 7o<-/ß-{-&9è -^Ü,-%Ü$-0*9-+e³$-/-:-0&ë#-·¦-/W#<-ýÊ 7"ë9-


#<ß0-8ë$<-<ß-+#-ý7Ü-/Wë-/-+$ë<-<0-Bè<-0*ß,-ý<-{<-/)/-%Ü$-*è#-ý-&è,-ýë-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-bÜ-
2±:-:<-7e³$-/7Ü-^ë,-:0-6/-%Ü$-{-&è-/-F0<-`$-#+/-ý<-:<-e<-ý-+ë,-&è,-ýë-+$-Q,-ý9-
7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
/%°-#<ß0-ý-;Ü<-/Bë+-,ÜÊ +è-+#-#Ü-0*9-dë#<-¸¥<-{:-/-r<-/%<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/7Ü-T-2ì#<-
F0<-`Ü<-/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-/+è,-2Ý#-/Bë+Ê Eë-Bè7-Ü uä-+e$<-:è,Ê 0è-)#ë -0q-9-/7Ü-&9-&è,-7/è/<-
ý9-/<0<-:Ê 9$-(Ü+-`$-+è-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-;Ü<-/Bë+-+e$<-9ë:-0è-)ë#-7*ë9-/-<ë#<-e-YèÊ
dë#<-/%°-¸¥<-/5Ü-#,<-U/<-'Ü-P-/ß9-₫ë+-`$-´¥,-·¦-0Ü-0*ß,-ý7Ü-0Ü$-8$-0Ü-i#<-;Ü$-/<0-+ë,-
8Ü+-/5Ü,-¸¥-7iá/-ý7Ü-+#è-02,-+$-:è#<-ý7Ü-+ý:-7eë9-#ë$-7.è:-¸¥-\è:-/9-e7ëÊ Ê
nÜ,-:<-`Ü-9Ü0-ý-+è-+#-`$-#<$-W#<-:ß$-#Ü-Vë-/5Ü-+$-7oè:-+#ë<-)èÊ 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê +ë,-+0-
#<:-7+è/<-/Bë+-ý-2#Ý -#-Ü VëÊ Ê*ß#<-+0-#,+-/U¨:-#<$-/-W#<-`-Ü VëÊ Ê+0Ü#<-ý-I-è #%Ü#-
)Ü$-73Ý,-8Ü+-`-Ü VëÊ Ê02ì,-ý-/E9-/)#<-d#-{-#9-b-Ü VëÊ Ê5è<-ý-:<-W#<-2Ý#-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-
#<ß0-,Ü-*0<-%+-¸¥-7oè:-+#ë<-;Ü$-0&ë+-ý-<#ë <-:-d#-{7$-+#ë<-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+è-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-9/-7e0<-…å/-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê #$-#<Ü -…å/-ý7Ü-#$-6#-*,ß -0$ë -¸-¥
/;+-ýÊ #$-…å/-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-<ë-<ë9-dè-Yè-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#$-#Ü<-iá/-ý7Ü-#$-6#-*ß,-0ë$-¸ ¥-/;+-
ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
#5,-8$-:0-bÜ-lë+-*ë /-F:-7eë9-ý<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ I-/7Ü-iá/-*/<-/Y,-6Ü,-,<-(-è /9-0"ë-/7Ü-n,Ü -:<-9/-7e0<-`Ü-,$-,<-E-ë Bè-
yë/-+ýë,-b-Ü e-/7Ü-#1ì-/ë9-b²9-ýÊ #5,-8$-'-Ü P9-…/å -ý7Ü-2±:-/Y,-ý9-e-YèÊ :<-+-è +#-#$-
6#-#$-#Ü<-…å/-,Ê ₫Ü9-+è-(Ü+-/%°-+$-Q,-ý<-E-ë Bè-yë/-+ýë,-bÜ-02,-(+Ü -2$-/-+$-a+-ý9-90Ü -ý-
#(Ü<-`Ü-:0-2±:-/5Ü,-(0<-<ß-v$<-ý<-dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-lë+-+$-D#<-2+-*ë/-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-ý<-
/…å/-ý9-e-/-8Ü,-)èÊ {æ+-:<Ê yë/-+ýë,-+è-(Ü+-/%°-;<è -;Ü$-Ê Ê02,-(+Ü -´¥,-+$-8$-+#-
Q,Ë Êd#-{-W#<-+$-&ë-#-;è<Ê Ê:<-F0<-´¥,-:-0"<-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#$-…å/-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-<ë-<ë9-dè-Yè-/;+-ý-Ñ:-/¸¥,Ê 9/-#,<Ê ‚Ü,-rè# Ê/%°+-:è,Ê
#,<-:ß$-Ê Bè<-/6ß$-+$-29-#%ë+-`Ü-nÜ,-:<Ê /0-…/å Ê /¸¥+-IÜ7-Ü …å/-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-
#(Ü<Ë +#ë<-ý-/Y,-)-è 020<-‚9-/Ê 9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-&ë-#-+$ë<-<ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+#ë<-ý-/Y,-)è-
020<-‚9-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
7'Ü#-Dè,-´¥,-·¦-.,-/+è-7e³$-/7Ü-dÜ9Î +0-2Ý#-Dè,-:-8è-;è<-<è0<-+ý7Ü-2ì#<Î
100

+eè9-0è+-T#-ý9-9/-·¦-#,<-ý-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-D,è -:-9/-#,<-eè+-ý7Ü-+#ë<-ý-,ÜÊ Dè,-9/-#,<-0-e<-ý-+$-Ê &ë-#-
+0,-ý<-e<-,-0Ü-;<Ü -;$Ü -/<ë+-,0<-`Ü-5$Ü -¸¥-0Ü-7b²9-:Ê +è-+#-2±:-/5Ü,-e<-,-Dè,-+è-:-0&ë+-
ý<-+!ë,-0&ë#-#<ß0-+$ë<-:-0&ë+-ý7Ü-/<ë+-,0<-*ë/-%Ü$-#5,-{æ+-eÜ,-bÜ<-xë/-¹¥<-ý9-7b²9-)èÊ
#<$-XÜ$-:<Ê <-:-<ë#<-:<-d#-{9-e<Ê ÊF0-ië:-9Ü0-ý9-*ë/-7b²9-,Ê Ê+#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-
`Ü<-‚$<-ý<Ê Ê^ë<-%-Ü +#ë<-)-è +è-(+Ü -8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê+è-8-Ü 0*ß-:<-7'Ü#-D,è -b-Ü "0<-´¥,-·¦-
.,-ý-+$-/+è-/-{-&è,-ýë-7e³$-/9-7b²9-)èÊ A0-uë#-:<Ê 9/-#,<-&ë-#-8$-+#-eÊ Ê/g-;Ü<-
+ý:-+$-/+è-:#è <-eè+Ê Ê%è<-ý<-02ì,-{+æ -:ß$-F0<-<-ß {-&è9-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-9ëÊ Ê$ë-/ë-,ÊÜ
{:-/7Ü-n,Ü -:<-‡å:-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-+0-2Ý#-Dè,-:-8-è ;è<-<è0<-+ý7Ü-T-2ì#<-`Ü-#<$-#<ß0-
8ë,-),-0*7-+#-/YÜ0-5$Ü -+eè9-0è+-ý9-+#è-5Ü$-/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-eè+-ý-YèÊ #:-ýë-:<Ê
U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-`Ü-Dè,-F0<-:Ê Ê8è-;è<-#º¥#-ý7Ü-e,Ü -x/<-%,Ê Ê7"ë9-/-7e³$-/-M-8Ü-#,<Ê Ê
U¨-+$-#<ß$-+$-*#ß <-(+Ü -8,Ü Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê$è<-2Ý#-,ÜÊ <ß- m)Ü\7Ü-…-:<-Dè,-(Ü+-T#-ý9-8è-;è<-
ý7Ü-$ë-/ë9-8ß,-9Ü$-ý9ë -9/-·¦-#,<-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-&ë-#-Y-è +è7Ü-2±:-,-Ü 7+Ü-P9-9Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-&ë-#-+$ë<Ñ:-#<ß0Ê #$-:-9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-8ß:Ê #$-#Ü<-9/-·¦-#,<-
ý7Ü-2±:Ê 'Ü-P9-9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-e-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#$-:-9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-8ß:-Ñ,ÜÊ
02,-(Ü+-Jë#<-;Ü$-e-/-0*9-dÜ,-Dè,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 9/-·¦-#,<-e7Ü-Dè,-{æ+-+$-0"<-ý<-/;+-ý7Ü-&-2+-+$-T-<ë-<ë7Ü-{,-+$-F0-
7b²9-2±:-/5Ü,-Q,-ý-+$-Ê +0-2Ý#-#Ü-uè#<-/0-{æ+-/5Ü,-oÜ<-ý-<ë#<-<ë-<ë7Ü-02,-(Ü+-2±:-
/5Ü,-Jë#<-;Ü$-/6ë-7në-:ß<-ý-0-8Ü,-ý-e-/-0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-`Ü-Dè,-#1ì-/ë9-b²9-ý-F0<-
,ÜË 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê U¨-#6ß#<-02,-(Ü+-Q,-ý-YèÊ Ê5Ü-/-:-<ë#<-(0<-+$-Q,Ê Ê2+-`Ü-2+-:-./-
%Ü$-/6$-Ê Ê+è-7$-9/-·¦-#,<-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#$-#Ü<-9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
#,<-¸¥<-8ë-e+-Yë,-7"ë9-.ß ,-2ì#<-ý<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #$-¸¥-e-/7Ü-#,<-,ÜÊ dë#<-+$-"-+ë#-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-#ë-,<-5Ü-{<-`Ü-#,<-<ß-
/W#<-ý-+$-Ê a+-ý9-/g-;Ü<-;Ü$-(0<-+#7-/-YèÊ #:-ýë9Ê /g-;Ü<-+#-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-
#,<Ë Ê8Ü+-7ë$-(0<-,-Ü F0-ý9-+#7Ê Ê5è<-<Êë ʸ¥<-,ÜÊ +μ¥,-w-*-&$± -,<-+e9-w-7oÜ$-ý7ë -Ü
/9-(-Ü 0-e$-/ië+-`Ü-+!9-d#ë <-#67-U9-7në+-‚ë9-/6$-5Ü$-/g-;<Ü -ý-:-e-YèÊ €ç-7ná:-:<Ê
2é-i$<-89-bÜ-/{+-:-/I0Ê Ê;Ü,-·-¦ U9-0-{:-F0<-:Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê8ë-e+-+`Ü:-7"ë9-…/å -
101

0&ë+-:-+#è<-ý-F0<-+$-J<-<ß0-%°-<#ë <-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-há<-/ß0-7+#-&:-#ë<-6ß$-0$7-+/ß:-₫Ü-
+$-e-è o#-#6ß$<-/ß0-0è-)ë#-/6$-ýë-:-<ë#<-ýÊ eè+-ý-ýë-Yë,-ý-Eë-Bè-y/ë -+ýë,-+è-(+Ü -/%°-Q,Ê
7"ë9-+0-2Ý#-+$-Zë0-ý<-{æ+-+#-%Ü$-&-ë #7Ü-e-/-<ë-<ë-:-0"<-ý-Yè-.,ß -<ß0-2ì#<-ý-M-+$-Q,-
ý<-9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-&ë-#-/I0-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð'Ü-P9-9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-e-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
/#è#<-+$-lÜ-‚$-e$-&±/-<è0<-0&ë#-/6ß$-Î /þè+-%Ü$-+μ¥#-/YÜ0-+/$-/U¨9-d#-{<-#+/Î
0ë<-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-5:-/€ç9-0$7-+/ß:-:Î 0&ë+-ý7Ü-#(è9-#)+-/g-;Ü<-/+è,-2Ý#-/Bë+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ *ë#-09-#$-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-/+#-#Ü-F:-7eë9-+`Ü:-7"ë9-…å/-0&ë+-T-/0ß -há<-/0ß -
/…å/-ý-<ë#<-e<-,<Ê 9/-#,<-+$ë<-:-+ë,-2,-/%°-#%Ü#-8ë+-ý-:<Ê +$-ý-ë /9-#%ë+-`Ü-
/#è#<-F0<-:-#)ë9-0-‚Ü,-)è-5Ü-/<-‚$-/-+$-Ê J<-5Ü-/-+$-W#<-l#-ýë-Y-è dè+-0<-‚$-/-+$-Ê
Eë-Bè7-Ü hë-/ë7-Ü Xè0<-ý<-‡å:-ý7Ü-.ë-(-+$-/%<-ý<-/ZÜ#<-;Ü$-29-#%ë+-ý-l#-ýë7Ü-V-ë ,<-‚$<-)è-
/<:-/7Ü-Bè<-7oè:-¸¥-6,-&$-<ë#<-J<-/5Ü-W#<-+$-/%<-ý<-0Ü-;Ü<-ý-‚$-/-+$-Ê )Ü:-+$-0è-
&±7Ü-‚ë9-/<-ZÜ#-ý-‚$-Ê ‚$-#5Ü-Dè,-+è-:-‚$-e-/6ë-/ë-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-0Ü-#1$-/7Ü-lÜ-0-‚ë$-eè+-/ß0-
&±-/¸¥+-IÜ9-/…å/<-ý-+$-Ê ‚ë$-/-ýë-yë/-+ýë,-Bè<-7o$-+$-/%<-ý<-‚$<-7o<-Dè,-8è-;è<-
<è0<-+ý7Ü-$ë-/ë9-/…å/-9ß$-¸¥-e+è -ý-,Ü-(è<-2ì#<-/<:-/7Ü-&-ë #7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-0"7-0(0-.-0-<0è <-%,-0-/@:-ý-F0<-/…:-5$Ü -Ê 0-ië:-/-+ië:-/7Ü-y+-¸¥-
/6$-ýë-₫ë+-ý9-+0-/%7-/7Ü-#ë-&-/D,-ýë-/#ë-Yè-e$-&/± -<è0<-0&ë#-F0-ý-#(Ü<-T#-ý9-/þè+-%Ü$-
/6ß$-/<-9/-#,<-bÜ-{æ-zè,-¹¥<-Q,-¸¥-/…å/Ê
#<ß0-ý-Dè,-<ë-<ë-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-T70-9Ü#<-*0<-%+-a/-/+#-Eë-Bè-<è0<-+ý7-"ë-,9-/þè+-`$-
&ë#-:Ê 8$-,-#:-ýë-:<Ê #6ß#<-U¨7Ü-D,è -b-Ü U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<Ê Ê:ß#-0-9-Ü 0ë-:-<#ë <-ýÊ Ê₫Ü9-
,-F0-ý9-[$-03+-#5ÜÊ Ê8$-,-9Ü#<-/+#-#$-8Ü,-TÊ Êýß-YÜ-u#è <-/0-:-<ë#<-#<ß$-Ê Ê
0*7-8<-0&ë#-·¦-/Vë0-ý9-eÊ Ê8$-,-8Ü-+0-9Ü#<-#$-8Ü,Ê ÊEë-Bè-lÜ:-/-ß :-<ë#<-´¥,Ê Ê0Ü-
/þë+-Eë-Bè-73Ý,-ý70Ê ÊU¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-+$-9#Ü <-M9-7¸¥<Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-<$<-{<-
9Ü#<-M<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-+0-2Ý#-ý-/þè+-%Ü$-Ê
/5Ü-ý-/+#-+$-+0-2Ý#-ý7Ü-*ß#<-!7Ü-7+ë -69è -b<Ü -9$-/5Ü,-bÜ-#,<-,<-8è-;<è -ý-₫,-l$<-
;Ü$-+μ¥#-Yè-0¸¥,-0"9-/º¥#<-ý-:-0&ë+Ê +è-(Ü+-+0-2Ý#-ý-:-+μ¥#-#º¥#-/%Ü$-0(è<-`Ü-d#-{-
/5Ü<-&±-+$-7-ë 0-P9-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-/YÜ0Ê
M-ý-+è-:-&ë-#-{<-/Z¨<-#$-8$-9ß$-/<-+/$-/U¨9-)èÊ +è7$-‚$-#5Ü-T7Ü-{æ+-(è<-ý<-Cë#-
102

ý-%,-¸¥-e<-ý7Ü-lÜ-0Ê ‚ë$-eè+-T-F0<-&#<-ý-&è,-ýë<-º¥-/7Ü-e$-<è0<-8è-;è<-`Ü-&±-{æ,Ê ‚ë$-/-


ýë-,0-0"9-₫,-l$<-ý7Ü-#+,-#<ß0-2$-/7Ü-T-F0<Ê ‚$<-7o<-+0Ü#<-0è+-`Ü-{æ+-+#-ý<-8è-
;è<-T7Ü-$ë-/-ë a+-ý9-%,-¸¥-iá/-ý-+/$-/U¨9-/7Ü-eè+-ý-%,-)èÊ $è<-2Ý#-lÜ-0-/gá-/-+$-¹¥<-ý-7'ë#-
ý<-7oè:-/<-<ëÊ Ê
/¸¥,-ý-+/$-/U¨9-/7Ü-&±-5/<-`Ü-₫Ü-/ë9-9Ü#<-`Ü-/+#-ýë7Ü-d#-{-+$-#,<-#<ß0-¸¥-Eë-Bè-#<ß0-
bÜ<-{<-#+/-ý7$-e-YèÊ ´¥,-0aè,-7'Ü#<-o:-&è,-ýë<Ê 0Ü-:-+/$-/U¨9-/-+$-T-:-9/-·¦-
#,<-ý-+ë,-#%Ü#-8Ü,-ý9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê+è<-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`Ü-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-Eë-Bè-#<ß0-+$-
Dè,-bÜ-U-¨ #<ß$-*ß#<-#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý7Ü-$ë-/9ë -{<-/)/-ý-:<-7+7-/9-0Ü-þë+-ý<-9/-·-¦ #,<-ý7Ü-
+ë,-bÜ-XÜ$-ýë-iá/-ý9-e<-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
/{+-ý-W9-D,è -/þè+-`Ü-U/<-9#Ü <-M-#$-¸-¥ /Vë0<-ý-+è-!-/<-7+Ü9-'Ü-P9-#,<-e7Ü-U¨-
#6ß#<-+$-u#è <-/0-+$-0&ë+-Dè,-:-<#ë <-ý-<ë-<ë7Ü-F0-ý-#$-8Ü,-ý-+è-+$-+è7Ü-n,Ü -:<-#¸¥:-e7Ü-
0ë<-ý7Ü-8ß:-:-'Ü-P9-7'ß#-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-5:-/€ç9-%Ü$-#ë$-7ë#-'Ü-P9-9Ü#<-ý9-8ß:-%,-8è-;è<-`Ü-
#6Ü#<-ý-8ß:-7+ë+-8,ë -:-₫+ë -8ß:-02±$<-ý9-e-/7Ü-dÜ9-₫,-+eè-/-<ë#<-+/$-ý7ë -Ü Vë-/<:-/-
F0<-,Ü-8ë,-),-0$ë,-ý9-…å/-ý7Ü-&ë-#7ëÊ Ê
+μ¥-ý-7'Ü#-D,è -,-{:-/ß-{:-<9-+/$-/U¨9-/-+è-:-7"ë9-7/$<-F0<-`Ü<-.,ß -<0ß -2#ì <-ý7Ü-
8ë-e+-`Ü<-0$7-#<ë:-/-/5Ü,-¸¥-7+Ü9-8$-#-ë 7.$-#Ü-&ë<-:-+/$-*/ë -ý9-b²9-ý7Ü-Dè,-+è-:Ê ₫Ü9-
&±-#(Ü<-(è9-₫+ë -9ë:-0Êë 9Ü,-&è,-/¸¥,Ê 7+ë+-8,ë -M-<ë#<-`Ü<-0&ë+-%Ü$-/Yë+-ý-+$-Ê a+-ý9-
U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-`Ü-Dè,-<ë-<-ë +$-7oè:-/-(è-/9-0"ë-/7Ü-8ë-e+-+$-Ê ‚Ü,-rè#-#0-1¡-9ß7Ü-/67-/-5<è -ý-
T7Ü-6<-<ß-i#<-ý-+$-Ê 9/-#,<-`Ü-W#<-+$-/g-;Ü<-`Ü-0$7-+/ß:-/-F0<-:-0$7-+/ß:-F0-
ý-/5Ü9-i#<-ý<-0$7-#<ë:-5Ü$-Ê 9$-#Ü-+0-2Ý#-/5Ü,-¸¥-7"ë9-/-'Ü-rÜ+-ý9-Dè,-+è-:-/º¥#<-<ß-
#<ë:-/<-9/-·-¦ #,<-ý-+$ë<-#5Ü-Y-è +è-+#-,Ü-.ß,-2ì#<-\è:-/9-e+è -ý7Ü-&-ë #7ëÊ Ê
/%°-ý-Dè,-8è-;<è -ý7Ü-$ë-/ë9-/…å/<-ý-+è-(+Ü -T-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-7ië-/-*0<-%+-`Ü-d#-#Ü-#,<Ê
0&ë+-ý7Ü-8ß:-/<ë+-,0<-`Ü-5$Ü -¸¥-b²9-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê rá$-5Ü$-0&ë+-ý-ýë-0Ü-[$-/-T-:-#)ë+-ý-Eë-Bè7Ü-
&ë<-þë$-/-F0<-:-0&ë+-#)ë9-.ß:-)è-+0-2Ý#-/…#<-;Ü$-#(è9-#)+-ý-+$-Ê [$-/-0Ü-:-#)ë$-/-
8ë,-/+#-/Vë-5Ü$-5:-/rë-/7Ü-0&ë+-ý-.ß:Ê
/%°-#%Ü#-ý-‚,Ü -/+#-T9-/þè+-%Ü$-/#è#<-#<:-,<-/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-J<-/{+-#)ë+-ý-W,ë -·-¦ 7ië-
/<-5:-,<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-2Ý#<-/%+-`Ü<-*ë#-l$<-/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-/+è,-2Ý#-/Bë+Ê +è<-`$-yë/-+ýë,-
:-#)$-9#-#Ü-8ë,-7/ß:-5Ü$-y/ë -+ýë,-bÜ<-+#è-/-Jë#<-e$-¸¥-/Wë-/-+$-+`Ü:-7"ë9-bÜ-Bè<-&ë#-
103

F0<-e<-ý<-{æ+-`Ü-+#ë$<-ý-iá/-ý7Ü-0,-$#-#Ü<-/g:-/7Ü-&ë-#-{<-ý9-iá/-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-‚Ü,-rè#-/;+-ý-:-#<ß0Ê +#ë<-ýÊ &ë-#-+$ë<Ê +è7Ü-7o<-/ß7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+#ë<-ý-
Ñ,ÜÊ
T-F0<-2Ý0-eè +-0&ë+-‚Ü,-rè#-ý7Ü-:<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ <±àªÜ-:<Ê ‚Ü,-rè#-#Ü<-,Ü-T-F0<-20Ý <Ê Ê2Ý0<-ý9-b9² -:<-+$ë<-iá/-
_ë:Ë Ê5è<-<#ë <-{æ+-F0<-,<-{-&è9-/W#<-ý-P9-/…å/-e7Ü-T-F0<-2Ý0<-;$Ü -+è-:<-#$-7+ë+-
ý7Ü-+ë,-*ë#<-0è+-f³9-¸¥-7iá/-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-,-Ü 0&ë+-‚Ü,-bÜ-a+-ý9-rè#-ý-0è7Ü-‚9ë -/-8,Ü -)Êè
+è7Ü-{æ-02,-+$-'Ü-P9-e-/7$-XÜ$-ýë-:<Ê +eÜ/<-+$-"-+ë#-02,-Q,-ý9Ê Ê5:-¸¥-b²9-ý7Ü-0è-
/ë<-:Ê Ê/67-/·¦$-oë-/7Ü-2#ì <-F0<-`Ü<Ê Ê:<-/5Ü7-Ü 0&ë+-ý-9/-·¦-‚,Ü Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð&ë-#-+ $ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
+eÜ/<-+$-"-+ë #-2+-Q ,-8ë-e+-/;0Î 7¸¥#-Y$<-&<-#ë<-/<0-ý-Iè-#%Ü#-ý<Î
:<-0*ß,-0è-]9-rÜ+-5Ü7Ü-0è -T-/þè+Î 0(è<-eè+-7/ß:-5Ü $-)Ü$-73Ý,-‡ë-/Z¨ -/%<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +#ë<-ý-+-è Q,-b-Ü ‚Ü,-rè#-e-/7Ü-8:ß -,Ü-₫Ü9-<è0<-%,-*0<-%+-+$-Ê eè-o#-μ¥+-
¸¥-dè-,-#,ë+-Z#Ü -%,-+$-Ê +/ß:-.$ë <-%,-+$-Ê :ë#-P-%,-+$-Ê #¸¥#-ý-%,-+$-Ê …Ü/-#(Ü<-
/#-&#<-F0<-<ëÊ Ê
eè+-ý7Ü-¸¥<-,ÜÊ ₫Ü9-/Xè,-…å/-iá/-ý7Ü-Bè<-+$-<-&ë#-U/<-m-$,-,-5Ü-/Ê 9/-#,<-:-{<-
ýË +/$-/U¨9-/7Ü-#$ë -¸¥-+/$-Ê yë/-0-Y-#ë,-bÜ-H-Ü :0-$,-ý-:-l#-ýëÊ 0&ë+-/;#<-<ë#<-
:-T©,-iá/-e-/9-Eë-Bè-:<-9Ü0-<ë#<-:<-/;+Ê eè-o#-5Ü-{<-:-+!9-dë#<-+$-rë+-W-lëÊ +/$-
l#-:-+09-d#ë <-+$-+#ë$<-0ë-μ$¥ -#(Ü<-<ß-e-/9-#<ß$-Ê
e-/7Ü-nÜ,-:<-,ÊÜ *ß,-0ë$-/5Ü-<ë#<-:<-/5Ü-+$-Ê *ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý-0&ë#-…/å -T,© -i/á -`Ü-
:<-<ëÊ Ê
e-/7Ü-*/<-:-dÜ-,$-#<$-/-8$-#<$-/5Ü-:<Ê +$-ýë-:7$-‚ë9-+$ë<-Bè<-#<ß0-8ë+-ý7Ü-
+$-ý-ë ‚ë9-/-,ÜÊ <7Ü-&ë-#-{<-/Z¨<-'Ü-P9-9#Ü <-ý<-‚$<-ý7Ü-#5Ü9Ê :<-<-ë <ë7Ü-+eÜ/<-+$-
0*ß,-ý7Ü-/?ë<-*/-/IÜ#<-*/-oÜ-*/-#$-8$-9ß$-/-5Ü-/-:-+!9-wä0-{9-há-#$-/-Eë-Bè<-02,-ýÊ
{<-ý-:-<9è -ýë-iá-/5Ü-há-+ë-ý-9Ü,-&è,Ê +/$-:-+09-ýë-w-#0-03ß/-#$-/-N#<-`²Ê l#-ý-ë :-iá-
#<ß0-,#-ýë-<ë9-(Ü-»¥-ý-9:-iÜÊ T©,-iá/-:-5Ü-/-+$-7l-/-:<-7"ë9-:ë<-02,-ý-YèÊ *0<-%+-
`$-+ý$<-<ß-9$-#Ü-d+è -2+-+$-<9ë -/5Ü-ý7Ü-"-a9è -0ß-9,-+$-/%<-ý<-/Uë9-/Ê
/rè#-J<-,Ü-5Ü-/-:-)Ü:-8ß$<Ê {<-ý9-¸ÕG-,<-7o<Ê +/$-:-fë<-eè+-6<-0&ë#-#1ì9-
104

b²9-ý7Ü-J<-&,è -/%°-#%Ü#-·¦-i#<-ý-+$-Ê l#-ý9ë -¸¥#-h#-:Ü]-:,-2-*ß,-J<-:-<ë#<-ý-0&ë#-:-


5Ü-{<-`Ü-J<-´¥,-72ì#<-ýÊ +è-+#-#Ü-"-+ë#-+!9-<9è -+09-,#-:<-0*ß,-/€ç9-%$Ü -Ê [ë+-`$-
+$ß:-;:è -¸$¥ -<ë#<-+!9-ýë-:<-iá/-ý7Ü-wä0-ýë<-02ì,-<ë-<ë-/-+$-Ê +#$-vä#<-2+-Q,-
<ë#<-8ë-e+-0-2$-/-0è+-ý-d#-:è,-P9-/;0Ê
+$ë<-#5Ü-yë/-+ýë,-0*ß,-ý7Ü-Y,-:-5Ü-/-:-ýV7Ü-Y/<Ê {<-ý-:-/6$-ýë7-Ü Y/<Ê +/$-:-
þÜ:-gá$-Ê l#-ýë-:-1ì#-ýß7Ü-7¸¥#-Y$<-`Ü<-5Ü-/-:-;9Ê {<-ý9-e$-Ê +/$-:-¹¥/Ê l#-ýë9-
Të9-/P<-)è-7"ë+Ê 5Ü-/9-#ë<-+!9-ýë-b,ë -%Ü$-¸¥$-;:è -bÜ-{,-#+#<-ý-<ë#<-:<-+$-B<è -<ß-
0*ß,-ý7Ü-&<-#ë<-/Y9Ê
+ë,-/<0-ý70-#1ì-<è0<-:-#(Ü<-`Ü-+ë,-bÜ-<è0<-,ÜÊ +è-"ë-,-(Ü+-Dë#<-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-+$-Ê
e$-&/± -`-Ü <è0<-`<Ü -6Ü,-ý-,-Ü :<-*0<-%+-:-a/-e+è -¸¥-+#ë<-ý-{æ7-Ü <è0<-<ëÊ ÊY$<-`Ü-<è0<-,ÊÜ
:<-/5Ü<-´¥,-,<-y$ë -/7Ü-/<0-ý-YÊè 5Ü-/-:-5Ü-5Ü$-₯$<-ýÊ {<-ý-:-‡ë-5Ü$-+#7-/Ê +/$-
:-&#<-;$Ü -5è,-ýÊ l#-ý-ë :-5è-Z$-hë<-ý7Ü-<è0<-`Ü<-)Êè :<-<ë-<ë7Ü-0*ß,-ý7Ü-ië#<-e+è -ý<-
,-zè,-bÜ-<è0<-5è<-`$-69è -)-è +è-+#-#Ü-<0è <-Iè-#%Ü#-ý<-7'ß# Ê
&ë-#7Ü-90Ü -ý-/+#-#-Ü F:-7eë9-/w<-ý-/Z¨-Q$<-/%<-iá/-,<-0&ë+-rè#-#Ü-J<-eÜ,-/x/Ê
:<-0*ß,-bÜ-*/-"ß$-/þè+-,<-5Ü-/-:-#1°/-;Ü$-#Ü-0èÊ {<-ý-:-9*-:<-e³$-/Ê +/$-:-^+-
72ì$-07ÜÊ l#-ýë-:-#+ë:-;,-,0-9-ë /rè#<-ý7Ü-0è-¸¥-/-0è+-ý<-]9-/7Ü-7'Ü#-D,è -r+Ü -ý7Ü-0è-T-
/þè+-/YÜ0-d#-0&ë+-e<-,<Ê +#$-vä#-80-;Ü$-/rè#-J<-.ß:-/<-0è7Ü-:<-`Ü<-0è-T-2Ý0<-
ý<-+<è -+`Ü:-7"ë9-bÜ-T-F0<-&0<-ý7Ü-+#ë<-ý-8+ë -+Êè T-F0<-5:-,-Ü 0è-8Ü,-)Êè Ê‚Ü,-r#è -+è-,Ü-
0è-:-#,<Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-)èÊ +ýè9-,-6<-6<ë -ý<-:ß<-`Ü-:$-2-ì /D-/9-eè+-%Ü$-Ê +è7Ü-0*ß<-+è-:-
/Dè,-ý7Ü-þè-0&è+-F0<-{<-ý9-e+è -ý-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
+è-,<-5Ü-/-7'Ü#-Dè,-:<-7+<-ý7Ü-0è-T-,ÜÊ #º¥$-<ë-<ë7Ü-+#ë$<-ý<-0è-T7Ü-Pë-/9-/þè+-ý-+$-Ê
XÜ$-#9-/þè+-ý-+$-Ê 9$-/5Ü,-0è-T-*/-`-Ü ;9-Të9-/5#-YèÊ +0-2#Ý -ý-09è -/þç9-/70Ê +0-
8è-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-7/9-/7Ü-F0-ý9-/þç9-/7Ü-+/ß<-<ß-/þè+-ý-Yè-:ß#<-/5Ü-8ë+-ý<-9$-9$-#Ü-:ß#<-
P9-e<-:Ê +0-2Ý#-#Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/þè+-%$Ü -#,<-#<ß0-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/<-)Êè 8è-;<è -ý-₫,-l$<-
,<-#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý9-b²9-ý-:-0&ë+-%Ü$-/Yë+-+è-O#<-+$-#69-/ß-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/Ê +#$-vä#-80-
;Ü$-09-"ß-/rè#-J<-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-0(è<-eè+-¸¥-b²9-ý-F0<-I-W#<-:-\è:-2Ý#-0*9-:<-U¨:-/7Ü-
<-/ë,-<ë-<-ë /)#<-ý<-7/ß:-5$Ü -8è-;<è -`Ü-/¸¥+-IÜ-:<-/5Ü-#$-8,Ü -bÜ-"-+ë#-%,-bÜ-$ë-/9ë -₯$<-ý-
#<ë:-/9-/<0<-:-nÜ,-:<-/%ë:Ê 0&ë+-/Yë+-7+ë+-+ë,-#<ë:-/<-T-F0<-`Ü-U¨-:<-7në<-ý7Ü-
105

7ë+-`Ü<-:<-#$-8Ü,-…å/-ý9-0ë<-ý7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ-‡ë-/Z¨7$-e-YèÊ 5Ü-/-:-7ë+-w-6è9-P-/ß-7në<-
ý<-,+-#+ë,-Z#Ü -…/Ü -F0<-‚$<Ê {<-ý-:-7ë+-6è9-#<è9-0+ë#-(-Ü 6è9-P-/ß7Ü-Iè-:<-9,Ü -ý-ë &è7Ü-
&9-//<-ý<-+/ß:-/-/<:Ê +/$-:-7ë+-6è9-+09-ýë-N#<-`²-P-/ß<-/…å/-e7Ü-XÜ$-,<-l$<-)è-
/+#-:-7¸¥+-%Ü$-+/$-¸¥-b²9Ê l#-ýë-:-0è-N7è 0-7ë+-6è9-02ì,-&-P-/ß7-Ü Iè-:<-02ì,-&7Ü-&9-//<-
ý<-+i-/#è#<-F0<-/x#-ý9-eè+Ê T©,-iá/-:-7ë+-6è9-[-M7Ü-Iè-:<-/¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-/ß0-ý-*ë#<-ý7Ü-
<$<-{<-2+-0è+-ý<-+/$-/U¨9-5Ü$-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/<-ý9-/<0Ê
,ë$<-ý-/;#<-)èÊ xä$-,$-¸-¥ 7'ß#-ý-+$-T,-%Ü#-T-2#ì <-F0<-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è9-/Z¨Ê
y9-vä#<-#69-.ß:-/<-0è-T-#<:-/)/-Yè-0&ë+-rè#-#Ü-J<-.ß:Ê /Yë+-ý-#)ë9-7/ß:-nÜ,-/%ë:-
#;è#<-#<ë:-^ë,-:0-;Ü<-/Bë+-+$-/%<-ý-eÊ
Bè<-,Ü-0-è F0<-9$-57Ü 0Ê 8$-,-5-Ü /-7ë-0Ê {<-ý-lÜ-<è9-ýë7Ü-&±Ê +/$-&$-Ê l#-ý-ë ¸¥#-
&±Ë 0&ë#-lÜ-+$-7-ë 0-F0<-`<Ü -#5Ü:-)Êè *:-<ë:-F0<-9Ü0-/5Ü,-7//-&±9-þ:è -/-+$-Ê /$-
03ì+-¸¥-]-/-+$-Ê 9Ü-Iè70-&±9-‚$-/-+$-Ê #5Ü-0+ë9-#,ë,-ý-+$-Ê 0&ë#-,-Ü &-#%Ü#-7/$-&9± -
#;è#<-;Ü$-&-#%Ü#-#)è9-¸¥-]7ëÊ Ê
59-e³$-,$-#Ü-‚,Ü -r#è -,ÊÜ 9$-:<ß -T9-#<:-/7Ü-U¨7Ü-,$-¸¥-+ý7-/-ë +$-0"7-7ië-):Ü -b-Ü #ë$-
/ß-P9-/º¥#<-ý-:-"-6<-/¸¥+-IÜ9-]9-/-P-è /7Ü-*/-"ß$-¸¥-:#-ý7Ü-+#$-v#ä <-`<Ü -.ß:-/-(Ü+-#·¦0-
0ë7Ü-0<è -º¥-/7Ü-₯$<-0<-T-F0<-2Ý0-5Ü$-XÜ#<-0-*:-/9-‚$<-ý9-/<0-Yè-xä$-"-‚ë9-¸¥-7&Ü$-
/7ëË Ê
#<$-/7Ü-‚Ü,-rè#-,ÜÊ 9$-T9-#<:-/7Ü-U¨-:-I-#<ß0-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü-#<:-/)/-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-
+$-I-"0<-*0<-%+-:-{:-/-):Ü -bÜ-#$-/ß-P9-/º¥#<-ý9-0ë<-)èÊ /+è-/-/U¨:-¹<¥ -ý7Ü-xä$-#Ü<-
#·¦0-0ë-]9-/<-₫Ü-/ë7Ü-=î-/º¥-/7Ü-/¸¥+-IÜ7-Ü ₯$<-0<-T-*0<-%+-2Ý0-ý9-/<0-5Ü$-Ê º¥-/+è<-
l$<-ý7Ü-/+è-Yë$-#Ü-9$-0+$<-/þ$-/7ëÊ Ê
8$-#<$-0&ë#-#Ü-‚Ü,-rè#-,ÜÊ /+#-0è+-Dë#<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-0è<-0-9Ü#-/#-&#<-`Ü<-/Z¨<-
ý7Ü-Dë#-2ì#<-*0<-%+-/rè#<-ý7Ü-6ß$-7'ß#-/+è-&è,-bÜ-/¸¥+-IÜ<-7"ë9-7+<-9ë-0(0-+`Ü:-7"ë9-
bÜ-7"ë9-:ë9-+#-ý-(+Ü -7"ë9-#<ß0-0-Ü +0Ü#<-ý7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-0&ë+-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+è7Ü-7o<-/ß-Ñ,ÜÊ
Fë-:-$9-bÜ<-#+#<-ý-'Ü-/5Ü,-¸¥ Î W#<-`Ü-T#-&+-Uë$-5Ü$-+$ë<-iá/-Yè9Î
:<-/5Ü7Ü-eè-o#-7/+-ý-0è+-ý9-7iá/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-e<-ý7Ü-8,ë -),-,ÜÊ 02ì,-F,ë -ý-ë :-y9-8$-$9-b<Ü -#+#<-ý-'Ü-P-/-/5Ü,-
106

¸¥-₫Ü9-/Xè,-…å/-U/<-<ß-W#<-/w<-ý-F0<-`-Ü T#-&+-"-Uë$-5Ü$-8Ü+-:-7+ë+-ý7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-f³9-
¸¥-Yè9-/9-eè+-ý-+$-Ê ,+-#+ë,-5Ü-5$Ü -2é-/<ë+-7.è:-/-<ë#<-n,Ü -:<-/5Ü7-Ü +#ë<-ý-eè-o#-ý-F0<-
`$-7/+-ý-+$-+!7-/-0è+-ý9-7iá/-YèÊ +ý:-"-‚ë9-:<Ê #$-5Ü#-W#<-`Ü-T#-&+-+$-Ê Ê+è-
´¥,-‚Ü,-rè#-#Ü<-,Ü-+#$-Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê d#-&,è -*#Ü -:è9Ê #$-5Ü#-8Ü+-:-%-Ü /<0-ýÊ Ê+$ë<-
iá/-&è,-ýë-0*7-8<-Yè9Ê Ê9è-/-*0<-%+-7iá/-eè+-ýÊ Ê+è-P7Ü-‚Ü,-rè#-/+#-#Ü<-#<ß$<Ê Ê
5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-/%°+-:è,-:-#(Ü<Ê +#ë<-ý-/Y,-ýÊ /%°+-:è,-+$ë<-/;+-ýëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+#ë<-ý-/Y,-
Ñý-,ÜÊ
Eë-Bè 7Ü-Dè,-0&ë#-8ß,-¸¥-#,<-ý7Ü-*/<Î 2é-+$-:ß<-`Ü-/%°+-:è,-…å/-ý-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 30-u$Ü -:<-`Ü-<-ý9-þè<-;$Ü -"0<-lá#-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-Eë-B7è -Ü :ß<-2é-#%Ü#-#Ü<-
<$<-{<-…å/-ý9-¹¥<-ý7Ü-+:-D,è -0&ë#-7+Ü-8ß,-9Ü$-¸¥-72ì-5$Ü -#,<-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-*/<-:-7/+-
+#ë<-ý-,ÊÜ ý−-&,è -$#-+/$-i#<-ý<Ê 72ì-/-:<-#5,-X$Ü -ý-ë ,ÜÊ Ê7"ë9-/9-%°$-6+-0-0*ë$-
$ë-Ë Ê+è-dÜ9-f³9-¸¥-*/<-0$-ýë<Ê Ê7&Ü-/-/yä-/9-/I0-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<Ê +è<-,-7&Ü-/-
0è+-ý7Ü-2é-+$-@-/-0è+-ý7Ü-:ß<-`Ü-/%°+-:è,-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-,Ü-7+Ü-P-YèÊ
#(Ü<-ý-Ð/%°+-:è,-+ $ë<-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê #$-:-/%°+-¸¥-:è,-ý7Ü-8ß:Ê #$-/%°+-¸¥-:è,-ý7Ü-+$ë<-
ýëË 'Ü-P9-:è,-/7Ü-*/<-<ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#$-:-/%°+-¸¥-:,-ý7Ü-8ß:-Ñ,ÜÊ
(0<-;Ü $-7.ë-/7Ü-* Ü#-:è-/Dè,-ý9-/%<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #<ë-e7Ü-2é-:-F0-i$<-0$-¸¥-/;+-ý-:<-U/<-7+Ü9-/%°+-:,è -e-/7Ü-8ß:-#1ì-/-ë
,ÜË 8ß:-<è0<-7+ë+-ý7Ü-2ì9-/<-(0<-;Ü$-#%Ü#-·¦-0Ü-/D,-ý9-7.ë-/7Ü-Dè,-*Ü#-:è-+!9-+09-bÜ<-
/Z¨<-ý-+$-Ê +è-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-xä$-<è0<-/%<-(0<-;Ü$-7b²9-/-:<-,-@-7&Ü-/7Ü-#,<-U/<-7e³$-
/9-7b²9-/<-+-è +#-/%°+-:è,-<ë#<-`Ü<-{<-;Ü$-/D,-ý9-e-/7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#$-/%°+-¸¥-:è,-ý7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-Ñ,ÜÊ
7"ë9-7+<-/%°+-`Ü<Ê
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #$-5#Ü -/%°+-¸¥-:,è -ý7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-:-#(Ü<-)è-7"ë9-/7Ü-/%°+-J<-:-/Dè,-ý-+$-Ê
f$-7+<-`Ü-/%°+-x$ä -9#Ü -:-#1ì-/9ë -/Dè,-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-d-Ü 7e³$-/-MÊ ^,-+$-IÜ-;$Ü -iá/-ý7Ü-
+$ß:-&±Ê ,$-9$-e³$-#Ü-/¸¥+-IÜ-#(Ü<-<ë#<-/%°+-:è,-#+0<-ý-/{-I9-i#<-ý<-02ì,-{æ+-+$-
iá/-ý7Ü-0,-$#-:<-0*7-8<-ý-7e³$-/-F0<-)Êè D#-$7ß -Ü /%°+-:,è -"-ë ,-:7$-($-#)è9-/¸¥+-IÜ-
8è-;è<-7ë+-Q,-bÜ-{æ+-:<-{-&è9-/;+-ý<-02ì,-,ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-:Ê rÜ+-:<-7+<-ý7Ü-/%°+-0&ë#-
107

/<ë+-,0<-´¥,-b-Ü Wë,-7ië-++-ý-F0-#<ß0-/D,-ý-+$-e$-&±/-`Ü-<0è <-F0-ý-#(Ü<-:-,,-·¦-e-/-


#1ì9-#<ß$<-ý-+$-Ê Eë-Bè-*è#-ý7Ü-:0-:<-T#-ý7Ü-T7Ü-/þè+-/w<Ê 02,-/%<-Jë#<-9Ü0-I-
xä$-*Ü#-:è7Ü-F:-7eë9-b<Ü -Y$è -7ë#-#Ü-Vë-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-/%°+-:è,-a+-ý9-/-F0<-+$-Bè<-7oè:-Eë-Bè7Ü-
/w<-ýÊ ¨Ô-x$ä -#-Ü ‚ë9-/Ê Nè-Iè-?,-‚9Ê /¸¥+-I-Ü Z¨+-ýÊ ,0-0"9-/-7'ë7Ü-/<0-#),-:-
<ë#<-ý-F0<-+$-Ê 02,-0è+-Jë#<-90Ü -F0-ý9-0Ü-Dë#-ý-+$-6ß$-7'ß#-7ë+-#<:-0$ë,-<ß0-:0-¸¥-
eè+-ý7Ü-/%°+-:è,-bÜ<-8è-;è<-`Ü-:$-2ì-/D<-ý<-7&Ü-/+#-#Ü-/¸¥+-/%ë0-ý9-7b²9-)Êè yë/-+ýë,-
&è,-ýë-$#-+/$-i#<-ý<Ê F0-ý-´¥,-bÜ-0&ë#-Q,-ý7ÜÊ ÊYë$-(+Ü -73Ý,-ý-F0-ý9-\$-Ê ÊYë$-ý-
(Ü+-,Ü-D#-/Vë0<-ýÊ Ê7&Ü-/-8Ü<-,-Ü 0*ë$-0-Ü 7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð'Ü-P9-:è,-ý7Ü-*/<-Ñ,ÜÊ
/þè+-/rÜ$-0Ü-7b²9-y+Î
)Ü$-73Ý,-#<:-5Ü$-.ë-(-/)$-:-+μ¥#Î 0Ü-;Ü#<-*Ü #-:è9-{<-#+/-/D,-ý9-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /;+-0-*#-ý7Ü-d-Ü rÜ+-ý-+$-7oè:-/7Ü-/%°+-:,è -+-è +#-yë/-+ýë,-0"<-ý7Ü-d#-
{æ,-/5Ü,-/Yè,Ê ,$-5Ü-/7Ü-/%°+-F0<-v-07Ü-5:-:<-v$<-)-è (0<-<ß-v$<-ý<-:ß<-6ß$<-`Ü-:$-
2ì-+$-2é-rë#-#Ü-f³-μ-¥ 9Ü0-ý9-/þè+-/rÜ$-5$Ü -{<-ý9-7b²9-:Ê +è-(+Ü -/D,-%Ü$-0Ü-7b²9-/9-e-/7Ü-
y+-¸¥-*/<-0$-+!7-/-0è+-ý-Eë-Bè-*è#-ý7Ü-a+-&ë<-7&Ü-0è+-2é-…å/-`Ü-F:-7eë9-:-7'ß#-ý9-e-YèÊ
+è7$-/¸¥+-IÜ-7aÜ:-/-7&Ü-0è+-2é7Ü-{æ+-:-/Dè,-ý-+$-Ê {æ+-:ß$-0,-$#-#Ü-&ë-#-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-6/-
#)è9-0"7-7ië7Ü-"-x$<-0-8:-/7Ü-#+0<-6/-:-/Dè,-)è-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/5è$<-;Ü$-2é7Ü-Dè,-/%7Ê
/+#-0¸¥,-2é-T7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-#<:-5Ü$-2é-73/-/w<-ý7Ü-0*9-2é-7μ¥#<-`Ü-.ë-(-/)$-:-/D,-
#8ë7Ü-₯$<-0-/%°-/5Ü-/…å/-J<-+$-/…å/-e9-+μ¥#-%Ü$-/YÜ0Ê &ë<-(Ü+-7ë+-#<:-e$-&±/-`Ü-
<è0<-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý7Ü-*#Ü -:è-&è,-ýë-#+ë+-,<-þ-è 7&Ü-o:-/7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-{<-#+/-:-,0-8$-0-Ü 7b²9-
/9-D#-%Ü$-/D,-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
7+Ü9-7në<-+ë,-%°$-6+-^<ë -ý-:-l#á -:<ß -<è0<-`Ü-$-ë /ëÊ …-+ë,Ê 02,-(Ü+Ê +eè-/Ê +è7Ü-
+ë,Ë /…å/-e-…å/-eè+-`Ü-7oè:-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð:ß<-<è0<-`Ü-$ë-/ë-Ñ,ÜÊ 2é-r#ë -#-Ü $ë-/-ë F0-;<è -
lë+-+$-/%<-ý-{,æ -&#<-<ß-#,<-ý7Ü-Dè,-0Ü-Q,-ý7Ü-7¸¥-eè+Ê :ß<-`-Ü $ë-/ë-7e³$-M-/+è-/-/%<-
"0<-lá#-7¸¥<-ý-9#<-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-%,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð…-+ë,-Ñ,ÜÊ >¡-8ßï7Ü-…-7ië-/7Ü-¸¥<-U/<-:-7'ß#-ý<-:<-`Ü<-7.$<-ý7Ü-72é-/7Ü-
¸¥<-'Ü-r+Ü -¸¥-7ië-/<-2-é +$-Ê ý-−7Ü-…-9/-·¦-7ië-/7Ü-+,ë -:<-#<ë,-ý7Ü-¸¥<-+-è rÜ+-¸¥-Bè<-<-ß 7ië-/<-
rë#-YèÊ +è-#(Ü<-$ë-/7ë -Ü &-,<-+eè-/-e9-0è+-`$-D,è -+$-/Dè,-ý9-7oè:-/7Ü-Që#-&7Ü-F0-ý-10-:<-
108

/)#<-ý7ëÊ Ê´Ó-87Ü-…-/<#<-ý-.ß$-ýë-#,<-<ë#<-:-7'ß#-ý<-7e³$-/-/<#<-ý7Ü-.ß$-ýë-$#-
8Ü+-`-Ü #,<-<-ß b²9-ý<-:ß<-<Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-2é-rë#-#Ü-02,-(Ü+-,ÜÊ :<-`Ü-F0-ý9-^Ü,-ý<-'Ü-rÜ+-7.$<-ý-+è-rÜ+-¸¥-#,<-ý7Ü-¸¥<-
U/<-:-₫ë+-ýÊ :ß<-`Ü-02,-(+Ü -<è0<-8Ü+-F0-;è<-#<ß0-Dè,-ý7Ü-e-/-%,-,Êë Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð+eè-/-Ñ,ÜÊ {æ+-:<Ê 0Ü-7b²9-D#-ý-#¶¦#-07Ü-2éÊ Ê(0<-;$Ü -7.ë-/-*#Ü -:è7-Ü 2éÊ Ê
uë-/9ß -P9-[$-r#ë -#-Ü 2éÊ Ê5è<-+eè-/-#<ß0-¸¥-#<ß$<-;Ü$-:<ß -,Ü-"0<-#<ß0-+$-9Ü#<-lá#-#Ü-Dè,-
<ë-<ë-/-F0<-<ëÊ Ê M-ý-Ð+è7Ü-+ë,-Ñ,ÜÊ l$<-0-*#-ý7Ü-:ß$-+ë,-+$-ýë-,ÜÊ <è0<-%,-´¥,-bÜ-{æ+-
:-¸¥<-#<ß0-¸¥-0Ü-7b²9-/-D#-#1$-/+è-/-/+#-+0-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-#;Ü<-<0-#¶¦#-09-/º¥#<-ý-
&ë<-(Ü+-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è-,-Ü 7&Ü-0è+-Dë#-ý7Ü-2é-…/å -ý7Ü-#5Ü9-b²9-ý-+$-Ê +è7Ü-9$-0+$<-+/ß-
07Ü-89-09-¸¥-#,<-ý7Ü-+cÜ+-*Ü#-#(Ü<-+$-Bè<-7oè:-7"ë9-:ë-lá#-#Ü-*Ü#-:è-/+#-ýë9-b²9-ý7Ü-₯$<-
0-/%°-#(Ü<-+$-XÜ#<-0-(9è -/5Ü-<#ë <-7//-%Ü$-Ê +è-+#-`$-8-è ;è<-+$-B<è -<-ß 7oè:-/9-7"ë9-:ë-
/5Ü9-+#7-/5Ü7Ü-7ië<-`<Ü -7.ë-/-+$-Ê F0-;<è -+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-/9-:ß<-:-6$ß <-<0-#,+-`Ü-$ë-
/ë-(+Ü -¸¥-7.ë-/-v-#,<-5è<-i#<-ý-YèÊ +è-+#-'Ü-r+Ü -9$-#,<-:<-0-Ü #8ë-5Ü$-Yë/<-0-(0<-ý-+è-
rÜ+-¸¥-72ì-/-/D,-ý9ë -7b²9-/<-*#Ü -:è7-Ü 2é-,Ü-/…å/-e7Ü-#1ì-/-ë +$-Ê *ë#-09-:<ß -D,è -I7Ü-#1ì-0-ë
&#<-ý7Ü-2é-u-ë /ß9-Dè,-%Ü$-7oè:-/-P9-[$-5Ü$-#+ë<-/%<-9#<-ý-+/$-Dè,-"#ë -ý-+$-/%<-ý-F0-
ý9-;<è -ý<-8ë$<-<-ß /6ß$-/-0Ü-7o:-/7Ü-6ß$<-<ß-b²9-ý<-W-0-D,è -+$-/Dè,-ý9-7oè:-/-r#ë -#-Ü
+/$-ýë7Ü-2é-,Ü-a+-ý9-b-Ü /…å/-e-8Ü,-,Êë Ê
lá#-ý-Ð/…å/-e-…å/-eè+-`Ü-7oè:-/Y,-ý-Ñ:-#<ß0-:<Ê +$-ýë-,ÜÊ &ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-#+ë+-,<-
7b²9-0è+-¸¥-iá/-ý-0-7b²9-/-P9-[$-uë-/ß9-7.ë-/7Ü-lÜ-0-/<:-/<-#,<-:ß#<-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9-/7Ü-
dÜ9Ë …å/-eè+-7'Ü#-Dè,-:<-7+<-ý-8è-;<è -&è,-ýë7-Ü /%°+-:,è -F0-*9-V-ë #<ß0-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-/7Ü-
)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-#,<-+#ë<-ý-+$-Ê /9-ý-:-7.ë-/7Ü-eè+-ý-xä$-<è0<-8Ü,-ý<-*/<-:0-6/-0ë<-+è-
+#-#Ü-eè+-ý-73#-0è+-¸¥-/%Ü$-5Ü$-#,<-U/<-*/<-`Ü-a+-ý9-J<-`Ü-/%°+-:è,-0,-$#-P9-/Dè,-
ý<-D,è -´,¥ -Jë/-`Ü-₯$<-0-{<Ê +è<-/Dè,-ý-/+è-&è,-bÜ-8è-;è<-7.è:-/9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê #<ß0-ý-
#1ì-/ë9-+-P7Ü-:<-`Ü-Bè<-<ß-7ië-Që#-e+è -ý9-/;+-ý<-r#ë -#%ë+-\$-5Ü$-rë#-/yä-/<-02ì,-/<ë+-
,0<-0-8Ü,-ý-\$-5Ü$-/<ë+-,0<-%Ü-¹¥<-/<#<-ý-+$-Ê W#<-`Ü-*/<-0"<-Eë-Bè7Ü-2é-…å/-ý7Ü-&ë-
#-F0<-`Ü<-rë#-#Ü-!-/-/D,-%$Ü -+-è :-/Dè,-ý7Ü-2-é 8ß,-9Ü$-¸¥-#,<-ý9-eè+-+ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-#,<-:ß$-:-#(Ü<Ê +#ë<-ý-/Y,-ýÊ #,<-:ß$-+$ë<-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+#ë<-ý-/Y,-ý-
Ñ,ÜÊ
109

XÜ$-Bè7Ü-8ß:-b²9-r+Ü -ý-/9-07Ü-7iëÎ $ë-029-*ß#<-Bè<-$,-7ië-*9-ý7Ü-*/<Î


#,<-,<-\9-5Ü$-:0-M-Jë# <-ý7Ü-:ß$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 2é-7+Ü7Ü-[$-/-¹¥/-,<-#+ë<-/%<-`Ü-Dè,-+$-o:Ê F0-ý9-;è<-ý-:<-`Ü-xä$-#Ü<-
/+<-)è-7'Ü#<-ý7Ü-…-/5Ü-8-$-/7Ü-#8$-<-#<ß0-<ë#<-:ë#-ý7Ü-7há:-[$-¸¥-0-+$-/%<-þ/<-
o:-#)+-0è+-¸-¥ 7a0<-ý<-XÜ$-Bè7Ü-8ß:-¸¥-b²9-ýÊ 0-$è<-ý7Ü-D#<-lá#-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-rÜ+-ý-/9-0-
+ë7Ü-7ië-/-F0<-D-"-r/-`Ü<-/€ç9-/-P9-"-:ë-€9ç -y-/-8,Ü -ý<Ê <$<-{<-F0<-`-Ü $ë-029-
#<$-/7Ü-03ì+-"$-:<-e³$-/-&-ë #-+$-)Ü$-73Ý,-6/-07ë -Ü *ß#<-B<è -$,-7ië7-Ü þè-#,<-:<-þ/ë -%Ü$-
f³9-¸¥-*9-ý-5Ü-/-*/ë -ý7Ü-*/<-0"<Ê 9Ü#<-l#á -#-Ü #,<-,<-9Ü0-ý9-l$<-)è-\9-5Ü$-:0-M-#+,-
*ë#-#%Ü#-·-¦ Jë#<-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-#,<-:ß$-*ß#<-Bè7Ü-+c$-*#-,-Ü 7+Ü-P-Yè-5<è -<Êë Ê
7+Ü9-8$-7në<-+,ë -%°$-6+-^ë<-,Ê /9-+ë-₫7Ü -Ü $ë-/-ë ,ÜÊ #5Ü-+eÜ$<-!-+#-#Ü-]ä/<-:<-T©,-
iá/-[$-/7Ü-V9ë -;9-/-(Ü+-7&9-#5Ü7-Ü +eÜ$<-<ß-0-J#ë <-ý9-b-Ü <è0<-ý-<-/ë,-+$-/%<-ý-8Ü,-:Ê
+è7$-#5Ü-[$-8è-;è<-<-ß ;9-/7Ü-&-[$-&-,Ü-+#-ý-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-/9-+ë-+$-Ê 7há:-[$-7ië-lá#-#Ü<-
/Z¨<-ý7Ü-&ë<-F0<-,-Ü 0-+#-7há:-/7Ü-/9-+-ë 5è<-/)#<-ý9-/;+-+ëÊ Êeè-o#-rÜ+-ý-/9-+ë-,ÊÜ
T©,-iá/-`-Ü [$-/-*Ü0-,<-d-Ü 07Ü-þè-r+Ü -0-i/á -ý-2±,-¸¥-/#-&#<-:<-Jà<-þè<-`-Ü :ß<-D,è -H-Ü :0-P-
/ß9-[$-/7ëÊ Ê
$è<-2Ý#-,ÜÊ ₫Ü9-7há:-ië:-bÜ-/9-,-#,<-ý-+$-Ê eè-o#-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-[$-/-¹¥/-,<-9Ü#<-lá#-
#Ü-:<ß -+$ë<-0-v$<-ý7Ü-/9-bÜ-[$-/-:-#,<-ý-+$-Ê 7há:-i:ë -+$-Dè,-0*ë-+0,-%Ü9-8$-7b²9-
rÜ+-ý<-/9-rÜ+-%è<-e7ëÊ Ê
+eè-/-,Ü-*:-7b²9-:<Ê þè-7&Ü70-9$-/5Ü,-b-Ü /9-+Êë 7&Ü-"7Ü-/9-+ëÊ &ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-/9-+ëÊ
rÜ+-ý7Ü-/9-+ë-/5Ü9-#<ß$<-ý-:<-7+Ü9-#,<-:$ß -e-/7Ü-8:ß -rÜ+-ý-/9-+ë7ëÊ Ê
+è7Ü-02,-(+Ü -,ÊÜ 03ì+-:<Ê Wë,-e³$-rÜ+-ý7Ü-;-2±#<-%,Ê Ê+/$-ý-ë ´¥,-2$-*ë#<-0è+-
{æË Ê:<-`Ü-Jà-7ná:-»#¥ <-+$-Q,Ê Ê0Ü-Që#-+è-,-Ü lÜ-6-7Êë Ê5è<-+$-Ê {æ+-&è,-(Ü-w-"-‚ë9-:<-{-
&è9-#<ß$<-ý-P9-)Êè 9Ü$-0*7-5#-5-è +μ¥Ê *ß$-0*7-/¸¥,-,0-8ß+-10-#,<-ý7ëÊ Ê7+Ü7Ü-¸¥<-
#8ß:-$ë9-D-:<-T©$-/-7'ß#-ý-:-9Ü$-/-P9-rÜ+-ý-dÜ-0-:-9$Ü -5Ü$-dë#<-ý<-+#è-/7Ü-Z$ë -#+/-ý-:-
f³9-¸¥-7/+-+#ë<-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-#,<-:ß$-+$ë<-:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+Êë Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
8ß:-+$-*/<-+$-0*9-dÜ,-e-/-YèÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #,<-:ß$-e-/7Ü-8ß:-#<:-#+/-ý-+$-Ê +è7Ü-ZÜ#-iÜ/-‚ë$-5Ü$-8ë,-),-89-Q,-
110

¸¥-7.è:-/<-:0-M-/+è-v#-·¦-/ië+-ý7Ü-*/<-+$-Ê #,<-:ß$-0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-Bè<-`Ü-e-/-Yè-#<ß0-
bÜ<-/Z¨<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê 8ß:-#<:-#+/Ê …Ü/-‚ë$-#,<-\9-bÜ-*/<Ê Bè<-`Ü-e-
/7ëË Ê+$-ýë-Ð8ß:-#<:-#+/-Ñ,ÜÊ
Dè,-/þè+-+μ¥ #-/YÜ 0Ê
5è<-ý<-/Y,-)Êè yë/-+ýë,-b<Ü -T-#$-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-/+#-0¸¥,-/ß0-ý-/…å/-ý-<ë#<-{<-/Z¨<-%Ü-
9Ü#<-ý-<$ë -,<Ê 7.#<-8:ß -/7Ü-8ß:-&ë<-+$-0*ß,-ý9-+`Ü:-7"ë9-Të-V9ë -2é-7+<-`-Ü oÜ-Dè,-/%<-
ý-:-+0Ü#<-Dè,-e<-,<-#<ë,-ý7ë -Ü #,<-U/<-'Ü-P-/9-/þè+-%$Ü -#<:-#+/Ê *ß#<-!7Ü-7ë+-69è -
bÜ<-/9-+9ë -7a0<-ý7Ü-F0-;<è -ZÜ#-ý-+$-/%<-ý-/´¥#-,<-d#-{-/5Ü<-+eè9-0+è -¸¥-/YÜ0<-:-0Ü-
#8ë-/9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð…Ü/-‚ë$-#,<-\9-bÜ-*/<-Ñ,ÜÊ
/9-&+-/#è#<-2ì#<-‚$-Î
9Ü#<-lá#-7"ë9-/7Ü-/#-&#<-:-/Dè,-ý7ÜÎ ZÜ#-…Ü/-*0<-%+-/rè#<-#)ë9-T #-0è+-/gá Î
9Ü#-73Ý,-i:-¸¥-Eë-Bè7Ü-+/$-/U¨9-5Ü $-Î 7+ë+-8ë,-{-02ì-/+è-&è,-‡Ü,-¸¥-\è:Î
6/-0ë7Ü-&ë<-/;+-+#-ý7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-<ßÎ +/ß#<-+e³$-:0-M-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý7Ü-dÜ9Î
´¥,-·¦-7&$-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-r<-<ß-/„å,Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 0*ë-9Ü<-+$-*9-:0-bÜ-/9-&+-#<ë,-ýë7-Ü /¸¥+-+$-#;Ü,-bÜ-N#<-<ß-e+è -ý7Ü-
/#è#<-`Ü-2#ì <-:-5Ü-/<-#)ë9-u+ä -‚,Ü Ê 5Ü-l#-dè+-0<-/!7-/VëÊ 0Ü-(,-ý-F0<-l#-ýë7Ü-20-
A0<-`Ü<-{$-9Ü$-ýë9-/„+-%Ü$-T#-0è+-¸¥-‚$<-:-r$á -/7Ü-#-ë /Vë-/-,Ü-2#ì <-`Ü-:0-0ëÊ Ê
*ë#-0-0è+-,<-9#Ü <-lá#-#Ü-#,<-<-ß 7"ë9-/-"-/{æ+-ý7Ü-2é-0-9#Ü -ý7Ü-/#-&#<-2,-ýë-&è-:-
/Dè,-8$-+$-8$-¸¥-/<#<-ý7Ü-ZÜ#-P©$-#Ü-.$ß -ý-ë :<-`-Ü …Ü/-ý-:ß<-+$-iÜ/-0-P9-7ië#<-ý<-
7"ë9-/-+$-$,-<ë$-#-Ü {æ-eè+-ý7Ü-d9Ü -+è-*0<-%+-‚$-+#ë<-:Ê ‚ë$-eè+-W#<-{Ê dÜ9-wë#-/ß0-
há<Ë /+è,-Yë/<-<ë#<-`Ü<-7o:-/7Ü-*/<-0$-¸¥-#<ß$<-ý-:<-#1ì-/ë9-´¥,-7¸¥<-9#Ü -ý7Ü-0+ë-
<ë#<-:<-{-&è9-/W#<-ý7Ü-₫-Ü há<-)Ü$-73Ý,-9#Ü -I:-bÜ-*/<-0&ë# Ê+0Ü#<-e7Ü-:<ß -`Ü-#,<-
lá#-·¦-‚$-e-9Ü#<-lá#-#Ü-<-/ë,-I-8Ü#-9$-&<-<ß-8ë+-ý-+$-Ê ‚ë$-eè+-7oá-#<ß0-T,-%Ü#-ý-(Ü+-
*ß#<-!7Ü-7ë+-`Ü<-‚ë$-eè+-/U¨:-/<-+è-:<-8è-;è<-`Ü-9$-I:-0è-7/9-/<-‚$-e-/rè#<Ê xä$-
#8ë<-ý<-*:-/-#)ë9Ê &±-e$³ -/<-lÜ-07Ü-B<è -»:¥ -T#-0è+-¸¥-/gá-/9-eè+-ý-,Ü-‚9ë -:0-0ëÊ Ê
{æ+-F0-ý9-+#-ý-+è-(Ü+-<9-#,<-9Ü#-73Ý,-bÜ-i:-¸¥-7#ë+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-T-+0-2Ý#-ý9-#<:-/-:-
111

/ß0-ý-<ë#<-+/$-/5Ü-{<-ý-70-/Z¨<-ý-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-+/$-#<Ü -02ì,-Eë-B7è -Ü #)ë9-v#ä -#-Ü &ë-#<-


+/$-/U¨9-5Ü$-{<-#+/-ý-,Ü-0*ë$-:0-0ëÊ Ê
+è-:-5:-/rë-/-+$-/#-&#<-`Ü-5è,-7hÜ<-/%+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-/67-/·¦$-+$ë<-<ß-/;0<-ý-:-Dè,-
e<-)-è F0-ý-7+ë+-ý7Ü-8,ë -),-M-ý-ë 6+-0-Ü ;è<-ý7Ü-{-02ìÊ $ë-/-ë 6#-0è+-/+è-/-&è,-ýë7-Ü ‡Ü,-.ß$-¸¥-
W#<-+$-d#-{<-\è:-,<-/WëÊ 7"ë9-/9-dÜ9-0Ü-Që#-ý7Ü-y+-¸ ¥-+7è -Ü (è<-þ,ë -+$-*9-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-
/W#<-ý-:<-/I0-6/-0ë7Ü-&ë<-/;+-:-9Ü#<-M7Ü-#,<-<ë#<-+#-ý7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-<ß-:0-/Y,-%Ü$-
+/ß#<-+e³$-/-,Ü-Vë0-ý7Ü-:0-0ëÊ Ê
:0-M-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-;Ü$-0*9-dÜ,-ý9-e-/7Ü-d9Ü -F0-ý9-;è<-ý-+`Ü:-7"ë9-bÜ-#1ì-/ë-´,¥ -·-¦
7&$-/-&è,-ýë-8/-8ß0-bÜ-*ß#<-+$-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-e<-:Ê +è<-`$-‚ë9-020<-,<-{:-/7Ü-r<-<ß-
/„å,-)-è <$<-{<-`-Ü 03+-ý-…å/-ý9-0ë<-ý-,-Ü 0Ü-yë/-ý7Ü-:0-02ì,-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-ÐBè<-`Ü-e-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
XÜ#<-0-8è-;è<-0è<-‚$-U¨-#¸¥$-#+/Î 7ië-+ë,-nÜ,-:<-{æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý9-eÎ 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ₯$<-07Ü-
F0-;è<-#,<-\9-/7Ü-XÜ#<-0-.ß$-ýë-/#-&#<-`Ü-Dè,-»¥:-¸¥-:ß<-ý-+è-(Ü+-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/7Ü-*ß#<-
:<-‡ë<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-0è<-/rè#<-;Ü$-‚$<-ý<-T#-0è+-¸¥-eè+-ý-,Ü-9$-+ë,-&ë<-U¨-/Cè<-ý-+$-Ê
e$-*:-lÜ-/6$-&±-7'Ü0-ý-+$-/rè<-ý<-U¨-#¸¥$-<¡-2-&-ë #-/5Ü,-#+/-ý-,-Ü #5,-+ë,-#6ß#<-U¨-7e³$-
/7Ü-Dè,-7oè:-8Ü,-:Ê +è-P9-,-:0-M-8ë$<-<ß-J#ë <-;Ü$-+ë,-#(Ü<-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-#-ë 7.$-/Cè<-
ý<Ë 7ië-/7Ü-+ë,-,0-0"7-+$-0(0-ý9-03+-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-{æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý9-7e³$-/7Ü-*/<-6/-0ë-
{æ+-+$-0,-$#-#Ü-$è<-ý-:<-7e³$-/-/5Ü,-T#-&+-0è+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
M-ý-nÜ,-:<-:-#(Ü<Ê +#ë<-ý-+$-/%<-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê +è-(Ü+-{<-ý9-/;+-ýëÊ Ê+$-ýë-
Ð+#ë<-ý-+$-/%<-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
*ß,-0ë$-+è-/5Ü,-# ;è#<-ý7Ü-₫ë+-8ß :-bÜ<Î /<0-´¥ ,-Jë#<-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-,ÎÜ
Vë-#<ß0-dè-/<-.,-/+è-…å/-ý-YèÎ Bè <-<ß-/6ß$-+$-29-/%+-F0-ý-#(Ü<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 9$-#5,-*ß,-0$ë -:-#:-&è-/-+-è /5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-F0<-`-Ü */<-:-0"<-ý7Ü-₫ë+-
8ß:-/<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-ý-:<-e³$-/Ê 'Ü-P9-/<0-ý7Ü-+ë,-´¥,-8ë$<-<ß-Jë#<-ý9-eè+-ý-9ë:-ý-nÜ,-
:<-`Ü-9Ü0-ý-,ÜÊ Vë-#<ß0-bÜ-:<-<0-e-/7Ü-Vë-,<-´,¥ -:-.,-ý-+$-/+è-/-…å/-ý-YèÊ "ë#-#º¥$-
:<Ë /+#-#5,-+ë,-…å/-nÜ,-:<-)èÊ Ê5è<-<Êë Ê+è-:-,$-#<è<-`-Ü F0-i$<-0$-8$-0+ë9-/Z¨-
,-9$-#5,-:-.,-#+#<-;Ü$-+,ë -#(è9-Bè<-<ß-/6ß$-/-+$-Ê Z$-5Ü$-#¸¥#-ý-%,-29-#%ë+-ý7Ü-nÜ,-
:<-)-è F0-ý-#(Ü<-<ß-7¸¥7ëÊ Ê
112

+è-:-n,Ü -:<-`Ü-$-ë /ë-,ÊÜ /<0-+ë,-…å/-eè+-*/<-0"<-`-Ü e-/-X$Ü -B7è -Ü {æ-:<-e³$-5Ü$-;<è -9/-


6/-0<ë -6,Ü -ý7ëÊ Ê$è<-2#Ý -!H7Ü-…-:<-n,Ü -:<-)è-V-ë #<ß0-b-Ü :<-<ß-b²9-ý7ëÊ ÊF0-i$<-,Ü-:<-
/5Ü-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-`Ü-a+-ý9-7#ë -,<-7e³$-/-:-<ë#<-ý-YÊè +è7$-e-/7Ü-8ß:-₫9Ü -"0<-#<ß0-bÜ-
7ië-/Ê eè-o#-5Ü-<#ë <-:-9Ü0-/5Ü,-#,ë+-ZÜ#-+/ß:-.$ë <-:ë#-P-#¸¥#-ý-%,-F0<Ê eè+-ý7Ü-nÜ,-
:<-/5Ü-+$-T©,-iá/-F0<-:-<ë-<7ë Ü-7¸¥#-Y$<-W#<-`Ü-/w-2±:-+e$<-`Ü-7b²9-ý-Y$<-`Ü-<è0<-
<ë#<-`Ü-a+-ý9-+$-Q,-ýÊ eè+-2±:-:0-bÜ-{æ+-2ì+-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-#5Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-*/<-…ë<-0è+-:-
/Dè,-ýÊ e-/7Ü-¸¥<-:<-<ë-<ë-+#ë<-ý7Ü-8ß:-(è-/9-#,<-ý-YèÊ e<-ý7Ü-+#ë<-ý-5Ü-/<-dÜ-,+-
#+ë,-,$-02,-Dë#-7'ë0<Ê {<-ý<-dÜ-7"ë9-+$-:ë$<-₫ë+-,$-2é-/<ë+-(0<-Dë#<-\:è Ê +/$-
#Ü<-dÜ-7+ë+-ý7Ü-8ß:-,$-xä$-<è0<-:-+/$-*ë/Ê l#-ýë<-dÜ-+i-/#è#<-,$-¸¥#-M7Ü-Dë#-ý-7'ë0<-
ý9-e+è -+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-(Ü+-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê Bè<-/6ß$-Ê 29-/%+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐBè<-/6ß$-Ñ,ÜÊ
rá$-+$-5-Ü +$-{<-+$-+/$-/€ç9-/Î )Ü$-73Ý,-W#<-+$-d#-{<-#5Ü-/6ß$-YèÎ
0&ë+-Dè,-há<-+$-0è-+$-7"ë9-:ë-+$-Î .ß9-/ß-oë-#9-Dè,-7oè:-J<-`Ü<-/…å/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-:-B<è -<ß-/6ß$-/7Ü-n,Ü -:<-,ÜÊ /…å/-e-,+-#+ë,-/9-&+-<ë#<-0Ü-0*ß,-ý7Ü-
dë#<-0Ü-7e³$-/9-rá$-/-+$-7'Ü#<-ý-/%°-lá#-5Ü-/-+$-7eë9-/-lá#-{<-ý-+$-8Ü+-:-7+ë+-ý-0ë<-ý-
/5Ü<-+/$-¸¥-€ç9-/-F0<-8Ü,-:Ê …å/-eè+-`Ü-#1ì-/ë-#<:-,$-*ë/-ý7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-+$-W#<-`Ü-
/w<-ý-2+-¸¥-7aë:-/-+$-7&Ü$-7ië:-bÜ-d#-{<-#5Ü-/6ß$-YèÊ .:-ý7Ü-:<-0&ë+-Dè,-,0-<¡o<-
:<-+$ë<-+$-7e³$-ý-#5,-:<-8+Ü -`Ü<-‡å:-)-è <ë-<-ë :-;<Ü -ý7Ü-+eÜ/<-0+ë#-%,-#6ß$<-W#<-+$-
Q,-ý9-:<-0*ß,-bÜ-T9-#<:-/7Ü-7ë+-`Ü<-/…å/-e-/´¥#-%Ü$-7ë#-·¦-0,,-ý-:-7+ë -`<Ü -#¸¥$-/-:<-
7iá/-ý9-0ë<-ý-+$-Ê ZÜ#-…Ü/-,+-#+ë,-iÜ/-+$-0Ü-#1$-/-<è:-/-:-+è-+$-+è7Ü-#(è,-ýë9-/W#<-
ý7Ü-T-F0<-/ß0-ý-/%°+-Q,-¸¥-/þè+-/w<-7ë+-º¥-e<-ý7Ü-há<-`Ü-&ë-#<-/gá-/-+$-Ê F:-7eë9-ý7Ü-
vë-a+-+$-/Y©,-ý7Ü-dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-0è7Ü-r#è -v#ä <-bÜ-‚9ë -/<-'Ü-P9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-:<-iá/-ý-+$-Ê
/Vë0-ý-8Ü+-+$-/!ë+-ý-o<Ü -ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-0,-$#-:<-7e³$-/-P9-Vë0-…å/-2±:-/5Ü,-/Yè,-ý<-:<-
#$-8Ü,-…/å -ý-+$-Ê :<-/5Ü7Ü-<-ë <ë7Ü-{-æ +eÜ/<-2+-0+ë#-%,-bÜ-.ß9-/ß-/Xè,-%Ü$-/…å/<-ý-8ß:-<ë-
<ë7Ü-dë#<-<ß-7+è/<-ý-+$-Ê :<-/5Ü7Ü-+eÜ/<-0*ß,-ýë9-/%<-ý-:-T-<ë-<ë7Ü-$-{:-bÜ<-?$-ý<-Eë-
Bè7Ü-o-ë /Eã$-5Ü$-:#-ý<-#9-Y/<-/€ç9-)-è :ß-μ¥-{æ+-`Ü-:<-e-/-+$-Ê 7a²+-+c+-<ë#<-:<-7e³$-
/-P9-e-y-/7Ü-*/<-`Ü-7há:-7"ë9-Dè,-7oè:-[-2ì#<-ý-e-/-+$-Ê μ¥-μ¥:-¸¥+-ý<-7lè-#+ë,-/„+-
ý<-02ì,-J<-#%Ü#-z$-$0-0$-¸¥-‚9-/7Ü-¹<¥ -ý-"ë-,<-`$-,+-5Ü-/9-e+è -ý-:-<#ë <-)è-*/<-+è-
113

F0<-`Ü<-7+ë+-ý7Ü-:<-*0<-%+-7iá/-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð29-/%+-Ñ,ÜÊ
a+-ý9-29-# %ë+-,,-·¦9-e-/7Ü-2±:Î 9$-(Ü +-rá$-+$-7#:-zè,-wë#-ý-+$-Î
Jë$-7n$-rë#-+$-7o<-/ß7Ü-#,+-Q,-ý<Î "-‚ë9-+eè-/-#<+-ý7Ü-&ë-#-YèÎ
:<-`Ü-0*7-,Ü-0,,-7.$-rè#-ý<-/Z¨Î
5è<-#<ß$<-YèÊ a+-ý9-/…:-/7Ü-5Ü$-/%°9-b²9-ý-<ë#<-5Ü-/<-0Ü-7¸¥:-5Ü$-29-#%ë+-ý9-7ë<-ý-
F0<-:-,,-·9¦ -bÜ-:<-e-/7Ü-2±:-8$-dë#<-10-/Y,-ý9-e-YèÊ +è7Ü-2±:-0+ë9-/Z¨-,-l#-W#<-E-ë
Bè-#1°#-:#-#-Ü {æ+-:<-#6Ü9-/-ýëÊ #6Ü9-eÊ #6Ü9-eè+-#<ß0-¸¥-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-+$-ýë-,ÊÜ Vè#-Eë9-
+0-2Ý#-#<:-/g-:<Ê P-₫ë+-)$Ü -73Ý,-7oè:-#0ë <-ý<Ê Ê5è<-7e³$-/7Ü-+ë,Ê :ß<-T-U¨Ê
$#-/Bë+-o:Ê <è0<-þè-0è+-¸¥-+ý7-/-Yè-+ý7-#<ß0Ê P-/-0*7-o:Ê Vë0-ý-vë-7+<Ê ₫ë+-
ý-»¥#<-7e³$-#Ü-#+Ü$-Yè-#+Ü$-#<ß0Ê 9Ü#-ý-0¸¥$-:<-Fë-/<-dÜ7Ü-lè#<-ý-7/Ü#<-ýÊ 9Ü#-ý-
#<è#-/+9-P-/ß<-,$-#Ü-(ë,-0ë$<-#%ë+-ýÊ 9Ü#-ý-xä$-»¥#<-P-/ß<-F0-Dë#-‡Ü,-.ß$-#)ë9-/7Ü-$9-
+$-Q,-ý<-$9-#<ß0-Yè-+ý7-#+Ü$-$9-/-+μ¥-+$-Q,-ý-5Ü#-+#ë<-:Ê
#6Ü9-e-+i-/#è#<-#(Ü<-:<-+i-,Ü-5Ü$-/%°9-b9² -ý-YèÊ #<:-/g-:<Ê +!ë,-0&ë#-yë/-
+ýë,-U¨-+i-#(Ü<Ê Ê+0-(0<-:ë#-+$-7"ß-/-+$-Ê Ê7¸¥-/9-72é-+$-8ë$<-:-#,ë+Ê Ê+0-+i-
$,-ý7Ü-$$-2±:-%,Ê Ê$,-<ë$-#<ß0-+$-/%°-ýë-7+ÜÊ ÊF:-7eë9-´¥,-bÜ<-+$-¸¥-v$-Ê Ê5è<-+$-
{æ+-:<-0Ü-+#è-/%°-+$-020<-0è+-M-₫ë+-:-/;+-+ëÊ Ê/#è#<-:-i$<-$<è -ý-<#ë <-#ë-90Ü -lá#-
#Ü<-/Y,Ê
#6Ü9-eè+-J<-W#<-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-#<ß0Ê J<-:-0&ë+-J<-Dè,-J<-#6Ü9-J<-#<ß0Ê W-0-
#(Ü<-:-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9Ê dÜ-0-:-#,<-oá/-"ß$-:Ü]-v-Eë-+eè-#6Ü9-*ß,-J<-,$-#<è<-+$-/%<-ý<-
/Z¨<Ë W#<-:-02,-(Ü+-7#ë+-*/<-/w<-W#<-#<ß0Ê )Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-T-+$-W#<-+$-J<-`Ü-
)Ü$-73Ý,-#<ß0-ýë-F0<-0-7lè<-0-,ë9-0-2$-0+è -ý-#%è<-)èÊ {æ+-+è-:<Ê W#<-,Ü-¸¥#-#Ü-02ì,-
&-:Ê Ê)Ü$-73Ý,-#<:-/<-#,<-<-ß þè:Ê ÊJ<-,Ü-‚9ë -/-*/<-`-Ü ië#<Ê Ê+è-#<ß0-Q,-,-T-
+/$-8$-Ê Ê+$ë<-<ß-…ë:-/9-*è-2ì0-0è+Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
₫Ü9-0$ë,-₫ë+-`Ü-d#-&-:-F0-i$<-/%°9-#<ß$-Ê rë#-<è9Ê *ë#-+$-P<-$,Ê rá$-wë#-rÜ-
0,,Ë 7.$-rè#-/%<-*0<-%+-:7$-:ë#-Eã#<-7e0<-#<ß0-bÜ-þë,-\$<-ý-+$-Ê .,-#,ë+-`Ü-
nÜ,-:<-´¥,-:-ië#<-F0-ý-M-/Y,Ê ¸¥#-F0-ý-M-\$-Ê {,-F0-ý-M-#+#<-ý-/%<-9/-·¦-
#%è<-ý9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
114

+è-:<-7+Ü9-/;+-e-,,-·¦9-nÜ,-:<-`Ü-#1ì-/ë-*ë#-09-9$-(Ü+-rá$-/-Eë-Bè7Ü-Jë$-0"9-¸¥-/º¥#<-
,<-V-ë #<ß0-:$ë <-₫+ë -/%<-%Ü<-`$-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý9-e-/-+$-Ê 7#:-zè,-/9-&+-wë#-ý7Ü-Eë-B7è -Ü
+ýß$-/;0<-)è-.<-@ë:-bÜ-e+-Yè0<-¹¥<-ý-9$-#;è+-¸¥-+//-ý-+$-Ê P-/-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-Jë$-Ê Vë0-
ý-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ-7n$-Ê ₫ë+-ý-XÜ$-Bè-&è,-ýë7Ü-rë#-+$-Q,-ý-:-#5Ü-/%<-,<Ê 0Ü-Që#-ý7Ü-#,+-
9$-(+Ü -+ý:-=è-9ß-!9-#<:Ê 0Ü-E#ã <-ý7Ü-dÜ9-.ß9-/ß-r<-0&ë#-·-¦ #<:Ê 0Ü-7e0<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-:Ü]-
#6<-ý-ýë-+$ë<-<ß-#<:-/-:-2é-:ß$-#<ß0-+$-há<-:ß$-#<ß0-bÜ-+#ë$<-ý-+$-Q,-ý<-#+/-ý-+$-
/…:-/-+$-/Y/-ý7Ü-:<-e<-ý<-2é-/%°+-`Ü<-/+# ÊF0-;è<-\9-/<-+iÊ ;-h#-/Y/<-ý<-
T-Yè-72é$-/-#<ß0-bÜ<-/…:-/7Ü-7o<-/ß7Ü-#,+-:-‚ë9-/-+$-Q,-ý<Ê T-Dè,Ê :ß<-<è0<Ê
;-9ß<-)è-"-‚ë9-#<ß0-ýë-+eè-/-,Ü-/<+-ý7Ü-:<-`Ü-&ë-#-YèÊ +è-P9-0$ë,-₫ë+-n,Ü -:<-`Ü-#1ì-/-ë rá$-
wë#-/<+-ý-#<ß0-8Ü,-:Ê +è-#<ß0-bÜ-0*9-,ÜÊ rá$-ý-:-0,,-ýÊ wë#-ý-:-7.$-/Ê /<+-ý-
rè#-ý<-/Z¨-/9-e-YèÊ +è-+#-#Ü-7*+-ý7$-rá$-/<-/9-#%ë+-0Ü-0*ß,-ý7Ü-dë#<-:<-þë/Ê 0,,-
ý<-.<-@ë:-bÜ-Yë/<-¹¥<-*0<-%+-7&Ü$-ý9-eè+-ý<-7oè:-)èÊ +ýè9-,-J$ë -:-N#<-9<Ü -/Uë9-/-
+$-.<-@ë:-bÜ-&ë0-?ã,-/1ì,-¸¥-/%°#-ý-#(Ü<-!-9$-dë#<-rá$-/7Ü-(è9-:è,-¸¥-+ë,-02±$<-ý-P-/ß-+$-Ê
wë#-ý<-7#:-zè,-(è9-72é-*0<-%+-(è-0Ü-¹¥<-ý9-9Ü$-¸¥-eè+Ê 7.$-/-6ë9-bÜ<-+è-+#-Hè#-0è+-¸¥-
/x#-ý9-eè+-ý<-7oè:-)Êè +ýè9-,-+i-+ýß$-#Ü<-72é-/-:-*ë#-09-+0#-#Ü-+ýß$-/;0Ê 0*9-
#8ß:-‡+-ý<-@ë:-/-/%ë0-ý-P-/ß-+$-Ê /<+-ý<-/…:-e7Ü-F0-;è<-\9-)-è #6ß#<-.ß$-2ì#<-<ß-
/…:-ý-+è-(+Ü Ê T-F0<-`-Ü 5:-0è-:-/Y/<-ý<-;,Ü -·-¦ 0(è<-ý9-7b²9-/-+$-₫Ü9-:<-`Ü-¹<¥ -ý-
*0<-%+-rè#-vä#<-`Ü<-f³9-¸¥-7eÜ,-ý-Yè-Fë-:-$9-bÜ<-#+#<-ý-P-/ßÊ Ê0$ë,-₫+ë -`Ü-+#ë<-ý7$-
{æ+-:<Ê :ë#-P-%,-/%°-/…:-/9-eÊ Ê0-/…:-7"ë9-/9-7a0<-ý-:Ê Ê/…:-)-è #,<-\9-
/+è-/-*ë/Ê Ê/+#-#5,-#(Ü<-!-0$ë,-72$-{Ê Ê7"ë9-/7Ü-&±-:<-/…:-/7ëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê
#<:-/g-:<Ê e$-&±/-₫ë+-7.è:-<è0<-%,-/+èÊ ÊT-0(è<-/+#-:-+0-Uë$-5Ü$-Ê Ê:<-$,-
/#-&#<-Z¨#-8,ß -/Y©$<Ê Ê9$-#Ü-/<0-0è+-$,-<ë$-:<Ê Ê/+è-:0-7+Ü-:<-#5,-0+è -+ëÊ Ê
5è<-<ëÊ Êlá#-ý-/0-&è,-0&ë#-…å/-:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+Êë Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-
Ñ,ÜÊ
0&ë#-#Ü -nÜ,-:<-v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-.ß:Î (0<-&#-5 Ü-/-/0-bÜ-…å/-ý-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ iá/-ý-ýë-:-0&ë#-#Ü-+$ë<-iá/-/+è-v#-·¦-…å/-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-)è-:<-<ß-e-/-
´¥,-:<-a+-ý9-¸-¥ 7.#<-ý<-v-,-0è+-ý7Ü-.ß:-¸¥-b²9-ý-,ÊÜ yë/-+ýë,-&,è -ý<ë Ê …å/-ý-&è,-ýë-7+Ü-
(Ü+-,ÜÊ Ê…å/-ý-0$-ýë7Ü-I-/-YèÊ Ê+ýè9-,-&±-/-ë &è,-ýë-:<Ê Ê&±-n,-*0<-%+-bÜ<-+$-02±$<Ê Ê
115

#<$-W#<-v-,-0è+-ý-8ÜÊ Ê…å/-ý-F0<-`-Ü 8$-X$Ü -,ÊÜ Ê+$ë<-iá/-/0-b-Ü …å/-ý-7ëÊ Ê5è<-


#<ß$<-ý-+$-Ê a+-ý9-+0-2Ý#-(0<-&#-5Ü-/-:-T#-ý9-/W#<-;Ü$-Ê #:-ý-ë :<Ê +$ë<-
iá/-&è,-ýë-v$-/-,ÜÊ Ê:<-:<-iá/-ý7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-%,Ê Ê5è<-/0-&è,-:-:<-:<-iá/-ý7Ü-+$ë<-
iá/-8ë+-ý<-8ë,-),-0*7-8<-ý9-/W#<-ý7Ü-/0-bÜ-…å/-ý-0&ë#-,Ü-7+Ü-P-YèÊ #(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-
Ñ,ÜÊ
02,-(Ü+-:è#<-/D#<-/g-;Ü<-# 1$-07Ü-/0Î /½§:-º¥#<-Q,-ý<-Eë-B7è -Ü 7ië<-`Ü <-v$-Î
+`Ü:-7"ë9-+/ß<-/5#-T-#<:-/Xè,-%Ü$-/…å/Î 7ë+-+$-…-+$-lÜ-<ë#<-D#<-e³$-,<Î
T-(Ü +-7ë+-º¥-T-:-T -*Ü0-2±:Î 8ß:-+$-8ß:-%,-+eè9-0è+-/+è-/-&è7ÜÎ
Eë-Bè 7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-+bè<-@ã9-‡ë-/<-/U$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-…/å -ý-ýë-9/-P-/7Ü-#+Ü$-*ë/-ýÊ 7oÜ$-/Xè,-…å/-`Ü-l+ë -D#<-+$-Q,-ýÊ
*-0-Dë#-ý-&±$-5Ü$-9ë-Xë0<-ý<Ê ¸¥<-+e9-2-/-+$-+μ¥,-i$-/7Ü-V$-9ß:-"è$<-`Ü-þë,-7e³$-/-0-
8Ü,-ý7Ü-U/<-<ß-/…å/-e-{æ+-+$-0,-$#-:<-7e³$-/-P9-02,-(Ü+-:è#<-ý9-/D#<-,<-v$-YèÊ
+è7$-þè<-,<-:ë-0-7"ë9-/-+$-M-/%°-8,-&+-@,-ýÊ +/$-*/ë -W#<-ý-+$-9Ü#<-$,Ê #%ë$-,+-
9Ü0<-¸¥#-<ë#<-`Ü<-;Ü-/-0-8Ü,-ýÊ 9/-þè-/-/¸¥,-ýÊ 7oÜ$-{:-9Ü#<-Bè7ß-9Ü#<Ê *-0-þè<-
+9-0-i9Ü -;-Ü ,<-5#-#<ß0-00-/¸¥,-,0-+μ¥-:<-0-:ë,-ý-/g-;Ü<-;Ü$-e-#%,-bÜ<-0-/[+-ý<-
#1$-09-b²9-ý7Ü-/0-9ë-+è-(Ü+Ê F:-7eë9-ý-P-Vë0-bÜ-/½§:-º¥#<-+$-Q,-ý<-W#<-+$-)Ü$-73Ý,-
Y$<-Y/<-`Ü<-7¸¥:-5$Ü -hë-/ë-9:ë -/-+$-n-0è,-7bÜ$-2:± -b<Ü -/1:-:-5-Ü /-+$-o-ë /ë7Ü-E-ë Bè7Ü-7ië<-
`Ü<-v$-Ê +è-,<-;<è -ý-/¸¥,-Q,-bÜ<-‚$-5Ü$-/…å/<-YèÊ 0Ü-#1$-/9-;è<-ý<-h<á -`Ü<-/gáÊ
<è0<-%,-¸¥-;è<-ý<-Z¨#-/W:-n:Ê yë/-09-;<è -ý<-+/$-/U¨9Ê 9Ü#-ý7Ü-0è-)#ë -·¦-;è<-ý<-
+`Ü:-7"ë9-bÜ-+/ß<-<ß-/5# ÊT9-;è<-ý<-*#ë -09-/0-s:Ü -ýë9-+`Ü:-7"ë9-ý-/þè+-:-/Xè,Ê
/9-¸-¥ :ß<-`-Ü {-/g:-,<-+ë,-[ë+-8,-:#-F0<-T-#,<-<ë-<ë9-/!ë+-:-+0-8è-+eè9-0è+-`-Ü /¸¥+-I9Ü -
/…å/Ë U/<-<ß-0&ë+-J<-<ß-;è<-ý<-.ß$-ýë-2ì#<-<ß-7/ß:Ê 0*9-7'7-7ë+-+$-W#<-iÜ-+$-lÜ-
/6$-+$-/¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-{æ,-73#-%Ü$-/#-lë-(0<-+#7-/-<ë#<-iá/-ý7Ü-D#<-e³$-/-+$-Ê *Ü#-:è-(#-
#%Ü#-·-¦ ;è<-ý-,Ü-/0-:-/þè+-ý7Ü-T-(+Ü -7ë+-¸-¥ º¥-,<-9$-e³$-.ß$-ý-ë +0-2Ý#-ý7Ü-T-:-/þè+-%Ü$-₫,-
l$<-ý-8è-;è<-`Ü-T-#(Ü<-0+è -¸-¥ *Ü0-ý9-0<ë -:Ê 7"ë9-7+<-9ë-0(0-#,<-:ß#<-`-Ü 2±:-:-0(0-
ý9-/5#-Yè-¸¥<-`Ü-+$ë<-iá/-&è,-ýë-v$-Ê
+è7$-9/-8ß:-/0-bÜ-J<-+$-8ß:-%,-9$-#Ü-+/$-ýë-+eè9-0è+-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-Eë-Bè7Ü-/¸¥+-IÜ-6#-ý-
0è+-ý9-;<è -ý<-+$ë<-<-ß :ë$<-₫+ë Ê 7oÜ$-J<-+$-\è:-/-+$-Ê *-0<-`$-+0Ü#<-ý<-9:ë Ê
116

/v-+$-XÜ$-+$ë<-iá/-`Ü-Dè,-¸¥-/6ß$-/-<ë#<-8ë-e+-¸¥-\è:-/-+$-Ê J<-+$-/rè<-ý7Ü-9Ü:-/ß-y9-
8$-/…å/<-,<-7ië-/-´¥,-:-\è:-/-+$-Ê <-&±-0è-xä$-:<-0"7-a/-·¦-\è:-/-Yè-\è:-/-lá#-Q,-bÜ-
Vë-,<-F:-7eë9-ý7Ü-+bè<-@ã9-‡ë-/<-9$-#5,-(0<-&#<-/U$-5Ü$-7oè:-2+-+ë,-+$-Q,-ý9-
e7ëË Ê+è7-Ü 8ë,-),-μ¥-9ß7Ü-#<ß$<-:<Ê #$-5Ü#-F:-7eë9-…/å -ý-ýÊë Ê+$ë<-iá/-F0-#(Ü<-7+ë+-
ý-,Ê Ê#5,-#$-,ë9-/ß-7&Ü$-/ß-P9Ê Ên,-2é#<-8Ü,-b-Ü 7+Ü-(Ü+-,ÜÊ Ê9Ü,-&è,-+/$-#-Ü {:-ý-ë
P9Ë Ê0&ë#-+$-*,ß -0$ë -:-<ë#<-ýÊ Ê%Ü-7+ë+-7e³$-dÜ9-7+Ü-:-7/+Ê Ê%è<-<#ë <-{-&è9-#<ß$<-
<ëË Ê
/¸¥,-ý-/¸¥+-IÜ-^,-bÜ-…/å -ý-:Ê +#ë<-ý-+$-/%<-)è-0+ë9-/Y,Ê +è7Ü-2±:-{<-ý9-/;+-
ý7ëË Ê+$-ýë-Ð+#ë<-ý-+$-/%<-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
8è-;è<-{<-eè+-/¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-…å/-ý-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +$-v$-+0-2Ý#-#Ü-J<-;-M<-¸¥#-M-<è:-5Ü$-/¸¥+-I-Ü M<-8-è ;è<-M7Ü-Dë#<-ý-{æ+-
:-/þè+-ý7Ü-0*ß-:<-/¸¥+-/5Ü-/%ë0-5Ü$-+/$-/5Ü7Ü-8è-;<è -:0-¸¥-/y$<-)è-#ë$-,<-#ë$-¸¥-{<-ý9-
eè+-ý7Ü-*/<-0&ë#-/¸¥+-IÜ-^,-bÜ-…å/-ý-,-Ü +$ë<-iá/-F0-ý-#(Ü<-`-Ü #)è9-¸¥-b²9-ý-YèÊ /¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-
{æ+-:<Ê 9-<¡-8-,-^,-&è,-ýëÊ Ê6ë<-ý<-0&ë#-*ß,-+$ë<-iá/-7iá/Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è7Ü-2±:-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê 'Ü-P9-…å/-ý7Ü-2±:Ê +è-P9-/…å/<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß7ëÊ Ê
+$-ýë-Ð'Ü-P9-…å/-ý7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
[ë+-/%°+-8è-,<-/¸¥+-IÜ-&è,-ýë9-+#Î +è-(Ü+-Dë #<-ý<-7&Ü-0è+-/%°+-`Ü<-:è,Î
0&ë#-+$-*ß,-0ë $-J<-/1:-:è#<-ý9-‚9Î hë:-/ß-‚$-5 Ü$-dè-0-2±:-/5Ü,-/…å /Î
5Ü-hë-8/-8ß0-+bè<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-TÎ ‚ë9-*/<-¸¥-0<-e$-&/± -<0è <-‡Ü,-+//Î
#<$-Vë-+eè-5 Ü$-*Ü#-:è -#%Ü#-·¦-/þÜ:Î +$ë <-iá/-#<ë:-,<-U:-ý9-Q,-ý7Ü-2ì#<Î
/+è-&è,-Eë-B7è -Ü 9Ü #<-<ß-0(0-‚9-/<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-:-/¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-$ë-/ëÊ rÜ+-#<ß0-[+ë -`<Ü -/Z¨<-ý7Ü-7e³$-/-.$ß -ý-ë 7+ë+-8,ë -(ë,-
0ë$<-ý-M9-[$-/-8è-,<-9$-e³$-#Ü-/¸¥+-IÜ-&è,-ýë-M9-F0-ý9-+#-ý<-zè,-bÜ<-/%ë<-0-+#ë<-ý-
#+ë+-,<-7"ë9-7+<-*0<-%+-/¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-$ë-/ë9-#,<-ý-YèÊ /¸¥+-IÜ-/0-/{+-:<Ê rÜ+-#<ß0-8è-
,<-/¸¥+-IÜ-MÊ Ê0-/%ë<-T©,-iá/-Jë#<-<$<-{<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
$è<-2Ý#->-pÜ-)7Ü-…-:<-7&Ü-/-0è+-ý-Yè-7&Ü-/7Ü-7'Ü#<-ý-/%ë0-ý7Ü-#<ë<-^,-8Ü,-ý7Ü-$è<-ý-
:<-/¸¥+-IÜ9-i#<-ý-YèÊ #<$-/-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê 7"ë9-/-/¸¥+-+$-7l-/-:Ê Ê&ë<-(Ü+-
/+è,-ý7Ü-IÜ-/)$-,<Ê Ê/¸¥+-IÜ-5è<-,Ü-+è-:-eÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
117

eè+-:<-,ÜÊ +ë,-bÜ-/¸¥+-IÜ-M9-/;+-ý-+è-(Ü+-Vë0-ý7Ü-(0<-fë$-#Ü-Dë#<-ý<-þè-7&Ü-0è+-ý7Ü-8è-
;è<-`Ü-/%°+-`<Ü -e$-&±/-E-ë Bè-(è-/9-:,è -ý9-eè+-ý-YÊè /¸¥+-IÜ-0&ë#-:ß$-:<Ê *0<-%+-0-:ß<-
<$<-{<-MÊ Ê:ß<-ý-0è+-ý-8è-;è<-MÊ Ê0-/%ë<-8è-,<-+è-(Ü+-+ëÊ Ê+è-dÜ9-^,-&è,-/%°+-`Ü-
0&ë# Ê%è<-<ëÊ ÊD#<-:ß<-#,<-/¸¥+-IÜ-₯$<-09-b²9-,-7&Ü-/-0è+-ý-7iá/-%Ü$-Ê +è7Ü-9Ü#<-
#)ë#<-dÜ-9ë:-b-Ü J<-:7$-¹<¥ -ý-&-0*ß,-8ë+-ý<-‚$-Dë#<-]9-#<ß0-bÜ<-/x/<-)è-/Yè,-,-:ß<-
"0<-/¸¥+-IÜ-₯$<-07Ü-/%°+-`Ü<-{<-;$Ü -7&Ü-/-0+è -ý7Ü-2é-+/$-(è-/9-:è,-/7Ü-ië#<-eè+-+Êè /0-
/{+-:<Ê /5Ü-/{-I-/5Ü7Ü-,+-<è:-5Ü$-Ê Ê/¸¥+-/5Ü-$è<-ý9-7'ë0<-ý9-eè+Ê Ê^,-bÜ-{:-ýë-
/%°+-`Ü-0&ë# Ê%è<-<Êë Ê
…å/-ý7Ü-J<-,ÜÊ /¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-M-{æ+-:<Ê #1ì-/ë7Ü-+0-J<-/¸¥+-IÜ-MÊ ÊI-/-/{+-:-8,-:#-
Yë$-Ë Ê+0-J<-I-Ü /%°+-^,-¸¥-‚9Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-#1ì-/ë-0&ë#-#Ü-+0-J<-9$-e$³ -/¸¥+-IÜ-M-
+$-Ë *ß,-0ë$-#Ü-J<-I-/-/{+-:-Wë,-e³$-+$-dÜ-,$-#<$-#<ß0-…å/-ý-:#-:è,-bÜ-I-/-Yè-/{+-2,-
M9-/;+-ý7Ü-dÜ-0-‚9-e-+$ë<-:Ê XÜ$-ýë-MÊ 7o<-/ß-MÊ 8ë,-),-MÊ Z¨+-ý-MÊ ¸¥:-/-M-
+$-#1ì-/ë-M-/%<-ý-:-9Ü#<-0*ß,-bÜ-I-Ü /%°+-^,-¸¥-b²9-2+-‚9-/<-8,-:#-Yë$-¸¥-i/á -ý-8Ü,-:Ê
+#ë<-+,ë -M-+$-+#ë<-&<-M-F0<-`$-2#ì <-ý9-e<-,<-*ë#-09-2ì:-/-:-0"<-ý<-/1:Ê /9-
¸¥-/rè:-/-:-0"<-ý<-:è#<-ý9-‚9-9ëÊ Ê
…å/-ý7Ü-¸¥<-,ÜÊ Yë,-+cÜ+-/<Ü:-lë+-Xë0<-ý7Ü-89-bÜ-2é<-/{+-:-e-/9-/;+Ê
'Ü-P9-…å/-ý7Ü-2±:-,ÜÊ Wë,-7ië-/Xè,-ý-#<ë-5$Ü -…/å -ý7Ü-#5Ü-/6ß$-/Ê dÜ-/;#<-+$-<-&ë#-
a+-ý9-bÜ-8ë-e+-+$-Dè,-bÜ-+`Ü:-7"ë9-7¸¥-e<-)è-+0-J<-`Ü-9Ü#<-+$-"-+ë#-#Ü-+eÜ/<-/!ë+Ê
+$ë<-#5Ü7Ü-*#ë -09-h:ë -/ß9-‚ë$-/-,ÜÊ Eë-B-è /!ë+-ý-:<Ê +0-ý-+-è (Ü+-#<$-&è,-bÜÊ Ê9Ü#<-
/{-9Ü#<-M-9Ü#<-#%Ü#-#Ü<Ê Ê*0<-%+-‚ë$-/7Ü-0&ë#-·-¦ eÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9Ê 7há:-[$-#(Ü<-
&ë<-¸¥-09-/+è,-ý9-5è,-ý7Ü-Dë#-2ì#<-+0-ý-9Ü#<-/{-U¨7Ü-7"ë9-:ë9-‚$-/-+$-Ê 9Ü#<-0$-ýë-
/6$-$,-¸¥-/P-/7Ü-D#ë -ý-Q#ë -dÜ9-+-è (Ü+-9Ü#<-M-#<ß$-#Ü-+eÜ$<-<-ß ‚ë9-/-+$-Ê 9Ü#<-*-++-¸¥-
73Ý,-ý7Ü-5è,-ý-/<:-d9Ü -#<$-&,è -9#Ü <-#%Ü#-*#ß <-`-Ü *Ü#-:9è -/Z¨<-)è-0&ë+-%Ü$-/Yë+-:-+$ë<-
iá/-`Ü-+eÜ#-/Z¨Ê U/<-<ß-^,-bÜ-+$ë<-iá/-f³9-/7Ü-ië#<-9Ü#-73Ý,-F0<-/U¨:-5Ü$-#1$-ˆ-:-
#,<-ý-+è-+#-#(Ü<-73Ý,-bÜ-D#ë -ý-/<:-/-*0<-%+-/6$-$,-v$-+ë9-o:-/7Ü-+0-2Ý#-:-#,<-ý9-
eË ‚ë9-…ë:-#(Ü<-0+è -`Ü-+#ë$<-ý<-/)#<-;Ü$-/%#<-:-]:ë Ê 2+-#5:-:-{<-/)/-Yè-
+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-/!ë+Ê +è-,<-dÜ-0-2±:-/5Ü,-/…å/-ý9-e-YèÊ +è7$-+$-ýë-7'ß-7¸¥:-bÜ-+#ë$<-ý-5Ü-
/70-hë-/-ë =è-9-ß !-8/-8ß0-+#7-/5Ü7Ü-9ë<-+bè<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-(0<-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-T7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-<0ß -
118

Q,-,0-/{+-Q,-¸¥-/Vë0-:Ê 8è-;è<-J<-+$-*/<-;<è -<ë#<-‚ë9-/-/{+-Q,-b<Ü -02ì,-#º¥$-<-ë


<ë-:<-/;+-ý7Ü-‚ë9-*/<-¸¥-0<-/¸¥+-IÜ-e$-&/± -<è0<-`Ü-‡,Ü -0"7-a/-·¦-‡<ë -)-è +ë,-#(Ü<-e<Ê
2±9-7¸¥<-U¨7Ü-+eÜ/<-/{æ+-8ß0-bÜ-0"7-+$-/¸¥+-IÜ9-+//Ê /0-/{+-:<Ê D#<-+$-02,-0-
/¸¥,-b<Ü -7e³$-Ê Ê7ë+-+$-¸¥-/-…-+$-lÜÊ ÊT-07ë -Ü #6ß#<-`$-Yë,-ý9-eè+Ê Ê0$-¸¥-7.è:-/-iá/-
D#<-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-iá/-ý7Ü-D#<-0*ë$-,<-8/-80ß -0"7-#<$-#Ü-Vë-+eè-5Ü$-7"ë9-7+<-
₯$<-/%°+-*Ü#-:è-#%Ü#-·¦-/þÜ:-,<-^,-bÜ-.ë-o$-¸¥-+//Ê +/$-¸¥-e-/-+$-#,+-:-+//-ý-<ë#<-
nÜ,-:<-`Ü-e-/-F0<-iá/-,<Ê
Bè<-`-Ü 9Ü0-ý-,ÊÜ (è-X$Ü -:<Ê 7¸¥<-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-9/-μ¥<-ý<Ê Ê+$ë<-iá/-*ë/-dÜ9-#<ë:-/-
#+/Ë Ê%è<-ý-P9-e<-)-è μ¥-1-:#-#Ü-d#-{<-v$<-:-+/$-,+ë Ê ++-0ë<-U:-/-Q,-ý7Ü-7¸¥<-
2ì#<-#5,-:7$-+/$-+$-+$ë<-iá/-`Ü-/#ë-U:-‚Ü,-)è-7oè:-/9-/%<-ý-*0<-%+-/+è-/-&,è -ý-ë Eë-
Bè7Ü-9#Ü <-#%Ü#-·-¦ 0(0-ý9-‚9-/<Ê {æ+-+$-:ß$-:<-'Ü-U+-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-.,-8,ë -F0<-7*ë/-ý9-
7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-P9-/…å/<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-Ñ,ÜÊ
2é-+$-Uë$-+$-8Ü+-7ë$-,+-<è:-<ë#<Î 8ë,-),-a+-ý9-/{-I-/{+-7iá/-%Ü$-Î
[ë+-/%°+-*0<-%+-=è-9ß-!-8Ü-5Ü$-Î 2ì0-/ß-+$-/%<-ië:-/-0&ë#-:-‚ë9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-/…å/<-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-`$-#,<-U/<-<ß-7&Ü-0+è -2-é +$-(0<-&#-Uë$-/-+$-
7ië-/-´¥,-bÜ-8Ü+-¸¥-7ë$-/-+$-,+-#+ë,-ZÜ#-iÜ/-<è:-/-<ë#<-0+ë9-,-8ë,-),-bÜ-a+-ý9-/{-I-/{+-
7iá/-%Ü$-Ê #$-¸¥-…å/-ý7Ü-[ë+-/%°+-*0<-%+-`$-+ý:-=è-9ß-!7Ü-5Ü$-+$-U¨7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-eÜ,-bÜ<-
/x/<-)è-0*9-*ß#-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-2ì0-/ß-7"ë9-+$-/%<-ý-Y,-*ë#-#%Ü#-·¦-#+ë+-07Ü-<9-F0-ý9-i:ë -/-
0&ë#-:-‚ë9-/9-eè+-+èÊ +è-+#-#Ü-2±:-8$-/¸¥+-IÜ7-Ü :ß$-/0-ýë-/{+-ý-<ë#<-:<-{-&è9-#<ß$<-
<ëË Ê
#<ß0-ý-'Ü-P9-/…å/-ý7Ü-:0-/;+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 020<-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-0+ë9-/Y,Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-
{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð020<-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P9-0&ë#-+$-*ß,-0ë$-+$ë<-iá/-´¥,Î 2±:-/5Ü,-…/å -ý-8$ë <-Jë#<-:0-9Ü0-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /;+-6Ü,-ý-+è-P9-/þè+-9Ü0-+$-7oè:-/9-0&ë#-…å/-#1ì9-b²9-/-+$-*ß,-0ë$-#Ü-
nÜ,-:<-#1ì9-/Y,-ý-Yè-+$ë<-iá/-F0-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü<-/Z¨<-ý-´¥,-`$-{æ+-:ß$-0,-$#-#Ü-6/-+ë,-P9-
2±:-/5Ü,-¸-¥ …å/-ý-:-:ß<-8$ë <-<ß-Jë#<-ý7Ü-:<-:-/Yè,-+#ë<-ý<-+7è -Ü 9Ü0-ý-,Ü-7+Ü-P-YÊè
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê Yë$-&è,-<ë#<-F:-7eë9-W-0-/5Ü-0+ë-10-/;+-ý-+$-Ê
119

2ì0-/ß-2#ì <-`Ü-…/å -ý-{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐYë$-&è,-<ë#<-F:-7eë9-W-0-/5Ü-0+ë-10-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ


Yë $-&è,-XÜ$-Bè-€ç -07Ü-/Xè,-ý-+$-Î n-9#<-d#-{-#%Ü# -ý7Ü-#<:-[$-/D,Î
d#-{-‡ë <-/%<-(è-/9-/Xè,-ý70Î +è-F0<-/Xè,-+$-(è-/Xè,-…å/-ý-8Ü<Î
lë+-+$-D#<-+$-02,-0-0$ë,-b²9-,<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-Y$ë -ý-&è,-ýë-+$-´¥,-[$-X$Ü -B-è €ç-07Ü-)Ü$-$-è 73Ý,-b<Ü -/þè+-ý-:-/Xè,-
ý-+$-Ê n-/-8Ü#-7oá-+$-9#<-ý-T-U¨-d#-{-#%Ü#-ý7Ü-#<:-[$-/D,-ýë9-iá/-,<-d#-{-‡ë<-
/%<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#0ë -Yè-(è-/9-/Xè,-ý70Ê 8$-,-+-è F0<-:<-+è-)Ü$-#Ü-/Xè,-ý-+$-´¥,-)$Ü -#<Ü -
(è-/Xè,-{æ-)$Ü -d#-{-#%Ü#-‡<ë -…/å -ý7Ü-2:± -¸¥-(0<-<ß-v$<-ý<-#,<-U/<-`Ü-7o<-/-ß #$-/;+-
(0<-M-0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-lë+-2+-dÜ-,$-#<$-/-+$-D#<-`Ü-90Ü -ý-+$-+$ë<-i/á -`-Ü 02,-0-%-Ü 9Ü#<-ý-
0$ë,-¸¥-b²9-,<-…/å -ý-&è,-ýë-:-#º¥#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê+è-:-lë+-,Ü-€-ç 7ná:-:0-9Ü0-:<Ê +è-P9-e-eè+-
0è+-/rÜ$<-,Ê Ê:ß<-$#-<è0<-:-l+ë -7e³$-YèÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-dÜ7Ü-lë+-:<ß -8$-/-X0-eè+-ý-+$-Ê
,$-#Ü-lë+-+/ß#<-{æ-/-0Ü-2ì9-/-+$-Ê #<$-/7Ü-lë+-+ë,-*ë#-·¦-;Ü,-·¦-.è/<-ý-YèÊ :ß<-/+èÊ $#-
#<:Ë <è0<-0-Ü Dë#-ý7Ü-lë+-#<ß0-0ëÊ ÊD#<-,Ü-0Ü#-…ë,-7iè:-/9Ê $è<-ý9-lë+-#<ß0-fë$-
,<-,ÊÜ ÊD#<-`Ü-F0-ý-%Ü9-8$-[$-Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-lë+-/Cè<-ý7Ü-D#<-`$-dÜ-D#<-<-ß +$ë<-ý-ë
*0<-%+-T7Ü-U¨-#<ß$-*#ß <-`Ü-02,-0-n-0<ë -₫ë+-8ß:-#$-/9-0*ë$-/-+$-Ê #5,-8$-¸¥-/-P-/ß-
:-<ë#<-ý-+$-Ê <-&±-0-è xä$-,0-0"7-Y-è "-+ë#-M7Ü-6+-ý9-bÜ-þè-0&è+-+$-Ê ,0-0"7-:<-ýV-
&è,-ýë7Ü-7ë+-+$-Eã:-n,-+$-Ê U9-0-+$-Ê w-2é<-<ë#<-0*ë$-/-+$-Ê ,$-D#<-<ß-:ß<-$#-:-
/6ë+-ý-*ë/-ý-+$-Ê (ë,-0ë$<-ý-M7Ü-<è0<-{æ,-/#<-`Ü<-&±$-$ß-7ië-/<-&ë<-/{+-0#ë-Xë0<-ý-
<ë#<-7e³$-/-+$-Ê #<$-D#<-xä$-:-%°$-6+-+/$-*ë/-%Ü$-0$ë,-;è<-n-0ë-7&9-/-+$-Ê HÜ-:0-
¸¥-ZÜ#-…Ü/-+#-ý-+$-<-*ë/-ý-+$-*ß,-0ë$-+$-0&ë#-#Ü-+$ë<-iá/-7iá/-ý7Ü-P<-8$-,<-8$-¸¥-7e³$-
/7ëË Ê+$ë<-iá/-`-Ü 02,-0-*,ß -0ë$-#-Ü :<-+$-iá/-ý-&è,-ýë-F0<-)Êè €ç-7ná:-I-{æ+-¸¥Ê 8ë,-),-
7e³$-/7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-lá# Ê7e³$-M7Ü-+$ë<-i/á -MÊ :<-n,-2é#<-`Ü-+$ë<-iá/-/{+-+$-+è9-0-6+-
/;+-{æ+-F0<-<ß-0$-¸¥-#<ß$<-ý-<ë#<-0*7-8<-)èÊ +!ë,-0&ë#-/Iè#<-ý-:<Ê )Ü$-$è-73Ý,-
iá/-ý7Ü-<è0<-`Ü-₫ë+-8:ß -+$-Jà-7ná:-8$-/<0-b<Ü -0-Ü a/Ê J<-+$-^,-+$-W#<-+$-,9ë -/-ß
F0<-`Ü-8ë,-),-8$-/<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-%è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð2ì0-/ß-2ì#<-`Ü-…å/-ý-{<-/;+-Ñ:7$-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê {<-ý9-/;+-ý-#(Ü<Ê +$-ýë-
Ð0+ë9-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
2ì0-/ß-2ì#<-`Ü-…å/-+$-…å/-&è,-:Î /Dè,-,<-9Ü#-73Ý,-#ë-7.$-0*9-dÜ,-y+Î
120

%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /;+-0-*#-ý7Ü-/Xè,-ý-(è-/Xè,-…å/-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-lë+-D#<-02,-0-0$ë,-¸¥-b²9-
,<-20ì -/ß-2ì#<-`Ü-…å/-ý-+$ë<-#5Ü-+$-…å/-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-:<-‚ë9-:-/Dè,-,<-:0-b9² -b-Ü 7o<-/ß-9Ü#-
73Ý,-F0-/5Ü7-Ü #ë-7.$-0*9-d,Ü -ý7Ü-y+-¸¥-2:± -7+Ü-:-7'ß#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê2ì0-/ß-2ì#<-…/å -%<è -ý7Ü-
+ë,-8$-"ë#-#º¥$-:<Ê 2ì#<-,-Ü 7eë9-/-F0-ý-#<ß0Ê Ê2ì0-/ß-#%Ü#-#<ß0-M-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-7¸¥<-
ý-&±$-$ß7Ü-2-é 2ì0-/ß-#%Ü#-#<ß0-M-ý7Ü-#1ì-/-ë 8/-8ß0-10-72ì#<-ý-Yè-#(Ü<-ý-+$-lá#-+$-/%°-2$-
/Ë 7oÜ$-:-+`Ü:-7"ë9-b-Ü i$<Ê &è,-ýë-+è-8,-&+-9/-·¦-0$-ýë-7¸¥<-ý-+$-Ê 9è-97è $-U/<-
`Ü<-#<ß0-#<ß0-YèÊ U:-Q,-0Ü-+$-+bè<-Q,-TÊ Ê7eë9-Q,-8ë-e+-M-ýë<-<Êë Ê5è<-#<ß0-bÜ-
Yè$-¸¥-2ì#<-&è,-ýë-/[,-ý-/%<-0+ë9-,-Dè,-+$-#$-6#-8ë-e+-a+-ý9-%,-2ì#<-,<-…å/-ý7Ü-+ë,-
,ëË Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê .ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-M<-…å/-ý7Ü-#5Ü-/6ß$-/Ê /Xè,-/…å/-8,-:#-
/5Ü-eè-o#-+$-/%<-ý<-…å/-ý7Ü-#º¥$-/r$-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-M<-…å/-ý7Ü-#5Ü-/6ß$-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
+/è,-5Ü $-eÜ,-x/<-6Ü :-Q,-#,<-0&ë #-·¦Î #67-U9-2é<-/6$-8-02,-&è,-ýë 7Ü-¸¥<Î
.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý7Ü-8ë-e+-+$-/%<-)èÎ Yë,-7"ë9-02,-(Ü+-2$-/7Ü-2ì 0-/ß-8Ü<Î
)Ü$-73Ý,-#<:-5Ü$-&ë-#-F0-+#-ý<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-…/å -ý-&è,-ýë-/I0-ý-:-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-M-2ì#<-+#ë<-)Êè :<-9Ü0-:<Ê
+è-8$-*ë#-09-#,<-+$-¸¥<Ê Ê8ë-e+-Y,ë -7"ë9-…å/-ý-ýëÊ Ê…å/-*/<-.,ß -<0ß -2#ì <-ý-8ÜÊ Ê#5Ü-
+$-‚9-/<-#º¥$-Jë#<-eÊ Ê5è<-ý<-#$-¸-¥ iá/-ý7Ü-#,<-,ÜÊ /<0-#),-#8è$-/7Ü-z,è -₫-Ü +$-e-è
o#-+i-?ã,-#%,-#6,-#·¦0-0ë-<ë#<-#6ß#<-%,-+$-Ê 7e³$-ýë-#¸¥#-ý-%,-bÜ-#,<-Dè,-0è+-ý<-
72é-+ë#<-`Ü<-+/è,-5Ü$-:<-/5Ü7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-…å/-ý7Ü-02,-(Ü+-2$-/<-(0<-+#7-/-+$-a+-ý9-
{:-/-9#Ü -73Ý,-#ë$-0<-5/<-/%#<-ý<-e,Ü -x/<-`-Ü 6Ü:-+$-Q,-:-/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-#,<-.,ß -<0ß -
2ì#<-ý-+#-·¦Ê
#$-#Ü-2é-…å/-ý7Ü-¸¥<-,ÜÊ e$-/ië+-T7Ü-(Ü,-0ë-+$-9/-/5Ü7Ü-89-$ë70-0+ë-W#<-`Ü-Yë,-ý<-
eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/<-ý7Ü-¸<¥ -&è,-a+-ý9-#67-&,è -T7Ü-v-0-{-æ U9-{:-+!9-dë#<-`Ü-2é<-/{+-<ß0-
73ì0<-+$ë<-iá/-‚ë9-/-P-/-ß {æ+-+$-#1°#-:#-#-Ü #º¥$-:<-`$-8-02,-&,è -ý9ë -/W#<-ý7Ü-¸¥<-
.ß,-<ß0-&ë#<-ý9-9ëÊ Ê
#$-:-/Dè,-,<-…å/-ý7Ü-J<-,ÜÊ …å/-/Dè,-0&ë+-ý-J<Ê 72ì-/-6<Ê ,+-wë#-^,Ê zè,-
wë#-*/<-`Ü-a+-ý9-<ë#<-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-¸¥-/;+-ý-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-/7Ü-8ë-e+-+$-/%<-)è7ëÊ Ê
121

#$-#Ü<-…å/-ý-ýë-,ÜÊ /þè+-Jë#<-+0-ý7Ü-03ì+-#<ß0-73Ý,-ý-<ë#<-8ë,-),-/{+-Q,-b-Ü Yë,-ý-


Eë-Bè-yë/-+ýë,-+$-Ê Eë-Bè7Ü-#6ß$<-0-{:-2/-9Ü#<-/5Ü7Ü-{:-*è/<-,<-d#-2+-Eã:-d#<-`Ü-/9-<ë-
<ë7Ü-:<-/Uë<-:-0"<-;Ü$-[ë+-`Ü-þë,-#<ß0-o:-:-8ë,-),-M-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-7"ë9-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý-Yè-
02,-(Ü+-2$-/7Ü-…/å -ý-ýë-2ì0-/ß-&è-7oÜ$-&$± -$ß-#$-9ß$-7¸¥<-ý-+è-8Ü<-<Êë Ê
'Ü-P9-…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-,ÜÊ F:-7eë9-/7Ü-0-#(Ü<-`-Ü )Ü$-73Ý,-#<:-5Ü$-/D,-:-#º¥$-,<-'Ü-U+-
/;+-ý-P9-/Xè,-…å/-8,-:#-/5Ü-Q,-b-Ü &ë-#-F0<-:-(0<-ý7Ü-{-æ /5Ü-+$-y-*:-/<-0-T#-ý-+$-
+!7-/<-0-&+-ý9-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-…å/-*/<-.ß,-<ß0-2ì#<-ý<-7+Ü9-7'ß#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð/Xè,-/…å/-8,-:#-/5Ü-eè-o#-+$-/%<-ý<-…å/-ý7Ü-#º¥$-/r$-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
<-#5Ü-/y$-5Ü$-+/$-e<-‚ë$-+$-rá$-Î dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-{æ+-‚$-020<-/%+-%Ü$-Î
0-jî -/…:-0,,-Eë-Bè7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-<ßÎ T#-ý9-#,<-ý7Ü-Y-# ë,-2±:-/5Ü,-eÎ
+`Ü:-7"ë9-/5è$<-)è -J<-+$-…/å -ý-ë +#ë+Î /Xè,-ý7Ü-&-ë #<-[ë+-‚$<-…Ü/-ý-/<:Î
(è-/9-/Xè,-ý<-/%°+-‚$<-+$ë<-iá/-/Z¨Î …å/-ý<-{æ +-‚$<-+$ë<-iá/-+/$-¸¥-eÎ
¸¥<-lá#-2ì#<-`Ü -0&ë+-ý<-+bè<-ý-/U$-Î P-(,-7e³$-ýë-29-#%ë+-eÜ,-&è,-+//Î
T-W#<-)Ü$-73Ý,-7në-7¸¥-{æ,-0Ü-/%+Î 8Ü+-#8è$<-\$<-)è-Iè-#%Ü#-/…å/<-ý-:<Î
oÜ<-U¨-/5+-%Ü$-/¸¥+-IÜ-…9-/%<-"ë:Î 09-0è -9$-7/9-…å/-J<-5#-·¦-7aÜ:Î
Dë#<-ý7Ü -I:-7/9-8è -;è<-+/$-/-<ë#<Î $è<-ý7Ü-D#<-e³$-…å/-ý-&è,-ýë -8Ü<Î
rë+-:-T-+$-,0-μ¥$-…ë:-/-+$-Î *ë-9$<-‚ë9-/-:0-e<-+$ë<-iá /-v$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ …å/-ý7Ü-Wë,-7ië-<-#5Ü-:è#<-ý9-/D#<-,<-9ß$-/9-b²9-ý-+è-[$-/-#6ß#<-%,-
bÜ-<-/+#-:-9Ü,-+$-/+è,-ý<-/y$-Ê 0Ü-[$-/7Ü-T-#5Ü-#,<-`-Ü /+#-ýë-:-#)ë9-0-#<è9-þè0<-
`Ü<-/A,-,<-/y$-5Ü$-J<-+$-+0Ü#<-ý<-/+#-#Ü-+/$-¸¥-e<-)-è W#<-{-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-‚$-/-
+$-hë-/%°7-Ü .ß9-/ß-#+/-%$Ü -7/9-/7Ü-Y$<-Y/<-F0<-`<Ü -rá$-Ê dÜ-/;#<-0&ë+-‚,Ü -#<ß$-9/-
të#-ý-<ë#<-…/Ü -‚ë$-2#ì <-#<ë#-#-Ü 9Ü0-ý-₫Ü-+$-Ê ,$-9-ß &è,-/5Ü7Ü-/;#<-ýÊ #<$-/-,-9!-
+ë$-‡å#<-`Ü-&ë-#-F0<-`Ü<-{+æ -‚$-Ê dÜ-020<-{:-&è,-/5Ü-:-#(è9-#)+Ê /9-020<-W#<-
`Ü-+0-2Ý#-(0<-,<-rÜ-zè,-¸¥-þè<-ý-F0<-¹¥<-ý7Ü-Yë/<-`Ü<-0,,Ê ,$-020<-#:-ýë-:<Ê
&ë<-`Ü-{:-ýë-/¸¥+-IÜ-8ÊÜ ÊdÜ-,$-V-ë e$-#+#<-ý9-eÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-:<-#;Ü,-7aÜ:-ý-Vë-dÜ-,$-#Ü-
rá$-09-/%ë:Ê #<$-020<-02ì,-&-M-+$-hë-/ë-7&ë:-/-<ë#<-`Ü-rá$-7"ë9-+$-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+-P-
/7Ü-020<-/%+-/%<-e-5$Ü -Ê /#è#<-n,-F0<-`<Ü -/9-¸¥-#%ë+-0Ü-¹¥<-ý7Ü-d9Ü -¸¥-/#è#<-`Ü-{:-
ýë-0-j-î 9ß-l-l#-ýë7Ü-Y/<-`<Ü -/…:-5Ü$-\9-)è-9:ë -ý7Ü-oë<-0,,-:Ê 8,-:#-<ë#<-¸9¥ -hë+-/{+-
122

+$-"ë#-ý-#5:-8<-"$-ý-Yè-Eë-Bè7-Ü 5Ü$-"0<-<ß-e,Ü -b<Ü -/x/Ê +`Ü:-7"ë9-oÜ-/9-#,$-/-º¥-/7Ü-


+ë,-¸¥-T-+$-+/$-/U¨9-/7Ü-+ë,-¸¥-/ß0-ý-+$-yë/-0-F0<-T#-ý9-#,<-ý7Ü-Y-#ë,-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-2±:-/5Ü,-
¸¥-eÊ +è-,<-Dè,-bÜ-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/%7-/-:-*ë#-09-lÜ-+$-/¸¥+-IÜ-M-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-&#-&#-#+/Ê
eÜ,-x/<-`Ü-&ë-#-+$-Q,-ý<-:<-+$-8è-;è<-`Ü-*Ü#-/)/-:Ê 9/-7oÜ$-*-07Ü-Eã:-2ì,-bÜ<-+`Ü:-
7"ë9-02,-(Ü+-+$-Q,-ý-/5è$<-:-…/å -D,è -+/$-&<-+$ë<-i/á -+$-0&ë+-J<-{,-bÜ-eè-o#-F0<-
:è#<-ý9-/!ë+Ê nÜ,-:<-:-7'ß#-9ß$-#Ü-e-/-…å/-ý-ý-ë 0&è+-N0-F0<-9$-#,<-<-ß 7#ë+-%$Ü -5-Ü
hë7Ü-&<-`Ü<-0$7-#<ë:-0-0ë-0"7-7ië<-9$-#Ü-Z-è 2,-¸-¥ ;è<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-+ý:-bÜ-D#<-#<ß0-#+/Ê
0&è+-#<9-/ß-/rè-/[,-bÜ-&-ë #<-[+ë -9ß$-¸-¥ e7ëÊ Ê+è-,<-+$ë<-#5Ü-…å/-¸¥<-`Ü-/Xè,-/…å/-8,-:#-
/5Ü<-#º¥$-rë$-/-YèÊ )Ü$-73Ý,-F0-ý-/<0-bÜ<-#5Ü-/6ß$-F:-7eë9-.ë-0ë-+$-T-8/-80ß -i$<-
‚9-,<-Vë0-ý70Ê 0ë<-yë/-:-F:-7eë9-ý-₫Ü<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-₫-Ü /Vë0<-:Ê /+#-+0-2#Ý -ý-T-8è-
;è<-ý-/9-bÜ-7në-7¸¥-Yè-#<:-/-#<ß0-Q,-b-Ü Vë-,<-nÜ,-:<-2:± -/5Ü,-¸¥-/)$-Ê …å/-ý-'Ü-10-eè+-
ý7Ü-<ß0-&-+$-ýë9-/Xè,-ý7Ü-&ë-#<-[ë+-#5:-8<-"$-¸¥-‚$<-)è-Dë#-2ì#<-`Ü-iÜ/-ý-/<:Ê <ß0-
&-#(Ü<-ý9-(è-/9-/Xè,-ý<-/%°+-[$-Yë$-T7Ü-7"ë9-:ë9-‚$<-)-è +$ë<-iá/-`-Ü +eÜ#-/Z¨Ê &-#<ß0-
ý9-…/å -ý7Ü-+#ë$<-ý<-<è0<-`Ü-{æ+-9$-e$³ -8è-;è<-&è,-ýë9-‚$<-)è-+$ë<-iá/-#(Ü<-:-9$-#Ü-+/$-
¸¥-b²9-ý9-eÊ +è-+#-#Ü-U/<-(,Ü -02,-¸¥<-l#á -·-¦ 2ì#<-`Ü-0&ë+-ý<-T-+$-+0-%,-+bè<-ý-/þè+-
%Ü$-(0<-&#<-/U$-Ê ¸¥<-2ì+-/%°-#(Ü<-<-ß P-(,-b<Ü -¶:¦ -5Ü$-…å/-ý-:-/9-#%ë+-eè+-ý7Ü-7e³$-ýë-
F0<-.ß9-*ß,-bÜ<-#6Ü9-%Ü$-+ý:-bÜ-.ë-(-/%°-#(Ü<-29-#%ë+-¸¥-/U¨:Ê ¸¥<-+è9-+$ë<-iá/-‚Ü,-ý7Ü-
T-9è7$-7e³$-/<-{,-#ë<-<ë#<-`Ü-#6Ü-eÜ,-/þè+-:-/+#-#,<-…/å -ý7Ü-D,è -F0<-:-eÜ,-&è,-+//Ê
…å/-ý-+/ß-/1°#<-,<-0*9-0-<,ë -b-Ü /9-¸¥-[$-/-T7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9Ê i#<-ý-W#<-`Ü-9$-…Ê $,-
Dë#-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-$$-:<-0-#8ë<-ý9-/w<-ý-#<ß$-0Ü-7&+-¸¥-e-/-+$-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ-7në-7¸¥-{æ,-0Ü-
/%+-ý9-#(Ü+-Hà#<-:-è :ë-&#<-Z$-<ë#<-`Ü<-8+Ü -F0-ý9-#8è$-/-\$<-)è-Iè-#%Ü#-·-¦ /…å/-ý9-
e<-ý-:<Ê iá/-ý7Ü-D#<-9/-+$ë<-7oÜ$-(0<-*-0-H-Ü :0-¸¥-iá/-Dè,-+0-2#Ý -#Ü-oÜ<-U¨-/5+-%Ü$-
,$-0&ë+-/¸¥+-I-Ü <ë:-…-/%<-"ë:-,<-x$<-ý-d³9-/-+$-Ê 09-0è-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-7/9-5Ü$-#)ë9-0-
:-/¸¥+-IÜ-7//<-ý-<ë#<-…å/-J<-5#-·¦-7aÜ:-/-+$-Ê T7Ü-5:-0*ë$-5Ü$-0"7-7ië<-:ß$-/Y,-
ý-+$-Ê 7ë+-+$-…-+$-lÜ-/6$-7*ß:-/-<ë#<-₫Ü-+$-Ê a+-ý9-bÜ-D#<-(0<-+$-Dë#<-ý7Ü-I:-
&è,-dë#<-0è+-¸¥-7/9-5Ü$-8$-+#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-:-9$-+/$-*ë/-ý<-7+ë+-@ã9-€ç9-/-<ë#<-$è<-ý7Ü-
D#<-Jë#<-ý9-e³$-/-+$-Ê Bè<-`Ü-:<-9Ü0-¹¥/-*-09-…å/-ý-&,è -ý7ë Ü-:<-:-‚9-/9-e-Ê +è7$-
,0-bÜ-rë+-:-0-î¡ <-w-{<-2-é #:-0-+-,-<ë#<-/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-J<-:-Dè,-e<-*ß#<-+0-#,+-,<-/U¨:-
123

)è-T-:<-+$ë<-iá/-v$-/-+$-Ê ,0-μ¥$-¸¥-7"ë9-"$-/9-09-/…:-e-0&ë#-&è,-0&ë#-n,Ê ië:-


eè+-73Ý,-…:ë -Yë/-ý7Ü-!ÜW-9Ê …ë:-/7Ü-*/<-$ë-029-/¸¥,-Q,-b-Ü &ë-#-<ë#<-`Ü<-…ë:-/-:0-¸¥-e<-
,<-+$ë<-iá/-v$-/-+$-Ê *ë-9$<-¸¥<-<-ß F:-7eë9-ý7Ü-¹¥<-ý-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-#6ß$<-0-T-tä-0-Ü 0ë-
9Ü#<-%,-M-<ë#<-h<á -,<-+e³$-5Ü$-{,-/)#<-[ë+-9$ß -¸¥-e<-)-è 7"ë9-"$-,$-09-7+ë+-ý7Ü-/Y,-
/%ë<-`Ü<-/+è-/-/þè+-ý-/Xè,-ýÊ 7¸¥-;è<-#<ß0-Q,-bÜ<-‚ë9-/7Ü-/E<-/U¨:-/-(è-/Xè,Ê d#-{-
/5Ü<-Xë0<-ý9-º¥#<-)è-8<-//-`Ü-+#7-/5Ü-$ë<-#6ß$-/…å/-ýÊ 0"7-:<-e$-&±/-<è0<-Eë-Bè7Ü-
Nè<-7'Ü/-Yè-Që#-+i0-bÜ-‚9ë -/<-0<-/D,-bÜ-+#7-/5Ü-0*9-þè:-/-…å/-&è,-)è-‚9ë -¸¥<-`-Ü /Xè,-…å/-
8,-:#-/5Ü-+$-Q,-ý<-‚ë9-/-:0-¸¥-e<-:-+$ë<-iá/-v$-Ê 0ë<-yë/-10-:-T-:<-+$ë<-<ß-v$-Ê
#5,-+#-)$Ü -$-è 73Ý,-b<Ü -/…å/-ý-<ë#<-e<-,<-#5,-+#-:-…å/-ý7Ü-+/$-‚Ü,Ê T#-07Ü-2#ì <-
+$-d-Ü 9ë:-·¦-#)ë9-0-/)$-Ê +#ë<-ý-+$-7oè:-,-l#-#)ë9-69ë -¸-¥ /U¨:Ê /6ë+-ý9-#<ë:-:-+`Ü:-
7"ë9-/<ßÊ ₫ë+-:0-{æ,-)Ü$-:-7'ß#-%$Ü -/Wë-^,ë -b<Ü -{<-#+/Ê dÜ-020<-/gë:-5$Ü -#,<-rá$-
/-<ë#<-…å/-&è,-bÜ-"ë#-#º¥$-F0<-:<-7e³$-/-/5Ü,-;è<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-+è-P9-/…å/<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-9Ü#-73Ý,-7iá/-ý7Ü-¸¥<-/Y,-ý-,ÜÊ
+è-P9-w-lá# -/%°-#(Ü<-/%ë-/{+-,<Î dÜ-,$-/þè+-Jë#<-<è0<-:-+/$-*ë/-ý<Î
xä$-9Ü#-:<-9ß $-7ë+-#<:-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9Î F0-^Ü,-:ß<-:-<è0<-(Ü+-T -U¨9-^Ü,Î
6#-ý-#<ß0-6+-2é-:-+/$-/-7*ë/Î 9Ü#<-M7Ü-#¸¥$-73Ý,-d#-{-&è,-ýë7Ü-U¨<Î
{:-2/-&è,-ýë7Ü-<-:-T© ,-bÜ<-iá/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 6#-/%<-:0-bÜ-F:-7eë9-Yë$-&è,-XÜ$-Bè-d#-{-#%Ü#-‡ë<-)è-2ì#<-:0-bÜ-F:-
7eë9-/5Ü-+$-Ê 2ì#<-i/á -‚9ë -:0-/9-&+-0è+-ý7Ü-:0-¸¥-'Ü-U+-/;+-ý-+è-P9-^Ü,-ý9-yë/-ý<-
+/$-ýë-9/-w-/-lá# Ê7oÜ$-/%°-#(Ü<Ê *-0<-`$-w-/-/%ë-/{+-<ë$-,<Ê dÜ-/þè+-9Ü0-bÜ-
#<:-[$-0*9-dÜ,Ê ,$-Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-)Ü$-73Ý,-/D,-,<-<è0<-:-9$-+/$-*ë/-ý<-xä$-+$-9Ü#-ý-
:<-<-ß 9ß$-Ê +è-:<-+ë,-+0-7+ë -#<:-b-Ü 8è-;<è -0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9-/<-6#-0è+-`Ü-0*ë$-Vë0-0*9-:0-
#<ß0-bÜ<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-9Ü#-73Ý,-/5Ü7Ü-7o<-/ß-:-‚ë9-)èÊ #<$-XÜ$-:<Ê :è-:ë-€Ü+-Xë0-0è+-ý-
8Ü<Ë Ê*è-2ì0-0è+-ý9-/…å/<-e<-,Ê Ê+`Ü:-7"ë9-*0<-%+-7iá/-ý9-7b²9Ê ÊEë-Bè-#<$-0&ë#-
+0-ý-7*ë/Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-:-+$-ýë-F0-^Ü,-bÜ-9Ü#-73Ý,-bÜ-{-æ +/$-½§:-#%Ü#-‡ë<-:-/D,-ý-*/ë -,<-2ì#<-`-Ü …å/-ý<-
&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-/+è,-ý-0*ë$-8$-vë7Ü-¹¥<-ý-+$-(è-{æ7-Ü ‚ë$-Yë/<-&±$-/<Ê $ë-/-ë #+ë<-/%<-`-Ü .ß$-ýë-+$-
0-o:-/-F0-ý9-^Ü,-ý7Ü-:ß<-:Ê <è0<-(Ü+-/…å/-e7Ü-T-U¨9-^Ü,-ýÊ :ß<-{-o:-0-*#-d#-{7Ü-
124

9Ü#-73Ý,-:-‚9ë -/-02,-(Ü+-<0ß -Q,-T#-0+è -f$-7+<Ê +#ë$<-ý-{æ7Ü-*#è -ý7Ü-0*ë$-:0-9/-


+#7-:-#,<-ý7Ü-e$-<0è <-7.#<-ý-+$-0(0-ýÊ ₫ë+-ý-/+#-+ë,-/!ë+-ý-+`Ü:-7"ë9-e-/<-
2ì#<-#(Ü<-Jë#<-ý9-eè+-%Ü$-T7Ü-₫,-<ë#<-`Ü<-n,Ü -:<-/5Ü7-Ü Vë-,<-uÜ$-/5Ü7-Ü 7ië-/7Ü-+ë,-…å/-
/ëË Ê
#(Ü<-ý-2-é +/$-9Ü#-73Ý,-b-Ü {æ-+/$-Fë,-;è<-9/-#<ß0-bÜ-P-/-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-Dë#<-#ë0<-a+-
ý9-%,-¸¥-b²9-,<-vë-¹<¥ -+$-‚ë$-Yë/<-&-è /<Ê $ë-/ë-:ß<-XÜ#<-07Ü-6#-ý-"0<-7.ë-/7Ü-6#-ý-
<è0<-þè-#,<-:è,-ý7Ü-6#-ý-#<ß0-6+-,<-0*ë$-/7Ü-:0-¸¥-þ-è 7'Ü#-0è+-ý-Eë-Bè7Ü-:ß<-<-ß b²9-)è-2-é :-
+/$-/-*ë/-,<-'Ü-P9-7+ë+-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-/º¥#<-ý-T#-/%<-f$-7+<Ê +#ë$<-ý-{æ7Ü-<-/{+-ý7Ü-
7.#<-ý-+$-0(0-5Ü$-Ê ₫ë+-ý-/+#-+ë,-P-Vë0-:-9Ü#-I:-‚ë$-5Ü$-P-/-&è+-73Ý,-´¥,-7ië7Ü-lÜ-0-
/<:Ë 0$ë,-;è<-l#á -:-<ë#<-ý-+$-&ë-7ná:-/5Ü<-#5,-+ë,-03+-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-d#-{7Ü-9Ü#-73Ý,-b-Ü {æ-#%Ü#-‡ë<-`Ü-)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-:-#0ë <-ý7Ü-{æ,-+$-´,¥ -7ië7Ü-…/Ü -ý-
+#-ý-:<Ê $ë-/ë-/Vë0-e-0$ë,-¸¥-b9² -ý<-0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-T,-%Ü#-#,<-ý7Ü-lÜ-0-‚$ë -/-
:-º¥#<-ýÊ 8è-;<è -€-ç 07Ü-U¨<-‡å:-ý-%Ü9-8$-Yë,-5Ü$-Vë0-:0-<-+μ¥-/ië+-ýÊ +#ë$<-ý-{æ7Ü-<-
+μ¥-ý7Ü-7.#<-ý-+$-0(0-:Ê ₫ë+-ý-/+#-+,ë -¸-¥ T,-%#Ü -#,<-ý7Ü-lÜ-0-‚ë$-5Ü$-+/$-;è<-(è9-
M7Ü-8ë,-),-+$-Q,-ý<-+#ë$<-ý-0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-$$-,<-+#-0-+#-#Ü-5Ü$-F0<-<ß-‡å:-ý-[-2ì#<-ý<-
#5,-+ë,-03+-ý-YèÊ +è-:-,$-#<è<-<ß-<-#(Ü<-ý-,<-M-ý7Ü-/9-Eë-BèÊ lá#-ý-+$-/¸¥,-ý9-7"ë9-
:ëË /{+-ý9-9,Ü -&,è Ê +μ¥-ý9-ýVÊ /%°-ý9-9:-iÜ7Ü-9#Ü -73Ý,-)è-9#Ü <-M7Ü-#¸¥$-73Ý,-ý7Ü-d#-
{-&è,-ýë-8è-;è<-T-U¨<-0*9-:0-:-‚ë9-/7ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-T©,-iá/-9Ü#-73Ý,-bÜ-{æ-V0ë -:0-¸¥-0*ë$-#ë0<-`-Ü 0*ß-Jë#<-ý<-;<è -9/-#<ß0-0*9-*ß#-
ý<-T,-#,<-`Ü-l-Ü 0-+#-ý-:<Ê $ë-/ë-:0-b-Ü Dë#<-ý-0*9-d,Ü -)-è 0Ü-yë/-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-<$<-{<-
`Ü-{:-2/-&è,-ýë7-Ü <-:-U¨-M-T,© -b<Ü -i/á -ý7Ü-&-:ß#<-73Ý,-ýÊ +#ë$<-ý-0+ë-:0-b-Ü <-/%°-#%Ü#-
´¥,-·¦-7ë+-`-Ü <-:-#,<-ý-+$-0(0-5$Ü -Ê ₫ë+-ý-9$-+ë,-¸¥-U¨-M7Ü-{:-/-:-<ë#<-ý9-/Dè,-)è-;<è -
…Ü/-n-/-‚ë$-:Ê 'Ü-Xè+-0aè,-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü<-<$<-{<-5Ü$-"0<-9/-7e0<-<ß-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨<-
#5,-+ë,-03+-ý7ëÊ Ê
I-/7Ü-<-/%+-#<ß0-ý-+ë,-/Z¨-/-,ÜÊ
0+ë9-,-9Ü0-ý<-^Ü,-%Ü$-+0-2Ý#-/D,Î P-/<-{æ +-‚$<-)Ü$-73Ý,-Iè-#%Ü#-/D,Î
+`Ü:-7"ë9-:è#<-/!ë+-…å/-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-ý<Î W#<-+$-d#-{-0&ë+-ý7Ü-+ýß$-/þè+-+èÎ
₫ë +-ý<-020<-‚9-+$ë<-iá/-0*ß-*ë/-,<Î 0&ë#-+$-*ß,-0ë $-nÜ,-:<-7/+-0è+-7iá /Î
125

#5Ü-+$-:0-+$-7o<-/ß7Ü-2±:-(Ü+-¸¥Î {æ+-+ë,-+$ë<-ýë-(0<-:è,-XÜ$-ýë9-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-{<-ý9-dè-,<-/Y,-ý-+è-F0<-`$-(0<-:è,-#,+-¸¥-0+ë9-lÜ:-,Ê *ë#-
09-#5Ü-9Ü0-ý9-/ië+-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-+/$-#Ü<-{æ+-^Ü,-%Ü$-+è7Ü-rë#-0Ü-7+7-/-+0-2Ý#-₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-
T#-ý<-/Z¨<-ý-F0<-/D,-ý9ë -/6ß$-/-+$-Ê +è-"ë-,-(Ü+-#,<-:ß#<-+$-Bè<-<ß-0*ß,-ý7Ü-P-/-T#-
ý7Ü-/+è,-ý-+eè9-0è+-`<Ü -{æ+-‚$<-,<Ê :0-90Ü -#(Ü<-`Ü<-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:<-0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-<è0<-Iè-
#%Ü#-·-¦ /D,-ý-,Ê +`Ü:-7"ë9-iá/-J<-<#ë <-+0Ü#<-ý7Ü-Dè,-¸¥-:è#<-ý9-/!ë+-,<-7+ë+-7o<-
+ë,-¸¥-#(è9-/7Ü-…å/-ý-:-º¥#<-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-ý<Ê /w<-ý-:<-`Ü-W#<-+$-7&Ü$-/-+0-2Ý#-d#-
{-7&Ü$-7ië:-¸¥-/€ç9-:-dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-0&ë+-ý7Ü-+ýß$-/þè+-+è-T-F0<-`Ü-+/$-ý9ë -Yë/-ý<-+bè<-
ý-/U$-Ê \$-v$-0è+-ý-:-+ë9-/7Ü-(è-{æ7Ü-₫ë+-ý<-020<-‚9-/<-+$ë<-iá/-#(Ü<-f³9-¸¥-7iá/-
ý7Ü-¹¥<-0*ß-*ë/-,<Ê #1ì-/ë9-9$-#5,-0&ë#-:-‚ë9-/-+$-Ê 59-e$³ -*,ß -0ë$-nÜ,-:<-F0-ý-/5Ü-
<ë#<-8:ß -¸¥<-U:-ý-+$-720<-ý9-9:ë -ý7Ü-:<-/+è-v#-·-¦ 7iá/-ý9-7b²9-9Êë Ê+è<-,-+$-ýë-
#<ß0-:0-(0<-<ß-:è,-ý7Ü-#5Ü-+$-Ê /9-ý-lá#-:0-bÜ-(0<-:è,-+$ë<-+$-Ê *-0-#%Ü#-7o<-
/ß7Ü-2±:-(+Ü -¸-¥ 7e³$-/9-;è<-,<Ê {æ+-{:-€-ç 7ná:-š-/-<ë#<-`Ü-+#ë$<-+ë,-+$ë<-ýë-/%°-:-#$-
6#-#%Ü#-2é-#%Ü#-·¦-72$-{-/7Ü-:0-2$-:-0-,ë9-/-8Ü,-ý<-(0<-:è,-bÜ-XÜ$-ýë9-e-/9-#%è<-
<ëË Ê
#(Ü<-ý-#<$-+/$-#Ü-:0-+$-7oè:-/-/+#-eÜ,-/x/-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-/Vë0-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê #ë$-7ë#-
020<-‚9-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê +è-+#-{<-ý9-/gë:-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#ë$-7ë#-020<-‚9-)è-0+ë9-
/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P9-/ß0-+/$-:0-aè9-#1ì9-b²9-ý7ÜÎ F:-7eë 9-&è,-ýë7Ü-…å/-ý<-#5Ü-/6ß$-YèÎ
#<$-+/$-(è-/9-/Xè,-ý7Ü-:0-9Ü0-,Ü Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-,-+/$-/5Ü7Ü-I-/Ê /ß0-+/$-:0-¸¥-aè9-/7Ü-*/<-#1ì-/ë9-b²9-ý7Ü-/þè+-
ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-8,-:#-+$-/%<-ý-0-¼Ô-8ë-#-Yè-F:-7eë9-&è,-ýë7Ü-{æ+-+$-7oè:-/9-:0-#ë$-07Ü-Yè#<-
<ß-/Xè,-ý<-#5Ü-/6ß$-YèÊ 6/-0-ë :ß<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-#<$-/7Ü-+/$-/U¨9-/-*ë/-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-+è-
(Ü+-:0-¸¥-eè+-%Ü$-;è9-8è-:-(è-/9-/Xè,-ý7Ü-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-,Ü-7+Ü-P-YèÊ
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-+#-{<-ý9-/gë:-/-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê :0-+$ë<-+$-Ê :0-#5,-7¸¥-/7Ü-2±:-7o<-/ß-+$-
/%<-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ý-Bè<-<ß-F:-7eë 9-:0Î 6/-ý7Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-I-xä$-*Ü#-:è7Ü-"0<Î
iá/-10-(Ü+-,<-9$-e³$-[+ë -+$-/%°+Î /%ë<-0-0,Ü -ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-(Ü+-8Ü,-ý<Î
126

5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-D,è -E-ë Bè7Ü-:ß<-+$-/Dè,-ý-I-xä$-*#Ü -:è7Ü-#,+-7&Ü$-/-J#ë <-ý->-¹¥-8ë-#-Yè-


Bè<-<ß-F:-7eë9-bÜ-:ß<-+$-7oè:-/7Ü-:0Ê W-0-:<-6/-ý<-6/-0ë7Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-Yè-*ë#-09-I-+$-
xä$-+$-*#Ü -:è7-Ü "0<-F0<-iá/-10-(+Ü -,<-9$-e$³ -#Ü-[ë+-7"ë9-+$-/%°+-+`Ü:-bÜ-9$-/5Ü,-»¥#<-
`Ü<-iá/-ý<-Dë#-ý<-#<9-¸¥-…-ë /)#<-,<-/%ë<-09-e<-ý-0,Ü -ý7Ü-T,© -i/á -:ß<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-%è<-
e-/-(Ü+-8Ü,-ý<-a+-ý9-¸-¥ 7.#<-)Êè /$-03ì+-7ná:-Q-è :<Ê Jë#<-ý->-¹¥-8ë-#-,ÜÊ Ê.ß$-ý-ë
"0<-+$-þè-0&è+-F0<Ê ÊT-+$-T-0ë7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸Ê¥ Ê0-/þè+-Jë#<-ý7Ü-2±:-¸-¥ 7+ë+Ê Ê%è<-
+$-Ë lÜ:-/ß-ý<Ê 7ië-/-7+Ü-+#-9$-/5Ü,-b<Ü Ê Êiá/-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#(Ü<-0è+-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-
P9-9ëÊ Ê
₫Ü9-Eë-Bè7Ü-:<ß -:-#,+-¸¥-/[¨,-ý-:-+è7-Ü #,<-:ß#<-;è<-ý-#:-&è-Y-è +è7Ü-{-æ 02,-n-/7Ü-:ß<-$#-
8Ü+-#<ß0-#+ë+-0-,<-Eë-Bè-0-Ü ;Ü#<-ý-#<ß0-bÜ-T9-F0-ý9-+#-:Ê +è-#<ß0-8$-+,ë -+0-ý7Ü-9Ü#<-
lá#-#Ü-T-8/-8ß0-bÜ-/+#-(+Ü -7e³$-M-<è0<-`Ü-₯$<-0-l#á -ý-ë 8$-#(Ü<-#(Ü<-<ß-6ß$-¸¥-7'ß#-ý-:<Ê
<-&±7Ü-₯$<-0-U-¨ Eë-BÊè 0è-xä$-#-Ü ₯$<-0-#<ß$-Eë-BèÊ 0"7-<è0<-`Ü-₯$<-0-*ß#<-Eë-B9è -/º¥#<-
;Ü$-Ë +è-#<ß0-Që#-&<-dè-/-10-:<-+ë,-+0-ý9-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-Eë-Bè-0(0-ý-(Ü+-+è-‚$-#5ÜÊ +è7Ü-
9$-0+$<-´¥,-Jë/-[$-$7ë -Ü &-,<-z$-0-9ë-0-+/ß-0-#<ß0-"ß-E:ã -x$ä -#Ü-Dè,-+$-Ê xä$-<è0<-7'ß#-
ý-#%Ü#-ý<-<è0<-`Ü-Dè,-8$-8Ü,-:Ê +è-(Ü+-9#<-ý-iá/-ý-,-I-:<-:ß<Ê xä$-:<-$# Ê*Ü#-:è-
:<-<0è <-`-Ü &ë<-7iá/-ý-,Ü-‚$-e-7há:-/7Ü-Vë-#<ß0-8Ü,-%Ü$-Ê +è-‚ë$-eè+-+/$-#$ë -0-#<ß0-+$-
7oè:-/7Ü-6/-:0-a+-ý9-%,-F0<-`Ü<-eè+-ý-/%Ü$-5Ü$-7ë+-#<:-¸¥-‚$<-ý<-uë-/ß9-…Ü/-ý-*0<-
%+-#+ë+-07Ü-8è-;è<-<-ß *Ü0-ý-,Ê ‚$<-7o<-…Ü/-o:-/+è-/-&,è -ý<ë -a/-eè+-¸¥-e<-ý7Ü-U¨-#<ß0-ýë-
7iá/-ý9-7b²9-/-8,Ü -ý<Ê +è-+#-#Ü-2:± -0+ë-10-^ë<-,-/5ÜÊ :ß<-7iá/-ý7Ü-{-æ zè,Ê #,<-ý-IÊ
#8ë-/-xä$-Ê /!ë+-ý-*#Ü -:7è Êë Ê
+$-ý-ë Eë-B-è *è#-ý7Ü-Dè,-a+-ý9-¸¥-7.#<-ý-3±à7Ü-u$Ü -ý7Ü-0Ü-"0<-lá#-Q,-bÜ-:ß<-,ÜÊ lÜ-0-+$-
/%<-ý7Ü-<è0<-`<Ü -7¸¥-e<-;Ü$-:<-0$ë,-ý9-/…å/<-ý<-{æ-e<Ê .-07Ü-7¸¥-7në+-`<Ü -zè,-e<-
)èË +è-#<ß0-2ì#<-ý-(-Ü w-…-#%,-5è<-/)#<-ý7Ü-.-07Ü-"-ß h#-/9-+ë7Ü-F0-;è<-+$-/%<-ý-:<-
:ß<-$#-8+Ü -#<ß0-/þè+Ê /9-+7ë -Ü ;è<-ý-+è<-.-0-#(Ü<-`Ü-9Ü#-ý-r-/-+è-(0<-<-ß fë$-/<-<7Ü-
"0<-iá/-%Ü$-Ê +è-/5Ü,-¸¥-e$-<è0<-"ß-/-#;è9-/7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-&±Ê /þë+-ý-:<-lë+-þè-/-0èÊ I-
#,<-*0<-%+-:<-e$-<è0<-#8ë-/-xä$-Ê /+è-/-,0-0"7Ü-"0<-)è-7e³$-/-MÊ F0-ý9-;è<-ý-
8è-;<è -`-Ü "0<-+$-lá#-7¸¥<-ý-:<-:<ß -iá/-Yè-07Ü-0$:-¸¥-<-/%°7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-b-Ü w-/-$ë-/%°9-#,<-
ý7Ü-2é-I7Ü-#1ì-0ë-#<ß0-,<-/I0<-)è-Yë$-n#-M-/%°-I-/5Ü-+$-Ê /1<-,<-w-/-#<ß0-ý-,-I-Yë$-
127

n#-/¸¥,-%°-I-#(Ü<-Jë#<-ý9-:ß<-&#<-ý7Ü-#,<-U/<-Jë#<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#,<-ý-I-Ñ,ÜÊ :ß<-`Ü-+/ß<-#<$-#,<-,<-#1°#-)ë9-bÜ-/9-¸¥-I->-/-Z-Ó )-Ü rë#-;Ü$-
#Ü-2:± -¸¥-89-[-^Ü,-020<-<ß-6#ß -ý-+7è -Ü #8<-,-9ë-0-+$-Ê #8ë,-,-z$-0-#(Ü<-89-,-[-/ß#-·¦-
6ß#-Yè-^,Ü -020<-,<-<0ß -#;Ü/<-`-Ü 2±:-¸¥-<ë$-/7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü7Ü-P-è /9-<ë-<ë9-0¸¥+-ý7Ü-2±:-b<Ü -
,$-7oè:-/9-#,<-ýÊ Pè-/7Ü-7ë#-,<-I-#<ß0-7lè<-;Ü$-+/ß-07Ü-09-[-¸¥$-%,-0-#8<-$ë<-<ß-
<ë$-Yè-"-ß /Ê z$-0-+/ß<-<ß-<ë$-Y-è lÜ-&ʱ 9ë-0-#8ë,-¸¥-<$ë -Yè-h#-+$-lÜ-&,è -7eÜ,-Zë0-eè+Ê ₫Ü-
0iÜ,-X$Ü -P7è -Ü 7"ë9-:-ë /5Ü-!7Ü-+/ß<-,<-dë#<-/5Ü9-I-/5Ü-/5Ü-bè<-ýÊ XÜ$-#9-+è-/5Ü-:<-#(Ü<-
9è-b<è -ý<-/{+Ê 0iÜ,-ý9-+è-:<-#(Ü<-#(Ü<-bè<-ý<-/%°-lá# Ê₫Ü-/ë9-+è-:<-#(Ü<-#(Ü<-bè<-
ý<-<-ë #(Ü<Ê Pè-/9-XÜ$-#-P9-bè<-ý-/{+-`-Ü /5Ü-:<-#(Ü<-9è-bè<-ý<-7.ë-/7Ü-I-/%°-#(Ü<-+$-Ê
+è7Ü-W9-bè<-ý-/{+-:<-M-M-+$-0-bè<-ý-/5Ü-:<-l#á -9-è bè<-ý-lá#-%°-I-/5Ü7ëÊ Ê
+è7$-₫-Ü /ë-U7¨ -Ü 7"ë9-:7ë 0-/+è-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-D,è -=î-8#Ü -/º¥#<-ý<-/+è-&,è -7"ë9-:ëÊ 0iÜ,-ý9-
#<ß$-#Ü-7"ë9-:ë70-9ë-lá#-fë$-/7Ü-dÜ9-:ë$<-₫ë+-7"ë9-:ëÊ XÜ$-#7Ü-I-7+/-*ß#<-<0-&ë<-`Ü-
7"ë9-:ëÊ Pè-/-,-Ü :ß<-*ë#-09-/þè+-ý-+$-‡:å -ý7Ü-#,<-<0-"0<-#<ß0-:-a/-ý<-‡:å -ý7Ü-
7"ë9-:ë9-i#<-)Êè +è-F0<-:-7"ë9-:ë9-/Bë+-ý7$-I/Ü <-:-<ë#<-ý-+eÜ/<-02±$<-ý-+$-Ê +è-
+$-+9è -eè+-ý-/%Ü$<-ý-:<-Dë#-ý-#%ë+-ý7Ü-d9Ü -7"ë9-:ë-+$-eè+-:<-02±$<-ý<-`$-+è-U+-%<è -
e7ëË Ê
I-+è-+#-:<-`$-dÜ-,$-#Ü-#,<-(è9-/5Ü-+$-8ß:-<ë-/¸¥,-+$-Ê 9ë-z$-+/ß-0-#<ß0-bÜ-9Ü#-73Ý,-
ý7Ü-I-Yë$-n#-(Ü-»-¥ I-/5Ü-ý-2-ì #<ß0-:-Yë$-n#-/¸¥,-%-° I-#(Ü<Ê +è-F0<-:<-bè<-ý-,Ü-/<0-bÜ<-
0Ü-a/-ý-YèÊ /-\ä7Ü-i$<-'Ü-Xè+-ý7Ü-I7Ü-i$<-`$-+è-Xè+-+ëÊ Ê#5,-8$-+/ß-07Ü-89-[9-#1°#-
)ë9-+$-Ê 7ë#-·¦-#<$-/7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-/[,-ý-<ë#<-0$-¶¦$-0*7-#%Ü#-·¦-0-$è<-ý9-#<ß$<-;Ü$-Ê
0+ë9-,-F:-7eë9-ý<-;<è -ý9-e-/7Ü-I-Y$ë -n#-/¸¥,-%-° I-#(Ü<-+$-Ê +è-F0<-`-Ü #1ì-/ë9-b²9-ý-
7"ë9-:ë7Ü-I-+$-Ê +è-F0<-:<-`$-#1ì-/ë9-b²9-ý7Ü-I-<0ß -%-° I-#(Ü<-:-<ë#<-ý-/;+-:Ê 7"ë9-
:ë-lá#-#Ü-xä$-<è0<-`Ü-₯$<-0-73Ý,-5Ü$-XÜ#<-0<-,+-þè+-ý9-eè+-+èÊ #1°#-)ë9-+$-+o:-/<-/+-
!,Ë 0iÜ,-XÜ$-#Ü<-0hÜ<-,+Ê Pè-#<$-#Ü-dÜ-Uë9-bÜ<-xä$-,+Ê #<$-/7Ü-,$-Uë9-bÜ<-7¸¥<-
ý7Ü-,+-/þè+-+ë-5è<-7e³$-$ë-Ê Ê
+è-8$-:ß<-:-9#<-n-;Ü,-·¦-n-/7Ü-:ß<Ê +è-F0<-`Ü-&ë<-(Ü+-+ë,-+0-8è-;è<-`Ü-I-,Ü-9$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-
F0-ý9-;9-/7Ü-d9Ü -*-0:-bÜ-I-*0<-%+-:-a/-eè+-¸-¥ /º¥#<-ý<-8è-;è<-`Ü-+/ß-0-&è,-ýë-5è<-`$-
i#<-:Ê +è-(+Ü -F0-ý-*0<-%+-ý-8Ü,-ý<-´¥,-Jë/-`-Ü I-8$-+è7Ü-B<è -<-ß 7ië-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê F:-7eë9-
128

ý7Ü-<è0<-`Ü<-F0-ý-#9-#)+-+è-+$-7l-/9-*-0:-ý7Ü-I-F0<-`Ü<-`$-e-/-eè+-ý<-{æ+-Zè-*-++-
:<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-I7Ü-F0-/5#-0Ü-7l-/-F0<-`$-0-Ü 7#:-/7Ü-#,+-;è<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð#8ë-/-xä$-Ñ,ÜÊ ₫Ü9-:<ß -%,-F0<-`Ü-$#-#Ü-&<ë -+$-Ê dÜ-9:ë -¸¥-+/ß#<-r$-&-± 2ì+-
5#-<#ë <-¸¥<-`Ü-&<ë -F0<-`-Ü 7&9-#5Ü9-b²9-ý-+,ë -+0-8è-;<è -`Ü-xä$-$0-r#ë -&,è -ý7ë -Ü xä$-5è<-e-YèÊ
7'0-+ý:-€ç-š-:<Ê rë#-&è,-ýë-Y-è þè-/-0+è Ê Ê2Ý#-·¦-/Bë+-ý-\$<-ý-YèÊ Ê/Bë+-ý-´¥,-bÜ-{-æ 8Ü-
0&ë# Ê2Ý#-´,¥ -9/-·¦-#<:-/9-eè+Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-)Êè xä$-0*7-+#-#-Ü #;Ü<-:-{æ,-0-Ü &+-ý9-
a/-ý-{æ-{æ+-`-Ü Dè,-¸¥-b²9-ý-8Ü,-:Ê +è7Ü-vë-/ß9-bÜ-lÜ-0-´¥,-#5Ü7-Ü F0-;<è -`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-8:ß -:-#8ë-/-
,Ü-:<-`Ü-x$ä -Ê +è-:-.$ß -ýë-M7Ü-Dè,-eè+-ý-I-/7Ü-xä$-M-,ÜÊ rë#-73Ý,Ê bè,-{æÊ a/-eè+Ê 0è-
0(0Ë *ß9-<è:-M-,Ü-I-/-.ß$-ýë7-Ü xä$-YèÊ eè+-:<-`$-rë#-#,<-ý-+$-Ê +/ß#<-7e³$-Aà/-+$-Ê
:ß<-#,<-ý-+$-Ê lë+-7/è/<-ý-+$-Ê 7ië-7¸¥#-/;$-#%Ü-"ß-#<ß0-7eÜ,-Zë0-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-e-/-
eè+-:Ê #:-)è-:ë#-,Ê /{:-ƒë-;Ü-/-<ë#<-+$-Ê Yë+-,+-+$-Ê 5-9è$<-`Ü-,+-+$-Ê .ë-/7Ü-
,+-+$-Ê ^+-`Ü-,+-F0<-/þè+-%Ü$-Ê +è-+#-:ß<-`Ü-+/ß<-+$-Ê Yë+-+$-Ê *è#<-ý7Ü-0*9-*ß#-
ý-+$-Ê º¥-/7Ü-020<-+$-Ê Pè-/-0,-&+-,-#,<-ý9-/;+-:Ê {æ-/Ê F0-ý9-{æ-/Ê 8$-
+#-{æ-/Ê 9/-·¦-{æ-/Ê $è<-ý9-{æ-/-Yè-8,-:#-#Ü-xä$-M-,ÜÊ +/$-ýë-M-:-#,<-;Ü$-/þè+-ý-
<ë#<-`-Ü e-/-eè+-ý-+$-Ê eè-o#-·¦-[9-{æ-/7Ü-x$ä -,-Ü (Ü,-5#-ná#<-9è-:-x$ä -(-Ü hÜ-&#Ü -Yë$-l#á -/{-{æ-
:Ë +è-8$-7.ë-/-/%°-#(Ü<-ý7Ü-+/$-¸¥-e<-,Ê Pè-/7Ü-I-7+/-lá#-%°-9è-/5Ü-:<Ê W9-lá#-·-¦ bè<-
ý7Ü-8-b:-/5Ü-ýë-+/ß-07Ü-7.ë-/-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +`Ü:-7"ë9-0Ü-7//<-ý<-Y$ë -ý7Ü-I-/5Ü-5è<-e7ëÊ Ê
+è-T#-lá#-%°-ý-ë ,<-{-æ 2±:-,ÜÊ /-\ä7Ü-0*9-*ß#-ý7Ü-I-:0-,<-I-7"ë9-bÜ-x$ä -F0<-Pè-/7Ü-xä$-+$-
7lè<-)-è 9ë-z$-#Ü-:0-:<-[-Vë9-7//-:Ê +è-8$-7e³$-/-M-#8<-#8ë,-Z¨+-/þè+-`-Ü 9Ü0-ý<-7.ë-
/-9è-:-+e³#-μ-¥ M-9èÊ +e³#-μ-¥ 9è-:-+/ß#<-<0ß -/{-lá#-%°-YèÊ 7.ë-/-9è-:-+/ß#<-Y$ë -/{+-/{-
ý-9è-{æ-,7$-Ê +è7Ü-Y$è -,-Yë$-ý7Ü-I-/5Ü7Ü-+eè-/<-+/ß#<-#%Ü#-#-Ü dè+-/%<-<ë-#(Ü<-&-9è-8-è ;è<-`Ü-
xä$-8Ü,-:Ê +è-/<#<-ý<-+e³#-μ¥-9è-:-+/ß#<-/%°-#%Ü#-+$-/5Ü-&-#%Ü#-7.ë-/-9è-:-$-lá#-?$-
/%<Ë (Ü,-5#-#%Ü#-:-lá#-/{-+ë,-M-F0<-{æ-5Ü$-Ê +è-&±-2ì+-¸¥-lÜ:-,Ê &±-2ì+-#%Ü#-&±-r$-9è-
#(Ü<Ë +/ß#<-#<ß0Ê +è-w-/-#%Ü#-·¦-/<#<-ý<-&±-2ì+-$-lá#-+$-Ê &±-&±$-/%ë-MÊ +è-/%°-
#(Ü<-<ß-wë<-ý<-5#-/%°-#%Ü#-+$-Ê &±-2+ì -/%ë-M-F0<-:ë-#%Ü#-#-Ü 8è-x$ä -#-Ü i$<-)è-dÜ-9ë:-¸¥-w-
;ë:-bÜ-{æ9-7b²9-:Ê þè<-/ß-:ë-/{-ý7Ü-8è-xä$-/Zë0<-ý<-:ë-#<ß0-¸-¥ :ë$<-ý-<#ë <-{æ+-F0<-
:<-{-&9è -#<ß$<-<Êë Ê"-+ë#-<-&-± 0è-xä$-,0-0"7-9Ü0-ý9-<9è -+!9-+09-,#-Wë,-ýëÊ 2+-`$-
Pè-7#ë -<9ë -/5Ü-,<-/{æ+-+-è [-Iè-:<-<ë9-/%°-#(Ü<-,<-/%°-lá#-#Ü-ý9-¸¥-7ië-/-8Ü,-,ëÊ Êxä$-+è-+#-
129

:<-[-V9ë -{æ-/-+$-7μ¥:-„+ë -eè+-ý7Ü-x$ä -<#ë <-9#<-ýÊ :ß<-,$-¸-¥ 0Ü-#8ë-5$Ü -7"ë9-/7Ü-9$-


/5Ü,-7e³$-M7Ü-xä$-+$-Ê F0-7b²9-xä$-/%°Ê F0-D#ë -[-2#ì <-#8ë-/7Ü-/5ë,-ý-F0<-7oÜ$-ýëÊ
[$-/5Ü7Ü-/5ë,-ý9-b²9-ý7Ü-xä$-F0<-n-/Ê a+-ý9-7ë+-#<:-bÜ-/5ë,-ý7Ü-xä$-,Ü-;Ü,-·¦-n-ý-8Ü,-:Ê
+è-8$-0,-$#-*-++-ý-:<-xä$-#Ü-F0-/5#-0Ü-7l-/-e³$-/-F0<-`$-Ê 8è-;è<-`Ü-xä$-F0-ý-*0<-
%+-ý-8Ü,-ý<Ê +è7Ü-Bè<-<-ß 7ië-/7Ü-dÜ9-#,+-#%Ü#-·-¦ 7¸¥-/-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê+è<-,-x$ä -/%Ü$<-ý<-9#<-
ý7Ü-:<-x$ä -(Ü+-`$-8è-;<è -`Ü-xä$-¸¥-b9² -,<-8ë,-),-/þè+-ý9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð/!ë+-ý-*Ü#-:è-Ñ:Ê 8è-;è<-+$-Ê F0-;<è -`Ü-*Ü#-:è-#(Ü<-:<Ê +$-ý-ë ,ÜÊ *Ü#-:è-
*0<-%+-`Ü-I-/-{æ-{æ+-`-Ü Dè,-¸¥-b9² -ý-8-è ;è<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-*#Ü -:7è 0-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è-5<è -/;+-ý-#$-
8Ü,-ý-YèÊ Yë$-#<:-7##-0è+-`Ü-$ë-/ë9-/º¥#<-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-ÐF0-;è<-`Ü-*Ü#-:è-Ñ,ÜÊ xä$-W#<-J<-`Ü-*Ü#-:è-#<ß0-#<ß$<-)èÊ XÜ$-#7Ü-0Ü-;#Ü <-
ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è7Ü-$<è -ý<Ê xä$-#Ü-eè+-/%Ü$<-:<-#6ß$-73Ý,-bÜ-[$-/-9$-i:ë -¸¥-b²9-ý-,Ü-x$ä -*Ü# Ê[-
Iè9-*Ü#-:è-:-T7Ü-02,-0-/Vë0<-ý<-*-0:-bÜ-[$-5è,-:<-8Ü+-þë/-ý7Ü-dÜ9-W#<-*Ü# Ê7ë#-#Ü-[-
Iè9-*Ü#-:è-/Vë0<-ý-:<-/+è-/-7&9-/-<ë#<-J<-*Ü#-#ë Ê
+è7$-dÜ-0-%°$-6+-/;+-,Ê "0<-+!9-+09-#(Ü<-:<-₯$<-X#Ü <-#(Ü<-<-ß b²9-)èÊ ₫Ü-/ë9-
.-:<-*/ë -ý7Ü-+!9-&-=î-#Ü-9$-/5Ü,-+$-Ê Pè-7#ë -I-#<ß0-7¸¥<-0+ë9-0-:<-*/ë -ý7Ü-+09-&->-
*ß$-#Ü-9$-/5Ü,-)èÊ :ß<-`Ü-+!9-&-+$-+09-&-*0<-%+-`Ü-/+#-ýë9-b²9-ýÊ +/ß-07Ü-&-:-/Dè,-
ýË F0-;è<-`Ü-Dè,-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê+è-:<-`$-₯$<-X#Ü <-#(Ü<-<ß-7b²9-)Êè 0$:-¸¥-07Ü-I-+$-7oè:-
/<-/þè+-%Ü$-Ê /1<-,<-/67-/·¦$-F0<-.ë-/9-/+-!,-bÜ<-f#<-ý9-eè+Ê 0hÜ<-ý<-0+ë#-
7b²9Ë xä$-0è-0(0-Yè-0è-lë+-#<ß0-bÜ<-\9-/º¥-f#<-ý9-e<-ý<Ê ₯$<-0-0&Ü,-ý9-h#-·¦-
b²9-)èÊ I-:-/{æ+-,-<Ê +è-;Ê 9Ü0-ý9-2Ý:Ê 9ß<Ê ?$-Ê e$-<è0<Ê +è<-Yë/<-+$-
0+$<-<ß-7b²9-:Ê +è-F0<-`Ü-XÜ#<-0-,Ü-9Ü0-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê lÜ-&è,-+$-Ê 0hÜ<-ý-+$-Ê ý#<-ý-
+$-Ë Hè,-/ß-+$-Ê <ë-<,è -+$-Ê ]ä/<-`Ü-lÜ-0-0&Ü:-[/<-:-<ë#<-ý-+$-Ê +#7-/7Ü-0*9-
73#-ý-YèÊ :ß<-6ß$<-/¸¥,-5è<-i#<-;Ü$-Ê +è-+#-#Ü-F0-+eè-8$-₫-Ü /ë-0-Ü dè+-ý-,<-<-ë <è,-7//-
ý-<ë#<-"0<-(-Ü »¥-I-/5ÜÊ +è-9-è 9è-:7$-*Ü0<-:ë$<-₫ë+-/+#-ý-ë #<ß0-¸-¥ dè-/<-"0<-/¸¥,-%-° I-
#(Ü<Ë +è-Y$ë -#<Ü -dè-/<-Y$ë -n#-/¸¥,-%°-I-#(Ü<Ê +è-Yë$-#<Ü -d-è /<-eè-/-n#-/¸¥,-%°-I-#(Ü<-
<ë#<-I-'-Ü Xè+-ý9-x$ä -Ê xä$-'Ü-Xè+-ý9-*#Ü -:è<-a/-ý9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ ÊF:-7eë9-ý7Ü-{+æ -:<-
"0<-(è9-/5Ü7Ü-Yè$-¸¥-I7Ü-#1ì-0ë-#<ß0-+$-Ê <ß0-…Ü:-0-:-<ë#<-)-è M-/[,-,<-<-ë #(Ü<-<-ß
#<ß$<-)èÊ =è-9-ß !-#:-ý-ë :<Ê :ß<-:-e$-&/± -<è0<-{æ-/7ÜÊ ÊI-,-Ü <ß0-%°-I-#(Ü<-)èÊ Ê5è<-
130

<ëË Ê+è7-Ü Yè$-¸¥-I-/7Ü-x$ä -M-{-æ /7Ü-rë#-&è,-ýë-0-#)ë#<-ý7Ü-/5Ü-/[,-,<-<ß0-%°-I-l#á -·-¦ /;+-


ý7$-[$-$ë-Ê Ê+è-+#-`$-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü9-+#7-/5Ü7Ü-7ië<-`Ü<-8è-;è<-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-/9-7.ë-/-
+$-Ë :ß<-:-6ß$<-<0-¹¥<-ý70-#,+-`Ü-$ë-/ë-(Ü+-¸¥-F0-;è<-+$-Bè<-<ß-7oè:-ý9-7.ë-/-v-#,<-
5è<-i#<-ý7ëÊ Ê0+ë9-,-*Ü#-:è-0*7-+#-"ß-Eã:-0ß,-#<ß0-¸¥-7¸¥-5$Ü -Ê +è-#<ß0-bÜ<-&#<-Z$-
Hë$<-#<ß0-/þè+-ý-:<Ê 9$-/5Ü,-/{+-%°7Ü-Dë#-ý-+$-Ê +è<-:<-/<#<-,<-7"ë9-/7Ü-7há:-
[$-#Ü-Z¨#-/W:-[-2ì#<-7e³$-/-8Ü,-:Ê +è-#<ß0-7b²9-0è+-¸¥-/%Ü$<-ý-:<-7"ë9-/-Që#-ý9-
7b²9-5Ü$-Ê *Ü#-:è-*0<-%+-`Ü-I-/-&ë<-(Ü+-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è-,Ü-F0-ý-*0<-%+-ý-8Ü,-ý<Ê
/D#<-ý-+$-0-/D#<-ý7Ü-*#Ü -:7è -Ü F:-7eë9-'Ü-X+è -ý-´¥,-`$-+$ë<-/{æ+-#$-9$ß -#Ü-Vë-,<-8$-+#-
ý7Ü-:0-¸¥-7ië-/7Ü-#,+-`$-;è<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê+è-+#-,Ü-v-0è+-{æ+-Zè-₫Ü9-i#<-ý-P9-)è-7ë+-#<:-
Jë#<-ý-&,è -ý7ë -Ü 9$-:ß#<-*ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý-,Ü-*è#-0&ë#-9Ü,-ýë-&è7-Ü 03ì+-<#ë <-:<-{-&9è -7e³$-/-
P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê Dè,-Eë-B7è -Ü :ß<-`Ü-Vë0-2±:-/;+-ý-+$-Ê /Dè,-ý-I-x$ä -*Ü#-:è7-Ü F:-7eë9-/;+-
ý7ëË Ê+$-ýë-:7$-:0-+$ë<-+$-Ê +è-#ë0<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-#(Ü<Ê +$-ýë-Ð:0-+$ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
7e³$-/5Ü7Ü-Dë# -ý-8ß0-bÜ-£-#-9ßÎ .ß$-ýë-9#<-ý-#5:-0è+-"$-&è,-)èÎ
+/$-ýë-Vë-M-;-h#-lë+-+/ß#<-<ë#<Î {,-+$-/!ë+-ý-#6Ü-/BÜ+-+ý:-¸¥-7/9Î
9ë-0-+ý7-/ë-z$-0-+ý7-0ë-+$-Î +/ß-0-=è-9ß-!-+ý:-´¥,-·¦ -/6$-Î
7"ë9-:ë 7Ü-#,<-F0<-9Ü #<-0&ë#-5Ü-hë7Ü-# 1ìÎ I-7+/-*0<-%+-9Ü#<-`Ü-8/-+$-8ß0Î
.ß$-ýë-+0-2Ý#-*Ü#-:è-)Ü$-73Ý,-<è0<Î 9Ü#-ý-8è-;è<-+eè9-0è+-$-{:-bÜ<Î
7+ë+-8ë,-:ë$<-₫ë+-/+è-&è,-‡Ü,-:-9ë :Î &è-/7Ü-8ë,-),-/W#<-ý-/Yë +-ý7Ü-u äÎ
/V¨:-/þë+-d#-{-7ië-7¸¥#-Eë-Bè7Ü-#9Î rë#-Ië:-7e³$-7'ß#-/w<-ý-{æ,-0Ü-7&+Î
/67-/·¦$-#)ë9-0-2ì#<-7"ë9-D#-·¦-9ë:Î Xë0<-7'ß #-/+è-/<-2Ý0-ý7Ü-7ë+-#<:-TÎ
*Ü#-:è-:<-/5è$<-¹-Ó +9-Yë$-ý9-8:Î Yë$-(Ü+-$$-:<-[$-i#-Dë# -2ì#<-´¥ ,Î
Eë-Bè -#<ß0-0&ë#-+eè9-0è+-T©,-bÜ<-iá/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 6/-0ë7-Ü /þè+-9Ü0-0-/%ë<-9$-e$³ -#-Ü +`Ü:-7"ë9-+è-'-Ü P9-,Ê 7e³$-/5Ü-90Ü -
/Iè#<-&ë<-7e³$-+$-/%<-ý-,Ü-*#ë -09-.-07Ü-7¸¥-7në+-`Ü-zè,-:<-0$:-¸-¥ 7e³$-/5Ü7Ü-2ì#<-ý-:-
xä$-<è0<-bÜ-Dë#-ý<-/+#-·-¦ /6ß$-/7Ü-D,è ->-è +eÜ$<-80ß -bÜ-£-#-9Êß #6ß#<-bÜ-.$ß -ýë-9#<-ý9-
iá/-ý-#5:-0è+-`Ü-"$-ý-&è,-ýë-YèÊ +è7$-:<ß -7+ë0-#$-i-á /5Ü-#5:-8<-"$-Ê 8,-:#-/{+-!-
/-/{+Ê 7e³$-M7Ü-xä$-{æ-/7Ü-+/$-ýë-Vë-M-:<-0Ü#-(Ü-w7Ü-U9-"ß$-Ê F-/-[-"-7ë#-Vë-/5Ü-ýë-Vë-
131

/5ÜË ;-+`Ü:-7"ë9-bÜ-#5ÜÊ h#-02ì-JÜ$-Ê lë+-0è-.ß$-Ê +/ß#<-7'7-7ë+Ê <ë#<-"ë$<-,<-


XÜ$-,ë9-/ß70-1Ý$7Ü-.ë$-)ëÊ {æ-0-š-/-š-dè+Ê <ë9-0ë-F0<-w-dè+-0è-:ë$-Ê <ë-0+7-8/Ê Nè-ýß-
»¥Ë /ß-#-/{+-¸¥9-hë+Ê „-+$-ý#<-ý-9ß<-2Ý#<-rá$-7"ë9-<ë#<-9$-e³$-#Ü-{,-+$-/!ë+-ý-#6Ü-
/BÜ+-`Ü-+ý:-¸¥-7/9-/7Ü-Dè,-#5:-8<-"$-¸¥-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý-+$-Ê ,$-#Ü-I-#8<-9ë-0-*/<-+ý7-
/ëË #8ë,-z$-0-;è<-9/-+ý7-0ëÊ +/ß-0-=è-9ß-!-₫-Ü +ý:-&è,-ýë-a/-/+#-´¥,-·¦-/6$-ýÊë 7"ë9-
:ë7Ü-#,<-M-,-Ü ₫-Ü /ë-<$<-{<Ê 0iÜ,-ý-ýVÊ XÜ$-#-Eë-BèÊ Pè-/-9,Ü -&,è Ê #<$-/-:<-)è-
9Ü#<-0&ë#-F0-M7Ü-5Ü-hë7Ü-#1ì-/ë-F0-[$-+$-/ßK-=-è 9ß-!-:-<#ë <-ý-+$-Ê +è-+#-#Ü-I-7+/-*0<-
%+-,Ü-9Ü#<-&±$-F0<-`-Ü 2ì0-/ß7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-8/-+$-80ß -/%<-/Dè,-ý-T7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸¥-T,© -bÜ<-
iá/-ý-+$-Ê dÜ-:ß<-`Ü-.ß$-ýë-+0-2Ý#-<è0<-+ý7Ê ,$-₯$<-07Ü-*#Ü -:-è )Ü$-73Ý,-<è0<-+ý7Ê
+è7Ü-a/-eè+-9Ü#-ý-8è-;è<-<0è <-+ý7-#<ß0-ýë-#+ë+-,<-+eè9-0+è -¸¥-iá/-ý-8Ü,-ý-:-8Ü,-ý9-;è<-ý7Ü-
$-{:-b<Ü Ê Jë#<-eè+-8,-:#-V-ë M7Ü-8ß:-¸¥-7+ë+-8ë,-bÜ-:ë$<-₫ë+-'-Ü P9-[$-/-*0<-%+-/+è-/-
&è,-ýë7Ü-0&ë+-ý7Ü-‡Ü,-.ß$-¸¥-;è<-ý-:-\$-v$-0è+-ý9-9ë:-ý-+$-Ê #5,-bÜ<-&è-/7Ü-8ë,-),-
/…#<-,<-/W#<-ý-*0<-%+-/Yë+-ý7Ü-uä9-;è<-ý-+$-Ê /V¨:-/þë+-eè+-ý-d#-{-+$-7ië-7¸¥#-
*0<-%+-Eë-Bè7Ü-#9-/€ç9-/-+$-Ê rë#-+$-I:ë -/7Ü-xä$-7e³$-7'ß#-#,<-#<ß0-ýë-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý9-
$$-#<Ü -i/á -ý<-(Ü,-02,-D#-·-¦ {æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý-+$-Ê /67-/%7-/·¦$-/7Ü-9#Ü <-b²9-,$-#Ü-#)ë9-0-
+$-2#ì <-7"ë9-:-D#-·¦-9:ë -ý-8Ü,-ý-+$-Ê Xë0<-ý9-7'ß#-ý7Ü-2-é #,<-/5Ü9-+#7-/5Ü7Ü-/+è-/<-
{æ+-2Ý0<-ý7Ü-7+ë -#<:-8-è ;è<-`Ü-TÊ /%°-lá#-dè+-dè+-`Ü-*Ü#-:-è :<-9Ü0-ý9-/5è$<-)è-T,-%Ü#-
þè<-ý-0Ü-;#Ü <-ý7Ü-¹-Ó +-Y$ë -/5Ü7Ü-0*9-*ß#-ý9-8:-/<-F0-/%<-`Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-8,-:#-+$-/%<-ý-
+è-+#-/<0-0Ü-a/-ý7Ü-Jë#<-90Ü -¸¥-º¥#<Ê Yë$-(Ü+-+è7Ü-$$-:<-#6ß#<-[$-…-i#<-7b²-l,-bÜ-
Dë#-2ì#<-´¥,-`$-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-Eë-Bè-#<ß0-bÜ-0&ë#-·¦-+eè9-0è+-ý9-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7ëÊ Ê
7+Ü9-¹-Ó +-5è<-ý7Ü-+ë,-8$-;Ü,-·-¦ n-/7Ü-xä$-"0<-#<ß0-ý7Ü-/+#-(Ü+-%,-{æ,-0*7Ü-/9-#5ë0-¸-¥
0è+-ý-+è-(Ü+-02ì,-ý-F0-/%<-`Ü-02,-0-;Ü,-·¦-n-/7ëÊ Ê/þè+-2±:-7+Ü-,Ü-´¥,-7¸¥<-9Ü#-ý7Ü-0+ë-:<Ê
´¥,-/6$-Jë#<-&è,-8è-,<-/E:-/-:Ê ÊdÜ-,$-#<$-/9-/!ë+-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-,ÜÊ Ê[$-rÜ+-F0-
+#-T-+$-T-0ë7Ü-+eÜ$<Ê Ê5è<-<ë#<-7e³$-/-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-#ë0<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-Ñ,ÜÊ
6/-0ë7Ü-/þè +-90Ü -7+Ü-:-<<ß -#ë0<-ýÎ xä$-<è0<-:<-9ß$-₫,-+$-0$ë,-;è<-7iá/Î
lë+-+$-D#<-02,-Ië:-0è+-$$-#Ü<-;9Î %è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-/;+-ý7Ü-6/-0ë7Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-7+Ü-:-
F:-7eë9-ý-<ß<-(0<-:è,-bÜ<-#ë0<-;$Ü -7lÜ<-ý9-eè+-ý-+è-,Ü-9$Ü -ýë9-0Ü-*ë#<-ý9-xä$-<è0<-:<-<ß-
132

9ß$-/<-)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-a+-ý9-%,-þèÊ ₫,-+$-0$ë,-ý9-;<è -ý7$-7iá/-YèÊ +è-:-₫,-M-,ÜÊ +ý#-


2+-/{-Yë$-2±,-bÜ-+$ë<-ýë-0*ë$-/-;7Ü-₫,Ê <è0<-%,-´¥,-bÜ-7&Ü-7.ë-+$-þè-/7Ü-2±:-0*ë$-/-T7Ü-
₫,Ë &ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-+ë,-'Ü-P-/9-0*ë$-/-;è<-9/-`Ü-₫,Ê 9$-+$-\$<-Dë#<-0(0-ý7Ü-{+æ -2ì+-9#Ü -
ý-&ë<-`Ü-₫,Ê &ë<-*0<-%+-0$ë,-ý9-e$-&±/-ý9-0*ë$-/-<$<-{<-`Ü-₫,-)èÊ +$-ý-ë #(Ü<-F0-
^Ü,-bÜ-{-æ +$-´¥,-bÜ-{æ-,-Ü Vë0-Yë/<-<ëÊ Ê
0$ë,-;è<-l#á -,-Ü :ß<-F0-ý9-+#-ý-Jà-7ná:Ê $#-F0-ý9-+#-ý-T7Ü-F-/-+$-#5,-<0è <-;<è -
ýË <è0<-F0-ý9-+#-ý-Wë,-#,<-Bè<-l,Ê T7Ü-0Ü# Ê6#-ý-6+-ý7Ü-0$ë,-;è<-F0<-)èÊ +è-
#(Ü<-`Ü-+$-ýë-F0<-,Ü-<ë-þè-+$-7.#<-ý7Ü-<-F0<-<ß7$-8ë+-:Ê dÜ-0-9è-9è-,Ü-<$<-{<-`Ü-<<-
/Z¨<-ý-8,Ü -5Ü$-7.#<-ý-:7$-Bè<-0*ß,-ý-10-8ë+-ý9-/5è+-+ëÊ Ê
#5,-8$-dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-lë+-+$-+$ë<-(0<-H-Ü :0-b-Ü D#<-02,-$ë-029-/-F0<-`$-Ië:-/-
0è+-ý9-$$-#Ü<-;9-/9-7b²9-)èÊ {æ+-:<Ê dÜ-+$-,$-+$-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü+Ê Ê+$ë<-+$-+$ë<-0Ü,-
#,<-:ß#<-´¥,Ê ÊEë-Bè-:<ß -`-Ü +`Ü:-7"ë9-+$-Ê Ê´¥,-#5Ü-8è-;<è -9$-e³$-TÊ Ê+è-:-#ë0<-7lÜ<-
/D,-ý-,ÜÊ ÊdÜ-,$-5Ü$-"0<-0-:ß<-ýÊ Ê#(Ü+-<+-[$-/-'Ü-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê Ê9Ü$-ýë9-0Ü-*ë#<-7&9-/9-
7b²9Ë Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-/Dè,-ý-I-xä$-*Ü#-:è7Ü-F:-7eë9-/;+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 020<-‚9-)è-
0+ë9-/Y,Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð020<-‚9-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P9-/+è-&è,-U¨-:-/Dè,-e<-,<Î /Dè,-ý-I-xä$-* Ü#-:è7Ü-Jë#<-9Ü0-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-9$-e³$-Eë-Bè-:ß<-`Ü-U¨-:-Dè,-e<-,<Ê /Dè,-ý-I-+$-xä$-+$-
*Ü#-:è7Ü-F:-7eë9-:-/Dè,-)è-9$-eÜ,-/x/-ý7Ü-Jë#<-9Ü0-,Ü-7+Ü-P-YèÊ
#(Ü<-ý-:-#<ß0Ê /!ë+-ý-IÊ #8ë/-xä$-Ê *Ü#-:è-e$-&±/-`Ü-<è0<-‚ë$-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð/!ë+-ý-
I-Ñ,ÜÊ
:ß <-#,+-Q,-ý<-&±,-/1:-xä$-¸¥#-+e³$-Î $ë-/ë-/+è-Yë$-F0-ý-8Ü-+0-T Î
F0-7b²9-Cë#-ý-0è+-ý-&±-w7Ü-#9Î 7'7-2ì,-P-/ß7Ü-U¨-+/ß<-ZÓ-)Ü 7Ü-IÎ
#8<-#8ë ,-9ë-z$-+è-#<ß0-:-/Dè,-ý7ÜÎ Iè-0ë-F0-/!ë+-7+/-0-<ß0-%°-#(Ü<Î
9ë-F0<-7¸¥<-ý9-/{+-#(Ü<-/%°-lá#-YèÎ l,-ý-F0-ý9-/!ë+-:-2ì #<-/{+-7+/Î
þè +-eè+-7"ë9-:ë9-lá#-%°-I-/5Ü9-/%<Î #,<-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-#<:-#+/-#ë0<-ý-,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-:<ß -i$ë -a9è Ê xä$-D-:ë$-/Ê F0-;è<-0-Ü 5-/ë-7l-/9-"-:ë-€ç9-/<-eè+-ý-
0-7&Ü$-,-0Ü<-5ë,-ý7Ü-D-+è-r$-/9-,<-dÜ9-;ë9-ý-7lÊ 7&Ü$-,-r$-Vë-"è#<-,<-0Ü-D-,$-¸¥-2±+-+è-
7ië9-0Ü-*ß/-ý-+$-7l-/<Ê F0-D#ë -#-Ü /5ë,-ý-x$ä -7&Ü$-/-:-:ß<-`Ü-#,+-7&Ü$-/-#:-&7è Êë Ê
133

+è7$-të$-&è,-9/-7e0<-ý<Ê ?$-ý-Eë-Bè7Ü-þÜ:-g$á -/%7Ê Ê:#-ý-#(Ü<-`<Ü -0(0-/5#-


/[ë:Ë Ê:ß<-,-Ü 0+7-ƒç#-/5Ü,-¸¥-/r$-Ê Ê+ýß$-ý-@ë+-#;ë#-/5Ü,-¸¥-/{$-Ê Ê0'Ü$-ý-#º¥-
0&ë#-/5Ü,-¸¥-/U¨0Ê Ê:ß<-#,+-ý#<-ý7Ü-#6è$<-P9-/Yë+Ê Ê0Ü#-+$-[-Iè-<0è <-Iè-/Y©,Ê Ê
5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P-/ß7Ü-:ß<-#,+-+$-Q,-ý<-&-&-,<-/…Ü0<-)è-&±,-/1:Ê "ë$-ý9-(ë,-0ë$<-ý7Ü-
xä$-#Ü-¸#¥ -8+ë -ý-+e³$-/7Ü-dÜ9-xä$-9ë-,-V-ë ,<-:,-#<ß0-/<:Ê <è0<-`-Ü #,+-9$-:ß<-*-0:-bÜ-
[$-/-+eÜ$<-<ß-8:-)è-F0-ý9-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-$$-:<Ê $ë-/-ë /+è-Yë$-#Ü-9$-/5Ü,-F0-ý-8Ü-+0-T7Ü-U¨Ê
F0-7b²9-₯$<-#<:-C#ë <-ý-0è+-ý-&±-w7Ü-9:ë -#9-+$-…Ü/-*ë#<-0è+-ý-,0-0"7-:-7'7-2,ì -;9-
/-P-/ß7Ü-U¨9-#<:-/7Ü-:<ß -`-Ü +/ß<-<ß->-/-Z-Ó )-Ü 09-i#<-ý7Ü-I-W,ë -ýë-2$<-/ß#-,<-#<$-#,<-
/9-¸-¥ !-/-P9-8+ë -ý-02,-(+Ü -/5Ü-Q,Ê +è7Ü-#8<-#8ë,-#(Ü<-<ß-9ë-0-+09-0ë-+$-z$-0-+!9-0ë-
ZÓ-)-Ü :<-7+/-7b²9-bÜ<-n-/-<ß0-/;Ü/<-<ß-8ë+-ýÊ 9ë-z$-#(Ü<-`-Ü 89-[-₫Ü-/ë-,<-*ß9-¸¥-μ¥#-ý-[-
/ß#-#(Ü<-<ß-6ß#-%Ü$-09-,-#(Ü<-Pè-7#ë -<9ë -/5Ü7Ü-*+-,<-ZÓ-)9Ü -2±+-ýÊ #1ì-0ë-+è-#<ß0-rë#-;Ü$-
/y$<-ý-P-/ß-:-#¸¥#<-`-Ü IÜ/<-0-/!ë,-ý-P9-/Dè,-ý7Ü-₫-Ü /ë9-Iè-0-ë F0-ý9-/!ë+-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-
7+/-0-<ß0-%°-I-#(Ü<Ê 0iÜ,-ý9-9ë-F0<-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-7+/-0-/{+-#(Ü<-/%°-lá# ÊXÜ$-
#-l,-ý-F0-ý9-/!ë+-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:-ë :-F0-;è<-2#ì <-/{+-/Dè,-ý7Ü-7+/-0-/{+Ê Pè-/-þ+è -e+è -`Ü-
7"ë9-:ë9-7+/-0-lá#-%°-I-/5Ü-/%<-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü-ýë7Ü-P-è /-Z-Ó )-Ü ,<-dë#<-/5Ü9-7e³$-/5Ü7-Ü ¹¥<-ý-
73Ý,-ý7Ü-I-7+/-9è-9è-bè<-;Ü$-Ê XÜ$-#9-+è-:<-#(Ü<-#(Ü<-bè<-ý<-dÜ-Uë9-:-/{+Ê 0iÜ,-ý9-+è-
:<-`$-#(Ü<-9-è bè<-ý<-/9-Uë9-:-/{+-+$-dÜ-Uë9-:-/%°-lá# Ê₫Ü-/ë-+-è :<-`$-#(Ü<-9-è bè<-ý<-
/9-U9ë -d-Ü 09-/%°-l#á -lá#-+$-dÜ-U9ë -:-<ë-#(Ü<Ê Pè-/9-XÜ$-#-P9-bè<-ý7Ü-/{+-`Ü-/5Ü-:<-
#(Ü<-9è-bè<-;$Ü -Ê +è-P9-bè<-ý7Ü-/{+-:<-M-M-+$-Ê 0-bè<-ý7Ü-/5Ü-:<-lá#-lá#-bè<-ý<-/9-
Uë9-:-/%°-#(Ü<-+$-Ê dÜ-Uë9-:-lá#-%°-I-/5Ü-Yè-:<ß -:-'Ü-P9-#,<-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-#<:-#+/Ê I-+è-
*0<-%+-₯$<-#<:-]ä/<-Yë$-#Ü-F0-ý9-/Vë0<-:-I7Ü-Yë$-9-(+Ü -*0<-%+-`Ü-#5Ü-8Ü,-ý<-:è#<-
ý9-#0ë <-ý-,-F:-7eë9-dÜ-0-:-7'ß#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#8ë-/-xä$-:-Ñ#(Ü<Ê *ß,-bÜ-(0<-:è,-+$-Ê *ß,-020<-`Ü-(0<-:è,-,ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:7$-
#(Ü<Ë #1ì-/ë-/ß0-%,-+$-Ê +è-‚$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#1ì-/ë-/ß0-%,-Ñ,ÜÊ
þë ,-%,-xä$-,Ü-dÜ9-:-<$<-`Ü<-7/ß+Î þë,-0è+-Yè$-7ë#-Pè-/9-,9-bÜ<-l$<Î
/ß0-ý-P9-+#$-#5Ü:-5Ü$-0+7-P9-7.$-Î Ië:-/-9Ü0-/þè+-{æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý-8Ü<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ :ß<-#,+-I7Ü-Yë$-9-#<:-/)/-,<-W9-"ë$-ý9-/þÜ:-/7Ü-¸¥#-#<ß0-bÜ-þë,-+$-
7lè<-ý-%,-bÜ-x$ä -,-Ü [-Vë-,<-dÜ-:-<$<-`Ü<-7/ß+-+è-+7è $-7/ß+-ý-+μ¥-ná#<-<0-<ß0-ná#<-eÊ
134

0(0-{æ7Ü-8è-xä$-<ë#<-x$ä -#-Ü ¸¥<-#,+-:-0"<-ý<-þë,-0+è -ý-7e³$-M-₯$<-07Ü-xä$-[-Vë-,<-Aà/-


Yè-Yè$-x$ä -+$-*ß9-<è:-/U¨0-Yè-7ë#-xä$-#(Ü<-Pè-/9-,9-bÜ<-l$<-:-+/ß-09-"-‚9ë -¸¥-/þÜ:-/-/ß0-
ý-P9-+#$-Ê 0Ü-,ë,-ý7Ü-2é-#8<-#8ë,-7*è,-#,ë,-+$-dÜ-,$-¸¥-#5Ü:Ê 0Ü-*ß/-1-,-0+7-P9-7.$-
Yè-+è-P-/ß7Ü-‚ë9-/-/5Ü-Q,-bÜ-xä$-‚ë9-:-Ië:-/-9Ü0-bÜ<-'è-l#-·¦-/þ$-Ê :ß<-<è0<-¸¥/-`$-D#-·¦-
{æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý9-/Vë0-ý<-Zë0-7e³$-,<-/;+-ý7Ü-/ß0-%,-9/-7oÜ$-*-07Ü-2+-Q,-¸¥-7iá/-ý9-
#<ß$<-`$-Ê +-P7Ü-:#-:è,-:-:#-ý7Ü-*:-0ë<-ýß<-0ë-:-:,-9-è /Uë9-)-è <è-#ë:-#%Ü#-#)ë#<-ý7Ü-
8ß,-2+-<ß0-%°-I-lá#-,Ü-/ß0-ý-%,-&±$-$ß-Ê /¸¥,-%°-+ë,-#(Ü<-7oÜ$-Ê /{-I-/{+-"è#<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-
2+-¸-¥ /5è+-+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-‚$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-Ñ,ÜÊ
:ß <-/+è-$#-X ,-<è0<-#,<-7&Ü-0è+-7iá/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ xä$-/ß0-ý-%,-i/á -ý7Ü-8,ë -),-0$-¸¥-/;+-ý-:<-0+ë9-/Z¨-,-:ß<-0(è,-N#ä -*ë/-
ý7Ü-/+è-/Ê $#-9$-+/$-¸¥-b9² -ý<-X,-ýÊ <è0<-)Ü$-$-è 73Ý,-:-#8ë-0è+-¸-¥ #,<-ý-+$-7&Ü-/-
0è+-ý7Ü-/%°+-:,è -7iá/-ý9-7b²9-)èÊ Zë0-7e³$-:<Ê 8$-,-/ß0-ý-%,-‚ë9-/<Ê Ê*0<-%+-¸¥-,-Ü
7&Ü-:<-{:Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-*ß,-020<-`Ü-(0<-:è,-e-/-,ÜÊ
*ß,-020<-7há:-7"ë9-e-5 Ü$-+:-/9-/5#Î U/<-<ß-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý<-<è0<-# ,<-/…å /Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-xä$-#Ü-F:-7eë9-:-/Ië,-ý7Ü-*ß,-020<-F0<-<ß-8,-:#-M-‚ë$-<ë#<-I-
xä$-#Ü-þë,-‚$-/-F0<-+$-Ê :ß<-`Ü-&±,-/1:-5Ü$-#,$-:-Eè#-ý9-eè+-ý-+$-Ê *Ü#-:è7Ü-U/<-<ß-
7lè,-Q#ë -7iè0<-ý9-eè+-ý-+$-Ê *0<-%+-¸¥-#è#<-/<:-5Ü$-/ë#<-+e³$-/7Ü-7há:-7"ë9-F0<-
`$-:#-:è,-P9-e-5$Ü -Ê 0*9-Vë-#<ß0-+:-/9-/5#-ý<-I-7há#<-x$ä -7há#<-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-
₯$<-ý9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê /9-U/<-F0<-<-ß Eë-B7è -Ü /w<-ý<-/ë#<-7eÜ,-5$Ü -<0è <-#,<-ý-/…å/Ê
₫Ü9-Eë9-/w<-,Ü-*0<-%+-¸¥-#:-&-è /<-+è7-Ü +ë,-%°$-6+-^ë<-,Ê =è-9-ß !-#:-ý-ë :<Ê :0-¸-¥
aè9-/7Ü-/w<-ý-,ÜÊ Ê7'ß#-+$-#,<-+$-Q$-/-:Ê Ê8,-:#-lá#-·-¦ 2$-/Vë0<-ý<Ê ÊEë-Bè-
7+<-ý-:0-¸-¥ aè9Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-8,-:#-l#á -,-Ü /;+-{æ+-Eë9-nè$-<ë#<-:<-F:-7eë9-lá#-
/%<-/;+-ý-+$-+#ë$<-ý-*,ß -ý<Ê +è-:<-+$-ýë-,ÜÊ {æ-/-$<è -ý7Ü-2:± -b<Ü -'Ü-rÜ+-(Ü-hÜ-2Ý#-Yë$-
lá#-/{-ýë-*0<-%+-/i$-¹¥<-`Ü-/9-i$<-/IÜ-/-:-<è0<-73Ý,-ý-,Ü-/i$-/7Ü-F:-7eë9-+$-Ê
#(Ü<-ý-B<è -<-ß 7ië-/-,Ü-*,ß -2ì+-/{+-`Ü-¸¥<-9è-9-è :-(Ü<-Yë$-/¸¥,-/{-{æ-5Ü$-x$ä -7e³$-/-9è-9-è :7$-
135

7e³$-/-#5,-/5Ü-B<è -<-ß 7ië-/9-;è<-ý-Yè-7+Ü-,Ü-F0-ý9-#<:-/7ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-7'ë#-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-


,Ü-x$ä -7eÜ,-7'ß#-#-Ü {æ+-F0<-:-7+Ü-,Ü-I7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-7+Ü-+$-7+Ü-:<-{-æ /-8Ü,-,ë-5è<-<ë-<ë9-;<è -ý-Y-è
₫Ü-/ë-,<-?$-0*Ü:-bÜ-/9-¸¥-#$ë -/7ß -Ü 2±:-:-<è0<-73Ý,-ý7ëÊ Ê/5Ü-ý-Dë#-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-,-Ü 7"ë9-:ë-
/5Ü7Ü-7e³$-M7Ü-x$ä -(-Ü »¥<-Dë#-ý7Ü-xä$-/{-I-/{+-/€ç9-5Ü$-+è7$-#8<-#8ë,-bÜ-+`Ü:-7"ë9-+ë0-ý-
/%°<-/€ç9-/7Ü-xä$-#Ü-02,-(Ü+-;<è -ý<Ê +è<-F0-D#ë -#$-þ<è -`$-;<è -:Ê +è-+#-{æ<-0-*#-·-¦
Dë#-0è+-+-¸¥-7b²9-ý<-Dë#-0è+-`Ü-8è-;è<-7&9-2±:-8$-;è<-)è-Dë#-ý-+$-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-þë,-8ë,-9Ü#-ý9-
eè+-ý7ëÊ ÊM-ý-/€ç9-/7Ü-F:-7eë9-,Ü-W9-bÜ-F0-Dë#-{æ-/-»¥#<-%,-+è-:ë#-,<-D#ë -ý7Ü-x$ä -/{-I-
/{+-ýë-Dë#-o:-bÜ-xä$-¸¥-<ë$-/<-0(0-/5#-·¦-0Ü-Dë#-ý9-"ë-,9-#,<-`$-I-7"ë9-:-{æ-/-,-(ë,-
0ë$<-ý7Ü-5+-8ë+-ý<-(ë,-0ë$<-ý70-´¥,-Jë/-%è<-e-:Ê +è-7##<-,<-0Ü-;Ü#<-ý-:-*Ü0-ý-,-8è-
;è<-+$-+ë,-+0-5è<-e-5Ü$-Ê 8$-+è-:<-:$<-,<-I7Ü-7"ë9-:9ë -{-æ /-<ë#<-W9-P9-7"ë9-/9-eè+-
ý7ëË Êlá#-ý-8ë$<-+#-#Ü-F:-7eë9-,ÜÊ I-7"ë9-F0<-<-ß xä$-{æ-0Ü-{æ7Ü-+eè-/7$-\$<-)Êè D#-·-¦
0Ü-;#Ü <-ý-:-*Ü0-ý<-x$ä -#-Ü +è-"ë-,-(Ü+-0(0-/5#-#<:-Yë$-/+è-/7Ü-02,-(Ü+-%,-+è7Ü-$$-¸-¥ xä$-
*0<-%+-*Ü0-ý7Ü-7ë+-#<:-:-0(0-ý9-7'ë#-ý7ëÊ Ê
+è-P9-8,-:#-lá#-ýë-+è-:-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý-'Ü-P9-e-/7Ü-2±:-,ÜÊ +#ë$<-ý-:ß$-Yë,-:<Ê /Bë+-
+$-+0Ü#<-ý9-/%<-ý-+$-Ê Ê/E9-b9² -+$-,Ü-+,ë -+0-0ëÊ Ê5è<-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý-F0-ý-/5Ü-#<ß$<-
)èË +è7Ü-+ë,-7&+-2:± -0$-8$-+`²<-`-Ü d#-:è,-P9-,Ê 7oá-#<ß0-$#-·¦-/w-/-/Bë+-/%<-E9ë -
/w<Ë 8Ü-#è-#<ß0-+eÜ/<-+$-"-+ë#-#Ü-F0-ý9-/Vë0-ý-+0Ü#<-ý-Eë9-/w<Ê xä$-Q$-7'ß#-
#,<-7oá-#<ß0-b-Ü #+$<-<-ß 0ë<-ý<-xä$-$#-+eè9-0è+-¸-¥ ;è<-,<-/w-/-/E-b²9-Eë9-/w<Ê xä$-
#Ü-7ië-7$ë -#,<-#<ß0-+$-Yë$-#6ß#<-d#-{-&è,-ýë-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-;è<-ý<-0Ü$-2Ý#-/Bë+-ý-*0<-%+-
€ç-0-P-/ß9-Dë#<-ý-+ë,-+0-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý9-/5è+-+ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-*#Ü -:-è e$-&/± -`Ü-<è0<-‚$ë -/-:-#(Ü<Ê :0-b-Ü #1ì-/ë-+$-Ê :0-b-Ü 8,-:#-#ë Ê+$-
ýë-:-#(Ü<Ê lë+ -+$-/+è-/-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-#·¦0-0ë-/;+-ý-+$-Ê #ë$-#Ü-+ë,-F0<-/Xè,-…å/-/5Ü9-‚9-
/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-+ë,-/Z¨-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ðlë+-+$-/+è-/-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-#·¦0-0ë-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-:-#ë0<-,<-‡å:-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-7ë #Î ;<-9/-]<-ý7Ü-9$-#6ß#<-1¼-:ÜÎ
>-;+-#<:-#+/-xä$-#Ü<-/U¨:-:-]9Î +/ß -07Ü-:0-º¥#<-7"ë9-:7ë -Ü T-2ì#<-/U¨:Î
₫Ü -/ë7Ü-=ñ-:<-/+è-/7Ü-*Ü#-:è -8Ü<Î +è-(Ü+-#<ë<-/)/-y9-8$-&è<-&è9-7/9Î
I-"0<-lë+-/+è<-#$-,<-0Ü-Dë#-ý7ÜÎ 8è-;<è -0$ë,-b ²9-&ë<-(Ü +-+eÜ$<-<ß-/þ:Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ I-xä$-F:-7eë9-+è-+#-:-#ë0<-,<-Pè-/-‡å:-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-7#ë -<9ë -/5Ü-10-¸¥Ê
136

;è<-9/-.9-dÜ,-F:-7eë9-0-]<-ý7Ü-9$-#6ß#<-+cÜ+-+0-1¼-:¡Ü-Y-è #·¦0-0-ë 8è-;<è -`Ü-0èÊ +eÜ/<-


>-;+-`Ü-F0-ýÊ "-+ë#-+09-:-9è#-e-2-/-$ë-/ë-Yë$-ý-(0<-/+è-/7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-+$-Ê +/ß-07Ü-89-
[9-=-î 8Ü#-+$ë<-<0-*Ü#-:è-#<:-72é9-[¨0-7lÜ:-02,-(+Ü -/5Ü-Q,-¸¥-#<:-#+/Ê ‚ë9-/-/5Ü-
Q,-/ß0-%,-xä$-#Ü<-/U¨:-/<-0è-N-è <ë9-/5Ü-10-,<-9Ü0-ý9-'è-9Ü$-:-]9Ê +/ß-07Ü-]ä/<-:0-¸¥-
º¥#<-)-è Pè-/-<#ë <-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü9-I-*#Ü -"-‚9ë -b-Ü T-2ì#<-F0<-/U¨:Ê 0*9-₫Ü-/ë7Ü-=î-:-9è#-ý<-
+è-:<-/+è-/7Ü-{æ,-bÜ-*#Ü -:-è &9-60Ü -00-/-*#-P9-e³$-Yè-P-è /7Ü-#·¦0-0-ë :-*Ü0-ý<-Z$ë -I-09-"ß<-
/x,-ý-P9-#<:-#+/Ê y9-8$-0è-+è-(Ü+-&è<-&è9-7/9-/<-e$-<è0<-/U¨:-/7Ü-/+è-/-+$-7lè<-
)è-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü-,<-9Ü0-ý9-0&è+-ý<-:ß<-I-n-0ë7Ü-"0<-*0<-%+-a/Ê lë+-+$-/+è-/<-#$-/-+è-
(Ü+-9$-9#Ü -#-Ü $ë-/9ë -9-ë 0(0-¸¥-;è<-ý7Ü-P-/<-F0-ý9-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-8-è ;è<-0$ë,-¸-¥ eè+-ý9-7b²9-:Ê
º¥-/+è-Yë/<-<ß-b9² -ý7Ü-(0<-#<ß0-!9-8$-&è+-73Ý,-0+è -ý9-0*9-*ß#-!-+#-9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-
&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-/þ:-/9-e7ëÊ Ê
₫Ü9-#·¦0-0ë-:-,0-0"7-+$-0(0-ý7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê 9$-/5Ü,-dÜÊ >-*ß$-,$-Ê "-‚ë9-#<$-
/7Ü-#·¦0-0ë-#<ß0-¸¥-#<ß$<-ý-:<-7+Ü9-/Vë0-e-,$-#Ü-#·¦0-0ë7Ü-$-ë /ë-,ÊÜ /+è-Yë$-T,-%Ü#-þ<è -
ý7Ü-8è-;è<-,$-#Ü-F:-7eë9-0-YèÊ Eë9-nè$-:<Ê Pè-/7Ü-+/ß<-<ß-D#-#,<-ýÊ Ê(Ü-0-Yë$-+$-
02±$<-ý7Ü-7ë+Ê Ê8è-;è<-&è,-ýë7Ü-0è-7e³$-/Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê$è<-2#Ý -1¼-:¡Ü7Ü-…-:<-l#-%Ü$-#·¦0-
:-rè#-ý-Yè-#$-:-#,+-¸¥-/[¨,-ý<-.ß$-"0<-`-Ü 0-+#-ý-+$-F0-D#ë -(,ë -0$ë <-f³9-¸¥-rè#-ý9-eè+-
ý7ëË Ê#,<-2:± -{æ+-Zè-<ë-<ë7-Ü +#ë$<-ý<-0-è +$-xä$-+$-I-+$-*#Ü -:è-+$-W#<-+$-8è-;è<-F0<-
<ß-#,<-ý9-/;+-:-´¥,-Jë/-*Ü#-:è-+,ë -+0-8è-;è<-<ß-#,<-ý-₫Ü7Ü-+#ë$<-ý7ëÊ Ê\9-eè+-/ß0-%,-
<ë#<-x$ä -‚9ë Ê <-/ë,-d#-02,-0-è *Ü#->-;+-<ë#<-+0Ü#<-ýÊ 9$-:<ß -#5,-:ß<-*/<-:-
/Y,-ý-Yè-#<ß0-0ëÊ Ê7/9-/7Ü-2+-9ë-z$-#Ü-xä$-+/ß-09-º¥#<-#,<-*Ü0-#<ß0-#7$-7/9-/-&±$-
7oÜ$-&,è -ý-ë #<ß0-¸¥-7e³$-Ê +eè-/-:<-+$-F:-7eë9-T,-þ<è -`-Ü #·¦0-0ë-#<ß0-00Ê 7/9-/-+0-
2Ý#-lë+Ê º¥-/-&ë<-/+è-/Ê 7lè<-ý7Ü-(0<-f$ë -8è-;è<-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-#·¦0-0ë-#<ß0-¸¥-/;+Ê D#<-
2+-d-Ü ,$-#Ü-D#<-/%°-+$-8,ë -),-iá/-ý-F0-ý-#(Ü<-!7Ü-{æ9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#ë$-#Ü-+ë,-F0<-/Xè,-…å/-/5Ü9-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-+ë,-/Z¨-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
6/-ý7Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-/Xè,-+$-(è-/Xè,-,ÜÎ xä$-#Ü-F:-7eë9-7há:-7"ë9-/%<-ý-YèÎ
#·¦0-0ë7Ü-…å/-ý<-/+è-Yë$-+eè9-0è+-ý7ÜÎ …å/-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-+è-(Ü+-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-/;+-ý7Ü-/%ë<-0Ü,-6/-0ë7Ü-/þè+-9Ü0-,Ü-/Xè,-ý-+$-Ê (è-/9-/Xè,-ý-,Ü-xä$-
#Ü-F:-7eë9-:<ß -‚ë$-7há:-7"ë9-+$-/%<-ý-8Ü,-)èÊ +è-,<-#·¦0-07ë -Ü /9-73#-#Ü-…å/-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý<-
137

/+è-Yë$-+eè9-0+è -ý7Ü-…å/-ý-&,è -ý7ë Ü-+è-(+Ü -0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9-/-Y-è +`Ü:-7"ë9-/!ë+-ý-<ë#<-‡ë<-/%<-:-


0-Pë<-ý9-,$-Eë-B7è -Ü :0-¸¥-/Xè,-…/å -8,-:#-/5Ü-0*9-d,Ü -ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-:0-bÜ-8,-:#-/;+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
:0-bÜ-8,-:# Ê
%è<-ý<-/Y,-)èÊ */<-:0-b-Ü 8,-:#-#:-&-è /-(Ü,-02,-bÜ-F:-7eë9Ê 020<-‚9ë -b-Ü #+0<-
ý-F0<-9Ü0-/5Ü,-/Y,-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê (Ü,-0ë7Ü-F:-7eë9Ê 02,-0ë7Ü-F:-7eë9Ê 7&Ü-"-+ $-/9-+ë7Ü-
(0<-:è,-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð(Ü,-0ë-7Ü-F:-7eë9-Ñ,ÜÊ
(Ü,-0ë7Ü-Bè<-*ë/-´¥,Î :0-bÜ-8,-:#-(Ü,-0ë7Ü-Bè<-*ë/-´¥,Î
0-+#-€ç-07Ü-+ýè-/{+-P-/ß -+$-Î +#-ý-<è0<-10-[$-Yë$-T-U¨ 9-/PÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ º¥-/+è-#·¦0-
xä$-<è0<-d#-{9-Q$-/<-yë/-ý-+$-Î 0Ü-yë/-6ß$-7'ß#-€ç-07Ü-/+è-/9-9ë:Î
0ë7Ü-F:-7eë9-,-Ü …Ü/-I-Xë0<-7'ß#-7.ë-/7Ü-#,<-U/<-‚ë9-5Ü$-T,-þè<-`-Ü 8è-;<è -/þè+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-:0-
bÜ-#º¥$-;Ü$-8Ü,-ý<-0(0-/5#-(0<-:è,-+$ë<-#5Ü9-e<-:Ê Bè<-*ë/-·¦-(Ü,-02,-bÜ-F:-7eë9-
bÜ<-<ë-<ë7Ü-$ë-U:-‚$-+#ë<-ý<Ê +è7$-(Ü,-0ë7Ü-Bè<-*ë/-*-0:-7há:-/7Ü-#,<-U/<-´¥,-€ç-:ß<-
`Ü<-‚$<-)èÊ +è7$-/…å/-e-+$ë<-]<-+ë,-bÜ-€-ç :ß<-8Ü,-`$-W,ë -¸-¥ €ç-0-P-/7ß -Ü )Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-vë-
7eë$<-ý9-e-+#ë<-ý<Ê 0+ë9-l:Ü -,-/5ÜÊ
+$-ý-ë 0-+#-ý7Ü-€ç-:ß<-,ÜÊ "0<-#<ß0-[+ë -/%°+-`Ü-+$ë<-ýë-*0<-%+-€ç-07Ü-+ýè-/{+-`<Ü -
02ì,-,<-0è+-/5Ü,-¸-¥ [$-:-/+è,-ý9-0-i/á -ý-+ýè-+è-+#-P-/9ß -;è<-ý9-e-YèÊ /{+-,ÜÊ /+è,-ý9-
0-iá/-`$-e-eè+-+$ë<-ýë-2$-/9-[$-/-€ç-0Ê 7há:-ý<-/y+-ý7Ü-<è0<-10-¸¥-[$-/-HÜ-:0Ê
#+ë<-/%<-<ß-0-iá/-ý<-d-Ü ,$-#$-¸¥7$-0+è -ý-0Ü#-89ë Ê U+-%#Ü -#<Ü -#8ë-/-^#Ü -{Êæ #%Ü#-#Ü<-
#9-8$-a/-ý-&±-wÊ {æ-zè,-:<-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-þè-7##-eè+-ý-o#-&Ê [$-8$-$è<-ý-0è+-ý-lÜ-67Ü-
ië$-aè9Ê #%Ü#-+$-¸¥-09-[$-/-‡:å -ý-F0<-)Êè +è-/5Ü,-¸¥-7"ë9-7+<-`Ü-&<ë -*0<-%+-Yë$-
/5Ü,-¸¥-(è-/9-[$-/-€ç-07Ü-:ß<-%,-8Ü,-ý<-2Ý#-+ë,-,0-0+ë-+$-*ß,-0ë$-/7Ü-₫Ü-+ë,-bÜ-€ç-:ß<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+#-ý-€ç-:ß<-,ÊÜ 7+Ü-P9-[$-/-*0<-%+-:#ë <-<ß-0-i/á -ý-<è0<-`Ü-7¸¥-eè+-10-¸¥-
;9-/-+$-<è0<-+è7$-#+ë+-,<-9$-e$³ -[$-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-#-Ü T-U¨9-/P-/-YèÊ +è7Ü-2±:-8$-9Ü0-M-
:<Ë 0è-:$ë -,$-#Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-b<Ü Ê Ê€ç-07Ü-:ß<-,Ü-02ì,-ý9-eÊ Ê"-+ë#-F0<-,-Ü 7'7-P-
/ßË Êa/-ý-&±-8Ü-w-/<-<ëÊ Ê5è<-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-#6ß#<-Jë#<-ý-+$-#<:-5Ü$-0-7lè<-ý-+$-#%Ü#-
138

#Ü<-´¥,-:-a/-ý-a+-ý9-<0ß -Q,-¸¥-/Vë0-ý-,Ü-W#<-`Ü-₫-Ü +ë,-,ëÊ Ê


#<ß0-ý-F0-+#-€-ç :ß<-,ÜÊ xä$-+/ß-09-*0Ü -ý<-Yë$-ý-#<ß0-00-/5Ü-l$<-)èÊ +è7Ü-(9è -*ë/-
/0-7ë+-#<:-bÜ-0*9-xä$-<è0<-10-:<-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-T-U¨9-Q$-Ê +è-P-/ß7Ü-7'ß#-Q$-:-8$-8$-
#ë0<-,<-xä$-<è0<-10-:<-iá/-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-d#-{9-Q$<-ý<-yë/-ý7Ü-6ß$-7'ß#-7iá/-ý-]<-
+ë,-+$-Ê
/5Ü-ý-,ÜÊ +è-+#-0*9-dÜ,-ý-:<-lÜ-0-*0<-%+-+$-o:-/-0Ü-yë/-ý7Ü-6ß$-7'ß#-8è-;è<-`Ü-₫ë+-
8ß:-€ç-0-P-/7ß -Ü /+è-/9-9:ë -ý-,Ü-0*9-*#ß -#Ü-€ç-:ß<-<ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-#:-ý-ë :<Ê 7o<-/ß7Ü-/+#-
eÜ,-/x/-ý-,ÜÊ Ê€ç-0-+$-,-Ü &±-w-+$-Ê Ê7'7-2,ì -/5Ü,-¸¥-+$ë<-0è+-ýÊ Ê+è-P9-7o<-/7ß -Ü U¨9-[$-
/Ë Ê02,-+$-+ýè-e+-{,-bÜ<-/{,Ê Ê%è<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-02,-07ë -Ü F:-7eë9-:-#(Ü<Ê 0(0-/5#-+$-Ê Bè<-*ë/-/ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0(0-/5#-Ñ,ÜÊ
&ë<-´¥,-9$-/5Ü,-Yë$-#<:-8Ü,-;è<-,<Î #(Ü+-¸<¥ -XÜ$-+/ß<-0Ü-;Ü# <-* Ü#-:è-:Î
0(0-/5#-Yë$-/5Ü7Ü-(0<-fë$-l$<-ý-:<Î +ýè-+$-+ë,-bÜ-7ë+-#<:-Ië:-0è +-7&9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #(Ü+-0*ß#-#,<-U/<-`Ü-lÜ-0-‚ë$-/-7ë+-#<:-:7$-2±:-/5Ü-:<Ê +$-ýë-2Ý#-
+ë,-+$-0+ë-₫Ü-,ÜÊ 7"ë9-7+<-`Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-&ë<-´¥,-bÜ-9$-/5Ü,-,-Ü #+ë+-0-,<-‡ë<-ý7Ü-0*7-+$-
o:-/<-$ë-/ë-Yë$-:-F0-ý-7##-0+è -%Ü9-8$-#<:-ý-8Ü,-ý-:-8Ü,-ý9-;<è -ý7Ü-)$Ü -73Ý,-/D,-ý<-
xä$-+/ß-09-*Ü0-Yè-Y$ë -/5Ü-7lè,-¹¥<-ý-#5Ü9-e<-,<Ê #(Ü<-ý-W#<-₫Ü7-Ü 7ë+-#<:-73Ý,-ý-:-¸¥<-
#,+-*ë-9$<-#(Ü+-r/-ý7Ü-¸¥<Ê :ß<-#,+-1ì#-ýßÊ 7¸¥,-ý-#(Ü+-"7Ü-l,-ýÊ 8ß:-#,+-XÜ$-#7Ü-
₯$<-0-0-Ü ;Ü#<-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:-è :-<è0<-Iè-#%Ü#-·-¦ 0(0-ý9-/5#-ý<-zè,-e<Ê W9-b-Ü (0<-fë$-
#Ü<-{æ-e<-)è-+/ß-09-xä$-<è0<-%°$-6+-7¸¥<-ý-:<-7e³$-/-90Ü -ý9-*Ü0-ý7Ü-D#<-[$-n-0-ë ¸¥-/-:-
<ë#<-ý-7&9Ê F0-;<è -[$-/-:-*Ü0-Yè-D#ë -ý-9#<-ý-7##<-ý<-+!9-:0-w-7ë+-P-/ß9-;9-/-
,Ü-Yë$-ýÊ [$-/-0&è+-ý-:-*Ü0-Yè-n-/7Ü-Dë#-ý-7##<-ý<-+09-:0-(Ü-7+ë -P-/-ß ,Ü-;,Ü -·-¦ Yë$-ýÊ
0&è+-ý-(9è -*ë/-:-*0Ü -ý<-Dë#-ý-.:-&9è -7##<-ý-,#-:0-020<-`Ü-^#-P-/ß-,Ü-Yë$-ý-&,è -ýÊë
(è9-*ë/-7ë+-#<:-:-*Ü0-Yè-x$ä -<0è <-*0<-%+-7##<-ý<-*-ë 9$<-`Ü-Y,ë -!-,0-yë$-eè+-zè,-#<ß0-
+$-o:-/-P-/ß-,-Ü *0<-%+-Y$ë -ý-YèÊ Yë$-/5Ü-<ë-<ë7-Ü *+-¸-¥ $ë<-6,Ü -ý9-e-5Ü$-a+-ý9-/5Ü-ý-7+ë -
#<:-bÜ-$$-%Ü-#,<-<-ß /þ$-Ê #<ß0-ý-]<-+ë,-,ÜÊ (0<-fë$-+è7Ü-{,æ -(,Ü -02,-"-‚9ë -¸-¥ l$<-
ý-:<-:0-¸¥<-r/-0*ß#-(0<-Dë#<-`<Ü -dè-/7Ü-+ýè7-Ü 7ë+-#<:-:-9$-+/$-*/ë -ý7Ü-{-æ :<Ê /5Ü-
ý-0*9-*ß#-+ë,-bÜ-7+ë -#<:-I:ë -0è+-¸¥-7&9-/9-7b²9-)èÊ 7&Ü-/-&ë<-`Ü-U9¨ -:0-¸¥-/y$<Ê 7ë+-
#<:-0-+$-/ß-7lè<-#+ë+-07Ü-#5Ü-*ë#-·¦-U+-%Ü#-#%Ü#-#Ü<-eè-o#-d+è -ý9-7b²9-9Êë Ê
139

#(Ü<-ý-ÐBè<-*ë/-Ñ,ÜÊ
Bè<-*ë/-7¸¥,-ý7Ü-Yë /<-+$-xä$-‚9ë -b<Ü Î HÜ-:0-$ë-;è<-‡å:-€9ç -I:-&è ,-‚$-Î
Yë $-&è,-$$-/Z¨-XÜ$-Bè-€ç -07Ü-#+$<Î d#-{-#%Ü#-‡ë<-0"7-a/-2ì0-/ß9-/…å/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #(Ü+-`Ü-7ë+-#<:-:-0(0-ý9-/5#-ý7Ü-B<è -*ë/-·¦-HÜ-:0-7&9-/9-I0ë -,-U+-%Ü#-
#Ü<-€ç-:ß<-`Ü-T-U¨9-Q$-/-8Ü,-`$-Ê +è-P9-0Ü-¹¥<-ý<-HÜ-:0-bÜ-#,<-U/<-‚ë$-/7Ü-#+0<-$#-
,ÜË (Ü,-0ë-[$-/-*0<-%+-HÜ-:0-¸¥-l,-ý-{,æ -&#<-ý-7¸¥,-ý7Ü-Yë/<-+$-Ê rë#-Ië:-xä$-#Ü-‚9ë -
/-:-#,+-¸¥-/[¨,-ý7Ü-Yë/<-`Ü<-¹/¥ -0-ë #(Ü+-0*ß#-7ë+-#<:-¸¥-7&9-0-¹<¥ -ý9-xä$-9ë-z$-¸¥-;ë9-
,<-0iÜ,-ý7Ü-I9-{æ<-)è-/#-&#<-`Ü-:ß<-:-(Ü$-7há:-bÜ-[$-/-;9-0-*#-H-Ü :0-¸-¥ $ë-;<è -ý9-e<-
:-7¸¥,-ý-l#-ýë<-/6ß$-Ê +è-/D,-ý-,-#%Ü#-:<-¸-¥ 0-+$-#$-7¸¥:-<#ë <-<ß-‡å:Ê +è7$-/D,-
,<-+$ë<-ýë-:-0-$è<-ý-[-2ì#<-<ß-/€ç9-/-+$-\è:-/-<ë#<-e<-:-HÜ-:0-bÜ-)Ü$-73Ý,-I:-&è,-0-
Jë#<-/9-¸¥-‚$-Ê I:-Jë#<-,<-(Ü$-7há:-bÜ-[$-/-*0<-%+-Yë$-ý-&,è -ý7ë -Ü $$-¸-¥ /Z¨-5Ü$-+è7Ü-
$$-:<-XÜ$-Bè-€ç-0-P-/ß7Ü-9$-#+$<-xä$-<è0<-:<-iá/-ý7Ü-T-U¨-d#-{-#%Ü#-ý9-Q$-Ê +è-:<-
d#-{-¸¥-09-‡ë<-;Ü$-0*9-'Ü-rÜ+-0"7-a/-`Ü-2ì0-/ß9-‡ë-¹¥<-ý-+è-rÜ+-¸¥-/Ië,-ý<-/…å/-ý-,ÜÊ HÜ-
:0-:-/Xè,-…å/-8,-:#-/5Ü-2$-/9-Jë#<-ý7ëÊ Ê+è<-#,<-U/<-<-ß 7há:-[$-#Ü-/+è,-5è,-Që#-
%Ü$-0*9-*ß#-/9-+ë-:ë$<-U¨-0$ë,-¸¥-eè+-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-7&Ü-"-+$-/9-+ë7Ü-(0<-:è,-/Y,-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê +#ë<-ý-/Y,-ý<-020<-‚9Ê +è-#(Ü<-
<ë-<ë9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+#ë<-ý-/Y,-ý<-020<-‚9-Ñ,ÜÊ
2é-7+Ü9-#ë0<-ý-0$ë,-¸¥ -0-b²9-,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #$-6#-:è-:ë-%,-#+0<-$#-*ë/-:-(0<-<ß-v$<-`$-2é-7+Ü9-Dë#<-ý7Ü-#+è$-0-
*ë/-%Ü$-#ë0<-ý-0$ë,-¸¥-0-b9² -,Ê :0-bÜ-&+-0*ß+-7&Ü-"9-8è-;è<-#ë$-¸¥-7.ë-/-+$-Ê /9-+-ë U¨-
#<ß0-¸¥-/rè-/7Ü-#+0<-$#-7+Ü-+#-(0<-<ß-v$-/9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 7&Ü-"-07Ü-(0<-:è,Ê /9-+ë7-Ü (0<-:è,-,ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð7&Ü-"-07Ü-(0<-:è,-Ñ,ÜÊ
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-₫Ü9-9/-7&Ü-/-+ë,-+0-/+è,-ý-7ë+-
xä$-<è0<-/Z¨-5Ü$-7.ë<-)è-$$-:-#5#Î
#<:-bÜ-$$-¸¥-7.ë-/-+$-Ê 7oÜ$-/9-+ë-8$-+#-ý7Ü-´,¥ -J/ë -€ç-:ß<-`Ü-T-U9¨ -7.ë-/-+$-Ê *-0-
/þè+-9Ü0-¸¥-7.ë-/-/%<-#<ß0-¸¥-#<ß$<-ý-:<-7+Ü9-/Y,-e-dÜ-0-YÊè #<ë,-¸<¥ -<ß-:è#<-ý9-
‚$<-,<-7&Ü-"9-:<-:-‚ë9-/9-e7ëÊ Ê+è7$-:ß<-#,+-xä$-‚ë9-+$-Q,-ý<-7"ë9-/7Ü-Vë-+μ¥-
/## Ê*9-ý7Ü-Vë-#%Ü#-+eèÊ xä$-<è0<-P-è /70-XÜ$-#7Ü-+/ß-09-/Dè,-:-/Z¨-5Ü$-2$<-/ß#-,<-
140

Dè,-%,-D,è -0+è -#$-9ß$-¸¥-7.ë-5$Ü -7/è/<-ý-<ë#<-e<-,<-7eë$<-ý9-b²9-ý-,Ê 7&Ü-/7Ü-D#<-2$-


5Ü$-/yä-/7Ü-*/<-`Ü<-0-Që#-ý7Ü-2é-7¸¥,-ý-Iè-#%Ü#-ý<-+eÜ$<-<ß-7.ë<-)è-!-+#-/<0-/Bë+-o:-
/7Ü-$$-:-/5#-ý<-9/-+#-ý-0"7-₫ë+-`Ü-5Ü$-¸¥-/ië+-+è-:0-T#-0-Jë#<-,<-0&ë#-*ë/-ý-+$-Ê
7oÜ$-W#<-₫ë+-`Ü-Dè,-/6ß$-,<-þè-/-+#-ý9-/{æ+-+è-+$ë<-iá/-*ë/-ý-+$-Ê *-0-0*ë-9Ü<-<ß-þè<-
,<-:0-[-6Ü,-)è-9Ü0-ý<-*9-ý-:-‚ë9-/9-/;+-+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð/9-+ë7Ü-(0<-:è,-Ñ,ÜÊ
/9-+ë7Ü-[$-i#-Dë#-2ì# <-T-W#<-+$-Î 8è -;è<-&è,-ýë9-/rè-/<-020<-‚9-9ëÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7&Ü-/7Ü-2é-:ß#<-Që#-#Ü-7ë+-#<:-$ë<-0-6Ü,-ý<-:ß#<-7e³$-*0<-%+-Yë$-ý-
:<-(9è -*/ë -<#ë <-<ß-Q$-5Ü$-9$-/5Ü,-/{+-%°7Ü-D#ë -ý-þè<-ý7Ü-2-é /9-+ë7-Ü 8Ü+-:ß<-0Ü$-/5Ü-7¸¥<-
ý7Ü-.ß$-ýë9-iá/-,<-7há:-[$-:-₫ë+-ý-YèÊ +è7Ü-2é-W9-b-Ü #+0<-$#-#Ü-#,+-l,-ý9-e<-:Ê
7há:-[$-/+è,-0è+-¸¥-;è<-ý<-[$-8ß:-…-i#<-Dë#-2ì#<-#<ß0-ýë-[$-Yë$-T-+$-i#<-Yë$-W#<-
+$-9#Ü -Y$ë -8è-;è<-&è,-ýë9-/rè-/-+$-Ê #5,-8$-+,ë -b-Ü #ë0<-ý-+$-/Y©,-^Ü,-eè+-+/$-Ê ië:-
eè+-:0Ê /rá$-e-+0-2Ý# Ê7*ë/-e-7o<-/ß-+$-0*ß,-ý9-/rè-/<-+#-ý7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-<ë#<-<ß-
020<-‚9-)è-þè-/-‡å:-U¨9-7iá/-ý-+$-Ê +/$-ýë-;,Ü -·-¦ *-0<-`$-7¸¥,-ý-%è9-b<Ü -/6ß$-:Ê
0ë<-μ<¥ -X$Ü -B-è 5è,-:ë#-<ë#<-»#¥ <-/þè+-ý<-þè-#,<-$,-ý7Ü-0$:-Vë-"#è <-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-:0-#5,-7¸¥-/7Ü-2±:-7o<-/ß-+$-/%<-ý-,ÜÊ
+è-P9-I-"0<-+0-8è-+eè9-0è+-TÎ 9$-e³$-#<:-#+/-‚ë$-/-F0-#<ß0-bÜ <Î
U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-`Ü-8è-;è<-:0-¸¥-eÎ "-‚ë9-+/$-/U¨9-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý-+$-Î
#·¦0-0ë7Ü-0è <-0&ë+-7/9-73#-uä-8Ü<-/Yë+Î lë+-`Ü<-a/-ý7Ü-2ì#<-"$-(0<-+#7-/9Î
º¥-/+è7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-2ì# <-+$-#)ë9-09-9ë:Î 0Ü-Dë#-$$-* Ü0-€ç-07Ü-T-U¨9-Q$-Î
:ß #<-Që#-7ë+-#<:-+è-/5Ü,-(Ü +-`Ü-+eÜ $<Î :ß#<-7e³$-´¥,-[$-{æ-8Ü-8Ü-# è7Ü-‡Ü,Î
HÜ-:0-d#-{-#%Ü#-‡ë<-I:-‚$<-ý<Î xä$-<è0<-+eè9-0è+-2ì0-/ß -2ì#<-…å/-`Ü<Î
F0-^Ü,-Vë-#<ß0-Eë-Bè-#<ß0-¸¥-7.ëÎ þè-;Ü-/9-+ë9-U¨-#<ß0-T©,-iá/-ý7ÜÎ
0&ë#-#Ü -+$ë<-iá/-Ië:-0è+-$$-#Ü<-7&9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 9$-eÜ,-/x/-`Ü-Jë#<-90Ü -+-è P9-/Yè,-ý-"ë-,<-9Ü0-ý-+$-ý7ë -Ü :0-8$-8ë$<-<ß-
Jë#<-ý9-7b²9-)èÊ *ë#-09-#5Ü-:<ß -I7Ü-"0<-#1ì-0ë-7"ë9-+$-/%<-ý-,Ü-+0-2Ý#-8è-;<è -+eè9-
0è+-ý7Ü-T-2ì#<-#1ì-7"ë9Ê +è-(+Ü -Eë-Bè-:ß<-`-Ü +`Ü:-7"ë9-9$-e³$-¸-¥ iá/-ý9-;è<-ý<-#<:-#+/-
I-xä$-*Ü#-:è7Ü-þë$-/-F0-ý-#<ß0-b<Ü -Vë-#<ß0-U¨-#<ß$-*#ß <-Eë-Bè9-eÜ,-/x/<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-:0-¸¥-e-
141

/-+$-Ê Yè$-7ë#-#Ü-x$ä -"-‚ë9-¸-¥ /%Ü$<-ý<-+/$-/U¨9-5Ü$-7e³$-7'ß#-#,<-#<ß0-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý-


{æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý-+$-Ê Pè-/9-#·¦0-0ë-]9-/7Ü-0<è -0&ë+-%Ü$-+cÜ+-*#Ü -7/9-73#-0-Ü ;#Ü <-ý7Ü-9$-…-
Eë-Bè7Ü-uä-8Ü<-/Yë+-ý-+$-Ê :ß<-1¼-:¡Ü7Ü-l+ë -`Ü<-a/-ý7Ü-,$-#-Ü 2ì#<-"$-(0<-<ß-+#7-/9Ê >-
=î-º¥-/+è7Ü-:ë$<-₫ë+-6#-0è+-/¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-2ì#<-+$-#)ë9-09-2Ý0<-ý-&è,-ýë9-9ë:-,<-7ë+-#<:-F0-
ý9-0-Ü Dë#-ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-*Ü0Ê y9-8$-6ß$-7'ß#-€ç-0-P-/ß7Ü-T7Ü-U¨-9$-0+$<-[ë+-/%°+-+`Ü:-7"ë9-
#<ß0-€ç-07Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-Q$-/-/%<-`Ü<-<+-¸¥<-0(0-Bè<-`Ü-F:-7eë9-#(Ü<-<ß-‡ë<-/%<-`Ü-nÜ,-
:<-:-'Ü-P9-8ë+-ý-2$-/-+$-Ê [$-#<ß0-:ß#<-Që#-7ë+-#<:-¸¥-*Ü0-,<-+è7Ü-$$-¸¥-#,<-ý-+è-
/5Ü,-(Ü+-Yë$-ý-&è,-ýë7-Ü +eÜ$<-:<Ê Bè<-*ë/-:ß#<-Q#ë -·¦-;9-/-´¥,-[$-€ç-0-+$-{æ7Ü-<-/,ë -b-Ü 8Ü-
#è7Ü-‡,Ü -:<Ê HÜ-:0-T-U¨-d#-{-#%Ü#-ý9-Q$-5Ü$-+è-:<-d#-{-‡ë<-/%<-`Ü-I:-‚$<-ý<Ê
xä$-<è0<-+eè9-0è+-ý7Ü-T7Ü-2ì0-/ß-0*7-8<-ý9-‡-ë /-2ì#<-…/å -&,è -0-ë YèÊ #(Ü+-¸¥<-0(0-B<è -`Ü-
F:-7eë9-/Xè,-iá/-8,-:#-/5Ü-+$-/%<-ý-F0<-`Ü<Ê 0-+#-F0-^Ü,-bÜ-V-ë #<ß0-ý-ë F0-ý9-+#-
ý-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-E-ë Bè-#<ß0-¸¥-#ë-7.ë-5Ü$-#,<-7b²9Ê þè-/-‡:å -U¨Ê 7&Ü-/-&ë<-U¨Ê /9-+ë-:ë$<-
U¨-Yè-/9-rÜ+-#<ß0-ýë-U¨-#<ß0-¸¥-9$-/5Ü,-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý9-0$ë,-e$-&±/-ý7Ü-0&ë#-#Ü-+$ë<-iá/-
7/+-Ië:-0è+-ý9-$$-#Ü<-7&9-/9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-;è9-+/$-#Ü-(0<-:è,-/;+-ý-:-#<ß0Ê 020<-‚9-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê +è-(Ü+-{<-
ý9-/;+-ýÊ +è-+#-#Ü-+,ë -/Z¨-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð020<-‚9-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
#$-8$-(0<-Dë#<-&è<-&è9-0&è +-ý-,Î ;è<-9/-8è-;è<-+/$-#Ü -(0<-:è ,-,ÜÎ
/+è-/-&è ,-ýë-…å/-ý7Ü-9Ü0-ý-YèÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 9$-eÜ,-/x/-`Ü-(0<-:è,-+è-+#-#Ü-I-/-rë#-Ië:-…-'Ü-/5Ü,-7iá/-%Ü$-7.ë-0è+-:-
#+Ü$-¸¥-b²9-ý-<ë#<-0(0-Bè<-`Ü-F:-7eë9-#$-:-8$-Dë#<-#ë0<-`Ü<-(0<-Dë#<-I:-"-&è<-&è9-
0è+-%Ü$-{<-ý9-b²9-ý-,Ê #<ß0-ý-;è<-9/-8è-;è<-`Ü-+/$-#Ü-(0<-:è,-#5,-:ß<-:-7'ß#-ý7Ü-¸¥<-
8Ü,-5Ü$-Ê +è-,-Ü 0&ë#-·¦-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-…å/-ý7Ü-:0-bÜ-90Ü -ý-{+æ -Zè-´¥,-:<-a+-ý9-¸-¥
/W#<-ý-YèÊ ¸¥9-hë+-"$-/Iè#<-`Ü-{æ+-:<Ê :<-{7Ü-e$-&±/-<è0<-7eë$<-ý<Ê Ê0&ë#-+$-
*ß,-0ë$-8ë,-),-F0<Ê Ê9$-#Ü-<0è <-:-#$-7+ë+-ýÊ Ê7+Ü-8<Ü -$<è -ý9-7iá/-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-
+$-Ë 7'0-+ý:-5:-:ß$-:<Ê #<:-5Ü$-9/-+#7-0"7-0(0-ýÊ Ê#5,-¸-¥ 9Ü#-ý9-0-Ü 7b²9-
/<Ë Ê€ç-0-´¥,-:<-a+-ý9-¸Ê¥ Ê/ß+-0è+-€ç-0-a+-ý9-7.#<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-(Ü+-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê :0-+$ë<-+$-Ê #5,-+è9-7¸¥-2±:Ê +è-+#-#Ü-7o<-
/ß7ëË Ê+$-ýë-:7$-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
142

8ß:-+$-¸<¥ -+$-*/<-+$-02ì ,-e-/Î F0-ý-/5Ü-8<Ü -+è-(Ü+-7iá/-ý9-7b²9Î


5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 6/-:0-+è-(0<-<ß-:è,-ý7Ü-*/<-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê #$-:-/Yè,-e7Ü-8ß:-+$-Ê ,0-
/Yè,-ý7Ü-¸¥<-2+ì -+$-Ê 'Ü-P9-/Yè,-ý7Ü-*/<-+$-Ê +è-P9-/Yè,-ý<-02ì,-ý9-e-/-Yè-F0-ý-/5Ü-
8Ü<-#5,-:ß<-;è<-9/-:-/Yè,-ý7Ü-*/<-:0-6/-0ë-+è-(Ü+-+cÜ<-dÜ,-ý9-7iá/-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê 8ß:-/;+-ýÊ ¸¥<-/;+-ýÊ */<-+è<-02ì,-2±:-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê
+$-ýë-8ß:-d#-{-/D#-%$Ü -+μ¥#-ý7Ü-2:± -/;+-ý-,ÜÊ
8ß:-,Ü-d#-{-ý+-%,-9/-8Ü,-:Î 9Ü-0ë-¸¥$-%,-u$-[-9Ü -₯#<-7oÜ$-Î
+è-:-ý+-%,-/5Ü,-wä0-ýV7Ü-0+ë#Î 9ß-]:-:ß<-+eÜ/<-o$-03é<-¹¥-0-0hè#<Î
Pè-/9-bè,-7iè $-#(è9-0-#<ß0-8ë+-ýÎ 0&ë#-b²9-9%-7ë -07Ü-0+ë#-·¦-[$-Î
9Ü-0ë-%,-,Ü-hë-#·¦0-¹¥-0-6/Î :ß<-*ß$-eÜ,-ý-n-5Ü$-#<ß<-ý-]ë0Î
¸¥$-%,-0-,Ü-/ë$-720<-8Ü+-¸¥-7ë$Î „-+$-[-Iè-9Ü$-5 Ü$-¹¥-0-0hè#<Î
u$-[-%,-,Ü-:ß<-&è -eÜ,-ý-]ë0Î /5Ü,-bÜ-0+$<-#<:-&#<-Q,-&$-lÜ-/[0Î
9Ü-₯#<-%,-,Ü-+!9-+09-9Ü-₯#<-0Ü#Î ₫ë+-:0-Xë0<-5Ü$-¹¥-0-wä 0-:-7aÜ:Î
9Ü#<-%,-F0-M-#$-8$-9ß$-/-70Î …å/-ýë-:-μ¥<-#<$-*ß/-&#<-ý-&èÎ
/+è-/-/6ë+-0è+-7+ë+-ý7Ü -€ç-I:-0"<Î /%°-lá#-(Ü-»¥-(è9-M7Ü-,-2ì+-%,Î
:è #<-ý9-/D#<-:-J<-W#<-+0Ü#<-ý<-+μ¥# Î +è-,<-(0<-+#7-/#-.è/<-+/è,-# ,<-<Îß
*ß,-0ë$-&ë<-`Ü<-vë-{æ+-:è#<-ý9-‚$-Î 6/-0ë 7Ü-+/$-/U¨9-+0-2Ý#-T#-ý9-7/ë#<Î
9Ü0-#(Ü<-(0<-`Ü-lë+-D#<-$è<-ý-+$-Î #<$-W#<-₫ë+-:-„#-ý-0è+-ý7Ü-vëÎ
6ß$<-*ß/-/D,-ýë-9/-·¦-þè-/9-eÎ 0+ë9-,-/D#-+$-+μ¥#-+$-‚$-/-YèÎ
Wë,-7ië-# <ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/7Ü-(è 9-/Zë#<-/…å/Î */<-,Ü-h<á -e<-{,-‡<-/´¥-0(è-eÎ
/%°+-%,-6<-/Yè,-I-xä$-7há:-7"ë9-‚$-Î 7/ë:-/7Ü-#+,-:-8/-8ß0-7"ë+-,<-`$-Î
/P-5 Ü$-&#<-ý7Ü-#)0-+$-0+$<-/þè+-<ë#<Î /y/-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/7Ü-:<-:-/U¨:Î
T9-# <:-eÜ,-/x/-7+ë+-ý-0(0-Q,-ý7ÜÎ 7¸¥ -;è<-#<ß 0-bÜ<-* -0:-[$-5è,-Që#Î
7a²+-+$-‡+-+$-+:-/ß<-/rá/<-ý-8ÎÜ ‚ë9-*/<-# <ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/-9Ü0-b<Ü -+//Î
7"ë9-:ë 7Ü-T-0&ë +-Xë0<-7'ß#-xä$-‚ë9-/%<Î /þÜ:-*/<-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/-#ë$-¸¥-\ë9Î
#<$-/7Ü-I-+$-*Ü#-:è-xä$-<è0<-/%<Î "-‚ë9-#<ß0-bÜ<-T,-þè<-/+è-/-f$-Î
:ß <-$#-7b²9-+$-)Ü $-73Ý ,-Iè-#%Ü#-ý7ÜÎ 7há:-7"ë9-#<ß 0-bÜ<-/+è-/-0Ü-(0<-#6ß$-Î
¸¥+-7ië7Ü-7b²9-+$-xä$-#+$<-+0Ü#<-ý7Ü-0+7Î /1,-*/<-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/-#,<-<ß-Që#Î
143

<è$-#è-F0-9ë:-o/-+$-# 5Ü:-/-8ÜÎ €ç-I:-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/-a/-ý9-+i0Î


<è0<-/6ß $-73Ý ,-0è+-0"7-€ç9-F0-+#-ý7ÜÎ {<-7+è/<-#<ß 0-bÜ<-/+è-Yë$-6ß$-¸¥-&±+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-:-#5,-:ß<-+`Ü:-7"ë9-7"ë9-:ë-,-Ü .ë-(7Ü-0bë#<-:0-8Ü,-ý<-*#ë -09-/Yè,-
e7Ü-8ß:-#:-&è-YèÊ +è7$-9/-+ë,-bÜ-7ë+-#<:-*ë/-ý7Ü-T,-þè<Ê 7oÜ$-+/$-+$-/þè+-9Ü0-bÜ<-
{æ+-‚$<-ý7Ü-W#<-þ<è -+$-8ß:-(è9-/5Ü-:-<#ë <-ý9-þè<-ý-,Ü-/Yè,-ý-10-bÜ<-+$ë<-i/á -·-¦ 7b²9-
/<-0&ë#-8Ü,-`$-Ê U:-ý-+$-¹¥<-ý-+0,-ý<-*-0-:<-þè<-`Ü-d#-{-0Ü-0ë-+`²<-0-:<-#5,-0Ü-
7iá/-%Ü$-+è7$-02,-$,-/Yè,-,-8ë,-),-0Ü-7.è:-b-Ü Yè$-¸¥-þë,-þè+-ý<-¹¥<-ý-0-*ë/-`Ü-/9-¸¥-\$-
+#ë<-;$Ü -02,-Q,-"ë-,-#:-&è-/-+$-/ß+-0è+-*0<-%+-9#Ü <-%,-M-:<-0-7+<-ý9-/;+-ý<-M-ýë-
:<Ë ýV-%,-,Ü-I-/6$-/<-/+è-/-T#-ý9-/þè+-%Ü$-&ë<-(Ü+-#<:-/<-9/-8Ü,-:Ê 9Ü-0ë-%,-+$-
¸¥$-%,-0-+$-u$-[-%,-+$-9Ü-₯#<-0-/5Ü-,-Ü I-W-0-:<-+0,-ý<-7oÜ$-¸-¥ /;+-+ëÊ Ê
+è-:-ýV-%,-bÜ-02,-(+Ü -,ÊÜ dÜ-D#<-/5Ü,-9<-w0ä -ý-ë Wë-<$-$0-ýV7Ü-0+ë#-%,Ê „-<è9-5Ü$-
:Ü-/Ê 9ß<-]:-P9-&±-5è$-#/-ý7Ü-:ß<-+eÜ/<-%,Ê o$-03é<-:-¹¥-0-r-5Ü$-0hè#<-ýÊ ,$-
D#<-<ß-P-è /9-b,è -¸-¥ 7o$-/7Ü-#(è9-0-Yè-9Ü-0-ë #<ß0-8ë+-ýÊ 0&ë#-b9² -ýV7Ü-9#Ü <-8Ü,-ý<-#<$-
D#<-<ß-#<$-I-ý+-[:-P9-n-5Ü$-7eè+-73ß0-eè+-ý<-{æ,-¸¥70-9è<-7#7-9%-7-ë 07Ü-0+ë#-·-¦ [$-
/7ëË Ê
9Ü-0ë-%,-,ÜÊ {æ+-hë-5Ü$-#·¦0-:-¹¥-07Ü-#)Ü$-6/-ýÊ :ß<-`Ü-/ë$-*ß$-:-eÜ,-ý-9Ü-₯#<-P9-n-
5Ü$-#<ß<-ý-{<-ý<-?è+-ý-]ë0-ýÊ „-/6$-:-+ý:-/9-#(è9-0-bè,-7iè$-8ë+-ýÊ #<$-I-9Ü-0ë-
P9-n-/-Y-è :<-`-Ü 9Ü#<-<ëÊ Ê
¸¥$-%,-0-,ÜÊ :ß<-/ë$-=-%$-9Ü$-/70-*ß$-/-0-8Ü,-ý<-720<-;Ü$-/5Ü,-9<-8Ü+-¸¥-7ë$-/Ê
„-,#-:-9Ü$-/-+$-[7Ü-Iè-0ë70-:è/-0ë-0Ü,-ý9-9Ü$-5Ü$-¹¥-0-{<-:-0hè#<-ýÊ #<$-I-¸¥$-P9-
7hÜ:-/-Yè-9Ü,-&è,-9Ü#<-<ëÊ Ê
u$-[-%,-,ÜÊ :ß<-/ë$-&è-5Ü$-eÜ,-ý-]ë0-ýÊ „-$,-:-/5Ü,-9<-`Ü-0+$<-#<:-/Ê $ë-2-
&±$-/7Ü-&#<-ý-+$-Q,-:-:ß<-:<-&$-lÜ-0,0-ýÊ #<$-I-u$-&è,-[-P9-/P/<-ý-Yè-<$<-
{<-9Ü#<-<ëÊ Ê
9Ü-₯#<-%,-0-,ÜÊ /5Ü,-0+ë#-+!9-:-+09-/7Ü-0+$<-%,-9Ü-₯#<-P-/7ß -Ü 0Ü#-03é<-ýÊ
+m:-/-+eè<-&è-5Ü$-„-Ià/-ýÊ ₫ë+-:0-=-%$-+:-/70-oè:-/-0Ü,-ý9-X0ë <-;Ü$-¹¥-0-w0ä -:-7aÜ:-
/Ë #<$-I-9Ü-₯#<-`Ü-IÜ-P-/<ß -/!/-ý-Y-è Eë-B7è -Ü 9Ü#<-<Êë Ê
+è-P9-9Ü#<-F0-ý-M-ýë-9è-9è-:7$-dÜ-,$-#<$-D#<-2$-/-Jë#<-0-Jë#<-a+-ý9-bÜ<-9/-7oÜ$-
144

*-0-#<ß0-#<ß0-¸¥-7b²9-/<-+-è +#-#$-8$-9ß$-/70Ê 02,-(Ü+-2$-0-2$-%-Ü 8Ü,-`$-9ß$-#1ì-


/ë9-…å/-ý-ýë-9$-:-++-%Ü$-μ¥<-ý<-XÜ$-(è-/Ê vë-/D,-ý<-P-₫ë+-6/-0ë-#<$-*ß/-ýÊ I-/6$-/<-
&#<-ý-&è-/Ê +9-:-//-ý<-0*ë$-9è#-10-bÜ<-/+è-/-/6ë+-0è+-¸¥-#8ë-5Ü$-7hÜ#-*/<-`Ü-7+ë+-ý7Ü-
€ç-I:-:-0"<-ýÊ :ë-i$<-`$-/%°-lá#-,<-9/Ê (Ü-»¥-,<-7oÜ$-Ê (è9-M-,<-*-0-Yè-+è-2±,-&+-
`Ü-,-2ì+-%,-#:-&-è /-,ÜÊ €ç-7ná:-eè+-`Ü-/´¥-0(è-eÊ ;-&$-<ë#<-/%°+-%,-bÜ-6<-/Yè,-%$Ü -I-x$ä -
#Ü-F:-7eë9-+$-7há:-7"ë9-F0<-W9-7eë$<-6,Ü -`$-&±-7lè,-ý-:-89ß -/7Ü-2±:-¸¥-‚$-Ê Y,-,$-
2$-%,-<ë#<-7/ë:-/7Ü-#+,-:-F:-7eë9-ý-8/-8ß0-#(Ü<-T,-%#Ü -·¦-7"ë+Ê 7"ë+-0-*#-,<-`$-
Xë0<-7'ß#-0Ü-e-/9-*/<-:0-bÜ-&ë<-(è9-/¸¥,-bÜ<-9Ü0-ý9-/…å/-+#ë<-ý<Ê *ë#-09-73ß0-ý7Ü-
0Ü#-#Ü<-#6ß#<-:-/P-5Ü$-$#-#Ü<-&#<-ý7Ü-#)0-[-2ì#<-‰-/-+$-8Ü+-+#7-/7Ü-0+$<-/þè+-
:-&#<-ý7Ü-2±:-l,-ý-<#ë <-Vë-#<ß0-7+ë+-&#<-`-Ü ‚ë9-/-:-/y/-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/7Ü-:<-:-
7'ß#-7+ë+-l#-ý9ë -/U¨:Ê F:-7eë9-ý-+$-9#Ü -0-#(Ü<-!<-T-8/-8ß0-¸¥-#<:-/-+$-0"7-#<$-
Eë-Bè-ýV9-eÜ,-/x/<-02±$<-ý-+$-*/<-7+Ü-:-/Dè,-,<-#5,-+ë,-¸¥-/+è-&è,-Eë-Bè-<è0<-+ý7-/…å/-
ý7Ü-7+ë+-ý-0(0-ý9ë -Q,-ý7Ü-7¸¥-;è<-#<ß0-bÜ<-*-0:-bÜ-#6ß#<-<-ß [$-5$Ü -&#<-ý9-5è,-ý-:<-
Që# ÊI-U¨:-/7Ü-*/<-+$-Q,-ý<-:ß<-:-7a²+-ý-+$-0"7-#<$-#%Ü#-·-¦ ‡+-ý-+$-oë+-,<-l#-·¦-
0Ü-;9ë -/9-+:-/<ß -/rá/-ý7Ü-‚ë9-*/<-F0-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/-₫Ü-/ë-,<-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü9-90Ü -bÜ<-+//Ê
₫Ü-/ë7Ü-7"ë9-:ë9-*Ü#-:è-//<-ý<-+#7-/7Ü-8è-;è<-þè<-ý7Ü-9$-$ë-:-8ß,-9Ü$-¸¥-/P<-)è-I-7"ë9-+è7Ü-
T-0&ë+-ý9-0ë<-ý<-02ì,-7"ë9-:-ë /5Ü-ýë7Ü-T-F0<-0&ë+Ê Xë0<-7'ß#-'è-l#-·¦-/)$-/-+$-Ê
9Ü:-/-5/<-2#<-%,-b-Ü xä$-‚ë9-<ë#<-+$-/%<-)è-*#Ü -:è-/þÜ:-*/<-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/7Ü-{æ,-0Ü-
(0<-ý9-#$ë -,<-#ë$-¸¥-\9ë Ê #<$-/7Ü-Eë-Bè-,ë9-/ß7Ü-I-+$-8ß0-bÜ-"-#-0ß-"Ê [-Iè7Ü-*Ü#-:-è +!9-
+09Ë #(Ü<-!7Ü-xä$-+$-<è0<-#%Ü#-·¦-7lè<-ý-/%<-I-*Ü#-xä$-#Ü-"-‚ë9-#<ß0-bÜ<-+#7-/5Ü7Ü-
0*9-*#ß -T,-þ<è -`-Ü /+è-/-f$-Ê {-02ì-o#-#)$-uÜ$-/5Ü-Z¨+-ý-(-Ü w-bè,-Që#-<ë#<-:ß<-+$-œ-ñ×
+$-=Ü$-7lè,-<ë#<-$#-#Ü-7b²9-/-+$-Ê 8Ü+-+0Ü#<-/%<-+0Ü#<-0è+-`Ü-8ß:-#$-9ß$-#Ü-)Ü$-$è-
73Ý,-:-I-è #%Ü#-·¦-#)+-ý7Ü-Vë-#<ß0-7há:-7"ë9-bÜ-#,+-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/7Ü-Dè,-*Ü#-:è-0Ü-(0<-ý9-
+0-/%7-/D,-ýë<-/6ß$-Ê Y#-0ë7-Ü þç#-Y$<-<ë#<-¸+¥ -7ië7Ü-7b²9-/-/5Ü-+$-x$ä -#-Ü #+$<-I:-
bè,-¸¥-7lè,-ý-+$-+0Ü#<-ý7Ü-0+7-2$<-ý7Ü-=î-8Ü#-#Ü-7/è,-:-#)ë+-ý-/%<-/1,-*/<-`Ü-‚ë9-/-
F0-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/-Dè,-*Ü#-:è-+$-/%<-ý-₫-Ü /ë7Ü-9$-#,<-<ß-Q#ë Ê<è$-#è-F0-9:ë -+$-Ê bÜ-
:Ü$-m-2±:-<ë#<-6/-ý-+$-Ê #8$-0ë-‡#å <-Y$<-<ë#<-#5Ü:-/7Ü-€ç-I:-#<ß0-b<Ü -7lè,-Që#-
e<-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è7Ü-/+è-/-I-#,<-*0<-%+-¸¥-a/-ý9-+i0Ê /+è-/7Ü-9$-$ë-:-<è0<-/6ß$-/-+$-#$-
145

¸¥7$-73Ý,-ý-0è+-ý-+$-<è0<-{-8,-¸¥-të+-+è-,0-0"7-P9-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-7'ë#-ý-Yè-{<-
7+è/<-#<ß0-bÜ<-/+è-/-+$-Yë$-ý-8-o:-0-8Ü,-ý9-6ß$-¸¥-&+± -ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-и¥<-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê ‚ë9-/Ê +$ë<-#5ÜÊ Bè<-<ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ђë9-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
#$-8$-Wë,-¸¥-9$-:ß<-*/<-Q,-/y/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #5,-:ß<-`Ü-:0-#$-:-8$-Wë,-¸¥-8Ü+-9Ü#-8è-;è<-d#-{-:-/Dè,-,<-:<-{-:-'Ü-
U+-/;+-ý7Ü-2±:-*0<-%+-(0<-<ß-v$<-ý<-´¥,-Jë/-e$-<è0<-+//-/6ß$-Që#-+i0-bÜ-e-/-:-
9$-+/$-*ë/-$<è -ý-9$-:ß<-*/<-Q,-bÜ-#+0<-ý-:-/y/-ý-#:-&è7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+$ë<-#5Ü-Ñ,ÜÊ
+$ë<-#5Ü-9Ü#<-%,-M-:-9Ü0-ý-/5Ü,Î Yè$-+$-{/-+$-7+è #<-+$-0(0-ý-+$-Î
7ë#-,<-‚ë9-/7Ü-7hÜ#-*/<-#1ì-/ë-YèÎ #5,-8$-#8<-#8ë,-0¸¥,-,<-9ë:-ý-<ë#<Î
7+ë+-ý7Ü-Iè +-7'ë-0Ü#-7ná:-P-/ß-8Ü<Î +//-:-0"<-ý-+:-/ß-9ß-]:-7ië<Î
#6ß$-:-0"<-ý-Iè-#%Ü#-*è0-/ß-/5Ü,Î Që#-:-0"<-ý-/1,-* /<-0+7-P9-7.$-Î
7iè0<-:-0"<-ý-8ß9-/-/5Ü ,-¸¥-a/Î a+-ý9-6#-0è+-*Ü#-:è-XÜ$-# 9-]<Î
/Bë +-o:-!-+#-$$-¸¥-8ß,-9Ü$-/5#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #5,-:ß<-`-Ü :#-:è,-+$ë<-#5Ü-#ë$-¸¥-/Y,-ý7Ü-d#-{-9#Ü <-%,-M-:-‚ë9-*/<-
9Ü0-ý-/5Ü,Ê ýV-%,-:-Yè$-,<-‚ë9-/-+$-9Ü-0ë-%,-:-{/-,<-+$-¸¥$-%,-0-:-7+è#<-ý7Ü-2±:-
bÜ<-+$-u$-[-%,-:-.,-2±,-0(0-ý9-P-/<-+$-9Ü-₯#<-%,-7ë#-,<-‚ë9-/7Ü-7hÜ#-*/<-#1ì-/ë9-
e-Yè-+-è +#-{+æ -`-Ü +#ë$<-ý-+$-7oè:-/-8Ü,-:Ê #5,-8$-0*7-#%Ü#-·¦-0-$<è -ý9-#8<-9ë:-
#8ë,-9:ë -0¸¥,-,<-9:ë -ý-:-<#ë <-ý-7+ë+-ý7Ü-€-ç I:-bÜ-Iè-7'ë-0Ü#-7ná:-P-/ß<-Xë0<-ý9-7'ß#-%$Ü -
‚ë9-*/<-`Ü-e-è o#-9è-9è<-/+è-/7Ü-8-è ;è<-0-Ü 7l-/-9-è 9è-7lè,-¹¥<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
+è-:-+#ë<-ý7Ü-#,+-/5Ü-,ÜÊ +$-ýë-+//-:-0"<-ý-+:-/-ß 9ß<-]:-b-Ü 7ië<-P-/Êß /9-¸¥-
/6ß$-/-:-0"<-ý-*è0-/ß-/¸¥,-bÜ-#,+-:-Iè-#%Ü#-ý-J-[ë+-*è0-/ß<-/!#-/5Ü,-+$-Ê +è-:<-Që#-ý-
:-0"<-ý-/1,-*/<-`Ü-‚ë9-/<-þè,-ýë7Ü-0+7-P9-9$-#,<-<ß-7.$-5Ü$-Ê 0*9-7iè0<-ý-:-
0"<-ý-5Ü$-ý<-8ß9-/-:-&-± lë$<-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-:ß<-#,<-*0<-%+-¸¥-a/-ý9-/g0Ê a+-ý9-[$-
9Ü#-+eè9-0+è -`Ü-#,+-:-#ë0<-ý<-6#-0è+-₯$<-07Ü-*#Ü -:è-XÜ$-#-0Ü-;#Ü <-ý7Ü-03ì+-¸¥-]<-)-è /Bë+-
o:-!-+#-#Ü-$$-¸¥-8,ß -9$Ü -ý9ë -0(0-ý9-/5#-ý-#,+-`Ü-0&ë#-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-ÐBè<-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-2é-/+è-/-*Ü#-:è7Ü-të$-¸¥-]Î *Ü #-:è-7ë+-#<:-+è-8$-0Ü-Dë#-$$-Î
]<-;$Ü -# 0ë <-ý-/+è-&è,-/½§:-º #¥ <-/…å/Î
146

%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-(0<-<ß-:è,-ý7Ü-2-é /+è-/7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-ië:-/-:-0"<-ý-0"7-:-,-/ß,-8:-/-


P9-#;Ü<-:ß#<-<ß-:-wë#-+#ë<-ý<Ê 6#-/%<-/+è-/-Dë#-ý7Ü-9ë-fë$-/<-6#-·¦-0Ü-#º¥#-ý9-6#-
0è+-0Ü-;#Ü <-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è7Ü-të$-¸-¥ ]Ê *Ü#-:è-+è7$-T©,-iá/-7ë+-#<:-bÜ-+eÜ$<-<-ß ]Ê +è7$-!-+#-
F0-ý9-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-]Ê 2±:-+è-P-/ß-8$-,<-8$-¸¥-‚$-5Ü$-#ë0<-ý<-0&ë#-·¦-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-/+è-
/-&è,-ýë7Ü-/½§:-º¥#<-/…å/-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-*/<-+è<-02ì,-e-/;+-ý-,ÜÊ
*/<-+è<-02ì ,-ý7Ü -/+è-Yë$-d#-{-&èÎ 7"ë9-7+<-/D,-#8ë-´¥,-bÜ-+è-(+Ü -,ÜÎ
(0<-fë$-8ë+-`$-‰-9ß -0Ü-/·¦/-:Î 8Ü+-&è<-Q ,-`$-7+Ü-5 è<-+ýè<-0Ü-02ì,Î
0$ë,-<0ß -b² 9-`$-Dë#<-ý<-0-/y+-ýÎ 8è-;è <-<ë-<ë9-9$-#Ü<-9Ü#-e-/Î
,0-0"7-P-/ß9-7¸¥<-0-e<-ý-Yè Î &±-w-/5Ü,-¸¥-#<:-5Ü$-73Ý,-ý-0è+Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 02ì,-
‡å:-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-$ë<-#6ß$-:<-7+<-ýÎ /+è-Yë$-+eè9-0è+-+ýè-8-Ü 2±:-¸¥-7&9Î
eè+-*/<-:0-6/-0ë-+è<-02ì,-e7Ü-+ë,-/+è-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-d#-{-&è,-ýë-5è<-e-/Ê 7"ë9-/-+$-f$-
7+<-/D,-ý-[ë+-+$-#8ë-/-/%°+-`Ü-þè-7ië-´¥,-bÜ-rë#-#0-XÜ$-ýë9-a/-ý7Ü-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-`Ü-#,<-:ß#<-
,ÜË F:-7eë9-ý7Ü-(0<-<ß-f$-e9-8+ë -`$-7+Ü7-ë 5è<-$#-#<Ü -‰-9ß-0Ü-/·¦/-:Ê 9$-(+Ü -8+Ü -&<è -
ý7Ü-$è<-;è<-+$-Q,-`$-7+Ü-P-/ß7-ë 5è<-+ýè-#$-#<Ü -`$-0Ü-02ì,-ý-+$-Ê 9Ü#-$ë9-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-
0*ë$-/9-b²9-`$-8ß:-8:ß -%,-¸¥-7¸¥-;<è -ý7Ü-F0-ý9-D#ë -ý<-0-/y+-ýÊ 9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-lÜ-0<-0-
/y+-ý7Ü-8è-;<è -<ë-<ë9-9$-#<Ü -9#Ü -ý9-e-/Ê þè-7##-#,<-#<ß0-+$-o:-/-,0-0"7-P-/ß9-
#+ë+-,<-{æ-z,è -#$-#Ü<-`$-7¸¥<-0-e<-ý-YÊè [$-2:± -&±-₯$<-ý-:-w-/7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-7&9-/-
/5Ü,-¸¥-*/<-:<-*/<-e$³ -#-Ü 2±:-¸¥-#<:-5$Ü -+9è -5è,-b-Ü 73Ý,-ý-0+è -ýÊ F0-ý-*0<-%+-ý7Ü-9$-
/5Ü,-%,-‡å:-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-*-X+-;è<-/Bë+-7'ß#-#<ß0-bÜ<-$ë<-/6ß$-#Ü-8:ß -:<-7+<-ýÊ
F0-ý-/+è-/-+$-$ë-/-ë Yë$-ý-+eè9-0è+-6ß$-¸¥-7'ß#-ý-(+Ü -++-ý7Ü-2±:-¸¥-7&9-/<-+ë,-bÜ-8è-;è<-:-‚ë9-
/9-e+è -+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-#5,-+è9-7¸¥-2±:-,ÜÊ
Vë-M7Ü-F0-;è<-/+è-/<-2Ý0-ý-:<Î dÜ-9ë:-8ß :-´¥,-/+è-&è,-# 5:-0è+-"$-Î
8/-8ß0-# 6ß#<-[$-* /<-;è<-9$-e$³ -T Î 7¸¥-;è<-Eë-Bè-#<ß 0-b-Ü d#-{<-# +/Î
Eë-Bè -ýV-7¸¥ -7në+-eè+-ý-8Ü<Î xä$-<è0<-*Ü#-:è-Iè-#%Ü#-9$-+/$-/U¨9Î
F0-;è<-#,<-b²9-/+è-Yë$-8è-;è<-/YÜ 0Î 6#-0è +-2ì9-/-H+-e³$-0&ë+-ý7Ü-‡Ü,Î
>-=ñ-9$-…<-&è-/7Ü-8ë,-),-/Yë+Î "-‚ë9-# <ß0-bÜ-(0<-fë$-:-/Dè,-,<Î
147

T-W#<-)Ü$-73Ý,-+0-2Ý#-{æ,-0Ü-7&+Î /þÜ:-+$-Që#-+$-7iè0<-ý7Ü-7há:-7"ë9-bÜ<Î
2ì#<-+$-#)ë9-0-Eë-Bè7Ü-uä -#9-<ë#<Î #$-[$-/+è-Yë$-9ë:-ý9-8ë$<-;9-/<Î
7"ë9-7+<-#5Ü9-/5è$<-/+è-&è,-*Ü#-:è7Ü-të $-Î F:-7eë9-6/-0ë7Ü-&ë-#-8ë$<-<ß-Jë# <Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ .ë-(7Ü-:0-:<-7/9-º¥-a+-ý9-/7Ü-zè,-bÜ<-₯$<-07Ü-*#Ü -:-è Yë/<-<ß-b²9-ý7Ü-
0*ß<Ë 0Ü#-<ë#<-+/$-ýë-Vë-M7Ü-F0-ý9-;<è -ý-F0<-/+è-/-&,è -ý7ë -Ü /%°+-`Ü<-fë<-;Ü$-20Ý <-ý-
:<-Z#¨ -/W:-b-Ü 2ì9-Dë#-+eÜ$<-<ß-¹/¥ -YèÊ dÜ-9:ë -[$-/7Ü-8:ß -´¥,-/+è-&è,-#5:-¸¥-0+è -ý7Ü-"$-ýÊ
,$-8/-8ß0-#(Ü<-`Ü-#6ß#<-<ß-[$-/7$-*/<-+$-;<è -9/-6ß$-7oè:-9$-e³$-#Ü-T-U-¨ :Ê T-W#<-
&ë<-(Ü+-¸¥-7¸¥-;è<-ý-Eë-Bè-#<ß0-bÜ-d#-{7Ü-{<-#+/-ý-+$-Ê 0"7-#<$-Eë-Bè-ýV-X0ë <-7'ß#-7¸¥-
7në+-e+è -ý<-xä$-<è0<-*Ü#-:-è F0<-8ß:-+$-8:ß -%,-+eè9-0è+-Iè-#%Ü#-ý9-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-7¸¥<-)-è
+/$-¸¥-b²9-ý7Ü-+/$-U¨9-Jë#<-:Ê U+-%Ü#-0&ë#-·¦-+#7-/7Ü-T,-þè<-fë$-/7Ü-F0-ý9-;è<-ý-
#,<-b²9-)è-/+è-Yë$-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-T#-#Ü<-7&9-/<-uë-/ß9-F0-;è<-+0-2Ý#-ý-:-#+ë+-07Ü-8è-
;è<-/YÜ0-ý-P9-[$-/-+$-Ê +è7Ü-2é-6#-0è+-/+è-/7Ü-2ì9-/-(0<-<ß-fë$-/-,Ü-$ë-029-H+-¸¥-e³$-/7Ü-
0&ë+-‡,Ü Ê >-=î-#8ë-/7Ü-9$-…-8Ü+-¸¥-7$ë -/<-7+ë+-&#<-&,è -ýë-&è-/7Ü-8ë,-),-:-/Yë+-ýÊ xä$-
*Ü#-<è0<-F0<-"-‚9ë -/-#<ß0-bÜ-(0<-fë$-:-/Dè,-,<-/+è-Yë$-*#Ü -:è7Ü-T-[$-rë#-Ië:-Eë-Bè7Ü-
/w<-ý-<è0<-D#ë -/+è-/9-7##-ý7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-7.ë-0è+-7+7-+!7Ü-+0-2Ý#-F0<-{æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý-
+$-Ë *Ü#-:è-7#ë -#-Ü [-Iè9-/þÜ:-/-+$-9$-#,<-<-ß Që#-ý-+$-I-#,<-<ß-7iè0<-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-7há:-
7"ë9-#<ß0-bÜ<-9Ü0-ý-P9-#<$-/7Ü-2ì#<-`Ü-7¸¥-/9-9ë:-ý-+$-#)ë9-0-#,<-<ß-Yë/-ý-+$-Eë-Bè7Ü-
uä-#9-e-/-<ë#<-T,© -b<Ü -i/á -ý-YèÊ 0+ë9-,-/ß+-0+è -;è<-9/-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-*/<-&ë-#-6/-0<ë -:0-
¸¥-/y$<-ý-:-/Dè,-,<-F0-Dë#-#Ü-/5ë,-ý-xä$-+$-Dë#-2ì#<-9$-/5Ü,-/{+-%°-9Ü0-bÜ<-7##<-)è-
Yë$-/5Ü7-Ü 8è-;è<-(0<-<-ß fë$-Ê 9$-/5Ü,-T,-þè<-`-Ü /+è-/7Ü-8-è ;è<-/D,-ý7Ü-0*ß-:<-#$-[$-
*0<-%+-/+è-Yë$-7/7-5Ü#-ý7Ü-9ë:-ý9-8ë$<-<ß-;9-/<-7"ë9-7+<-+eè9-0è+-#,<-:ß#<-+ë,-bÜ-
#5Ü9-8$ë <-iá/-&è,-ýë9-/5è$<-)è-/+è-&è,-*#Ü -:è-a/-/E:-bÜ-të$-¸¥-F:-7eë9-¸-¥ e-/7Ü-,$-,<-(è-:0-
;Ü,-·¦-6/-0ë7Ü-&-ë #-8ë$<-<-ß Jë#<-ý-8,Ü -,ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-+è-+#-#-Ü 7o<-/ß-,ÜÊ
[ë+-/%°+-=è-9ß-!-+ý:-5Ü$-+$-U¨9Î /+è-/-0&ë#-#Ü-eÜ,-&è,-+//-ý-:<Î
+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-r<-+$-/1°,-0ë9-/%<Î 0$ë,-<ß0-#;è#<-,<-0è-)ë#-&9-&è,-7/è/<Î
@ã+-ý-´¥,-5 Ü-.,-/+è-$$-#Ü<-7.è:Î F:-7eë9-{æ+-:-/+è-&è,-#6Ü-7/9-/<Î
2é-+$-:$-2ì7Ü-/%°+-:è,-Ië:-0è+-7iá/Î /+è,-2Ý#-0*ß -/1,-#5,-[$-6Ü:-bÜ<-,ë,Î
148

)Ü$-73Ý,-0Ü -#8ë-iá/-ý-%Ü9-8$-7&9Î 7oè:-2+-(è9-/5Ü7Ü-5Ü$-,-9ë:-ý-8ÜÎ


+ý7-/ë-F:-7eë9-2#ì <-+$-U:-/-0(0Î 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ :0-+è-{æ+-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-.,-8ë,-#<9-CÜ$-
#Ü-{+æ -Z-è F0<-:<-{-&9è -#<ß$<-ý7Ü-+ë,-/Z¨-,Ê /+è-Yë$-)Ü$-73Ý,-bÜ-9ë:-0ë<-0-+#-ý-[+ë -/%°+-
¸¥-[$-/-*0<-%+-F0-+#-=è-9ß-!-₫-Ü +ý:-&è,-ýë7Ü-8-è ;è<-`Ü-5Ü$-+$-U¨7Ü-9:ë -ý9-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-
/+è-/-0&ë#-#Ü-eÜ,-x/<-&è,-ýë-+//-ý7Ü-0*ß-:<Ê .ß$-ýë-+#-ý7Ü-+è-/5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-9Ü#<-MÊ þè-
0&è+-+#-ý7Ü-r<-e$-<è0<-F0<-+$-Ê "0<-M-+#-ý7Ü-/1°,-0ë-8ß0-M9-/%<-ý-,0-0"7Ü-:0-
:-+/$-ýë7Ü-₫+ë -8ß:-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-b²9-ý7Ü-&ë-7ná:-&è,-ýë<-#;è#<-,<Ê ,$-¸-¥ e$-<0è <-+!9-
+09-bÜ-{æ,-/D,-ý7Ü-9$-0+$<-0è-)ë#-#Ü-&9-&è,-ýë-7/è/<-ý-+$-Ê …å/-ý-ýë-#$-¸¥-#,<-ý7Ü-dÜ-
[ë+-/%°+-`Ü-(è<-2ì#<-@ã+-ý-´¥,-5Ü-5Ü$-.,-/+è7Ü-+ý:-7eë9-$0-$0-»¥#<-`Ü<-7.è:-/-+$-Ê ,$-
F:-7eë9-ý7Ü-{æ+-:-7.ë-0è+-/+è-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-#6Ü-/BÜ+-9Ü0-bÜ<-7/9-/<-7&Ü-/-0+è -ý7Ü-2é-+$-@+ã -ý-
0è+-ý7Ü-:$-2ì7Ü-/%°+-:è,-+#-`$-<-ë <ë7Ü-2#ì <-…å/-ý7Ü-e-/-:-0-Pë<-ý9-Ië:-/-0+è -ý9-7iá/-%Ü$-Ê
$#-/+è,-2Ý#-iá/-ý-:-#$-/Bë+-+ë,-¸¥-7b²9-/7Ü-0*ß-/1,Ê :ß<-#6Ü-/BÜ+-&è-/<-#5,-0Ü-+$-0Ü-0-
8Ü,-ý7Ü-[$-/-6Ü:-bÜ<-#,ë,Ê <è0<-/+è-Yë$-#Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:<-D#-·¦-0Ü-#8ë-/<-iá/-ý-/Cè<-ý7Ü-
D#<-02,-%Ü9-8$-7&9Ê #<$-₫ë+-`Ü-7¸¥-/9-7oè:-2+-´¥,-`$-dÜ-9ë:-bÜ-ýßDÜ-9-<ë#<-8ß:-&è,-
(è9-/5Ü7Ü-5Ü$-F0<-,-D#-·-¦ 9ë:-ý7Ü-+ý7-/ë-*+ë -ý7Ü-¸¥0-/ß-+$-F:-7eë9-0-9/-#·¦0-0ë-<ë#<-T,-
þè<-0"7-7ië7Ü-2ì#<-+$-U:-ý-0(0-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
I-/7Ü-<-/%+-#<ß0-ý-+ë,-/Z¨-/-,ÜÊ
0+ë9-,-9Ü#-0-7¸¥-e-/Xè,-ý-YèÎ (è-/Xè,-‚ë9-/7Ü-8,-:#-F0-0$-ýë<Î
8<-//<-…å/-+$-0<-/D,-…å/-ý-&<è Î 7¸¥,-ý-<è0<-ý<-xä$-<è0<-:<-<ß-9ß $-Î
9Ü#<-&è,-7eè+-ý<-6ß$-7'ß# -T-U¨9-Q$-Î +/ß#<-&è,-7eÜ,-ý<-8è -;è<-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ;è9-+/$-(0<-:è,-{<-ý9-/Y,-ý-+è-F0<-`Ü-+ë,-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê *ë#-09-9Ü#-0-
/D#-7μ¥#<-‚ë$-#<ß0-bÜ<-7¸¥-e-/-/Xè,-ý7Ü-8,-:#-YèÊ (è-/9-/Xè,-ý7Ü-8,-:#-,Ü-*/<-:0-
bÜ-&<ë -(9è -/¸¥,-bÜ<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-‚9ë -/7Ü-8,-:#-F0-ý-0$-ýë<Ê 8<-//<-`-Ü +#7-/5Ü-7"ë9-:ë7-Ü
#,<-/5Ü9-0<-9Ü0-¸¥-/þè+-ý-,Ü-…å/-ý7Ü-8,-:#-+$-Ê 0<-/D,-b-Ü +#7-/-/5Ü-8<-90Ü -¸¥-/D,-
ý9-eè+-ý-,Ü-…å/-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-8,-:#-Yè-/5Ü-ýë-(0<-:è,-:-/Ië,-ý<-7b²9-/-0-$è<-ý-+$-Ê /Dè,-ý-
#5Ü7-Ü <-#(Ü<-`Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-2ì#<-:0-7¸¥,-ý-<è0<-ý-:<-+$-ýë-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-b<Ü -x$ä -<0è <-
:<-<-ß 9ß$-/<-*ß,-0ë$-#Ü-+$ë<-i/á -9-ë :$<Ê #<è9-7b²9Ê 9:-iÜÊ #ë-&Ê m-<è,Ê ?$-
0bë#<Ë #5,-8$-E-ë Bè-2-é +$-Ê +/$-ýë-lá#-#-Ü 0$ë,-;è<-+$-Ê €ç-0-Eë-Bè-:-<ë#<-ý7Ü-iá/-ý-
149

+$-Ë :<-&è,-/5Ü-<ë#<-'Ü-U+-#<ß$<-ý-P9-iá/-ý<-+ë,-eè+-%Ü$-Ê +è-,<-#:-&è,-‚ë$-/Ê


/y/-{æ,Ê /<ë+-,0<-Dè,-bÜ-<-#<ß0-ýë<-/Z¨<-ý-9Ü#<-&,è -7eè+-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-6#-/%<-`Ü-:0-
bÜ-I-è 0ë-‚ë9-:0-/Cè<-,<-…å/-ý7Ü-(è-{æ-:-/Dè,-x$ä -<0è <-6$ß -7'ß#-#Ü-T-U¨-d#-{-&è,-ýë9-Q$<-;$Ü -
0&ë#-#-Ü +$ë<-i/á -/D,-ý<-a+-ý9-¸¥-7ië-/7Ü-<<-/Z¨<-ý-0*ë$-:0-+/ß#<-&,è -7eÜ,-ý7Ü-F:-
7eë9-*ë/-YèÊ &ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-8-è ;è<-9$-02,-ý-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-0*ë$-/<-6#-0è+-`Ü-:0-bÜ-*#ë -09-b²9-
:Ë +è-,<-0*ë$-6Ü,-#0ë <-ý9-eè+-ý7Ü-:0-+0Ü#<-ý-7o<-/ß-þ-è /7Ü-<<-/Z¨<-ý-Vë0-:0-:$ß -&,è -
*ë/-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-9Ü#<-<-ë <ë7Ü-d#-{-D#<-`-Ü &-:#ß <-73Ý,-ý7Ü-U9¨ -[$-/<Ê #,<-ý-0Ü-7b²9-ýÊ
/E:-/-&ë<-(Ü+Ê Jë#<-ý-%Ü9-&±/-`Ü<-F0-ý-#<ß0-ýë<-/Z¨<-ý-0*9-:0-\$-e7Ü-lÜ-0-n-/7$-
\$<-;Ü$-7*ë/-e7Ü-8è-;è<-&è,-ýë7Ü-&è,-ýë-:-I:-&è,-Jë#<-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-F0<-9Ü0-*ë+-@:-#$-9ß$-
#Ü<-/ië+-+è-0*9-dÜ,-,<Ê 9$-#,<-`Ü-+ë,-(Ü+-…Ü/-eè+-`Ü-5è,-ý-0*7-+#-+$-o:-/9-0$ë,-¸¥-b²9-
ý-8Ü-#-è 7"ë9-:ë-2ì#<-&,è -b-Ü <<-/Z¨<-ý-0*9-*#ß -#Ü-7o<-/ß-0Ü-yë/-ý7Ü-6ß$-7'ß#-U¨-/5Ü7Ü-/+#-
(Ü+-+ý:-´¥,-/6$-=è-9ß-!-0$ë,-J#ë <-{:-ýë7-Ü #<$-/-#<ß0-+$-₫+ë -8:ß -9-ë #%Ü#-·¦-7lè<-ý9-
7b²9-9ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-Ê >-¹¥-8ë-#7Ü-*è#-ý-,ÜÊ Ê/9-0-&ë+-ý-2é-#%Ü#-#Ü<Ê Ê<$<-{<-<-:-
$è<-ý9-7iëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+/$-/5Ü-ý-+$-B<è -<ß-7oè:-/7Ü-:0-9Ü#-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#->-)Ü-8ë-#-/Vë0-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 2Ý#-#ë$-7ë#-
020<-‚9-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê {<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð2Ý#-#ë$-7ë#-020<-‚9-)è-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-
Ñ,ÜÊ
:ß $-&è,-*ë/-ý7Ü-d#-{-D#<-`Ü-U¨<Î \$<-*ë/-I:-&,è -Jë# <-ý7Ü-0*9-dÜ,-,<Î
=è-9ß-!-+$-₫ë+-8ß:-9ë-#%Ü# -7b²9Î /+è -Yë$-(0<-fë$-{æ+-:-/D,-ý-,Î
0*9-*ß#-+ë,-bÜ-+/$-#Ü-:0-bÜ-0&ë #Î 7o<-/ß-;Ü,-·¦-F:-7eë9-…å /-ý-&èÎ
v-0è+-Eë-Bè-P-/ß7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,Î 9$-/5Ü,-Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýë9-:-/w-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-#<$-/-+$-;9è -+/$-#Ü-(0<-:è,-Bè<-<ß-F:-7eë9-b-Ü :0-90Ü -+-è +#-#Ü<-
*/<-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-+$-;è<-9/-Yë$-ý-(+Ü -6ß$-¸¥-7oè:-/7Ü-(0<-fë$-9$-#Ü-{æ+-:-:è#<-ý9-þ<è -;$Ü -
/D,-ý9-b²9-ý-,Ê :0-b-Ü *è#-9Ü0-0*7-+#-#Ü-0*9-*ß#-þ:è -<ëÊ +ë,-bÜ-8-è ;è<-Bè,-%è9-¸¥-Y,ë -ý-
/5Ü-ý-9Ü#-ý7Ü-I:-+/$-#Ü-8è-;è<-:0-¸¥-eè+-ý<-F:-7eë9-´¥,-bÜ-0&ë#-#0-Iè-0ëÊ e-o:-7o<-/7ß -Ü
*è#-ý->-)Ü-8ë-#-;Ü,-·¦-F:-7eë9-bÜ-…å/-ý-&è,-ýë-:-#º¥#-ý9-e-YèÊ +è7$-yë/-:0-/5Ü7Ü-0*9-*ß#-
/9-&+-0è+-:0-b<Ü -/Z¨<-ý-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-#5,-#$-8$-7+Ü7-Ü v-,-0è+-ýÊ #5ë0-ý9-+!7-/7Ü-lÜ-0-
n-0ë-/%ë0-ý-:-0Ü-dè+-0Ü-;Ü#<-*ë#<-ý-0è+-ý-<ë#<-&ë<-/¸¥,-+$-Q,-ý<-{æ,-0*7Ü-8è-;è<-Eë-Bè-P-
150

/ß7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,Ê #+ë+-07Ü-#,<-:ß#<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-*/<-
ië:-bÜ-:0-+$-:0-bÜ-7o<-/ß-*0<-%+-:-/w-/9-e7ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-´¥,-eè+-{:-ýë7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê
8ë+-,Ü-#%Ü#-:<-0+è -ý-:Ê Ê/Y,-,-Ü F0-ý-#(Ü<-<ß-/Y,Ê Êe³$-,-Ü *è#-ý-+μ¥-9ß-e$³ -Ê Ê7¸¥<-,Ü-
Jë#<-ý-&,è -ý9ë -7¸¥<Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê &ë<-F0<-´¥,-bÜ-:-,Ü-$-8Ü<-/w<Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
7+Ü9-J#ë <-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-*,ß -0ë$-0-8,Ü -ý7Ü-i/á -0*7-₫7Ü -Ü #,+-9$-/5Ü,-#5Ü7-Ü #,<-:ß#<Ê +è-
:<-<0è <-%,-b-Ü 7há:-:#ß <Ê 7há:-¸¥<-7ë+-#<:-b-Ü #,<-2±:Ê (0<-<ß-:è,-*/<Ê 0*9-
dÜ,-7o<-/ß7Ü-iá/-:ß#<-F0<-+$-Ê a+-ý9-#<$-Uë9-0,-$#-+è7Ü-$<è -ý7Ü-+ë,Ê #5Ü-+$-7há:-
2±:-a/-2±:-+$-Ê Ê#,<-+$-:0-+$-Vë-+$-8ß:Ê Ê(0<-:è,-2+-+$-/9-0-+ëÊ Êië:-<-(Ü+-+$-
/%°-#%Ü#-#ë Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-+ë,-;è<-,-#:-&è-8$-7+Ü9-8-Ü #è-0$-#Ü<-+ë#<-ý<-{æ+-:ß$-0,-$#-
₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-´¥,-·¦-/6$-ýë-lÜ-0è+-7ë+-6è9-bÜ-#<ß$-9/-F0<-:<-Dë#<-ý9-e-/-"ë-,7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê dÜ-<è0<-ZèÊ ,$-të$-ZèÊ #<$-/-0,-$#-Zè7Ü-Vë0-2±:-
/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-/5ÜÊ P-/<-*#-/%+-ýÊ Vë0-ý<-:-/w-/Ê ₫ë+-ý<-7n$-/<:-/Ê
7o<-/ß-9è-+ë#<-\$-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐP-/<-*#-/%+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-:-dÜ-P9-<è0<-Zè7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-,ÜÎ dÜ-9ë:-8ß :-´¥,-HÜ-:0-P-/ß9-/PÎ
,$-#Ü-+/$-ýë-/+è,-0è+-€ç-09-/;Ü#Î /9-bÜ-F0-;è<-þè -7##<-#,<-#<ß0-o:Î
#<$-/-´¥,-#5Ü -#<:-:-0Ü-Dë #-$$-Î P-/-´¥,-eè+-#¶¦#-0-e$-&±/-<è0<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ *è#-Iè-9$-/5Ü,-Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-:0-Ië:-…å/-\$-#(è,-#ë:-…Ü/-:<-7+<-ý-U:-
Q,-;Ü,-·-¦ +/$-Fë,-bÜ-₫ë+-8ß:-)èÊ +è-:7$-+/$-ýë7Ü-a+-ý9-bÜ<-,$-#<è<-iá/-0*7-#<ß0-8ë+-
ý7Ü-*ë#-09-d-Ü Uë9-:ß<-P-/ß-´,¥ -e+è -{:-ýë-<0è <-^+-/%ë-/{+-<ë#<-{æ+-:ß$-#Ü-/Y,-+,ë -<0è <-
Zè7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-,ÜÊ dÜ-9:ë -#6ß$-/7Ü-8ß:-[$-rÜ+-7"ë9-7+<-`Ü<-/Z¨<-ý-´¥,-H-Ü :0-b-Ü 8ß:-[$-P-
/ß9-9$-#Ü-<è0<-:<-#5,-¸¥-7#7-8$-0-iá/-ý9-9$-<è0<-`Ü-I:-¸¥-/P-/-+$-Ê ,$-#Ü-73Ý,-
ý7$-+è-:<-#5,-¸¥-0+è -+è-:ß<-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-+/$-ý-ë lá#-,Ü-7há:-$ë9-´¥,-/D#<-`Ü-&ë<-8Ü,-ý<-/+è,-
ý-0è+-ý-€ç-07Ü-þè<-/ß7Ü-+/$-ýë-+$-02±$<-ý-9Ü#-ý<-+c+-,<-/;Ü#<-ý<-;è<-:Ê /9-bÜ-F0-
;è<-8ß:-:-7'ß#-ý-lá#-`$-*ë#-09-þè-ý7Ü-"ß$<-+$-0*9-7##-ý7Ü-8ß:-+-P9-#$-:-#,<-ý9-
/D#<-;Ü$-I+-/%+-,-#$-¸¥7$-#+#<-#5Ü-o:-/-,0-0"7-+$-7l-/<-*0<-%+-<è0<-(Ü+-`Ü-
9ë:-ý9-;9-/-+$-Ê #<$-/-´¥,-#5Ü-<è0<-`Ü-#;Ü<-:ß#<-9$-/5Ü,-#<:-:-$ë-/ë-F0-ý9-0Ü-Dë#-
ý-9$-e$³ -#Ü-8è-;è<-/Bë+-o:-&ë<-(Ü+-`-Ü $$-¸-¥ &ë<-%,-*0<-%+-Jë#<-ý9-P-/-7"ë9-7+<-´¥,-eè+-
{:-ýë-8ë$<-iá/-:-/%ë<-0<-0-9#è -ý7Ü-#¶¦#-0-e$-&/± -<0è <-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-*#-/%+-ý-YÊè ´¥,-
151

eè+-:<Ê <$<-{<-U¨-+$-8è-;è<-8ë,-),-+$-Ê Ê<è0<-%,-:<-+$-/#-&#<-:-<ë#<-ýÊ Ê


[$-r+Ü -[+ë -/%°+-/Z¨<-ý-*0<-%+-´¥,Ê Êe$-&±/-<è0<-`Ü-$ë-/ë-8è-,<-8Ü,Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-ÐVë0-ý<-:-/w-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
Vë0-ý-Ië:-0è +-#$-;9-0-/%ë<-/5#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-{-&+-dë#<-T©$-0è+-ý7Ü-P-/<-*#-&ë+-,<Ê Vë0-ý-(0<-<ß-v$-/-,ÜÊ
#,<-+/è,-ý9-F0-,$-&ë<-/¸¥,-+$-Q,-ý<Ê +-P7Ü-<è0<-(+Ü -8è-Yë$-,0-0"7-P-/ß7Ü-$$-¸-¥ Vë-
#<ß0-e-Ië:-0+è -ý9-Të+-`Ü<-uë+-+èÊ 8ß:-#5Ü-ië:-:-73Ý,-ý-8-è ië:-#$-;9-8$-/þ9-i:ë -b-Ü
#(è,-ýë<-0-/%ë<-ý9-$$-/5#-&è,-ýë-9-:-/w-YèÊ ´¥,-eè+-:<Ê 'Ü-/5Ü,-‡ë<-o:-/+è-/-&è,-ýë-
:Ë ÊVë-#<ß0-0Ü-Ië:-/%ë<-;$Ü -+0Ü#<-0Ü-eè+Ê Ê8Ü+-:-0-Ü eè+-02,-07Ü-Bè<-0Ü-7o$-Ê Ê9$-e³$-
8è-;<è -/+è-/7Ü-+,ë -:-/5# Ê%è<-<Êë Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð₫ë+-ý<-7n$-/<:-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
₫ë +-ý-:0-aè9Ê
%è<-ý<-/Y,-)èÊ 8ß:-7+ë+-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-%Ü9-8$-8ß:-%,-&ë<-(Ü+-9$-ië:-bÜ-{,-¸¥-eè+-%Ü$-¸¥#-M7Ü-
$ë-/ë9-/P<-ý<-+è-+#-þ<è -ië:-8è-;è<-<-ß ;9-/-(,ë -0$ë <-9$-i:ë -b-Ü ₫ë+-ýÊ 2ì#<-lá#-#Ü-Dë#-ý-
*0<-%+-;9-¸¥<-(Ü+-,<-0-þè<-T©,-iá/-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#<ß0-¸¥-Jë#<-ý9-;è<-ý-[$-/-+/$-€ç9-bÜ-
₫ë+-ýÊ v$-+ë9-+##-…å/-`Ü-5è,-8ß:-*0<-%+-`Ü-Yè$-¸¥-9ë-Xë0<-*ë#-7#è:-bÜ-wë#-Vë0-e<-ý<-
#(Ü<-0è+-9$-ië:-¸¥-<ë$-,<-9è-+#ë <-`Ü-7n$-:<-ië:-/-/½§:-º¥#<-:0-yë$-#Ü-₫ë+-ý-YèÊ +è-
#<ß0-:0-¸¥-aè9-,<-P-Vë0-:-/ë#<-+e³$-$ë-Ê Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð7o<-/ß-9è-+ë#<-\$-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
7o<-/ß-0$ë,-¸¥-eÎ
5è<-ý<-/Y,-)Êè +-P7Ü-<è0<-(+Ü -`Ü-+eÜ$<-8è-i:ë -#5Ü-I-0+è -ý7Ü-$ë-/ë-(+Ü -U¨-8è-,<-7¸¥-7o:-0è+-
ý9-0-/1:-$$-:-Jë#<-ý<-+è-:<-#5,-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-:ë#<-<ß-/…å/-·¦-0è+-ý<-+è-(Ü+-P-Vë0-
(0<-<ß-v$<-,<-0$ë,-¸-¥ 7b²9-/9-e-YèÊ ´¥,-eè+-:<Ê $ë-/-ë (Ü+-:<-#5,-¸-¥ 0-…å/<-;#Ü Ê
9$-(+Ü -8,Ü -bÜ-#5,-¸¥-0-2ì:-%Ü# Ê/1:-,-{:-/-+eÜ$<-,<-Cè+-0-Ü 7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-,$-të$-Zè-:-#(Ü<Ê P-/-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-të$-/;+-ýÊ Vë0-ý-/E-/5Ü7Ü-#,+-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê
+$-ýë-ÐP-/-&ë<-(Ü+ -`Ü-të$-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
,$-P9-8è-;è<-të $-&è,-F0-ý-M<Î dÜ-,$-/D,-#8ë-´¥,-:-a/-ý9-/E:Î
e³$-+$-7e³$-7b²9-7"ë9-7+<-&ë<-F0<-´¥,Î 0"7-të$-+eÜ$<-:<-Eã:-10-0-# 8ë<-dÜ9Î
152

%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ,$-Uë9-XÜ$-P-/ß-´¥,-·¦-/6$-ý-ë të$-&è,-9/-7e0<-{:-ýë-<ë#<-{æ+-:$ß -F0<-`-Ü


/Y,-+ë,-të$-Zè7Ü-P-/-,ÊÜ ´¥,-·¦-/6$-0-ë &ë<-`Ü-+eÜ$<-<ë#<-8è-;<è -`-Ü të$-&è,-ýë-F0-ý-M<-d-Ü
/D,-ý-[ë+-+$-Ê ,$-#8ë-/-/%°+-`Ü-7'Ü#-Dè,-´¥,-:-9Ü<-0è+-0(0-ý-&è,-ýë9-a/-ý9-/E:-/<Ê
+-P-.,-&+-e³$-/-+$-dÜ,-&+-7e³$-/9-7b²9-/7Ü-6#-/%<-7"ë9-/-+$-6#-0è+-f-$,-:<-7+<-ý7Ü-
/)#<-&ë<-<ß-[$-/-F0<Ê [$-$ë-:-'Ü-P9-[$-8$-Yë$-$ë-,<-8-è ië:-9$-+#-8,Ü -ý<-´¥,-`$-
#+ë+-,<-&ë<-(Ü+-´¥,-·¦-/6$-0ë7-Ü $ë-/7ë -Ü 0"7-+$-9$-/5Ü,-b-Ü të$-+$-*#ß <-Bè7Ü-+eÜ$<-:<-Eã:-10-
8$-0-#8ë<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-<è0<-(+Ü -d9Ü -[$-¸¥-;9-/-0-8Ü,-ý9-,0-0"7-:-#67-U9-/5Ü,-¸¥-&<ë -%,-
02,-0-'Ü-P9-[$-8$-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-+eÜ$<-:<-#5,-¸¥-7ië-<-0+è -ý9-9$-[$-/!ë+-ý7Ü-{,-¸¥-T,© -
bÜ<-iá/-ý-8Ü,-0Ü,-dë#<-o:-&è,-ýë7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-YèÊ të$-&è,-9/-7e0<-{:-/7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê të$-
&è,-7aÜ:-/7Ü-0"7-+eÜ$<-,ÊÜ Ê´¥,-b-Ü #,<-&è,-8,Ü -ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê Ê8ß:-:-₫ë+-%Ü$-F0-ý9-8,Ê Ê
7há:-/<-+ë,-:-#ë:-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê Ê2+-0<-/;Ü#<-ý<-0Ü-;Ü#<-)èÊ Êtë$-&,è -9$-#Ü-0*ß-8Ü<-
ië:Ë Ê%è<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-ÐVë0-ý-/E-/5Ü7Ü-#,+-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+/$-ýë7Ü-Vë-M-0-/!#-#<:-:0-0è Î #8ë-0è+-0Ü-Dë #-$$-$ß-6$-*:-:èÎ
*ß9-<è:-7&Ü$-ý<-6#-0è+-/+è-hÜ:-:ÜÎ +eè9-0è+-dë#<-o:-/<0-7+<-$$-¸¥-/5#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ P-/7Ü-+ë,-+è-(Ü+-V0ë -ý<-(0<-<ß-:è,-ý-:Ê *ë#-09-¸¥<-`Ü-/E-Vë0-2±:-v-07Ü-
eÜ,-x/<-`<Ü -a+-ý9-¸¥-^Ü,-ý9-e<-,<Ê +$ë<-#5Ü-Vë0-0+è -+ë,-bÜ-#6è9-#+/-ý-/E-/5Ü-#,+-`-Ü
0,-$#-,ÜÊ #<:-/-#,+-`Ü-/E-+/$-ýë-Vë-M-0-/!#-8,-ý9-/5#-ý<-2ì#<-lá#-#Ü-;è<-ý-*Ü0-:-
0-Hà#<-ý9-#<:-:0-0è9-#,<-ý-+$-Ê 0Ü-Dë#-ý-#,+-`Ü-/E-+/$-ýë7Ü-Vë-F0<-7eè+-73ß0-
<ë#<-`<Ü -#8ë-/-0+è -ý9-/5#-ý<-<è0<-(Ü+-#$-¸¥7$-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-6$-*:-:è9-#,<-ý-Y-è .-
{æ+-#8ë-/-xä$-73Ý,-ý7Ü-#+0<-$#-#(Ü<Ê /+è-/-#,+-`Ü-/E-7ë#-xä$-8Ü+-10-7*è,-)è-*ß9-<è:-
7&Ü$-/<-:ß<-<è0<-6#-0è+-`Ü-/+è-/-hÜ-:è9-7&9-/-+$-Ê +eè9-0è+-#,+-`Ü-/E-Nè7-Ü Iè-0-ë #$-
:7$-0-9è#-ý9Ê 'Ü-U+-¸¥Ê /Vë0-0-f$ë -+$-7o:-0-fë$-Ê Ê0Ü-Vë0-+ë,-+$-0-o:-/Ê Ê5è<-ý-
P9-;è<-ý-dë#<-T©$-+$-o:-5Ü$-/<0-/Bë+-:<-7+<-ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-/5#-ý-Yè-0-{æ+-/+è-/-(0<-`Ü-
0,-$#-#ë Ê+è7$-+/$-/5Ü7Ü-+ë,-/E-/5Ü-:-2$-/<-+/$-$$-#Ü<-Jë#<-:Ê /E-/5Ü7Ü-+ë,-#<:-
/Ë /+è-/Ê 0Ü-D#ë -ýÊ +eè9-0+è -ý-/5Ü-{æ+-:-;9-/<-#<:-ý-‡:å -U¨Ê /+è-/-:ë$<-Uʨ 0Ü-
Dë#-ý-&ë<-U¨Ê +eè9-0Ü-dè+-ý-$ë-/ë-(Ü+-U¨-Yè-U¨-/5Ü-9$-&<-<ß-7iá/-ý7ëÊ Ê0+ë9-,-{æ+-W-0-:<Ê
0-,ë9-ý-8Ü-&<ë -(+Ü -:Ê Ê0-/%ë<-#,<-;Ü$-0-e<-#<:Ê Ê0-7##-ý-(+Ü -8è-;è<-të$-Ê Ê5è<-ý-
153

P9-P-/-0-,ë9-/<-*#-/%+Ê Vë0-ý-0-/%ë<-ý<-(0<-<ß-v$-Ê ₫ë+-ý-0-e<-ý<-/ë#<-+e³$-


/<Ë 7o<-/ß-0-7##<-ý-(0<-<ß-f$ë -/7Ü-të$-&,è -ý-ë /5Ü<-/Z¨<-ý-YèÊ +è-/5Ü-ýë7$-*-0:-b-Ü
;è<-ýÊ #¶¦#-0Ê <ë-0Ê T©#-ý-Yè-02,-(Ü+-/5Ü-Q,-7+Ü9-7¸¥-/<-+è-:-8$-P-/<-P-/Ê +è-:-
0-8è$<-ý<-Vë0-ýÊ +è-ië#<-<ß-b²9-ý<-₫ë+-ýÊ +è-0$ë,-¸¥-b²9-ý-7o<-/ß9-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-0,-$#-#Ü-Zè-:7$-#(Ü<Ê +#ë<-ý-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü<-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-
{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+#ë<-ý-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü<-0+ë9-/Y,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
a+-ý9-#<$-/-0,-$#-*Ü#-:è7Ü-ZèÎ 9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-X Ü$-ýë-0$ë,-e7Ü-dÜ9Î 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ W-0-
#(Ü<-:-[$-dë#<-+$-Y$ë -dë#<-`Ü-8Ü+-+cë+-n-0ë-7lè<-ý<-#;Ü<-;ë9-b-Ü #ë:-…Ü/-7e³$-(è-:Ê
7+Ü9-8Ü+-+cë+-´¥,-:<-7+<-;$Ü -&ë<-%,-bÜ-[$-/-*0<-%+-&<ë -(Ü+-!-+#-8ë$<-ië:-&è,-ý9ë -Z+¨ -
ý<-a+-ý9-¸¥-7.#<-ý-#,+-*ë#-·-¦ *è/<-ý7Ü-0-è /17-P-/ß-#<$-/-X$Ü -h#-#0-r#ë -#Ü-₯$<-0-+$-
7l-/-{+æ -&è,-/%°-/¸¥,-<ë#<-`Ü<-/Y,-+,ë Ê 0,-$#-#Ü-#,+-$<è -ý-*Ü#-:-è #<$-Uë9-bÜ-ZèÊ
#5Ü9-#,<-9$-/5Ü,-b-Ü 7ë+-#<:-+eÜ$<-9Ü#-#(Ü<-0è+-8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-2±:-0$ë,-<ß0-:0-¸¥-e-/7Ü-
dÜ9-7+Ü-P9-v-,-0+è -ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-:-7'ß#-#ë Ê+è-P9-8$->-)Ü-/!ë+-ý-&è,-ýë-:<Ê +è-d9Ü -$è<-
#<$-XÜ$-ýë-7+ÜÊ Ê0ß,-ý-:<-,Ü-09-0è70Ê Ê#%,-#6,-F0<-:<-<è$-#è-/5Ü,Ê Ê´¥,-b-Ü ,$-
,<-a+-ý9-7.#<Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê+è-:-₫9Ü -+$ë<-#5Ü-:è-:-ë %,-0-/Vë0<-ý9-72$-{-/7Ü-#,+-
+eÜ$<-:-Pë<-)è-<0è <-!-+#-I-o:-¸¥-$-ë ‡+-,<-9Ü#-ý-Bè,-ý-Të$<-<-ß .ß$-ý<-7/+-0+è -¸-¥ ië:-/7Ü-
:0-hè#<-&ë+-+$-Ê /Ië,-7iá<-%,-/Vë0<-ý<-72$-{-/7Ü-#,+-[$-/-:-Pë<-)è-7ë+-#<:-T©,-
iá/-·¦-$ë-‡+-,<-0$ë,-<ß0-bÜ-#,+-:-#6Ü9-/<-#+ë<-/%<-7+ë -:ß<-<-ß ië:-/7Ü-:0-*+ë -@:-#(Ü<-
<ß-8ë+-+èÊ $ë-‡ë+-‡+-ý7Ü-{æ+-:<Ê 7/+-0è+-9$-ië:-2+-73Ý,-ýÊ Êhè#<-&ë+-*ë+-@:-#(Ü<-<ß-
/D#<Ë Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê !-+#-hè#<-&ë+-`Ü-P-/-+$-Ê T©,-iá/-*ë+-@:-bÜ-
(0<-:è,-,ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-#<ß0Ê Wë,-7iëÊ +$ë<-#5ÜÊ 0'ß#-/Z¨-/ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐWë,-7ië-Ñ,ÜÊ
Wë,-7ië-:ß<-‚ë$-Eë-Bè7-Ü 7¸¥#-Y$<-:Î $#-,-Ü œ×-ñ #Ü-F:-7eë9-/5Ü-+$-‚9Î
<è0<-:-7e³$-# ,<-7ië-#<ß0-/D#<-+c+-,<Î F:-+//-<ë9-#º¥#-‡ë-/Z¨-o:-/9-/5#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +$-ýë-Wë,-7ië-:-#<ß0Ê :ß<-$#-8Ü+-#<ß0-‚ë$-/-+$-Ê F:-+//Ê <ë9-
#º¥#-#ë Ê+$-ýë-:ß<-`-Ü ‚ë$-/-,ÜÊ *:-7b²9-:<Ê Eë-B-è þ:Ü -0ë-g$á -/%<-)èÊ Ê:ß<-‚$<-<0è <-
:-.,-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-8è-;è<-#<ß0-+$-U-¨ #<ß0-ý-ë :0-#%Ü#-·¦-7lÜ:-/-02ì,-eè+-:<ß -Eë-Bè-Iè-
#<ß0-ý7Ü-7¸¥#-Y$<-e<-:-<0è <-`Ü<-`$-+9è -/Vë0<-ý<-*ß,-0ë$-¸¥-:ß<-`-Ü ZÜ#-ý-7+#-%Ü$-/9-
154

&+-5ÊÜ a+-ý9-:ß<-`Ü-0$ë,-5è,-Që#-ý<-7"ë9-/9-0-Ü P©$-Ê 0*9-*ß#-U¨-E-ë Bè-‡:å -ý7Ü-U¨9-#(Ü<-


<ß-0+è -ý9-7b²9-9Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-$#-‚ë$-/-,Ü-œ×ñ-#Ü-F:-7eë9-F0-ý-/5Ü-+$-‚9-/9-e-YèÊ +è7$-*:-7b²9-:<Ê $#-
,Ü-œ-ñ× 5è<-#,<-ý-:Ê Ê{<-#+/-ý-+$-I:-‚$-(+Ü Ê Ê0(è,-/1:-:0-¸¥-#º¥#-ý-8Ü<Ê Ê5è<-
#<ß$<-ý7Ü-+$-ý-ë ,Ü-X$Ü -#7Ü-œ-ñ× :<-œ×ñ-0$-ýë-[-/#ß -#8<-,<-‡ë<Ê œ×-ñ #Ü-u-ä X,-:-9$Ü -ý9-v$<-)è-
dÜ7Ü-[$-/-*0<-%+-"è$<Ê ,-/ß#-#8ë,-,<-,$-¸¥-º¥#<-ý<-:ß<-`Ü-,$-"è$<-ý9-/Vë0<-ý<-dÜ-
,$-œ×ñ-#-Ü 9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-7&9-/-,Ü-{<-*è/<-ý-Yè-+-è +#-9$-/5Ü,-0+è -ý9-ië:-/7Ü-+#ë<-ý-8ë+-+Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-,ÊÜ XÜ$-#7Ü-œ×-ñ :<-œ×ñ-0*Ü$-l#-I/à -F-ë f³9-*ë#-P-/ß-0$-ýë<-8ß:-[$-+$-:ß<-:-.ß#-Yè-h:-
hë:-¸¥-<ë$-/9-/<0Ê œ×ñ-l#-ýë9-/Bë+-ý<-+è-+#-9$-/5Ü,-0è+-ý7Ü-(0<-7&9-,-I:-7eë$<-ý-Yè-
[$-/-7+ë -#<:-+$-.ß$-ýë-7'7-:ß<-<ß-ië:-/7Ü-+#ë<-ý-8+ë -+ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-,ÜÊ 0¸¥,-¸¥-;$Ü -/ß-P-
/ß7Ü-+0Ü#<-D,è -:-X$Ü -#7Ü-œ-ñ× :<-‡<ë -ý7Ü-œ×ñ-#-Ü nè$-/-+gÜ<-;Ü$-/Uë9Ê 8$-/;Ü#<-,<-,$-¸-¥ Z¨+-
ý7Ü-7ië-Që#-:-‚$-5$Ü -œ-ñ× uä-v$<-ý<-<è0<-:<-<ß-9$ß -/-,Ü-0(è,-/1:-/-Yè-<è0<-;Ü,-‚$-*ë/-ý7Ü-
+#ë<-ý-8+ë -+Êë Ê/5Ü-ý-,ÊÜ 9$-#-Ü :ß<-+$-x$ä -<0è <-#%Ü#-l:Ü -œ×ñ-8#Ü -W,ë -ýë7Ü-F0-ý9-0¸¥,-b-Ü
:0-rÜ,-0ë-7ië<-<-ß º¥#<-,<-'è-9$Ü -<ë$-5Ü$-y9-2±9-º¥#<-)-è 9$-#,<-<-ß yè/-ý7Ü-7ië-Që#-\è:-09-
‚$<-ý<-F0-Dë#-9$-»¥#<-<ß-&+ë -%Ü$-/+è-#<:-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-(0<-þè-/-,-Ü :0-¸¥-#º¥#-ý7ëÊ Ê+è-
+#-#Ü-+#ë<-ý-,ÊÜ *ß,-0ë$-¸¥-$#-#Ü-Z#Ü -ý-7+#-%$Ü -/9-&+-5ÊÜ a+-ý9-$#-#-Ü 0$ë,-5,è -Që#-ý<-
7"ë9-/9-0Ü-P©$-Ê 0*9-*ß#-#<ß$-Eë-Bè-:ë$<-₫+ë -Jë#<-ý7Ü-U¨9-#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-<è0<-‚ë$-/-:Ê *:-7b²9-:<Ê <è0<-,Ü-+$-ýë-e³$-<-+$-Ê Ê/9-¸¥-#,<-+$-*-
09-7iëÊ Ê+è-P9-#<ß0-:-/D#-+c+-,Ê Ê<è0<-‚ë$-<è0<-`-Ü #,<-:ß#<-;è<Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-
#<ß0-:<Ê +$-ýë-,ÜÊ <è0<-5è<-/+è-Z#¨ -*0<-%+-fë$-/-ýë-9Ü#-9#Ü -7b²-7b²-/-7+Ü-d-Ü ,$-[+ë -
/%°+-9$-:ß<-Yë+-^+-[$-Yë$-#$-:<-e³$-+$-Ê 72ì:-e-72ì:-eè+-:-/P<-;Ü$-+c+Ê #(Ü<-ý-
<è0<-dÜ-,$-[ë+-/%°+-:ß<-`Ü-&-;<-<ë#<-#$-:-#,<Ê +eÜ/<-+$-"-+ë#-eè+-:<-$ë-/ë-#$-#Ü<-
02ì,-/D#<-;Ü$-+c+Ê #<ß0-ý-<è0<-4:-bÜ<-;9-,<-8:-bÜ<-<ë$-X0-eè+-ý-7+Ü-#$-¸¥-7ië-
/D#<-ý<-dÜ-,$-[ë+-/%°+-[$-Yë$-8ë+-0è+-#$-:<-`$-0-e³$-Ê #$-:7$-0Ü-#,<Ê #$-¸¥7$-
0Ü-7ië-/7Ü-#5Ü-0è+-I-o:-¸¥-;è<-ý-Yè-0+ë9-,-<è0<-`Ü-e³$-#,<-7ië-#<ß0-#),-:-0-./-`Ü-/9-¸¥-
7/+-ý-&è,-ýë<-/D#-%Ü$-+c+-,<-/1:Ê +è-+#-#Ü-+#ë<-ý-,ÜÊ *ß,-0ë$-¸¥-8Ü+-`Ü-ZÜ#-ý-7+#-%Ü$-
/9-&+-5ÜÊ a+-ý9-8Ü+-`Ü-0$ë,-5è,-Që#-ý<-7"ë9-/9-0Ü-P©$-Ê 0*9-*ß#-*ß#<-Eë-Bè-&<ë -`-Ü U¨9-
#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
155

#(Ü<-ý-F:-¸¥-+//-ý-,ÊÜ +0Ü#<-ý-<è0<-2ì:-#$-8$-8Ü+-:-0-Ü eè+-ý9-:<ß -%-Ü /+èÊ $#-


/6ë-0è+Ê <è0<-D#ë -0+è -9$-:ß#<-<-ß [$-/-+$-Yë$-ý-+$-\$-e-+$-#(è,-ýë7Ü-02,-0-#$-:-8$-
0Ü-D#ë -ý9-7'ë#-ý-YÊè F:-0-,-Ü 0-/%ë<-ý7Ü-+ë,-+$-Ê +//-ý-,Ü-+è-:-9$-//<-<ß-7'ë#-ý7Ü-+,ë -)Êè
+#ë<-ý-,-Ü #,<-U/<-<ß-Vë-#<ß0-F:-¸¥-./-ý<-7e³$-/-0Ü-7há#-%Ü$-,+-zè,-0-Ü 7e³$-/-+$-9$-
/5Ü,-bÜ-/<0-#),-:-#,<Ê 0*9-*ß#-Vë-#<ß0-bÜ-73Ý,-ý-9$-+#-·¦-ië:-/9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-<ë9-#º¥#-,ÜÊ W9-F:-¸¥-./-ý7Ü-<è0<-(+Ü -#<:-:-0-Ü Dë#-ý9-#,<-ý-+-è (Ü+-₫ë+-:0-
5Ü-/-(,-*<ë Ê /9-0-e$-<è0<Ê l#-ýë-hë-/7ë -Ü P-Y$<-+$-F0-7b²9-b-Ü 9Ü0-bÜ<-hÜ+-+è-2ì#<-lá#-
#Ü-;<è -ý-'-Ü P9-;9-/-‡ë-/Z¨-o:-/9-9$-<ë9-/5#-ý<-zè,-[$-9$-#Ü-$ë-/-ë #<:-8$-0-Ü Dë#-ý7Ü-$$-
0-;ë9-/-+$-Ê ;9-10-(Ü+-,<-9$-/5Ü,-b<Ü -0-iá/-ý-,$-Yë$-+eè9-0è+-&-± w-P9-D#ë <-ý-+$-Ê
9$-e³$-9$-;9-‡ë<-o:-/<:-/5#-0è+-ý-&±-x/<-{-02ì9-*Ü0-ý-P9-Dë#<-ý-:-/y/Ê +#ë<-ý-
,ÜË #,<-U/<-<ß-/+è-#<:-0-Ü Dë#-ý7Ü-(0<-+$-Q,-ý7Ü-5Ü-#,<-a+-ý9-%,-þè-/<-Z¨#-/W:-
+$-(,ë -0$ë <-9#<-ý-#,ë,Ê 0*9-*#ß -T#-0*ë$-!-+#-#-Ü +ë,-Dë#<-(ë,-0ë$<-9#<-ý-F0<-
7'ë0<-;Ü$-8$-+#-ý7Ü-:0-:-r:ë -¸¥-7'ß#-ý-8,Ü -,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+$ë<-#5Ü-:-#(Ü<Ê Zë0-bÜ<-0+ë9-/Y,Ê +è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐZë0-bÜ<-
0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
P-/<-* #-/%+-Vë0-ý<-(0<-<ß-v$-Î ₫ë+-ý<-/ë#<-7eÜ,-7o<-/ß-9$-:-Cè+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ië$-aè9-{æ,-#%ë+-`Ü-P-/<-*#-/%+Ê (Ü,-02,-"-‚ë9-bÜ-Vë0-ý<-(0<-<ß-v$-Ê
[$-/-+/$-€ç9-bÜ-₫ë+-ý<-/ë#<-7eÜ,Ê e-o:-T,© -i/á -`Ü-7o<-/ß-9$-:<-Cè+-ý-/5Ü9-7¸¥<-ý<-+è-
F0<-9Ü0-/5Ü,-/;+-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è7Ü-+ë,-{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-/5ÜÊ P-/<-*#-/%+-ýÊ #ë0-ý<-(0<-<ß-:è,-ýÊ ₫ë+-ý<-
/ë#<-7eÜ,-ýÊ 7o<-/ß-T©,-bÜ<-i/á -ý7Ü-2:± -:Êë Ê+$-ýë-:-7$-#<ß0Ê $ë-/ë-!-+#-#-Ü 8è-;è<-
/;+-ýÊ 9$-/5Ü,-T©,-iá/-`Ü-8è-;è<-/;+-ýÊ +eè9-0è+-6ß$-7'ß#-#Ü-8è-;è<-$ë-‡ë+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-
Ð$ë-/ë-!-+#-#Ü-8è-;è<-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-:-$ë-/ë-!-+#-8è -;è<-,ÜÎ /P9-0è+-/Bë+-0è+-2Ý#-+$-+ýè-:<-7+<Î
v-8Ü-8ß:-0Ü,-#+ë+-,<-Yë$-ý7Ü-//<Î 7"ë9-/-0-iá /-f$-7+<-/)#<-ý-10Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ P-/<-*#-/%+-ý-+è-:7$-Ê {æ+-të$-#<:-:<Ê $ë-/ë-!-+#-8è-;è<-,ÜÊ Ê0-
9Ü#-Dë#-ý-´¥,-+$-o:Ê Ê9$-/5Ü,-T©,-iá/-8è-;è<-,ÜÊ ÊYë$-#<:-9$-#+$<-(+Ü -¸-¥ #,<Ê Ê
*ß#<-B-è ´¥,-a/-8-è ;<è -,ÜÊ Ê7##-0è+-[$-Yë$-(Ü+-¸¥-#,<Ê Ê5è<-$-ë /ë-9#Ü -Yë$-Ê 9$-/5Ü,-
156

#<:-Yë$-Ê *ß#<-Bè-[$-Yë$-+eè9-0è+-#<ß0-¸-¥ #<ß$<-ý7Ü-+$-ý-ë $ë-/-ë !-,<-+#-ý7Ü-8è-;<è -,ÊÜ


+$ë<-ýë-+$-02,-09-0-iá/-ý<-<$<-{<-`Ü-₫,-bÜ<-`$-/P9-0è+-ýÊ #5Ü-0è+-I-/-+$-o:-/<-
7+Ü7-ë 5è<-/Bë+-¸¥-0è+-ýÊ #ë-/7Ü-2#Ý -+$-02ì,-ý7Ü-+ýè-´,¥ -b-Ü 8ß:-:<-7+<-ýÊ /<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-
ý7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-`Ü-dÜ9-vë7Ü-₫+ë -8ß:-0-8,Ü -ýÊ 8è-#+ë+-0-(Ü+-,<-9$-/5Ü,-b<Ü -Yë$-ý7Ü-#;Ü<-<0-
9$-//<Ê 7há:-i:ë -#(Ü<-!-8ë+-0-fë$-/<-7"ë9-/-#5Ü-0-iá/-%Ü$-f$-7+<-5<è -ý7$-Pë<-,<-
/)#<-ý-10-:<-+ë,-:-0-iá/-ý-YèÊ të$-lá#-ý-:<Ê Yë$-ý-8ß:-bÜ-‡ë<-ý-0$-Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð9$-/5Ü,-T©,-iá/-`Ü-8è-;è<-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
9$-/5Ü,-T ©,-iá/-7##<-0è+-8-è ;è <-I:Î ,0-0"7-:<-,Ü-(Ü-07Ü -6è9-/5Ü,-¸¥Î
´¥,-:-a/-%Ü$-´¥,-bÜ -rë#-·¦-/º¥#<Î ´¥,-+$-+eè9-0è+-7"ë9-7+<-9Ü<-0è +-+ëÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 9$-/5Ü,-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-,ÜÊ $ë-/-ë !-+#-‰-/<0-/Bë+-o:-+-è (Ü+-#<:-
0+$<-7##-ý-0+è -ý7Ü-8-è ;è<-`-Ü 9$-I:Ê ,0-0"7Ü-+eÜ$<-:<-(Ü-07Ü-7ë+-6è9-dë#<-0è+-¸¥-a/-
ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-/D,-#8ë-7"ë9-7+<-´,¥ -:-a/-%Ü$-´¥,-bÜ-r#ë -#0-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-2:± -¸¥-/º¥#<-:Ê +è7$-Dè,-
+$-/Dè,-ý7Ü-F0-ý-%,-0-8Ü,-ý-,0-0"<-7e³$-/-&è,-ýë-F0<-:-a/-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-0*7-#$-:7$-0Ü-
#,<-ý9-´¥,-+$-+eè9-0+è -ý9-/º¥#<-ý-YèÊ 7"ë9-7+<-#(Ü<-:-{-&+-+$-dë#<-T$© -#-Ü 9Ü<-<ß-
/%+-ý-0è+-+èÊ W-0-:<Ê #<:-/-8ë+-0è+-0*7-:<-7+<Ê Ê02ì,-2Ý#-¸¥-07Ü-‡ë<-+$-
o:Ë Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+eè9-0è+-6ß$-7'ß#-#Ü-8è-;è<-$ë-‡ë+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-#(Ü<-#%Ü#-+$-¸¥-07Ü-‡ë<-:<-7+<Î 6ß$-7'ß#-7¸¥<-0-e<-ý7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-,ÜÎ
/P9-0è+-P-/-´¥,-bÜ-{:-ýë-YèÎ F:-7eë9-+/$-ýë-9$-#Ü-(0<-fë$-:<Î
/P-/7Ü-2±:-¸¥ -$ë-‡ë+-0$ë,-¸¥-eÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ $ë-/-ë Yë$-ý-+$-9$-/5Ü,-#<:-/-+-è #(Ü<-`$-#%Ü#-+$-¸¥-07Ü-‡ë<-ý-´,¥ -:<-
7+<-;$Ü -#+ë+-,<-+eè9-0è+-6ß$-¸¥-7'ß#-ý-09-0è-+$-09-07è -Ü 7ë+-P-/ß-<<ß -`$-/%ë<-,<-7¸¥<-0-
e<-ý7Ü-9$-//<-`Ü-#,<-:ß#<-+è-,-Ü 8ß:-+$-8ß:-%,-¸¥-/D#<-,<-/P9-0+è -ý7Ü-dÜ9-v-ë :<-7+<-
ý<-P-/-´¥,-bÜ-{:-ýë-#ë$-,-0è+-ý-YèÊ +è-(+Ü -'Ü-/5Ü,-¸¥-Dë#<-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-b-Ü +/$-ýë-9$-#Ü-(0<-
fë$-:<-+ý#-YÊè P-/7Ü-8Ü,-:ß#<-`-Ü 2±:-¸¥-/E-*/<-0,-$#-eÜ,-x/<-`Ü-V-ë ,<-$ë-‡ë+-%Ü$-0$ë,-
¸¥-Dë#<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-a$² -&è,-:<Ê ₫ë+-o:-Vë0-o:-/P-{æ-0è+-ý7Ü-+ë,Ê Ê0-/%ë<-[$-
/-9$-<9-/5#-ý<-ië:Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Vë0-ý<-(0<-<ß-v$-/-:-#(Ü<Ê +$ë<-+$-Ê 7eë$<-ý7Ü-2+-+Êë Ê+$-ýë-Ð+$ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
157

+è-,<-Vë0-ý<-(0<-<ß-v$-/-,ÜÎ <è0<-(Ü+-9Ü#-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-U+-%Ü#-0Î
¸¥<-#<ß0-Dë#-ý<-0-/y+-<ë-0-+è Î F:-09-/5#-ý<-0$ë,-<ß0-T#-ý9-0*ë$-Î
dÜ-9ë:-8ß:-:-#8è$<-ý7Ü-Dë#-ý-5Ü# Î ,$-¸¥-+μ¥#-ý7Ü-l,-73Ý,-9$-<9-ië:Î
#)+-0è+-$$-:-e9-0è+-uë+-ý-8Ü<Î &ë<-(Ü+-0(0-ý-&è,-ýë-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ P-/<-8è-ië:-¸¥-D#ë <-ý-+è-,<-Vë0-ý<-8,Ü -*#ë -·-¦ /5#-Yè-9#Ü -ý-#;Ü<-*ë#-·¦-
.è/<-ý9-(0<-<ß-v$-/-,ÜÊ <è0<-(Ü+-$ë-/ë-$ë<-/6ß$-:<-7+<-ýÊ 9Ü#-ý-6$-*:-02,-09-0-
iá/-ý-Yë$-#<:-9$-e³$-#-Ü 8è-;<è Ê +è-#(Ü<-8-o:-0-8Ü,-ý9-#+ë+-,<-6$ß -¸¥-7'ß#-ý-7+Ü-:<-
&ë<-U¨-#5,-¸¥-0è+-ý9-$ë-9$-*#ë -·-¦ 7në+-,<Ê $,-/<0-W-0-7##<Ê dÜ-0-0-þè<-;Ü$-+-P7Ü-
;è<-ý-U+-%Ü#-0-:-/6ë-/%ë<-0-e<-ý<-¸¥<-#<ß0-b-Ü F0-ý9-Dë#-ý<-0-/y+-ý7Ü-!-+#-vë-7+<-`Ü-
+#ë$<-ý-/5Ü-&-<ß0-o:-*-0:-bÜ-;è<-ý-<ë-0-+è-(Ü+Ê 9$-//<-F:-09-/5#-ý-:<-#5,-ý7Ü-
/Vë0-e-E:ã -10-0è+-ý-*#-#%Ü#-*ë#-·¦-/%+-ý<-0$ë,-<0ß -&<ë -(Ü+-`-Ü 9$-//<-T©#-ý9-0*ë$-Yè-
9$-₯$<-‡,Ü -o:-,0-0"7-P9-#,<-ý-8Ü,-:Ê +è7Ü-¸¥<-<-ß dÜ-&<ë -%,-2ì#<-lá#-8ß:-bÜ-7há:-[$-
:-#8è$-/7Ü-D#ë -ý-;9-¸¥<-,<-73Ý,-0è+-¸¥-u+ë -ý<-G-x/<-&±9-*Ü0-ý-P9-7b²-Y$ë -B<è -0è+-¸¥-
5Ü# Ê,$-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-$$-¸¥-8è$<-ý-0è+-ý9-+μ¥#-ý7Ü-l,-73Ý,-+##-…å/-Ië:-/%<-`Ü-Dë+-.ß9-,-/ß,-
0"7-:-+è$<-ý-P9-9$-<9-ië:-)è-[$-;è<-#(Ü<-!7Ü-dë#<-<ß-0-T©$-/-%Ü9-[$-&ë<-U¨7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-
9Ü#-Yë$-vë-o:-Bè,-ý9-D#ë <-ý7Ü-#+Ü$-i:ë -*ë#-·¦-/%<-)èÊ +0Ü#<-#)+-02,-73Ý,-#$-8$-0è+-
ý7Ü-$$-:-7/+-Ië:-%Ü7$-e9-0è+-ý9-"-8,-¸¥-uë+-,<-/5#-ý<-Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýë-9$-[$-9Ü<-0è+-!-
+#-#5Ü-Jë#<-&ë<-(Ü+-0(0-ý-&è,-ýë9-0$ë,-¸-¥ 7b²9-)èÊ a²$-&è,-:<Ê 0-/Vë0<-/5#-ý-+è-(+Ü -
9$-9#Ü -ýÊ Ê…-+$-vë-o:-´¥,-bÜ-.-9:ë -dÜ,Ê Ê+0Ü#<-/%<-9$-<ë-(Ü+-+-è /%ë<-%Ü-+#ë<Ê Ê#,<-
ý<-7μ¥#<-:-7b²<-ý<-9$-<9-+# Ê%è<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð7eë$<-ý7Ü-2+-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-2é-Dë#-ý7Ü-‡ë -/Z¨-'Ü-Xè+-`$-Î &±-+$-x/<-/5Ü,-9$-#<:-Bè,-ý9-*Ü0Î
xä$-0è+-#8ë-/-0è +-ý7Ü-09-0è-/5Ü,Î Iè-#%Ü#-$$-#,<-#,<-ý7Ü-+è-(Ü+-9Ü#Î
9Ü#-`$-0Ü-73Ý,-# <:-8$-7në-/-0è+Î 0Ü-Dë#-ý-:-5 è,-ý-o:-/-:<Î
0(0-#5#-Bè<-*ë/-6ß$-¸¥-&±+-ý-,Î 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 9Ü#-Yë$-Bè,-ý-$ë<-6Ü,-,<-#;Ü<-*ë#-/6ë-0è+-¸¥-
/5#-ý-+è7Ü-2éÊ F0-ý9-Dë#-ý7Ü-‡ë-/Z¨-'Ü-Xè+-;9-/-+è-*0<-%+-`$-l,-ý7Ü-#(è,-ýë<-/þ9-ië:-0-
+#ë<-ý9Ê &±-/-ë &è,-ýë-:<-x/<-#8ë<-`$-&±-+$-x/<-#(Ü<-*-++-0è+-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-Dë#-0è+-9$-
#<:-Bè,-ý9-*Ü0-ý-+$-Ê #8ë-eè+-`Ü-x$ä -0+è -ý7Ü-09-0è-#<:-₯$<-/D,-ý9-7/9-/-/5Ü,-9Ü#-
158

*ë#-·¦-Iè-#%Ü#-ý9-#,<-;Ü$-Ê +è-:7$-8:ß -;è<-`Ü-73Ý,-ý<-0-/y+-ý-#,<-ý7Ü-$ë-/7ë -Ü +è-"ë-,-(Ü+-


9Ü#-:Ê 9Ü#-ý-(Ü+-`$-+è9-D#ë -#<Ü -0-Ü 73Ý,-ý9-#<:-sÜ#-Bè,-ý-#5Ü-0è+-I-o:-¸-¥ T#-#9è -;9-/-
+$-Ë #<:-&-0-7##-`$-2ì#<-lá#-#Ü-8ß:-:-7b²-/-9$-#-09-7në-/-0+è -%$Ü -Ê #$-¸7¥ $-0Ü-
Dë#-ý-+è-:7$-5è,-ý7Ü-73Ý,-Y$<-o:-/-:<-0(0-/5#-Bè<-*ë/-`Ü-7'ë#-:è,-0è+-ý9-Vë0-ý-7ë+-
#<:-"ë9-8ß#-·¦-;9Ê #,<-7b²7-Ü +##-…å/-0Ü-+#ë<-ý9-0*7-i:ë -të$-8$<-`-Ü +#ë$<-ý9-d0-
/E:Ë 5Ü-#,<-T#-0*ë$-#-Ü F0-ý9-+eè-/-:<-ië:-)è-9Ü#-*ë#-6ß$-7'ß#-·-¦ &±+-ý-,-Vë0-ý-të$-¸¥-
b²9-/-8Ü,-)èÊ +#7-9/-Eë-Bè<Ê 8Ü,-ý-iá/-ý-0è+-ý7Ü-9Ü#-ý-7+ÜÊ Ê9$-#+$<-7&9-2±:-%Ü9-
8$-0-7##-ý<Ê Ê[$-rÜ+-´¥,-`$-&ë<-U¨7Ü-5Ü$-¸¥-;9Ê Ê;9-/-+è-(Ü+-9$-#Ü-*ë#-·¦-ië:Ê Ê%è<-
<ëË Ê
#<ß0-ý-₫ë+-ý<-/ë#<-+e³$-/-,ÜÊ
₫ë +-:0-*0<-%+-&ë<-(Ü+-9ë:-ý7Ü-$$-Î 2ì#<-lá# -8ß:-:-0Ü-5è,-#$-+#9-/)$Î
7ië-7&#-(:-7¸¥#-8è-;è<-9ë:-ý7Ü-$$-Î #6ß$-73Ý,-\$-v$-0(0-ý-&è,-ýë9-/E:Î
02,-07Ü-/Vë 0-ý9-e-/-Eã:-10-0è+Î 0Ü-/Vë0-+ë,-+$-7o:-/-0è+-ý<-,Î
₫ë +-8:ß -´¥,-·-¦ 8è -;<è -9Ü<-0è+-ýÎ &±-/ë7-Ü {æ,-+$-09-0è7Ü-Iè-0ë-/5Ü,Î
+è-(Ü+-9#Ü -ý<-D#-·-¦ 0(0-ý9-#5#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ %ë#-/5#-#Ü-Vë0-ý-të$-¸¥-b²9-ý-,-Vë-#<ß0-₫ë+-ý7Ü-:0-#$-9$ß -¸¥-º¥#<-`$-
*0<-%+-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-9ë:-ý9-$$-:<-,0-8$-0-#8ë<-)è-7e³$-/5Ü7Ü-&ë-7ná:-'Ü-P9-;9-8$-,0-
0"7Ü-t$ë -:<-7+<-ý-0è+-ý-/5Ü,-,Êë Ê+è<-,-7há:-ië:-bÜ-9-è +ë#<-0è+-ý<-2ì#<-lá#-#Ü-8:ß -:-
+è9-73Ý,-b<Ü -0-Ü 5è,-ý9-*#ß -n+-9$-ië:-9$-+#9-{-8,-¸¥-/)$-Ê [$-/)#<-'Ü-P9-[$-9ß$-9#Ü -
ý7Ü-të$-:<-μ+¥ -,-0+è -ý<-7ië-7&#-(:-7¸¥#-*0<-%+-9$-e³$-#Ü-8è-;è<-&è,-ýë7Ü-I:-:0-9:ë -ý7Ü-
$$-¸¥-7ß/-&±/-ý9-*#-/%+Ê I-o:-bÜ-&ë<-*0<-%+-8è-,<-T©,-iá/-`Ü-&ë<-U¨9-<$<-{<-ý<-
#6ß$-e-73Ý,-eè+-\$-e-v$-eè+-#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý-&ë<-(Ü+-0(0-ý-&è,-ýë9-a/-ý9-/E:-/<Ê 7/+-
Ië:-+0Ü#<-/%<-02,-07Ü-/#ë0-ý9-e-/-Eã:-10-8$-0è+-ý<-V0ë -7+ë+-`Ü-D#ë -ý-:<-ië:-)è-*-
0:-bÜ-,-7+9-7e0<-;Ü$-Ê /%ë<-07Ü-v<ë -0Ü-/Vë0-ý7Ü-+ë,-9#Ü -Y$ë -&ë<-(+Ü -6$-*:-B,è -ý-+$-{æ,-
¸¥-7o:-/-0è+-ý<-,-#$-6#-*-0:-ý7Ü-2±:-:<-9Ü$-¸¥-7+<-)è-₫ë+-8ß:-'-Ü P9-₫+ë -ý-*0<-%+-´¥,-·¦-
/6$-ýë-8è-;è<-6$-*:-9$-[$-9Ü<-0è+-+#-ý-9/-7e0<-<ß-;9-/-,Ê &ë<-(Ü+-{æ,-&+-0è+-ý-&±-/ë-
&è,-ýë7Ü-{æ,-+$-7ë+-#<:-#<:-7iÜ/-0+è -ý-09-0è7Ü-Iè-0ë-/5Ü,-)è-+-è "ë-,-(+Ü -`Ü-#,<-:ß#<-9#Ü -ý<-
D#-·¦-0(0-ý9-/5#-ý-:<-0-#8ë<-/5Ü,-¸¥-8-è ;è<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-d#ë <-0è+-¸¥-/Uë9-/-8Ü,-)èÊ (Ü-w-
159

"-‚ë9-:<Ê +0Ü#<-ý<-[$-/7Ü-8ß:-F0<-:Ê Ê9$-/5Ü,-0è+-ý9-<ß<-Dë#<-ýÊ Ê7+Ü-:-[$-


Yë$-#(Ü<-<-ß 0è+Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-7o<-/ß-:-#<ß0Ê U¨-#<ß0-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-2±:-+$-Ê :0-zè,-+$ë<-ýë-/%°-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-
ý7Ü-2±:Ê /Xè,-…å/-8,-:#-/5Ü-+$-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-7o<-/ß-+ë,-/Z¨-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐU¨-#<ß0-T©,-
bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
0+ë9-,-9$-9Ü#-#+ë+-,<-<$<-{<-)èÎ <$<-{<-&è,-ýë-μ¥+-¸¥ -/1:-/<-0è+Î
v-07Ü-lÜ,-bÜ<-Dë#<-ý-$ë -7në+-+èÎ #<:-Yë$-9ë-0(0-9Ü #-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ýë-%,Î
0-,ë 9-#,<-:ß#<-0-/%ë<-#+ë+-07Ü-//<Î 'Ü-/5Ü,-ý-:<-7&ë<-ý-0è+-ý-8Ü<Î
<$<-{<-<-:-+-P-T© ,-bÜ<-iá/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 0+ë9-/Z¨-,-9$-9Ü#-0-/%ë<-ý-&ë<-(Ü+-`-Ü #,<-:ß#<-7+Ü-"ë-,-#+ë+-,<-7há:-0-
fë$-/9-<$<-{<-ý-YèÊ /…å/-e7Ü-<$<-{<-&è,-ýë-#<ß0-Q,-μ+¥ -¸¥-/1:-/<-,0-8$-Cè+-ý-0+è -
`$-u-ë /ß9-7há:-D#ë -#<Ü -/…Ü/<-)-è #5,-,<-Ië:-i/á -·-¦ P-/7Ü-73Ý,-ý<-/%Ü$<-ý-:-8$-+#-ý7Ü-
:0-0",-v-0-+0-ý7Ü-/!7-lÜ,-bÜ<-#+ë+-,<-8è-ië:-b-Ü Dë#<-ý-/þè+-%Ü$-T©,-iá/-`Ü-<$<-{<-9$-
:-#,<-ý9-$ë-7në+-+èÊ F0-ý-0-7##-ý9-#<:-:-$ë-/-ë 0-þè<-ý7Ü-Yë$-ý-#(Ü<-ý-ë 9ë-#%Ü#-·¦-
0(0-ý7Ü-a/-e-:Ê a/-eè+-9$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ýë-%,-bÜ-#5Ü-0-,ë9-/7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-+è-(Ü+-:0-0-
/%ë<-ý-#+ë+-07Ü-9$-//<-<ß-/þ$<-ý<-#;Ü<-'Ü-/5Ü,-ý-0$ë,-¸¥-b²9-ý-:<Ê <è0<-%,-bÜ<-$,-
ý9-+$-<$<-{<-`<Ü -/6$-ý9ë -/)$-,<-#<9-*ë/-·¦-7&ë<-ý-0è+-ý9-D#ë <-ý-+è-8Ü<Ê U¨-#<ß0-
Jë#<-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-`-Ü <-:-+-P-(+Ü -,<-dÜ,-)è-&<ë -U¨-9$-#,<-&è,-ýë9-:-/w<-ý-,-Ü 0-/1:-T©,-
bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß7ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-,ë9-/ß-n-/!ë+-:<Ê Jë#<-<$<-{<-,Ü-9$-9Ü#-(Ü+Ê Ê$ë-/ë-
¸¥<-#<ß0-7b²9-/-0è+Ê Ê9$-/5Ü,-D#-·¦-7##-ý-0è+Ê Ê*ß#<-Bè-´¥,-:-9/-[$-$-ë Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð:0-zè,-+$ë<-ýë-/%°-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
P-/-/P9-0è+-Vë0-ý7Ü-IÜ<-#+/-o:Î ₫ë+-ý-e9-0è+-7o<-/ß-v$-+ë9-7+<Î
+è-,Ü-8è-;è <-₫Ü-:ß#<-+/$-5 è<-eÎ +0-2Ý #-8è-rá$-d:-ý-&è,-ýë9-wä0Î
/…å/-e7Ü-{:-ýë-&è-/9-9$-:-Cè+Î /…å/-&ë<-)Ü$-73Ý,-"ë9-8ß#-{æ,-&+-0è+Î
…å/-ý9-nÜ,-:<-[$-rÜ +-&ë<-U¨9-/E:Î …å/-ý7Ü-8,-:#-0Ü-#<ß$-0(0-#5#-W#<Î
0-/%ë<-2ì#<-lá#-T#-ý-0&ë+-ý7Ü-‡Ü,Î #<:-[$-d#-{-9Ü#-I:-9ë:-ý7Ü-#9Î 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #<$-
{æ+-6/-0ë-F0<-<ß-Eë-Bè7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü<-/Y,-ý7Ü-:0-bÜ-&-zè,-+$ë<-ýë-/%°7$-7+Ü9-7/+-0è+-`Ü-$$-:-
T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý-YèÊ P-/7Ü-0",-ýë<-/P-e7Ü-8ß:-0è+-ý<-#,<-:ß#<-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-¸¥-P-/-+$-Ê
160

Vë0-ý-+0Ü#<-#)+-`Ü-IÜ<-#+/-+$-o:-/<-9$-[$-9Ü<-0è+-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/!ë+-ý-a/-ý9-/E:-/-
+$-Ë ₫ë+-ý-\$-v$-e9-0è+-ý<-&<ë -(Ü+-`-Ü +eÜ$<-<ß-&<ë -%,-bÜ-02,-0-+ë9-,<-7o<-/ß-v$-e-
F0-ië:-+$-\$-e-7"ë9-&ë<-#(Ü<-!-:<-7+<-)è-9$-#,<-`Ü-9#Ü -ý-#5Ü-*ë#-·-¦ Jë#<-ý-+è-,ÜÊ #5Ü-
:0-7o<-/ß7-Ü 9Ü0-ý-´¥,-:-a/-ý<-8è-;<è -₫Ü-vä#<-`Ü-+/$-5è<-e-/-#)ë9-vä#<-`Ü-&ë-#-´¥,-:<-
a+-ý9-7.#<-ý-+$-Ê <-0-8-7/ß0-Z7è -Ü +0-2Ý#-F0<-`$-#+ë+-,<-&ë<-(Ü+-:<-0-Ü 7+7-/<-8-è
rá$-T©,-iá/-#6ß$-73Ý,-+$-o:-/7Ü-+eÜ$<-{-7e0<-<0-d:-/-&è,-ýë-#%Ü#-·-¦ /wä0-ý-+$-Ê +ë,-
¸¥-#(è9-)è-/…å/-e7Ü-{:-ýë-9$-e³$-8è-;è<-&è-/7Ü-0&ë#-#5,-:<-0-/1:-9$-(Ü+-:<-Cè+-ý-+$-Ê
…å/-eè+-`Ü-&ë<-/)$-/5#-0è+-ý7Ü-)$Ü -$è-73Ý,-"ë9-0-ë 8ß#-:<-0-Ü #8ë-/<-{æ,-&+-0è+-ý-+$-Ê …å/-
ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-[$-rÜ+-*0<-%+-&ë<-U7¨ -Ü 8ë-:$<-<ß-/E:-/<-%Ü9-[$-8-è ;è<-`Ü-9ë:-ý9-»¥#<-:<-
7e³$-/-+$-Ê …å/-ý7Ü-8,-:#-%Ü7$-0Ü-#<ß$-5Ü$-e9-0è+-0(0-ý9-/5#-ý7Ü-/w<-ý-&è,-ýë<-
#<$-W#<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-v-0+è -¸-¥ /Uë9-/-+$-Ê vë-8Ü<-/6ë-0-/%ë<-ý-2ì#<-lá#-#Ü-8ß:-;è<-9$-
//<-T©#-ý9-/5#-ý<-*ß#-n+-9è#-ië:-¸¥-Yë/-ý-0&ë+-ý7Ü-‡Ü,-7e0<-<ß-t<-ý-+$-Ê <è0<-`Ü-
#<:-[$-´¥,-a/-ý7Ü-d#-{-8-è ;è<-<ß-7&Ü$-/-+$-9#Ü -I:-dë#<-0+è -¸-¥ 7ië-/-9ë:-ý7Ü-#9-b-Ü F0-
7b²9-¸¥-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð/Xè,-…å/-8,-:#-/5Ü-+$-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-7o<-/ß-+ë,-/Z¨-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
<è0<-`-Ü 02$-/1:-8è-;<è -/Xè,-ý-YèÎ 9$-*#ë -F:-09-$ë-‡ë +-(è-/9-/Xè,Î
*Ü#-:è-(#-#%Ü#-*#-&ë+-…å/-ý7Ü -$$-Î ië:-*ë#-# +è$-/%7-…å/-ý-&è,-ýë -8Ü<Î
%ë#-/5#-/5Ü-Q,-!-+#-6$-*:-+eÜ$<Î ´¥,-/6$-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-<-:-+-P -dÜ,Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ hè#<-&ë+-8-è //<-<ë9-/5#-#Ü-*ë#-09-<è0<-`Ü-02$-/1:-)è-þè-0è+-¸¥-I+-/%+-
ý-,Ü-9$-e³$-8-è ;è<-:-/Xè,-ý-YèÊ /9-¸-¥ 9$-9Ü#-!-+#-#Ü-*ë#-·-¦ #,<-:ß#<-0-/%ë<-F:-09-$ë-
‡ë+-ý-,Ü-(-è /9-/Xè,-ý-+$-Ê 7##-0è+-¸¥-#),-:-./-Yè-9$-e³$-#Ü-*Ü#-:-è (#-#%Ü#-·¦-7"ë9-7+<-
*0<-%+-Jë#<-ý9-*#-&ë+-ý-,Ü-…å/-ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-#,<-ý-8Ü,-:Ê 0*9-#¶¦#-0-8è-ië:-bÜ-*ë#-·¦-
#(è,-ýë<-/þ9-i:ë -0-+#ë<-ý7Ü-#+è$-/%7-/-…/å -ý-&è,-ýë7-Ü 9Ü0-ý<-#(Ü<-0è+-¸¥-I:-‚$-YèÊ
+è7$-…,ë -0-[$-eè+-:<Ê 9Ü-/-ë %ë#-/5#-P-/7Ü-2+Ê Ê{-02ì-%ë#-/5#-V0ë -ý7Ü-2+Ê Ê[$-/-
%ë#-/5#-₫ë+-ý7Ü-2+Ê Ê9Ü#-ý-%ë#-/5#-7o<-/ß7-Ü 2+Ê Ê2+-/5Ü-Q,-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-+Êè Ê$è<-
ý7Ü-+ë,-:-vë-7lè<-ý7ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9Ê +#ë$<-ý-&ë<-(Ü+-`Ü-$$-:-#,<-ý<-z,è -[$-xä$-2ì#<-P-
/ß<-,0-8$-0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-#+è$-Cè+-ý-9Ü-/ë-%ë#-/5#-#Ü-P-/Ê 9Ü#-ý-6$-*:-:-+/$-ýë7Ü-#+$<-0-
7##-ý-{-02ì-xä$-#Ü<-0-/þë+-ý-P-/-ß :Ê [$-8:ß -#67-U9-bÜ-#6ß#<-/C,-;9-8$-8ß:-+$-
161

8ß:-%,-¸-¥ F0-ý9-Dë#-ý-0è+-ý<-#6ß#<-/C,-b<Ü -&-± :-0-#ë<-ý-+$-02±$<-ý-{-02ì-%ë#-/5#-#Ü-


Vë0-ýÊ 9Ü#-ý7Ü-₯$<-&-0è-:ë$-P-/ß9-&ë<-%,-02,-0-%Ü9-[$-8$-+##-…å/-o:-/9-,$-;è<-9ë-
0(0-8,-#9-/5#-ý-[$-/-%ë#-/5#-#Ü-₫ë+-ýÊ 9Ü#-ý-6$-*:-$ë<-/6ß$-0+è -ý-:-vë-8<Ü -/6ë-
/%ë<-$$-73Ý,-5,è -#$-8$-0-Ü e-/9-9$-ië:-të$-8$<-&è,-ýë7Ü-+#ë$<-ý9-9$-#,<-<-ß /5#-ý-,Ü-
9Ü#-ý-%ë#-/5#-#Ü-7o<-/ß-YèÊ +è-P9-%#ë -/5#-#Ü-#,+-/5Ü-+$-Q,-ý-:<Ê !-+#-6$-*:-#+ë+-
07Ü-&ë<-+eÜ$<-´¥,-·¦-/6$-ýë7Ü-ië:-#5Ü-e$-&±/-X$Ü -ý7ë -Ü <-:-dÜ-¸¥<-<-ß 0Ü-Pë<-ý9-+-P-dÜ,-ý9-
7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-!-+#-#Ü-P-/7Ü-0'ß#-/Z¨-/-,ÜÊ
0+ë9-,-[ë+-/%°+-eè-o#-*-++-`$-Î ,0-0"7Ü-$$-¸¥-9ë-#%Ü#-+eè9-0è+-P9Î
+!9-ýë7Ü-:0-+$-7o<-/ß-/<0-7+<-`$-Î 9Ü#-ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-T©,-iá /-&è,-ýë9-Jë#<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #5Ü-!-+#-#-Ü P-/7Ü-#,<-:ß#<-0+ë9-/Z¨<-)-è +ýè9-02ì,-,Ê dÜ-[ë+-`-Ü 7'Ü#-Dè,-
+$-,$-/%°+-`-Ü þè-7ië-#,<-:ß<-/!ë+-ý7Ü-eè-o#-#%Ü#-·-¦ 0-$è<-ý<-*-++-[-2ì#<-<ß-0&Ü<-`$-Ê
7e³$-/-&,è -ýë-,0-0"7-Yë$-ý7Ü-t$ë -¸¥-0-7¸¥<-ý-0è+-ý<-+è7Ü-$$-¸¥-+eè9-0è+-9ë-#%Ü#-ý-P9Ê l$-
+ë,-¸¥-:0-Yè#<-T-+$-2$<-ý7Ü-*è#-ý-+$-F0-e$-#Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-+!9-ýë7Ü-:0-(,-*ë<-,<->-¹¥7Ü-
/9-+$-+è-+#-<ë-<ë7Ü-7*ë/-e7Ü-7o<-/ß-/<0-:<-7+<-ý9-#<ß$<-`$-Ê $è<-ý7Ü-+ë,-¸¥-#+ë+-07Ü-
ië:-<-!-+#-9$-e³$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-$$-¸¥-T©,-iá/-&è,-ýë9-#5Ü-:-Jë#<-ý-YèÊ +è7$-8è-ië:-:-#5Ü-+$-
[$-/-8ß:-F0<-8-è ,<-J#ë <-ý-+$-Ê 9$-ië:-:-7há:-#5Ü-:0-+$-;è<-e-9$-<9-Jë#<-ý-+$-Ê
#%Ü#-i:ë -:-7o<-/-ß {æ-z,è -&<ë -(+Ü -F0<-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-Jë#<-ý-+$-Ê 0*7-ië:-:-7"ë9-7+<-{æ+-
:ß$-*0<-%+-0*7-o:-¸¥-Jë#<-ý-+$-Ê #%è9-ië:-:-#+0<-$#-/<0-#),-7o<-/ß-/%<-&ë<-
+eÜ$<-9$-$9ë -Jë#<-ý9-#<ß$<-)Êè 0ß-)#Ü -n$è -/-:<Ê +è-d9Ü -#5Ü-#,<-9Ü#-ý-:Ê Ê9$-;9-
8Ü,-dÜ9-[$-/-J#ë <Ê Ê5è<-ý-,<Ê 9$-:#ë -8Ü,-dÜ9-7"ë9-7+<-Jë#<Ê Ê9$-#,<-8Ü,-dÜ9-{æ+-
:ß$-Jë#<Ê Ê9$-Jë#<-8Ü,-d9Ü -¸¥<-#%Ü#-Jë#<Ê Ê5è<-<#ë <-#<ß$<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-*ë+-@:-bÜ-(0<-:è,-/;+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-ý9-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-
/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
8$-6/-0,-$#-# ,+-`Ü-#+0<-ý-,ÜÎ 0$ë,-<ß0-:0-eè+-*è#-ý7Ü-6+-<-YèÎ
9Ü#-I:-U¨-# <ß0-:0-¸¥-[$-/7Ü -dÜ9Î dÜ -¸¥<-0Ü -Pë<-+-P-ië:-/7Ü -*/<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ *è#-+μ¥-7ë#-0-F0<-:<-&è<-6/-ý7Ü-hè#<-&ë+-`Ü-#+0<-ý-:7$-9Ü#-ý-:ß<-:-
#,<-`$-+è-0$ë,-¸¥-Yë,-ý7Ü-#,+-0è+-ý<-7+Ü9-+è-:<-`$-8$-6/-`Ü-0,-$#-Yè-#+0<-ý7Ü-+ë,-:-
162

vë<-/D#<-`Ü-6/-0Ü-6/-e-/7Ü-u#<-0Ü-Cè+-ý<-#,+-`Ü-#+0<-ý-a+-ý9-/¸¥,-+$-Q,-ý-YèÊ 8Ü-
#è-0+è -ý-:<Ê 9Ü#-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-´¥,-:-a/-`$-&ë<-`Ü-U¨-#+0<-$#-:-*ß#-#ë Ê5è<-7e³$-YèÊ
+è7$-d-Ü +eÜ$<-,0-0"7-Yë$-ý9-,$-#Ü-9Ü#-#+$<-Eë-Bè-:ß-μ-¥ {æ+-0$ë,-<0ß -Y,ë -5$Ü -:0-¸¥-eè+-ý<-
8Ü+-+cë+-D#ë -ý7Ü-;è<-9/-:-9#-0-:<ß -ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê 9Ü0-+μ¥7-Ü *è#-ý7Ü-6+-<70-þè:-<9ë -b²9-ý-YèÊ
2Ý#-+$-#ë-/-;è<-9/-:-0Ü-Pë<-ý9-+/$-ýë<-0*ë$-/-+$-Ê +/$-ýë-Fë-/½§:Ê :<-/6$-$,Ê .ë-
0ë7Ü-a+-ý9-<ë#<-0è+-ý9-9Ü#-I:-+eÜ$<-`Ü-[$-&9-U¨-#<ß0-ýë-:0-¸-¥ [$-/-YÊè $ë-/ë-&ë<-U¨7Ü-
D#<-<ß-þ-è 0è+-‡ë<-ý-+$-o:-/Ê 9$-/5Ü,-:ë$<-U¨7-Ü D#<-<ß-7+ë -#+$<-[-2ì#<-<-ß [$-/Ê
*ß#<-B-è …å/-ý7Ü-D#<-<ß-;<è -ý-#<:-Yë$-¸-¥ 7&9-/-YèÊ &ë<-U¨-!-+#-8Ü,-ý<-+$ë<-ýë-7.ë-7b²9-
0è+-:Ê T©,-iá/-:ë$<-‡:å -¸¥-[$-/<-7o<-/ß-dÜ-¸¥<-:-0Ü-P<ë -ý7Ü-dÜ9-2é-dÜ-07Ü-¸¥<-<0-2é-:-ë /{-
ý7Ü-8ß,-<ë#<-:-0Ü-Pë<-ý9-+-P-0*ë$-0-*#-,<-ië:-/7Ü-[è-6Ü,-5Ü$-Ê /Ië,-7iá<-%,-:ë-#<ß0-
00-lá#-:-<ë#<-ý<-ië:-/7Ü-*/<-7ë+-#<:-[$-/-/5Ü7Ü-:0-0&ë#-*ë+-@:-(Ü+-/;+-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
+è-P9-8$-*:-7b²9-:<Ê 9$-9Ü#-0$ë,-<ß0-0*ë$-0è+-ý<Ê Ê9Ü0-+μ¥7-Ü 7+ë+-ý<-ië:-/-0Ü,Ê Ê
&ë<-(Ü+-6+-<-0*9-d,Ü -ý<Ê ÊU¨-#<ß0-:0-bÜ-[$-/7ëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-ý9-/;+-ý-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê Wë,-7iëÊ +$ë<-#5ÜÊ 0'ß#-#-Ü e-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:7$-
#(Ü<Ë 9Ü#-ý7Ü-[-hÜ+-7"ë9-7+<-9ß-;,-dè-/-+ $-Ê #,+-/5Ü<-0$ë,-<ß0-bÜ-[$-/-:-7'ß#-
ý7ëË Ê+$-ýë-Ð9Ü#-ý7Ü-[-hÜ+-7"ë9-7+<-9ß-;,-dè-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
9Ü#-ý7Ü-[-hÜ +-Vë-#<ß0-9ß-;,-+eèÎ dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-e-/-+μ¥ -ná#<-/)$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-#º¥$-#Ü-:ß#<-þè<-/ß-‡ë<-ý-%,-*ß,-0ë$-#Ü-l+ë -D#<-:-+#7-ý<-U¨-#<ß0-
bÜ-[-hÜ+-ý-7e³$-/5Ü7Ü-iÜ-+ë,-:-‚$-/9-#<ß$<-`$-Ê 7+Ü9-0,-$#-:ß#<-/Ië,-7iá<-%,-/½§:-
º¥#<-:-+#7-/<-9Ü#-ý7Ü-[-h+Ü -ý-7"ë9-7+<-9-ß ;,-7eè+-ý7Ü-₫ë+-ý-W,ë -¸¥-‚$-/9-e-YèÊ *:-
7b²9-:<Ê 7"ë9-7+<-9-ß ;,-0-dè-,Ê Ê"0<-#<ß0-:ß<-$#-8Ü+-`<Ü -`$-Ê Êoè:-ý-&+ë -ý9-0Ü-
7b²9-/<Ê Ê7"ë9-7+<-9ß-;,-+eè-/9-eÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-;$Ü -Vë-#<ß0-bÜ-9ß-;,-<ë-<9ë -+eè-/7$-
:ß<-`Ü<-7ië-/-9Ü#<-l#á -#-Ü ₫ë+-2:± Ê /+è-#;è#<-5Ü-hë7Ü-U¨7Ü-F0-7b²9Ê $#-#<Ü -7ië-l#á -…-U+-
&ë<-…-#<$-W#<-<ë#<Ê <è0<-`Ü<-9Ü#<-lá#-#Ü-/+è-Z¨#-/)$-Xë0<-₫+ë -ý-+$-0Ü-D#ë -ý7Ü-)$Ü -
$è-73Ý,-<ë#<-:-$:-¸¥/-*$-&+-0-b²9-ý9-D#<-*ë,-ý9-‚$<-,<-F:-¸¥-+//Ê 0,-$#-:ß#<-
F0<-<ß-,$-P9-9ß-;,-+eè-/-:ß<-:-9Ü#<-lá#-#Ü-<-/ë,-I-8Ü#-2±:-¸¥-#,<-ý-W#<-+$-+0Ü#<-ý<-
‚$-/7$-e-/9-#<ß$<-:Ê +è<-:ß<-$#-8Ü+-#<ß0-bÜ-Z#Ü -ý-7+# Ê/9-&+-5ÊÜ 0$ë,-5,è -
Që# ÊU¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-Eë-Bè9-72$-{-/9-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê+è-,<-V-ë #<ß0-9-è 9è9-8$-d-Ü ,$-#<$-/-#<ß0-
163

9è<-+eè-/7Ü-e-/-+μ¥-ná#<-F0<-9$Ü -¸¥-/ë9-5Ü$-#)$-/9-e-YèÊ +è-:-:<ß -`Ü-#<ß0-,ÜÊ dÜ-7'Ü#-Dè,-


7há:-/7Ü-e-e+è -+$-F0-#8è$-*0<-%+Ê ,$-d#-+$-Uë9-/-<#ë <-+0,-ý7Ü-+#è-/-F0<Ê #<$-
/-F0-#8è$-V¨:-/þë+-*0<-%+-\$<-)è-#%Ü#-ýß9-7¸¥#-ý7ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-$#-#Ü-#<ß0-,ÜÊ dÜ-7'Ü#-
Dè,-bÜ-7há:-#)0-[-2ì#<Ê ,$-"-),ë -+$-/w<-/Bë+-:-<ë#<-ýÊ #<$-/-‰-/Bë+-*0<-%+-
\$<-)è-0Ü-‰-/9-#,<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-8Ü+-`Ü-#<ß0-,ÜÊ dÜ-7'Ü#-Dè,-bÜ-7há:-Dë#-*0<-%+Ê
,$-/þè+-Jë#<-`-Ü <è0<-73Ý,-[-2ì#<Ê #<$-/-F0-Dë#-#Ü-7në-7¸¥-*0<-%+-\$<-,<-Dë#-0è+-`-Ü
$$-:-#,<-ý9-e-5Ü$-+è<-,Ü-Vë-#<ß0-#,<-ý-+$-Ê /D,-ý-+$-Ê ië:-/9-7b²9-/-YèÊ 7+<-
Bè<-:<Ê #,<-/D,-ië:-/7Ü-#+è$-*ë/-,<Ê ÊdÜ-,$-e-/-´¥,-/)$-YèÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-
9ëË Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð#,+-/5Ü<-0$ë,-<ß0-bÜ-[$-/-:-7'ß#-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
:ß <-#,+-<è$-#è-u$-&è,-l$-rë$-2±:Î $#-#,+-7ië-7ë$-xä$-,Ü-+:-/9-/y/Î
8Ü+-# ,+-8ß:-:-0Ü-#8ë-Iè-#%Ü#-#)+Î Vë-#,+-Që# -./<-6ß9-bÜ<-#6Ü9-/-:<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ Vë-#<ß0-:-#,+-/5Ü<-/%°,-,<-0$ë,-<ß0-bÜ-[$-/-:-#º¥#-ý9-e-YèÊ /5Ü-,Ü-
:ß<-$#-8Ü+-Vë7Ü-#,+-+ëÊ Ê+è-:-+$-ýë-:ß<-`Ü-#,+-,ÜÊ të$-#<:-:<Ê +è-8$-:ß<-,Ü-U¨-#<ß0-
:<Ë Ê{æ,-¸¥-7+7-/9-0Ü-e7ëÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9Ê &ë<-U¨7Ü-/º¥#<-Y$<-<è$-#è-P-/ß-+$-Ê :ë$<-
U¨7Ü-/º¥#<-Y$<-u$-&è,-P-/ß-+$-Ê ‡å:-U¨7Ü-/º¥#<-Y$<-l$-rë$-P-/ß-F0<-e<-ý<-#,<-
U/<-<ß-+$-ýë<-7e³$-/-9$-<9-+# Ê#(Ü<-ý<-#8ë-eè+-`Ü-xä$-6Ü,Ê #<ß0-ý<-lë+-/þè+-%Ü$-
7e³$-/-X0ë <-ý9-e+è Ê 0*9-*ß#-U¨-#<ß0-¸¥-i:ë -)-è f-$,-:<-7+7-/9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-$#-#,+-,ÜÊ 7+<-Bè<-:<Ê $#-,Ü-/y/-e7Ü-9Ü0-ý-+$-Ê Ê#,<-ý-/D,-%Ü$-:-
8$-/wÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-‰-/-¶¦$-/-+$-%$° -6+-:<-0-Ü ‰-/-+$-/E-10-:-/Dè,-ý<-#,<-U/<-<ß-
7há:-/7Ü-#)0-7##-ý<-(ë,-0ë$<-0-Ü 7.è:Ê 0*9-*ß#-/Bë+-0è+-`Ü-+ë,-:-9è#-%$Ü -<$<-{<-`Ü-
#<ß$-E-ë Bè7Ü-të$-¸-¥ f-$,-:<-7+7-/9-7b²9-9ëÊ Êa+-ý9-7+<-B<è -:<Ê xä$-#,+-;Ü,-·¦-+:-:-
/y/Ë Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý<-xä$-+:-/-0-/Dè,-,Ê xä$-#Ü<-9Ü#-ý-]ä9-,<-0-Ü 6Ü,-ý<-d-Ü ,$-7ië-7$ë -
#Ü-x$ä -,-Ü +:-/9-/y/-%Ü$-Ê +è7Ü-2±:-8$-Ê dÜ-,$-xä$-,Ü-+:-5Ü$-0(0Ê Ê8Ü+-10-dÜ-9ß-7¸¥9-/-
8Ü<Ë Êxä$-#-Ü 7ië-7ë$-&+-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý<Ê xä$-#Ü-7ië-7ë$-6+-ý<-Dë#-ý7Ü-7në-7¸¥-
6+-+è-+eÜ$<-9Ü#-#8ë-7μ¥:-0è+-ý9-Zë+-ý7Ü-+#ë<-ý-8+ë -+ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-8Ü+-#,+-,ÜÊ *:-7b²9-:<Ê <è0<-,Ü-+eÜ$<-:-#)+-ý<-7iá/Ê Ê%è<-ý<-8ß:-
zè,-+$-o:-/7Ü-dÜ7Ü-,0-0"7-Yë$<-<$-$è-/-+è-:-+/$-ýë-0Ü-#8ë-/9-Iè-#%Ü#-0¸¥$-2±#<-<ß-#)+-
164

,<-,0-0"7Ü-+/ß<-<ß-<è0<-*Ü0-7ië-/-P-/ß7Ü-;è<-ý<-l#-·¦-/%°,-ý<-,$-#Ü-+eÜ$<-F0-+#-…ë,-0-
9Ü#-ý-Yë$-#<:-¸¥-T#-#Ü<-7&9-/9-7b²9-)èÊ +è<-#,<-U/<-<ß-9Ü#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-
0*ë$-5$Ü -0*9-*#ß -T#-0è+-¸¥-72$-{-/9-7b²9-9Êë Ê
/5Ü-ý-Vë7Ü-#,+-,ÜÊ *:-7b²9-:<Ê Vë-,Ü-U¨-#<ß0-0Ü#-#Ü<-/PÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-&ë<-U¨7Ü-
#6Ü#<-Y$<-bè,-¸¥-Q#ë -Y-è #1°#-)9ë -b-Ü F0-ý9-/P-/Ê :ë$<-U¨7-Ü #6Ü#<-Y$<-#8<-#8ë,-¸¥-
6ß9-bÜ<-hÜ+-+è-ƒç#-0-rë$-/-P-/ßÊ ‡å:-U¨7Ü-#6Ü#<-Y$<-dè+-/1°0-%°$-6+-*ß9-:-./-ý-l$-rë$-
/<0-#),-/Vë0-ý-P-/-ß F0<-#ë$-#Ü-7¸¥#-Y$<-#<ß0-+$-9Ü0-ý9-‚9-,<-e-YÊè +è-+#-#Ü<-dÜ-
,$-#Ü-+eÜ$<-9Ü#-0*ë$-Y-è 7há:-,$-5Ü$-"0<-<ß-7&9-/9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+$ë<-#5Ü-:-MÊ (0<-<ß-v$-e-7ë+-#<:-8è-;è<-`Ü-*Ü#-:è-/;+-ýÊ +è-'Ü-P9-(0<-<ß-
v$<-2±:-/;+-ýÊ +è-P9-(0<-<ß-v$-/-:-+$ë<-ýë-/%°-2$-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-a+-ý9-7.#<-ý7Ü-
#,<-/;+-ýÊ *ß,-/5Ü7-Ü 0,-$#-+$-‚9-)è-(0<-:è,-#,+-¸-¥ /[¨,-ýÊ /Xè,-…å/-/5Ü9-‚9-/7Ü-
2±:-bÜ<-(0<-<ß-v$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-/;+-ý<-+ë,-/Z¨-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð(0<-<ß-v$-e-7ë+-#<:-8è-;è<-`-Ü
*Ü# -:è-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
XÜ$-+/ß<-0Ü-;Ü#<-6#-0è+-7ë+-#<:-#+$<Î 9$-e³$-#<$-/-;è:-]ä#-:0-:<-7&9Î
{$-5#<-…ë,-07Ü-Dè,-:<-dÜ -+eÜ$<-<ßÎ yë$-eè+-zè,-o:-7&9-+$-Z¨+-ý7Ü-¸¥ <Î
+#-ý-+eÜ$<-…ë,-7ë+-M7Ü-0ß-a²+-+/ß<Î *Ü# -:è-Yë$-…ë,-0*Ü$-#<:-₯$<-ý-:Î
Eë-Bè -:ß-μ ¥-{æ+-`Ü-7ië-7ë$-%,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #,+-/5Ü-#6Ü9-/-:<-0$ë,-<0ß -b-Ü [$-/-+è-#5Ü-#$-:<-7&9-,-XÜ$-+/ß<-0-Ü
;Ü#<-ý-₯$<-07Ü-*Ü#-:è-7ë+-#<:-9Ü#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-(Ü+-/ß0-,$-#Ü-09-0è-P9-#<:-/-:-6è9-#+$<-
<ß-7&9-)Êè të$-#<:-:<Ê 9Ü,-&è,-:ß<-`-Ü #,<-+-è ,Ê Ê$ë-/ë-Yë$-#<:-U¨-9ß-#,<Ê Ê9$-
/5Ü,-#<:-72é9-*Ü#-:è-7+ë Ê Ê*ß#<-Bè-[$-Yë$-…ë,-09-#,<Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9Ê $ë-/ë-U¨9-/º¥#<-
ý<-!-+#-#Ü-+#ë$<-ý-+$-0*ß,-ý-,-Ü +ë,Ê 9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-M-/Y,-ý<-#<$-U9ë -:ß<-+`Ü:-¸¥-0*ß,-
ý-,Ü-/EÊ *ß#<-Bè-…ë,-09-[$-ý<-8$-#<$-XÜ$-)Ü#-+$-0*ß,-ý-,Ü-D#<-<ëÊ Ê:0-#$-¸¥-7&9-
,Ë 9$-e³$-E-ë Bè-<0è <-+ý7Ü-#<$-/7Ü-:0-I-!-)Ü-;è:-]#ä -%,-5è<-e-/-XÜ$-,<-0#Ü -·¦-+9-+!9-b-Ü
U¨+-ý-P-/ß9-7oè:-/7Ü-7+ë -I7Ü-:0-:<-/{æ+-+è-7&9-/<-0Ü#-#Ü-+ý$-ýë-{$<-5#<-&±7Ü-…,ë -07è -Ü
Dè,-:<-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-[$-Ê 8ß:-#$-¸¥-7&9-,Ê dÜ7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-7&9-)è-,0-0"7-Yë$-ý-0è-:ë$-+$-
7l-/<-[$-/7Ü-#ë-dè-,<Ê ,$-#Ü-+eÜ$<-F0-+#-…ë,-0-/+#-ýë7Ü-e+-+$-7l-/9-7&9-/<-‡Ü,-+$-
/<Ü9-/ß-<ë#<-Cë#<-ý7Ü-Eã:-yë$-eè+-`Ü-zè,-+$-o:-/7Ü-,0-0"7-₯$<-;$Ü -#<:-/-(Ü+-:Ê W-lë-
165

¹¥/-+$-dÜ-lë-;9-¸¥-/P-/70Ê 7ë+-#<:-7&9-y-/7Ü-&è+-¸¥-(Ü-0-7&9-/-+$-Z¨+-ý7Ü-¸¥<-`Ü-6è9-
#(Ü<-+$-‚9-,<-W-lë-;9-+$-d-Ü lë-¹/¥ -·-¦ /PÊ 2±:-'Ü-P9-7&9-,Ê F0-+#-+eÜ$<-…ë,-(Ü+-*ë#-
09-^Ü,-020<-,<-0*Ü$-#-a/-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-7ë+-:<-9Ü0-bÜ<-0&è+-,<-,0-0"7Ü-7'7-2ì,-P-/ß-7ë+-
0ß-a²+-*#Ü -n,-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-,$-¸¥-*Ü#-:-è Yë$-ý7Ü-…ë,-0-JÜ$-/ß9-Eë-/ë9-/7Ü-9-Ü 0ë-P9-7:-7ë:-:<-
0*9-*Ü#-:è-0*Ü$-#<:-₯$<-ý7Ü-,$-¸¥-9#Ü -ý-E-ë Bè-:-ß μ¥-{æ+-/+#-ýë7Ü-<è0<-+$-7l-/9-7ië-7ë$-
+:-o:è -%,-0ß-)#Ü -#-Ü nè$-/-P-/ß-7&9-/9-7b²9-)èÊ …ë,-0-7/9-/-:<Ê 0Ü#-#Ü-F0-;<è -+#-ý-
:Ë Ê#<:-eè+-7/9-/7Ü-7+ë -6è9-MÊ Ê0Ü-7b²9-a/-ý7Ü-2±:-¸¥-8$-Ê Ê0*Ü$-#7Ü-9$-#+$<-&è,-
ýë9-#,<Ê Ê7&9-e+è -[$-/-0-7##<-ý<Ê ÊdÜ-8Ü-8ß:-:-F0-ý9-[$-Ê Ê5è<-+$-Ê 7&9-2±:-
8$-<è$-#è-I:-J#ë <-:<Ê +eÜ$<-,Ü-+eÜ$<-`Ü-…ë,-0-:Ê Ê9Ü#-ý-:ß-μ¥-{æ+-¸¥-#<:Ê Ê+eÜ$<-,Ü-
7ë+-`Ü-0-ß a²+-:Ê Ê9Ü#-ý-U-¨ M7Ü-[$-/9-;9Ê Ê+eÜ$<-+$-9Ü#-ý-8è-;è<-#<ß0Ê Ê7¸¥-7o:-0è+-
ý7Ü-2±:-¸¥-#<:Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê2±:-7+Ü7Ü-#º¥$-#+0<-{<-ý-F0<-<ß-…ë,-0-F0-ý-+μ¥-+$-lá#-+$-
/5Ü9-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-W-0-:-d-Ü 0-F0<-7¸¥-5Ü$-:0-¸-¥ e-/-+$ë<-,-Ü …ë,-0-/5Ü-ýë-7+Ü-+#-8Ü,-ý-+$-Ê
+μ¥9-+eè-/-P9-,Ê #,<-ý-#5Ü7-Ü …ë,-0-$ë-/ë-9$-/5Ü,-*#ß <-B7è -Ü /+#-(Ü+-Yë$-#<:-9Ü#-ý7Ü-XÜ$-
ýë-%,-´¥,-a/-·¦-/º¥#<-ý-+$-Ê :0-:-,$-1Ý$-;7Ü-…ë,-0-XÜ$-₯$<-07Ü-*Ü#-:è-/Dè,-ý7Ü-#,<-,<Ê
+!9-7'0-I7Ü-…ë,-0-;:è -]ä#-%,-<#ë <-8-è ;è<-7+ë -`Ü-I-M-:<-7ë+-#<:-b-Ü [$-/-7e³$-/7Ü-:0-
e<-)èÊ 0Ü#-{$-5#<-&±7Ü-…ë,-0-:7$-7e³$-/-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-{$<-5#<-0Ü#-#Ü-+/$-Dè,Ê +/$-/ë-
7¸¥<-ý7Ü-{$-5#<-#6ß#<-[$-73Ý,-¹¥<-ý7Ü-0Ü#-;<è Ê 8è-;<è -7¸¥<-ý7Ü-{$<-5#<-7ë+-I7Ü-Vë-
+$ë<-72ì#<-ý7Ü-0*ß-:<Ê dÜ-9-ß +eÜ$<-F0-+#-#Ü-…,ë -0-0*Ü$-#-a/-ý-&,è -ý-ë 7ë+-M7Ü-9-/9-*Ü#-
:è-Yë$-ý7Ü-…ë,-0-wä0-Uë9-0ß-a²+-%,-*ë#-09-#(Ü<-7oè:-<0-7oè:-r,-0-10-ý-,<-0*9-i$<-
:<-7+<-;Ü$-{-&è-/9-7&9-/-+$-Ê +è-+#-#Ü-a/-eè+-¸¥-;è<-9/-9$-e$³ -#Ü-…ë,-0-9$-9#Ü -8è-;è<-
'è-#<:-'è-/D,-¸¥-<ë$-/-:<Ê ië:-<-/9-+ë-¸¥<-`Ü-…ë,-09-*Ü0-:ß#<-/{+-`Ü<-#+è$-*ë/-YèÊ
ië:-#5Ü-0*9-*ß#-7o<-/ß7Ü-…,ë -0-,$-+eÜ$<-!-+#-#5ë,-¹¥-/0ß -U-¨ a+-&<ë -lá#-Q,-bÜ-#+$<-I:-
T©,-iá/-7.ë-/-&è,-ýë-E-ë Bè7Ü-U¨<-7"ë9-/-'Ü-rÜ+-¸-¥ #5,-+ë,-03+-ý9-#<ß$<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-'Ü-P9-(0<-<ß-v$<-2±:-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
Yë $-ý7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-9Ü#-ý7Ü-#6è9-/%° #-YÎè /<0-b Ü<-0Ü-a/-#6ß$-73Ý,-o:-/7Ü-$$-Î
8Ü+-0Ü#-xä$-#<ß0-Iè-#%Ü#-0(0-/5#-ý<Î ,$-¸¥-;è<-9/-9$-e³$-…ë,-07Ü-(0<Î
Yë $-#<:-/<0-/Bë+-‡ë<-:<-7+<-ý-7&9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P-/7ß -Ü +eÜ$<-9Ü#-+è-:-#ë0<-ý9-e+è -ý7Ü-2:± -8$-Ê dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-,0-0"7-
166

Yë$-ý7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-Vë-#<ß0-`Ü-#,+-#%°,-5$Ü -0Ü#-7o<-0-Ü 7μ¥:-/9-Eë-B-è :ß-μ¥-{æ+->9-:-#)+-ý<-


9Ü#-ý7Ü-#6è9-/%°#-Yè-8-è ;è<-`Ü-9$-#+$<-/<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-ý7Ü-+eÜ$<-,$-;9-/-:-dÜ-9ß-#6ß$-
8ß:-+$-,$-¸¥-73Ý,-ý7Ü-;è<-ý<-0*ë$-e-0*ë$-eè+-`Ü-#(Ü<-Dë#-+$-o:-/7Ü-$$-¸¥Ê ,$-7&9-#5Ü-
<è0<-8Ü+Ê dÜ-7&9-Vë-0Ü#-+/$-Ê /9-þ+ë -eè+-x$ä -#-Ü 7ië-Që#-#<ß0-ýë-7'ß#-ý7Ü-#,+-:-I-è
#%Ü#-·-¦ lÜ:-,<-0(0-ý9-/5#-%$Ü -9$-<ë-/6ß$-/<Ê 8ß:-+$-8ß:-%,-+eè9-0+è -¸-¥ 7lè<-ý<-7ë+-
#<:-bÜ-[$-/-^Ü,-020<-,<-l:-)è-#<:-7iÜ/-0è+-ý9-7&9-/-<ë#<-[$-/5Ü7-Ü [$-;<è -`-Ü
(0<-F0<-9Ü0-bÜ<-þè-/-+$-Ê +è-:-/Dè,-,<-,$-¸¥-;è<-9/-9$-e³$-#Ü-…ë,-0-#<:-/D,-#ë$-
7.è:-¸-¥ 7ië-/7Ü-(0<-Yë$-#<:-,0-0"7-₯$<-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-P-/ßÊ vë<-/<0-ý-+$-$#-#Ü<-/Bë+-
0Ü-¹<¥ -ý-‡ë<-ý-´,¥ -:<-7+<-ý-9$-//<-»#¥ <-7e³$-¸-¥ 7&9-/9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê+è<-#,<-U/<-<-ß
9Ü#-ý7Ü-8è-;<è -0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-#<:-/<-0-9Ü#-ý-+$-o:Ê 2é7Ü-¸¥<-e<-`$-‡:å -ý7Ü-U9¨ -i:ë Ê
0*9-*#ß -[$-/5Ü-0*9-d,Ü -,<-T#-0è+-¸¥-7iá/-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-Ð+è-P9-(0<-<ß-v$-/-:-+$ë<-
ýë-/%°-2$-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-a+-ý9-7.#<-ý7Ü-#,<-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
8è-,<-;9-/7Ü-+eÜ$<-9Ü#-9$-e³ $-TÎ 7o:-0è+-/Vë0<-ý<-U¨-#<ß0-9$-+/$-Jë#<Î
W#<-+$-d#-{-)Ü$-73Ý,-{æ,-0Ü-7&+Î 0-/!ë+-+`Ü:-7"ë9-‡ë-/Z¨-o:-/9-;9Î
7'7-6è9-*Ü#-:è7Ü-…å/-%Ü$-0&ë+-ý-+$-Î xä$-<è0<-9$-+è$<-nÜ,-:<-7e0<-<ß-t<Î
#,+-:<-0Ü-7+7-+0-2Ý#-Zë0-ý7Ü-.ß:Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 8è-#+ë+-0-,<-&<ë -(Ü+-`-Ü {,-¸-¥ 9$-;9-/7Ü-+eÜ$<-7ë+-M7Ü-*#Ü -:è9-9Ü#-ý-Eë-B-è :ß-
μ¥-{æ+-0-/%ë<-9$-e³$-#Ü-T-[$-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-P-/7Ü-{:-ý-ë YèÊ +eÜ$<-9Ü#-7¸¥-7o:-0è+-ý9-Vë0-ý7Ü-
₫ë+-ý<-&ë<-6+-&è,-ýë9-:-+ë9-/<-U¨-#<ß0-9$-&<-:0-¸¥-[$-/7Ü-+/$-#Ü-9Ü0-ý-Jë#<-:Ê Dë#-
/%<-`Ü-x$ä -7ië-7$ë -6+-ý7Ü-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý-+$-Ê [$-5,è -U-¨ +$-*Ü#-:7è Ü-d#-{9-7&Ü$-/-+$-Ê
[$-/5Ü-#ë$-7.è:-bÜ-(0<-:<-#5,-¸¥-0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-(Ü,-02,-/<ß-þè:-{æ,-0Ü-7&+-ý-+$-Ê
vë7Ü-7¸¥-eè+-`Ü<-0-/!ë+-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è-20ì -/7ß -Ü +`Ü:-7"ë9-…ë-/Z¨7Ü-‡ë<-ý-+$-o:-/9-D#-·¦-;9-5Ü$-Ê
9$-[$-#Ü-5$Ü -"0<-´,¥ -·-¦ a/-ý7Ü-7'7-6è9-*#Ü -:7è Ü-/!ë+-ý7Ü-F0-7b²9-/<0-:<-7+<-ý<-7há:-
[$-/1,-*/<-<ß-7#ë#-ý7Ü-+,ë -…/å -%Ü$-+#-ý-9/-7e0<-`-Ü #,<-<-ß 0&ë+-ý-+$-Ê #5Ü-[$-#-Ü I:-
:-8Ü+-+cë+-`Ü-73Ý,-ý<-7há:-/-"-/{æ+-ý7Ü-xä$-<è0<-6#-0è+-8è-;<è -`Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-
+è$<-ý<-+ë,-#(Ü<-nÜ,-:<-9ë:-ý-7e0<-<ß-t<-;Ü$-Ê /rá$-020<-0è+-ý7Ü-#,+-+$-#6ß$-
73Ý,-{-:<-ië:-/7Ü-d:-ý-:<-0Ü-7+7-/9-&ë<-6+-#%Ü#-ýß9-þè:-/7Ü-+0-2Ý#-+$-T©,-iá/-&è,-ýë7Ü-
]ä/<-<-ß &ë<-´¥,-Zë0-ý7Ü-.ß:-·¦-d,Ü -ý7ëÊ Ê
167

/5Ü-ý-Ð*ß,-/5Ü7Ü-0,-$#-+$-‚9-)è-(0<-:è,-#,+-¸¥-/[¨,-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
+#è-‚ë9-r$-7'ß#-*ß,-/5Ü 7Ü-0,-$#-#Ü<Î /þè+-Jë#<-+eè9-0è+-"ë9-8ß# -7ë+-#<:-$$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ¸¥+-7ië-0ß-@+ë -7¸¥:-*/<-:-0"<-ý<-:0-r$-¸¥-/+è-/9-{æ9-#º¥#-ý-P9-<è0<-
Dë#-"-8,-7há:-/7Ü-8ß:-:-0Ü-7&±#-ý9-+#è-‚ë9-bÜ-:0-r$-¸¥-7'ß#-ý7Ü-*/<Ê (Ü,-0ë-[$-/-9$-
{<-7+è/<-ýÊ rë+-:-+/$-ýë-#,<-<ß-/Z¨-/Ê ,0-μ¥$-;è<-e-/ß0-ý9-#º¥#-ýÊ *ë-9$<-8è-
;è<-9$-#<:-#+/-ý-Yè-(Ü,-5#-#%Ü#-:-*ß,-bÜ-&-/5Ü9-/#ë<-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-6/-0ë-#,+-`Ü-0,-$#-
#Ü<-8è$<-7há:-0è+-ý7Ü-(0<-:è,-:-7/+-/Ië,-/þè+-,-9Ü$-ýë9-0Ü-*ë#<-ý9-#5Ü9-#,<-`Ü-/þè+-
Jë#<-+eè9-0è+-(Ü,-02,-"ë9-8ß#-·¦-7+ë -#<:-&,è -ý-ë #%Ü#-#Ü-$$-¸-¥ #,<-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
M-ý-Ð/Xè,-…å/-/5Ü9-‚9-/7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-(0<-<ß-v$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-/;+-ý<-+ë,-/Z¨-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
0+ë9-,-Vë-#<ß0-Vë-8ß:-xä$-9Ü#-#ÜÎ #,+-`Ü-/Xè ,-ý<-&ë<-(Ü+-9ë:-ý7Ü-I:Î
+/$-ýë7Ü-0$ë,-<ß0-[$-/-(è-/Xè,-)èÎ 7ë+-+$-6è9-*Ü#-U¨-8Ü-[$-/9-/%<Î
(0<-[$-#$ë -¸¥-7.è:-/7Ü-…å/-ý-+$-Î [$-r+Ü -U¨-+$-5Ü$-¸¥-8ë$<-/E:-/Î
9Ü#-ý-2+-.è/<-…å/-ý-&è ,-ýë-8<Ü Î &ë<-6+-vë-7+<-#+ë+-07Ü-+$ë<-iá/-*ë/Î
#5Ü-:<-7.#<-ý7Ü-#5Ü-[$-*Ü#-:è9-ië:Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ W9-/;+-ý7Ü-+,ë -+è-+#-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê */<-Vë-#<ß0-7há:-7"ë9-bÜ<-bÜ<-#%°,-
ý-+$-Vë-0Ü#-8ß:-dÜ-+eÜ$<-x$ä -+:-5Ü$-9Ü#-ý->9-:-#)+-ý7Ü-#,+-`Ü-‚ë9-/<-T©,-i/á -`-Ü 7ë+-
#<:-/Xè,-ý<Ê */<-e³$-[$-/5Ü7Ü-(0<-90Ü -ý9-7&9-)è-*#ë -09-&ë<-(Ü+-!-+#-#-Ü #5Ü-:<-#5Ü-
[$-¸¥-9ë:-ý7Ü-9$-I:-+/$-ýë7Ü-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-[$-/-,Ü-(è-/9-/Xè,-ý-YèÊ +è7$-+eÜ$<-`Ü-D#<-<ß-
7ë+-aÜ0Ê 8è-;è<-`Ü-D#<-<ß-*Ü#-:Êè U¨7Ü-D#<-<-ß :ß-μ-¥ {æ+Ê *ß#<-B7è -Ü D#<-9$-#<:Ê $ë-
/ë7Ü-D#<-0-Ü Dë#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-¸¥<-#<ß0-7.ë-7b²9-0è+-ý7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-0(0-(+Ü -#5Ü-J#ë <-<ß-b²9-
ý7ëË Ê+è-,<-+eÜ$<-9Ü#-^Ü,-020<-+$-o:-)è-+/$-ýë7Ü-0$ë,-<ß0-¸¥-#<:-5Ü$-Ê +eÜ$<-[$-
7ë+-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-+è7$-0-$è<-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-+eÜ/<-¸¥-0-+$-Ê /g#-:-72é9-/7Ü-6è9-*# Ê*Ü#-:è-'è-
#<:-'è-7.è:-¸¥-b9² -ý7Ü-,$-¸¥-E9ë -<0è <-:-<ë#<-ý-dè+-U7¨ 0-U¨-z$-9è-;9-,<-7μ¥:-7nÜ#-0è+-ý-
,Ü-(0<-[$-#ë$-¸¥-7.è:-/7Ü-…å/-ý-8Ü,-ý-+$-Ê +eÜ$<-`Ü-[$-/<-*0<-%+-:-{<-*è/<-ý<-<-&±-
0è-x$ä -#-Ü [$-/-9$-+#-YÊè 7ë+-#<:-&è,-ýë7Ü-[$-/-7e0<-t<-ý7Ü-+eÜ$<Ê *Ü#-:è-9è-9è7Ü-,$-¸¥-
9Ü#<-M-8/-8ß0-bÜ-2ì0-/ß-M-2,-M7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-2+-0è+-ý9-7&9-5$Ü -[$-rÜ+-*0<-%+-U-¨ +$-5Ü$-
"0<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-¸¥-8ë$<-<ß-/E:-/-9Ü#-ý-U¨9-^Ü,-ý7Ü-2+-:-.è/<-ý<-0-/Vë0<-`$-7b²9-/-0è+-
ý-…å/-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-iá/-7o<Ê dÜ-[$-/7Ü-7.è:-6+Ê ,$-€ç-:ß<-`Ü-&ë<-6+Ê #<$-/-Dë#-2ì#<-`Ü-
168

<è0<-6+-ý<-7ná:-[$-#Ü-&ë<-*0<-%+-9$-6+-+è-[$-+$-0Ü-[$-¸¥-73Ý,-ý7Ü-vë-:<-7+<-;Ü$-!-
+#-#+ë+-07Ü-/1,-<-6Ü,-ý7Ü-+$ë<-iá/-*ë/-ý9-7b²9-)Êè +è7$-#,<-:#ß <-*ë#-07Ü-₫Ü-#5Ü-:<-
7.#<-ý7Ü-T©,-iá/-`Ü-#5Ü-[$-7b²9-/-0è+-ý7Ü-*Ü#-:è-&,è -ý9ë -U+-%Ü#-#%Ü#-#<Ü -F0-ý9-ië:-,<Ê
,$-#<:-U¨-+$-8-è ;è<-7¸¥-7o:-0è+-ý7Ü-+#ë$<-ý-¸¥<-#<ß0-7.ë-7b²9-0è+-ý-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9-9Êë Ê
+è-P9-8$-*:-7b²9-:<Ê &ë<-(Ü+-0$ë,-<0ß -[$-ý-8Ü<Ê Ê8Ü+-+cë+-73Ý,-ý7Ü-0*7-:<-
7+<Ë Ê#ë$-¸¥-7.è:-/7Ü-(0<-,$-#Ü<Ê Ê7há:-/7Ü-[$-/-¹¥/-ý9-eè+Ê Ê9Ü#-ý-2+-.è/-[$-/-
8Ü<Ë ÊU¨-#<ß0-D#ë <-ý7Ü-:0-[$-7+<Ê Ê&ë<-(Ü+-6+-ý7Ü-[$-/-8<Ü Ê Ê"0<-#<ß0-7"ë9-/7Ü-
{æ,-*#-&ë+Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-0'ß#-#Ü-e-/-:-#(Ü<Ê +$ë<-+$-Ê 59-e³$-ië:-2±:-/;+-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+$ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
:0-bÜ-8,-:#-0*7-Dè,-0,-$#-#Ü<Î (0<-:è ,-#5Ü-*Ü$<-ië:-2+-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7ë+-#<:-[$-/5Ü-(0<-<ß-:è,-ý7Ü-:0-bÜ-8,-:#-·¦-#:-&è-/-,ÜÊ të$-#<:-
:<Ë 0*7-Dè,-0,-$#-F0-ý-/5ÜÊ Ê#ë$-07Ü-{/-·¦-0è+-*/<-0è+Ê Ê%è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9Ê 0Ü-
7μ¥:-/-#<ß0-:<-#5Ü-/%7-/Ê Zë+-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-2+-/6ß$-/Ê *ë/-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-#6è9-#+/-ýÊ
#+Ü$-/5Ü7Ü-ië:-2+-/Y,-ý-F0<-)èÊ +$-ý-ë ,ÜÊ :ß<-/º¥#<-Y$<-#<ß0-:<-0Ü-7μ¥:-/-+$-Ê
0Ü#-#6Ü#<-Y$<-#<ß0-:<-0Ü-7μ¥:-/-+$-Ê 9Ü#-ý-7ë+-#<:-bÜ-[$-/-0$ë,-<0ß -¸-¥ 0*ë$-/-:<-
0Ü-7μ¥:-/9-e7ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-,ÜÊ +eÜ$<-9Ü#-/D,-ý7Ü-2+-¸-¥ 7e³$-YèÊ dÜ-,$-/þë+-e+è -`Ü-xä$-6+-
ý<-+eÜ$<-9#Ü -7ië-7$ë -0è+-ý9-Zë+Ê ,$-.ß$-ý-ë þë+-eè+-`Ü-x$ä -6+-ý<-:<ß -#8ë-7μ¥:-0+è -ý9-Zë+Ê
#<$-/-Dë#-/þë+-eè+-`-Ü xä$-6+-ý<-F0-D#ë -7b²-0Ü-rÜ+-ý9-Zë+-ý7ëÊ ÊU/<-7+Ü9-2+-H-Ü :0-bÜ<-
/6ß$-/-+$-Ê D#<-:ß<-$#-8Ü+-#<ß0-:-7&9-/-#(Ü<-`$-7e³$-/9-#<ß$<-;Ü$-Ê dÜ-0-:-[$-
/5Ü-9è-99è -D#<-#<ß0-#<ß0-Y-è /%°-#(Ü<-<-ß +eè9-8+ë -+ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-,ÜÊ þè-/-+$-7'ß#-ý-+$-xä$-
<è0<-:-9$-+/$-*ë/-ý-YèÊ +è7$-!-+#-hè#<-&+ë -¸¥-ië:-/-,0-0"7-+$-0"7-7ië7-Ü 7&Ü-:ß#<Ê
T©,-iá/-*+ë -@:-¸¥-ië:-/-0è-.ß$-+$-9Ü#-73Ý,-b-Ü 7&Ü-:ß#<-F0<-`Ü<-<Êë Ê/5Ü-ý-:Ê 89-bÜ-#+Ü$-
#(Ü<-,ÜÊ f$-7+<-`Ü-8ë,-),-*<ë -`$-*ë/-·¦-9è-/-+$-Ê 0-*ë/-`Ü<-+ë#<-ý-0è+-+Êè 9$-9#Ü -:<-
#5,-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-0è+-ý9-Dë#<-ý7Ü-d9Ü -9Êë Ê09-bÜ-#+Ü$-#(Ü<-,ÊÜ 7"ë9-/7Ü-Z¨#-/W:-*ë<-
`$-0-Ü P©$-¸¥-9-è /-+$-Ê P©$-#Ü<-+ë#<-ý-0+è -+èÊ 9$-9Ü#-8è-,<-7há:-/-0è+-ý9-;è<-ý<-7"ë9-
/9-7a0<-0",-0-iá/-ý9-*#-&ë+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-9ëÊ Ê+è-+#-#-Ü +#ë<-ý-,ÊÜ +$-ýë-<-xä$-<è0<-#,+-
:-.è/<-)è-(0<-:è,-bÜ-#5Ü-*Ü$<Ê #(Ü<-ý-lë+-2+-`Ü<-020<-d+è Ê #<ß0-ý<-6#-/%<-0-Ü [$-
/7Ü-7.ë-&è,-Eë-B7è -Ü U¨-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9Ê /5Ü-ý<-0Ü-Që#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`-Ü 2+-73Ý,-ý9-eè+-+ëÊ Ê
169

#(Ü<-ý-Ð59-e³$-ië:-2±:-/;+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
#:-)è-2é-7+Ü9-ië :-/-0-*ë/-,Î 7&Ü-"-/9-+ë9-+eÜ$<-9Ü# -]ä/<-<ß-7'ß#Î
&ë<-(Ü +-/9-+ë9-9$-[$-9$-$ë9-ië:Î rÜ+-ý-/9-+ë9-‡å:-U¨7Ü-5Ü$-¸¥ -/ië+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /Ië,-7iá<-+$-U:-/-+0,-ý<-þè-#,<-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ-/9-+ë7Ü-¸¥<-7+Ü9-#+ë+-07Ü-
<-:-#+ë<-/%<-6+-ý7Ü-F0-ý9-ië:-/-0-*ë/-,Ê +/$-ýë-9/-7&Ü-"-07Ü-/9-+ë9-W9-;<è -ý7Ü-
#+0<-$#-F0<-#<:-/)/-YèÊ 7e³$-M-9Ü0-b<Ü -*0Ü -,<-,0-0"7-+eÜ$<-9#Ü -:-*Ü0-ý7Ü-2-é
rë#-M-XÜ$-+/ß<-9Ü#-ý7Ü-]ä/<-<ß-7'ß#-ý9-e<-ý<-9Ü#-ý-(Ü+-#5Ü-:<-Që#-Yè-!-+#-#Ü-<-:-dÜ,-
ý<-/è0-9Ü#-o:-/-+$-72$-{-/-¸¥<-0(0-ý-2é<-/%ë-M7Ü-w-/-¹¥/-ý-+$-(Ü-07Ü-[$-/-7&9-/-¸¥<-
0(0-ý-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê+/$-ýë-7oÜ$-7&Ü-!9-!-+#-#Ü-ië:-<9-0-Ü /Xè#-,-#5Ü-:<-7.#<-ý7Ü-&ë<-(+Ü -
¸¥-[$-/7Ü-/9-+9ë -7+ë -+$-*#Ü -:è-5-Ü hë7Ü-2ì0-/ß-6è9-*#-…-U+-[-2ì#<-<ß-;9-/-*0<-%+-9$-[$-
:<-#5,-¸-¥ 0è+-ý9-8+Ü -&è<-,<-07Ü-ý$-¸-¥ /ß-7'ß#-ý-P9-$<è -ý7Ü-;è<-ý-/D,-ý9ë -#,<-ý<-U+-
%Ü#-+$-ýë9-9$-$ë-;<è Ê #(Ü<-ý9-;è<-*#ë -·¦-ië:Ê #<ß0-ý9-ië:-*ë#-,<-!-+#-#Ü-+eÜ$<-<-ß
*Ü0-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê+/$-ý-ë *-0-8è-;<è -/5Ü-‚9ë -b-Ü [$-/-:-7há:-/<-#5,-¸-¥ Dë#<-,Ê +è-+#-8:-
0-*#-·-¦ 0Ü$-#5Ü-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-.ß$-ýë-/Jà<-þ<è -8Ü+-`-Ü :ß<-<ß-iá/-,<-7há:-[$-%Ü7$-rÜ+-ý7Ü-/9-+ë-:-
7há:-/-HÜ-:0-10-¸¥-;9-,7$-Ê &ë<-7+Ü7Ü-Vë-0*ë$-,<-*è-2ì0-0è+-ý7Ü-0ë<-ý-+$-/{æ+-ý7Ü-v-0-
F0<-`Ü-*ß#<-Bè7Ü-Yë/<-:<-/9-+ë9-9$-$ë-;<è -ý7Ü-2é-9$-/5Ü,-‡:å -U¨7Ü-5Ü$-8Ü+-:-e<-ý<-HÜ-:0-
<+-ý7Ü-&-10-:-+è-+#-·¦-/ië+-%Ü$-ýVë-:-/Jà<-)è-þè<Ê rÜ+-0*7Ü-e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý9-b²9-)è-Yë,-
ý-:ë$<-₫ë+-Jë#<-U¨-:<-&ë<-(,-ý<-/+è,-ý-0*ë$-/-+$-+/$-+$-:ß$-/Y,-ý-*ë/-,<-#+ë+-07Ü-
5Ü$-¸¥-72$-{-/9-7b²9-9Êë Ê
I-/7Ü-<-/%+-/5Ü-ý-#è#<-/<:-/7Ü-9Ü0-ý-:-#<ß0Ê /Y,Ê /;+Ê /Z¨-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð/Y,-
Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P9-+/$-/5Ü-/Xè,-…å/-8,-:#-/5Ü7ÜÎ :0-0&ë#-dÜ-,$-#<$-/7Ü-#è#<-<è:-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-{æ+-^Ü,-ý9-e+è -ý-+/$-/5Ü-+$-Ê ^Ü,-,<-i:ë -/9-eè+-ý-/Xè,-…/å -8,-
:#-/5Ü7Ü-:0-0&ë#-:-º¥#<-ý-+è7Ü-2é-2ì$-ý-,ë9-%,-:-.<-`Ü-@ë:-/<-u#<-P-/-/5Ü,-¸¥-dÜ-,$-
#<$-/7Ü-/9-¸¥-#%ë+-ý-7e³$-YèÊ Z¨+-ý-:<Ê *è#-ý9-#<9-¸¥-º¥#<-ý7Ü-<è0<-%,-vë-&±$-/Ê Ê
#$-5Ü#-+!ë,-ý7Ü-9Ü,-&è,-7+Ü-,Ü-0-Cè+-ý9Ê Ê+è-:-/9-&+-e-dÜ9-/¸¥+-,Ü-‡ë-/9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-:-#è#<-#$-5#Ü -e³$-8$-+è-+#-<è:-eè+-*/<-`Ü-90Ü -ý-"<-l#-%,-bÜ-+ýß$-#Ü-þè:-0-+$-02±$<-
ý-<ë-<ë7-Ü #(è,-ýë-/Yè,-ý7Ü-2±:-,-Ü 7+Ü-P-/ß7ëÊ Ê
170

#(Ü<-ý-Ð/;+-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê ₫Ü-+$-Ê eè-o#-#ë Ê+$-ýë-Ð₫Ü-Ñ,ÜÊ


+ë,-:-/9-¸¥-# %+-e-#%ë+-eè+-´¥,Î *0<-%+-/+è,-0è+-ˆå:-0¸¥+-/5Ü,-ië:-dÜ9Î
\$-v$-#(è,-ýë7Ü-dë#<-:<-9Ü$-7+<-`$-Î +$-ýë 7-Ü :<-%,-vë-D#ë -‚$-/7Ü-y+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +ë,-+0-/+è,-ý7Ü-9$-$ë-:-/9-¸¥-#%+-e-/+#-+$-#%ë+-eè+-#è#<-´¥,-+$-Ê
#%ë+-ý7Ü-:<-*0<-%+-/+è,-ý9-iá/-ý-E:ã -10-8$-0+è -+è-ˆå:-bÜ-0¸¥+-ý-/5Ü,-#+ë+-,<-9$-/5Ü,-
bÜ<-ië:-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê \$-e-0Ü-0*ß,-ý7Ü-d#ë <-+$-v$-e-0*ß,-ý7Ü-dë#<-+$-/Yè,-e-#(è,-ýë7-Ü dë#<-
´¥,-:<-9Ü$-¸¥-7+<-`$-Ê ´¥,-Jë/-/+è,-ý-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-:0-º¥#<-+$-ýë7Ü-:<-%,-eÜ<-vë7Ü-´¥,-·¦-
Dë#-ý7Ü-7há:-7"ë9-‚ë$-/7Ü-y+-¸¥-*/<-7+Ü-+#-/Dè,-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ðeè-o#-Ñ:-/5ÜÊ dÜ-7e³$-/-:ß<-`Ü-#è#<-<è:Ê ,$-/9-&+-/¸¥+-`Ü-#è#<-<è:Ê #<$-
/-)Ü$-73Ý,-<0è <-`Ü-##è <-<è:Ê *ß,-0ë$-(0<-iÜ/-zè,-bÜ-##è <-<è:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐdÜ-7e³$-/-:ß<-`Ü-
#è# <-<è:-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
7e³$-/-:ß<-7há #<-,+-`Ü-# è#<-<è:-,ÜÎ ´¥,-#5Ü7Ü-/#-&#<-/+#-73Ý,-{æ-8Ü<-/<#<Î
F0-Dë#-#Ü<-/y$<-/5Ü-/{-I-/5Ü7Ü-,+Î *0<-%+-¸¥#-M-+è-8$-9$-#Ü-<è0<Î
<è0<-(Ü+-‡ë<-o:-Bè,-ý7Ü-9$-$ë -/þ$-Î 9è-+ë#<-7"ß-7nÜ#-/%+-:-#$-+#9-/ë9Î
œ×ñ-#Ü<-/Z¨ <-:-*+-!9-6ß#-Aà-+e³$-Î xä$-9ë-/<:-5Ü$-;è<-ý-F:-¸¥-+//Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7e³$-/-/5Ü-:<-iá/-ý7Ü-:ß<-:-7e³$-/-"+ë -0-X0ë <-)è-7há#<-ý-:<-e³$-/7Ü-,+-
9Ü#<-F0<-`Ü-#è#<-<è:-/7Ü-*/<Ê #5Ü-/#-&#<-[-2#ì <-ý7Ü-´¥,-#5Ü7-Ü Yè$-¸¥-¸¥#-#<ß0-/#-
:-(:-/-:Ê /+#-·¦-73Ý,-ý7Ü-(è-/9-:è,-,0-{æ-8Ü<-:<-/<#<-ý<-(ë,-0ë$<-´¥,-,<-Q$<-ý7Ü-
F0-Dë#-#Ü<-yë$-/7Ü-zè,-e<-)èÊ 7o<-/ß-¸¥#-#<ß0-F0-ý9-b²9-/-:<-e³$-/7Ü-´¥,-/)#<-#+ë,-
#5,-+/$-Wë,-:<-8$ë <-iá/-2é-P9-[$-7n:-b-Ü ,+-/5Ü-9-è 9è9-/{-I-#%Ü#-9è-Yè-/Z0<-ý<-/5Ü-
/{-I-/5Ü7Ü-,+-¸¥-^Ü,-,<-:ß<-<è0<-:-6ß#-Aà7Ü-2ì9-/<-8ë$<-<ß-#¸¥$-/-*0<-%+-/%ë<-ý7Ü-*/<-
*-0:-ý-P9-0ë-#)ë-^,-+c+-:-9è-P<ë -0-Ü 7&7-/9-/+#-73Ý,-bÜ-7hÜ-/-#%+-%$Ü -9è-+ë#<-`-Ü 7n$-
/<:-+#ë<-)Êè ,+-`-Ü {æ-7+ë+-&#<-`<Ü -xä$-/þè+-ý<-02ì,-¸#¥ -M-:<-e³$-Ê ¸¥#-M-ýë-+7è $-9$-
#Ü-<0è <-7há:-/7Ü-9$-I:-:<-μ+¥ -,-0è+-%Ü$-Ê <è0<-(+Ü -#+ë+-,<-þè-@-,-7&Ü7-Ü ‡ë<-ý-+$-o:-/-
8Ü,-ý9-;è<-,<Ê /+#-73Ý,-v<ë -/)$-Ê #(Ü<-73Ý,-bÜ-9-è +ë#<-/%+-+-è {æ-T,-þè<-`Ü-,+-I+-
/%+-ý<-7o<-/ß-´¥,-/D#<-,+-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-7##-ý9-7b²9-:Ê /%ë<-ý7Ü-*/<-9/-$$-:-
/5#-ý-,ÜÊ ,+-6#ß -+$-/+#-Dë#-:-\$-:,è -0+è -ý9-6ß$-7'ß#-9#Ü -Y$ë -Bè,-ý7Ü-9$-$ë-I-è #%Ü#-·¦-
/þ$<-ý<-{æ-0-9#Ü -ý-9#Ü -ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`<Ü -/%ë0Ê zè,-(ë,-0ë$<-+eÜ$<-<ß-:ë#-020<-‚9ë -F0-
171

Dë#-0Ü-D#ë -ý9-*0Ü -ý9-7b²9-:Ê 7oÜ$-9-ë Xë0<-e-/-,ÜÊ #ë$-#Ü-Dë#<-ý-0Ü-&,± -,-0-Ü ,-/7Ü-9è-/-+$-


,-/7Ü-+ë#<-ý7Ü-7"ß-7nÜ#-I+-,<-#%+-:Ê :ß<-,$-/+#-73Ý,-+$-/%<-ý-P<ë -0+è -#$-+#9-:Ü$-
#Ü<-/ë9Ê +è<-`$-0-<è:-,-*-0-+0Ü#<-ý<-/%ë<-ý-,ÜÊ œ×ñ-#Ü-…-#+$<-xä$-<è0<-lÜ:-/<-,+-
´¥,-#$-,<-#6è9-/7Ü-+0Ü#<-#%Ü#-·¦-œ-ñ× 8Ü#-#Ü-F0-ý9-/Z¨<-:-*+-!9-bÜ-:ß<-:<-6#ß -Aà-œ×ñ-#Ü-F0-
ý9-d9Ü -+e³$-/<-*#-9Ü$-ýë9-8:-/9-0ë<-:-xä$-9ë-8$-8$-/<:-5Ü$-;<è -ý-:-,7ë-X0-ý9-73Ý,-
Y$<-/ë9-:-9$-/5Ü,-/+è-:ß#<-`Ü-F:-¸¥-+//-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð,$-/9-&+-/¸¥+-`Ü-#è#<-<è:-Ñ,ÜÊ
/9-&+-/¸¥+-+$-/#è#<-`Ü-#è#<-<è:-,ÜÎ .ë-0ë-0-,Ü$-/#è#<-+$-/¸¥+-&è,-ýëÎ
'Ü-P9-[$-8$-+è-/5Ü,-0-iá/-YèÎ 9$-#Ü-iÜ/-0-;-69-7há:-/-/5Ü,Î
#<:-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-#,<-:ß#<-dÜ9-;ë9-/<Î #6ß$-73Ý,-9#<-ý7Ü -+/$-#Ü<-+è-P9-[$-Î
$9-73Ý,-5è,-ý<-7"ß-7nÜ# -[-2ì #<-þèÎ #5Ü -I-/%+-ý<-Jà,-.ß#-9$-<9-/EÜ/Î
Z¨# -/W:-´¥,-5 Ü-8Ü+-/+è-"ë$<-,<-7&9Î +è<-`$-0-&ë+-.ß $-ýë-2ì#<-<ß-7/ß:Î
/+#-73Ý,-vë<-/)$-Xè0<-0è+-#$-+#9-(:Î Bè <-*ë/-e$-&±/-<è0<-/þè+-^ë,-:0-#+/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ *9-ý-…/å -ý-:-/9-&+-e+è -ý7Ü-/¸¥+-9Ü<-`Ü-T-+$-7e³$-ý-ë /#è#<-9Ü#<-F0<-`-Ü
#è#<-<è:-/7Ü-*/<-,ÜÊ ₫Ü7-Ü /¸¥+-(ë,-0ë$<-.ß$-ýë-7&Ü-/+#-T7Ü-/7ß Ü-/¸¥+-/5Ü-+$-Ê T-/¸¥+-`Ü-
7"ë9-7'Ü#-Dè,-&è,-ýë-/5Ü-<ë#<-/¸¥+-9#Ü <-`-Ü 8Ü-₯#<-<ß0-%°-I-lá#-#Ü-7"ë9-¸¥-#)ë#<-ý-/<0-bÜ<-
0Ü-a/-ý-F0<-+$-Ê a+-ý9-bÜ-/¸¥+-7e³$-ý-ë :ë#-7lè,-<ë#<-dÜÊ F0-D#ë -"ß-7nÜ#-<ë#<-,$-Ê
iá/-D#<-xë0-ý-<ë#<-#<$-/Ê 9è-9-è :7$-lá#-9è-Yè-/%ë-/{+-`Ü-+eè-/9-0+ë-Zè-9,Ü -ý-ë &è9-#<ß$<-
ý-+è-+#-/Z¨-,Ê 5è-Z$-7+ë+-&#<-#)Ü-0ß#-#<ß0-bÜ-9$-I:-.ë-0ë-0-,Ü$-#-Ü 9Ü#<-b9² -:#ë -7lè,-bÜ-
/#è#<-+$-/9-#%ë+-`-Ü /¸¥+-&,è -ýë-F0<-<ß-;9-/<-+-è #<ß0-¸¥-7¸¥-:Ê F0-ý-/6$-$,-eè+-:<-&-ë
7ná:-'-Ü P9-[$-8$-+,ë -:-+è-/5Ü,-¸¥-%°$-6+-10-8$-0-i/á -Yè-#5Ü-0è+-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê +ýè9-,-9$-#Ü-i/Ü -
0-:-;-6-rÜ,-ýë9-7há:-,<-+$$<-„#-þè<-ý-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê/¸¥+-/#è#<-`Ü-$ë-/ë-,ÜÊ 5Ü-/-T<Ê
7'Ü#-D,è -+#-,-72é-/-#$-8ë+-+$-Ê Ê7'Ü#<-+$-Z¨#-/W:-'Ü-Xè+-8ë+-b²9-ýÊ Ê+è-´¥,-/+#-·¦-
73Ý,-ý-:<-e³$-,Ê Ê7lè-&è,-+è<-!ë-/+#-:-%Ü-5Ü#-eÊ Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-*0<-%+-`Ü-I-/-$9-
73Ý,-ý7Ü-<0è <-7+Ü-8Ü,-:Ê +è7$-#<:-Yë$-6$ß -7'ß#-·¦-#+ë+-,<-8+ë -ý7Ü-9$-$ë-0-;<è -)è-#<:-&-
dÜ-9ë:-¸¥-;ë9-/-:-#6ß$-/7Ü-8ß:-¸-¥ e<Ê +è-:-73Ý,-eè+-`Ü-;<è -ý-þ<è -,<-/+#-73Ý,-'-è 9#<-<ß-b²9-
ý7Ü-+/$-#Ü<-#<:-&-5è-Z$-Yë$-&-7+ë+-&#<-6ß$-7'ß#-#Ü-9$-/5Ü,-#)Ü-0ß#-·¦-<ë$-Ê +è-:<-`$-
(ë,-0ë$<-ý-/{+-hÜ-/5Ü-Yë$-e³$-5Ü$-+è-+#-#Ü-9$-0+$<-0è+-[$-uë-/ß9-/7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-0*7-8<-
172

ý-+è-P9-[$-/-YèÊ 9$-#Ü-<è0<-,Ü-/¸¥+-%è<-eÊ Ê9$-#Ü-<è0<-,Ü-/#è#<-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê


7'ß#-ý7Ü-{æ-0$-8$-#1ì-/ë-:0-:-/Ië,-7iá<-Ië0-ý-:<-7e³$-/9-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7'0-+ý:-
F0-ý9-7ná:-ý7Ü-0+ë-:<Ê e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý7-F0<-`Ü-/¸¥+-`Ü-:<-,Ü-/Ië,-7iá<-:<-7e³$-/9-
9Ü#-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê+è-%Ü7Ü-d9Ü -5-è ,Ê 0-/Ië,-ý-:-,Ü-/¸¥+-`Ü<-%-Ü 5Ü#-e-Yè-+-è (Ü+-/¸¥+-8Ü,-ý7Ü-d9Ü -9ëÊ Ê
5è<-<ëÊ Ê
7'ß#-ý7Ü-(9è -:,è -,ÊÜ *ë#-0è+-,<-$9-73Ý,-ý-:-5,è -ý7Ü-{,æ -bÜ<-z,è -n-0-ë :-/Dè,-,<-"ß-7nÜ#-
[-2ì#<-ý-þè-/<-,0-0"7-03ì+-`Ü<-º¥<-ý-:<Ê +ýè9-,-/-ß #-ý-8ë+-ý-:<-x$ä -7'ß#-ý-/5Ü,-¸¥-
F:-7eë9-ý7Ü-<è0<-:-þë,-#$-+$-#$-:-8ë+-ý-+è-:-/¸¥+-7'ß#-%Ü$-u#<-Cè+-+ëÊ Ê+è-/<-,-e$-
&±/-<è0<-+ý7-(ë,-0ë$<-ý7Ü-þë,-0è+-ý9-e7ë-5è<-<ëÊ Ê/¸¥+-`Ü<-eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/<-ý7Ü-D#<-+$-
₫ë+-8ß:-/¸¥+-`-Ü :<-<ë#<-{<-ý9-#<ß$<-ý-,-Ü 0+ë-Zè-F0<-+$-#º¥$-#5,-:<-;è<-ý-#:-
&è7ëË Ê
+è-+#-<è:-/7Ü-*/<-F:-7eë9-ý-9/-`Ü<-dÜ-9ë:-P9-[$-/7Ü-/¸¥+-/#è#<-+è-+#-#$-:<-e³$-
/7Ü-#5Ü-I-<è0<-*#ë -·-¦ /%+-ý<Ê 9$-<0è <-7lè9-73Ý,-:<-d-Ü 9ë:-·¦-/+è,-ý9-0-i/á -ý9-*#-&ë+Ê
7lè9-73Ý,-$ë-/ë-:-/P<-ý<-þ-è 7##-#,<-#<ß0-+$-o:-/9-Dë#<-,<-7há:-/7Ü-J,à -.#ß <-9$-<9-
/EÜ/<-)è-F0-Dë#-#Ü-:0-r$-&+-ý<-9-è +ë#<-Z#¨ -/W:-b-Ü {æ-7iá:-´¥,-I-/-,<-5-Ü 5Ü$-P<-$,-
#8$-¸¥-"ß#-Yè-8Ü+-/+è7Ü-(Ü-0-"ë$-,<-7&9-/9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê+è<-`$-&ë-7ná:-0&ë+-ý70-F:-7eë9-
ý-7oÜ$-#Ü<-/¸¥+-/#è#<-&è+-¸¥-/´¥#-:-.ß$-ýë-7+ë+-8ë,-bÜ-2ì#<-<ß-+0Ü#<-)è-7/ß:Ê :ß<-#6,-¸¥-
/ë9-:-/+#-#%è<-73Ý,-vë<-:Ü$-#Ü<-#)$-Ê 8-$-"ß-7nÜ#-#Ü-Xè0<-eè+-Dë#-ý-Eã:-10-0è+-ý9-%Ü-
7ë$-;ë#-X0-¸-¥ 7'Ü#<-ý7Ü-¸¥9-hë+-+$-Ê T-7lè-l#-ý7ë Ü-{æ-r$-<ë#<-#$-+#7-/9-Pë<-0è+-¸¥-(:-
/<-&-ë 7ná:-bÜ-yë$-F0<-29-2+-+$-&ë+-2+-¸¥-b9² -,<-/9-&+-+$ë<-iá/-`Ü-0&ë#-·¦-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
+è-+#-#Ü-Bè<-*ë/-+$-F:-7eë9-ý-*-0<-/¸¥+-/#è#<-.-09-;è<-ý<-e0<-XÜ$-Bè-l#-·¦-/þè+-
%Ü$-+è-+#-<$<-{<-`-Ü <-:-7#ë+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-:0-:-/Ië,-ý9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-e$-&±/-·¦-<è0<-T#-ý9-/þè+-
:Ë /+#-#5,-/Bè-/7Ü-#)ë$-:è,-+$-*è#-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-2±:-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-^ë,-:0-{-&è,-ýë-#+/-ý-
+$-Ë #5,-8$-v-0-+!ë,-0&ë#-:-XÜ$-*#-ý-,<-vë-"è:-/7Ü-++-μ¥<-+$-Ê /<ë+-,0<-`Ü-2ì#<-
{-&è,-ýë-#<ë#-ý-F0<-`Ü<-`$-/¸¥+-/#è#<-`Ü-(9è -72é-0*7-+#-5Ü-/9-7b²9-)Êè Z¨+-ý-:<Ê {æ-
F0<-/5Ü-8Ü<-e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý7-0"<-Yë/<-Q,Ê Ê/¸¥+-/5Ü<-*ß/-ý9-+!7-5Ü$-þë+-ý9-0Ü-¹¥<-
)èË ÊYë$-ý9-#,<-+$-<0è <-%,-8ë$<-<ß-0-Ü #)ë$-+$-Ê Ê'Ü-U+-‰<-/5Ü,-eè+-+$-/+è-#;è#<-eÜ,-
x/<-%,Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê#<ß0-ý-Ð#<$-/-)Ü$-73Ý,-<è0<-`Ü-#è#<-<è:-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê
173

{<-/;+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
a+-ý9-)Ü $-73Ý ,-<è0<-7há#<-#è#<-<è:-,ÜÎ eÜ $-@ë+-(0<-#<ß0-+ë,-:-0-iá/-`$-Î
F0-ý-0Ü-7##<-€ç-09-;9-/7Ü-2éÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ F:-7eë9-ý-:-a+-ý9-¸¥-#%è<-ý-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-0(0-ý9-7'ë#-ý7Ü-2é-"0<-7¸¥<-
ý-:<-<è0<-7há#<-ý7Ü-#è#<-7e³$-/<-+è-<è:-/7Ü-*/<-;è<-ý-,Ü-#:-&è-YèÊ iá/-*ë/-Nè-Vë0-ý<Ê
(0<-Dë#<-%°$-6+-þè<-b²9-`$-Ê Ê;è<-9/-vë-i<ë -5,-ý-+# Ê<ë-0Ü-*/ß -%Ü$-zè,-bÜ<-7në# Ê+è-
P-/ß-8-Ü #$-6#-:Ê Êþë,-+$-#è#<-<:è -;Ü,-·-¦ #%è<Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê+è7$-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-
:-0Ü-0*ß,-ý7Ü-(0<-`Ü-#è#<-¸¥-0-0&Ü<-;Ü$-Ê +è-+#-7e³$-/7Ü-{æÊ yë$-/7Ü-zè,Ê #è#<-<ß-
7b²9-2±:Ê :0-¸¥-/)$-:ß#<-<#ë <-0$-¸¥-8ë+-`$-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê <è0<-e$Ü -/Ê @ë+-ýÊ .,-
ý7Ü-(0<Ê #,ë+-ý7Ü-(0<Ê .,-#,ë+-0è+-ý7Ü-(0<-#<ß0-Yè-M9-7¸¥-:Ê +è-+#-+ë,-:-/+è,-
+$ë<-9$-02,-·¦-0-i/á -`$-zè,-:-/Dè,-,<-<ë-<7ë -Ü F0-ý-0Ü-7##-ý9-u-ë /ß9-P9-[$-€ç-07Ü-#6ß#<-
/C,-<è0<-`Ü-0è-:ë$-¸¥-;9-/7Ü-2é-7+Ü-P9-:0-¸¥-/)$-/9-e7ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê
eÜ$-/Ê @ë+-ýÊ (0<-`Ü-#è#<-<è:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐeÜ$-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
eÜ$-,-:ß<-`Ü-&±,-/1:-7há:-7"ë9-eÎ P-Y$<-,0-0"9-#)+-%Ü$-#<:-$9-7+ë,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7+Ü-:-#<ß0Ê 9Ü#-ý7Ü-₯$<-&-0+è -ý7Ü-eÜ$-/-+$-Ê #<:-(0<-`Ü<-0-6Ü,-ý7Ü-
Hà#<-ý-+$-Ê #(Ü+-+$-7lè<-ý7Ü-7*Ü/<-ý-Yè-#<ß0-!9-:ß<-iÜ0-ý9-/…Ü0<-)-è &-&-,<-&,± -
/1:-:-7há:-7"ë9-U/<-<ß-#$-//-eÊ P-Y$<-,0-0"9-#)ë+-%Ü$-;è<-ý-#<:-$9-7+ë,Ê
<è0<-XÜ$-#-<#ë <-#,<-#%Ü#-·-¦ Iè-#%Ü#-0¸¥$-2#± <-<ß-/6ß$-/-+$-6<-/%°+-%,-\$-5Ü$-#ë<-r/-
·¦-/)$-:-[$-#8è:-&-è <9-Zë+-ý-<#ë <-#<è$-/7Ü-*/<-F0<-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð@ë+-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
@ë+-,-"ë$-uë+-;è<-ý-Pè-/9-#)+Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7+Ü-:7$-#<ß0-:<Ê ;è<-ý-8ß:-:-7në-5Ü$-#,<-0Ü-/·¦/-ý7Ü-7në-/Ê #,<-&-
#),-,<-0+è -ý9-D#-·-¦ #8è$-/7Ü-@+ë -ýÊ /!ë:-¸¥-0Ü-/·¦/-ý-8ß:-0-$è<-ý9-m-8<-ý7Ü-7*ë9-/-
F0<-+$-Ê 7ië-/7Ü-eè-o#-<è0<-#,<-ý-X0-eè+-ý-:-0-2ì9-/9-7në-/7Ü-7#ë -7b²-+$-Ê #,<-ý-
:-+è9-73Ý,-º#¥ <-ý7Ü-9$-7b²-<#ë <-8ë+-%$Ü -Ê ´¥,-:7$-:ß<-<è0<-`Ü-"$ë -të+-:-;è<-ý-Pè-/<-
02ì,-+07-<9-#)+Ê P-Y$<-+07-/9-^+-%Ü$-;è<-ý-7'ß9-:-0Ü-7+è/<Ê 6<-/%°+-%,-/67-
5Ü$-#ë<-lë-/-+$-aÜ0-7*Ü/<-<9-Zë+-ý-<ë#<-#,ë,-ý7Ü-*/<-e7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð(0<-`Ü-#è#<-<è:-Ñ,ÜÊ
174

/+è-#<:-0Ü-Dë#-5 è,-0è+-:0-¸¥-/)$-Î Ià/-ý7Ü-(0<-þè<-/+è,-0è+-9$-ië:-/þ$-Î


/9-07Ü-(0<-´¥,-+##-…å/-0è+-ý9-/5#Î *0<-%+-<è0<-(Ü+-#%Ü#-ýß-8Ü,-;è <-,<Î
v$-+ë9-0è+-ý9-9Ü#-ý7Ü-$$-/þ$-$ë-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ .,-ý7Ü-(0<-:<ß -8ë+-¸¥-0Ü-29ì -5$Ü -<0è <-/+è-/9-¹¥/-ý-P-/7Ü-/+è-(0<-+$-Ê
"0<-#<ß0-b-Ü ₫ë+-2±:-0*ë$-X0-eè+-ý7Ü-#<:-(0<-+$-Ê Yë$-(Ü+-0*7-+/ß<-0è+-ý-,0-0"7-
P-/ß7Ü-0-Ü Dë#-ý7Ü-(0<-#<ß0-þè<-ý-+$-Ê #5,-8$-5,è -:ë#-0ë<-μ<¥ -X$Ü -B-è <ë#<-#)Ü$-,<-
Të$<-ý7Ü-2-é 7+Ü7Ü-9ë-f$ë -,-(0<-,-/,ß -7l-/-8:Ê 7në-/%+-,-7.è:-/7Ü-{+æ -&+Ê 9$-(+Ü -#5,-
+/$-¸¥-7b²9-/7Ü-<-/ë,-*è/<-ý-8Ü,-ý<-+è-:-+#7-xë0-+$-5è,-73Ý,-0è+-ý9-(0<-`Ü-[-0Ü-/þÜ:-/9-
9$-$9ë -/P<-)-è 0(0-ý9-/5#-:-:0-¸¥-/)$-Ê Ià/-%Ü$-#,ë+-ý7Ü-(0<-,-2-6ß#-#6è9-XÜ$-xä$-
"0<-7¸¥<-:-<ë#<-ý-þè<-ý7Ü-2é-<0è <-º0¥ -,<-+7è Ü-+/$-¸¥-;ë9-,-*-0:-ý-:<-:+ë -ý<-*0<-%+-
/+è,-0+è -€-ç 09-;<è -ý-+$-2ì9-/-0Ü-/+è-/9-7¸¥-;è<-ý7Ü-9$-$ë-:-/P<-,<-#5Ü-0è+-I-o:-¸¥-ië:-/7Ü-
(0<-fë$-+è-(+Ü -/þ$-$ë-Ê Ê
.,-#,ë+-0è+-ý-/9-07Ü-(0<Ê ´¥,-#5Ü-:-7"ë9-7+<-`Ü-<-/ë,-/#-(:-¸¥-#,<-ý-+$-Ê Eë-
Bè7Ü-:<ß -:-I-8#Ü -xä$-*Ü#-·-¦ #,<-ý-F0<-:ß<-#,+-+$-)$Ü -$-è 73Ý,-b-Ü <-/%°,-)-è /y$<-,<-7"ë9-
7+<-`Ü-(0<-[$-[-2ì#<-<-ß 7&9-/7Ü-2éÊ Bè<-<ß-7o$-,-/¸¥+-7'ß# Ê/)$-X0ë <-/5#-,-:0-
¸¥-0Ü-Të$<-ý<-'Ü-P9-e³$-/-+è-´,¥ -:-þë,-¸-¥ /6ß$-/7Ü-+##-ý-+$-8ë,-),-¸-¥ 73Ý,-ý7Ü-/…å/-e9-0Ü-/P-
/9-5è,-73Ý,-0è+-ý9-9$-ië:-&è,-ýë9-/5#-ý<-:0-¸¥-7b²9-:Ê #è#<-'Ü-P-/ß-5Ü#-e³$-8$-*0<-
%+-9$-#Ü-<è0<-(Ü+-#%Ü#-ý7ß -Ü &ë-7ná:-8Ü,-ý9-;è<-,<-/6$-X0-b<Ü -v$-e-+$-$,-Dë#-#Ü<-7+ë9-e-
0è+-ý9-/6ë-0è+-9#Ü -ý7Ü-$$-9$-//<-<-ß /þ$<-ý<-þë,-F0<-8ë,-),-¸-¥ 7b²9-)èÊ 0,-$#-9Ü,-
\ä$<-:<Ê #,<-:ß#<-Dë#<-ý7Ü-*#-&ë+-%Ü$-Ê Ê(0<-f$ë -9#Ü -ý7Ü-#5Ü-73Ý,-ý<Ê Ê%Ü-[$-%Ü-
e³$-&ë<-(Ü+-Dë#<Ê Êþë,-F0<-8ë,-),-/€ç9-;è<-;$Ü -Ê Ê/9-&+-+$ë<-iá/-/€ç9-;<è -,Ê Êþë,-
+$-#è#<-,Ü-%Ü-e³$-8$-Ê ÊF:-7eë9-:0-bÜ-ië#<-<ß-&èÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð*ß,-0ë$-(0<-iÜ/-zè,-bÜ-#è#<-<è:-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê (0<-iÜ/-e³$-/7Ü-D#<Ê +è-<è:-/7Ü-*/<-
<ëË Ê+$-ýë-Ð(0<-iÜ/-e³$-/7Ü-D#<-Ñ,ÜÊ
*ß,-0ë$-0ë<-μ¥<-XÜ$-B-è ;è<-9/-<ë#<Î 'Ü-P9-/Vë 0<-`$-/ë#<-0è+-:è-:ë-+$-Î
$-{:-n#-+ë#-#)Ü-0ß#-0ß,-#)Ü/<-,Î .:-&è9-+0-2Ý#-(0<-:<-e³$-/7Ü-dÜ 9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ dÜ-,$-#<$-/-*ß,-0ë$-¸¥-(0<-iÜ/-`Ü-zè,-:<-e³$-/7Ü-#è#<-`Ü<-v-0-:-0ë<-μ¥<-
+$-Ë <è0<-%,-:-XÜ$-Bè-+$-Ê 6/-0ë-Dë#<-ý7Ü-;<è -9/-+$-Ê <ë#<-"ë$-,<-9Ü0-#(Ü<-`-Ü )Ü$-
175

73Ý,-bÜ<-02ì,-{æ+-:-/þè+-ý9-e-/-#$-8$-9ß$-Ê /Ië,-7iá<-&è,-ýë<-'Ü-P9-/Vë0<-`$-89-
/þè+-*ë,-ý7Ü-/ë#<-0è+-%Ü$-:è-:ë-Xë0-:<-`-Ü +/$-¸¥-;ë9-/-+$-Ê 0ë<-μ¥<-`Ü-7#:-w-$-{:Ê
XÜ$-Bè7Ü-7#:-w-n#-+ë# Ê;è<-9/-`Ü-7#:-w-#)Ü-0ß#-0ß,-ý-»¥#<-`Ü<-#)Ü/<-)è-/Vë0-e7Ü-[$-/-
…Ü/-ý9-eè+-ý-,Ê <è:-/7Ü-*/<-,Ü-₫9Ü -#,<-0:-6<-#<ë -+0-(0<-Hè-8ß#-;,-ý-<ë#<-i/Ü -%,-
+$-7ië#<-;Ü$-/Yè,-ý-:<-e³$-/<-+è-+#-\$-5Ü$-há<-+$-iÜ/-<è:-<ë#<-`Ü<-5Ü-/9-e-+#ë<-`$-Ê
.:-&9è -…å/-ý-ý-ë 9$-(Ü+-Dë#-ý-I$Ü -/7Ü-þë,-b<Ü -+0-2Ý#-(0<-&#<-<ß-b9² -ý-:<-e³$-/7Ü-dÜ9-+è-
/;#<-ý7Ü-*/<-:-7/+-+ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-<è:-/7Ü-*/<-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê ₫Ü-+$-a+-ý9-bÜ-/;#<-*/<-<ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð₫Ü7Ü-/;#<-*/<-
Ñ,ÜÊ
(0<-ý-0*ë:-/;#<-y,-&+-X Ü$-,<-/Z0Î (0<-+$-0Ü-7ië#<-(0<-ý7Ü-6<-0Ü-6Î
#,<-<ß-0Ü-Zë+-Vë-#<ß0-F:-¸¥-+//Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-#<$-W#<-`-Ü +0-2Ý#-(0<-ý<-2é-7+Ü9-0Ü-7+ë+-ý-¸¥-0-/þè+Ê :0-:-/9-
¸¥-/%+-+-è Eë-B7è -Ü +f:-/9-6$-*:-¸¥-7ië-/9-#<ß$<-ý<-"-è (è,-;Ü,-·-¦ &è-/7Ü-d9Ü -(0<-ý7Ü-(<è -ý-n-0ë-
10-e$³ -8$-+è-0-*#-·¦-/;#<-8ß:-v-0-+$ë<-<0-I-#<ß0-{:-/-9/-7e0<-8+Ü -:-e<-)-è #<$-
ýë9-‰-/<-0*ë:-5Ü$-7bë+-ý-l#-ýë<-/;#<-)è-y,-&+-+è-P-/ß-0Ü-/bÜ+-ý-XÜ$-*#-ý-,<-/Z0Ê
+è7$-(<è -ý-#<$-,-ZÜ#-ý7Ü-<-/,ë -+$-#8ë-€ç7Ü-&-± :ß+-73ì0-ý<-'è-7.è:-¸¥-7ië-5$Ü -0-]<-ý9-
/…#<-,-0Ü-7.è:-5Ü$-Yë/<-oÜ-/-+$-Ê XÜ$-,<-#,ë$-7bë+-`Ü<-/;#<-,-:<-:-9$-/5Ü,-0-iá/-
ý<-7+#-ý9-0Ü-7b²9-/-0è+-:Ê /;#<-ý7Ü-2:± -Yë/<-/5Ü-+$-Q,-ý<-/;#<-2Ý#-{æ+-:ß$-
F0<-,<-7e³$-/-#$-9ß$-/Bë+-:-7n:-7n:-/;#<-/Z0-eÊ W#<-`Ü-+0-2Ý#-#(,-l#<-ý<-
#5,-bÜ-(0<-iÜ/-9$-:-7#ë-/7Ü-#,<-8ë+-ý7Ü-dÜ9-+0-2#Ý -(0<-ý7Ü-0Ü-+$-:$ß -ý-#%Ü#-#Ü-&±-:-
/·¦$-0-Ü 9ß$-/9-#<ß$<-ý<-+0-(0<-+$-#,<-#%Ü#-·-¦ Zë+-ý-<ë#<-/;è<-7lÜ<-<-ß 0Ü-7ië#<-;$Ü -
(0<-ý7Ü-{æ-:<-e³$-/-+$-:#-#Ü<-Yè9-/7Ü-6<-"0-#$-8$-0Ü-6Ê +0-(0<-+$ë<-<ß-8ë+-ý7Ü-
#,<-<ß-P-%-Ü 0ë<-Zë+-ý7Ü-Bè<-»¥:-¸¥7$-0-Ü Zë+-%$Ü -0+ë9-,-Vë-#<ß0-/#-8ë+-ý-+$-l,-;<è -`Ü-e-9-
#)$-:-F:-¸¥-+//-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ða+-ý9-bÜ-/;#<-*/<-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê 9ß-/5Ü7Ü-/;#<-ýÊ 6ß$-/5Ü7Ü-Uë$-/Ê /;#<-ý7Ü-
7o<-/ß7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð9ß-/5Ü7Ü-/;#<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
T#-ý9-(0<-/;#<-Uë$-/7Ü-&ë-# -,ÎÜ v-0-8Ü-+0-0"7-7ië-# $-9ß$-#ÎÜ
…å/-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/;0-5Ü$-0&ë+-2ì#<-/g0Î )Ü$-73Ý,-#<:-/D,-/w<-ý<-*ß#<-+0-/U¨:Î
176

2ì#<-Dè,-₫,-l$<-μ¥<-ý<-d#-72:-5Ü$-Î Eë9-<è0<-Vë0-/w<-‰è-/;#<-# <$-0*ë 9-/Bë +Î


P-/7Ü-$$-#5#-*ß,-0ë$-(è<-ý-0*ë:Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ₫Ü-0+ë-+#ë$<-ý-7¸¥<-ý-:<Ê :<-+$-J<-+$-7¸¥,-ý-)$Ü -$-è 73Ý,-+è-"ë-,-(+Ü -`Ü-
Uë$-/-M9-#<ß$<-ý<-02ì,-W-7b²9-bÜ-{æ+-:$ß -0,-$#-F0<-:<-T#-ý9-/W#<-ý7Ü-(0<-&#<-
/;#<-;Ü$-Uë$-/7Ü-&ë-#-6/-%Ü$-{-&è-/9-#<ß$<-ý-F0<-`Ü-8$-/%°+-(Ü$-"ß9-lÜ:-/-,ÜÊ v-0-8Ü-
+0-0"7-7ië-I-/-#<ß0-#%Ü#-·¦-7¸¥<-ý70-<ë-<ë-/-#$-9ß$-+#-#Ü-…å/-ý7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-#º¥$-P9-
/;0-5Ü$-dÜ-,$-#Ü-0&ë+-ý-/{-I-+$-2ì#<-`Ü-8ë-e+-#$-7eë9-#1$-+#-03é<-ý9-/g0-:Ê /+#-
0¸¥,-bÜ-)Ü$-73Ý,-#<:-5Ü$-/D,-ý-+$-7në-7¸¥7-Ü +0Ü#<-ý7Ü-#6è9-/%<-3/-`Ü-/w<-ý<-Wë,-bÜ-
*ß#<-/þè+-`Ü-+0-/%7-#(,-ýë-/U¨:Ê 2ì#<-#<ë#-ý7Ü-Dè,-+`Ü:-7"ë9-/-+$-y9-8$-0ië,-*/<-
`Ü-T-,0-0"7Ü-aë,-#$-/-₫,-l$<-:Ê :ß<-`Ü-Vë-,<-μ<¥ -ý-&è,-ýë<-:<ß -<-:-E/è -ý7Ü-/z$-d#-
+$-#,<-M-<-:-7¸¥+-ý7Ü-7iè$-d#-72:-5Ü$-/Bë+-0è+-+ë,-bÜ-/;#<-ý-+$-{:-/-5Ü-hë-9/-7e0<-
`Ü-02,-/Bë+Ê $#-#Ü-Vë-,<-(0<-&#<-‚ë$-/7Ü-T-#%Ü#-W#<-#%Ü#-·¦-b²9-ý-/%ë0-Q,-7+<-Eë-
Bè-<è0<-+ý7Ü-/Vë0-/w<-dÜ-,$-#<$-/-8$-#<$-#Ü-9Ü0-ý-F0<-e-/-+$-9ß-l7Ü-‰è-/;#<-`Ü<-
02ì,-‰è-W#<-`Ü-Vë-,<-/;#<-ý7Ü-2Ý#-U+-#<$-0*ë,-ýë9-/Bë+Ê 8Ü+-`Ü-Vë-,<-P-/7Ü-të$-
/;#<-`Ü<-#<:-#+/-%Ü$-7"ë9-#<ß0-8ë$<-+#-7+<-(0<-dë#<-T©$-0è+-ý7Ü-!-+#-a/-/E:-
&è,-ýë7Ü-$$-¸¥-0(0-ý9-/5# Ê*ß,-0ë$-¸¥-/+è-#;è#<-₫Ü-/;#<-/Bë+-%$Ü -Vë-#<ß0-bÜ-(è<-ý-%Ü-
0&Ü<-ý-*0<-%+-#,ë$-7bë+-l#-ý<ë -0Ü-7&/-ý9-0*ë:-5Ü$-/;#<-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê+è-P9-:ß<-$#-8Ü+-
#<ß0-+$-Vë-#<ß0-*ß,-0ë$-#Ü-(<è -/;#<-#(è,-ýë-<ë-<ë-+$-7oè:-/9-të$-&,è -9/-7e0<-<#ë <-`Ü-
/!ë:-{æ+-lÜ-0è+-/;#<-ý7Ü-{:-ýë-<ë#<-:<-&è+-¸¥-/W#<-ý7Ü-/;#<-&è,-9ß-/5Ü-e-/-,Ü-+0Ü#<-
<ß-/<:-/7Ü-+#ë$<-+ë,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð6ß$-/5Ü7-Ü Uë$-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
(è9-₫ë+-^,-9!-#)ë9-0-09-0è-+$-Î ‚ë9-…ë:-6/-0ë7Ü-2ì#<-`Ü<-+bè<-ý-/U$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 9$-{æ+-`Ü-(0<-&#<-/;#<-ý<-‚$<-,<-#5,-{+æ -P9-[$-/7Ü-I-#<ß0-T-
2ì#<-F0<-(0<-ý7Ü-þ,ë -b<Ü -*#ß <-0Ü-0(è<-ý7Ü-2±:-¸¥-/Y,-%Ü$-/!7Ü-&+-ý7Ü-#,<-<ß-b²9-ý-Uë$-
/7Ü-:<-`<Ü -<9ë -&+± -ý9-eè+-ý-:Ê ₫Ü9-{æ+-:$ß -F0<-,<-dÜ-8ë-e+-2#ì <Ê ,$-.ß$-ý-ë Dè,Ê
#<$-/-e$-&/± -<0è <-`Ü<-Uë$-/7Ü-2±:-+$-Ê a+-ý9-+ë$-‡å#<-:<-P-/<-:-w-/7Ü-2:± -¸¥-Dë#<-
2Ý#-#Ü<-$ë-/ë-Uë$-/-+$-Ê Vë0-ý-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-bÜ<-#,<-:ß#<-:<-0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-2±:-¸¥-6ß$-/5Ü<-9$-
/5Ü,-Uë$-/-+$-Ê T-Dë#-+eè9-0+è -`Ü-#,<-+#-#,<-/€ç9-¸¥-;<è -ý<-*ß#<-B7è -Ü 2±:-:-Uë$-/9-e+è -
177

ý-#<ß0Ê /+è-7¸¥<-<#ë <-:<Ê 0&ë+-ý-.+ß Ê +0-J<-0+$<Ê rë#-&#<-{æÊ uÜ$-/5Ü-


0+ë<Ë 7bë+-2$<-/;#<-ý7Ü-Uë$-/-Yè-Uë$-/-M9-i#<-ý-<ë#<-0$-8$-*0<-%+-`Ü-#,+-
/Z¨<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ýëÊ dÜ-P9-8-è ;è<-`Ü-+/$-ýë-2Ý0<-ý7Ü-y+-¸¥-0è-)#ë -<#ë <-(è-/9-₫ë+-ý-M-ý-ë +$ë<-
/;0<-`Ü-Dè,-e<-,<-8Ü+-‡å:-,0-0"7Ü-aë,-"$è <-ý-+$-/!ë+-ý7Ü-a+-ý9-9$-/5Ü,-b<Ü -i/á -ý-
F0<-`Ü<-0&ë+-%Ü$-Uë$-/-+$-Ê ,$-P9-8Ü+-+$-$#-+$-:ß<-+$-+è-"ë-,-(Ü+-`Ü-Dë#-…Ü/-‚$-/7Ü-y+-
¸¥-9Ü0-ý-/5Ü,-6ß$-/5Ü7Ü-Uë$-/9-i#<-ýÊ /¸¥+-IÜ-^,Ê +09-&è,-9%Ê /-:ó-#)ë9-0Ê [$-
#<:-…ë,-0è-/5Ü-ýë7$-+0-2Ý#-#Ü-J<-`Ü<-02ì,-eè+-¸¥-e<-)è-#,<-:ß#<-`Ü-9$-/5Ü,-#<:-:-#+/-
%Ü$-Uë$-/-+$-Ê #<$-/-+0-Uë$-H+-¸¥-e³$-5Ü$-+$ë<-iá/-0&ë#-#Ü-(è-{æ-)-,-‚ë9-/-+$-Ê #-−-…ë:-
/-6ß$-¸¥-7oè:-/7Ü-/½§:-º#¥ <-6/-0-ë 2ì#<-`-Ü 7"ë9-:-ë +$ë<-<0Ê Bè<-0*ß,-2ì#<-`Ü-0&ë+-ý-10-
:7$-.,-8,ë -&è,-ýë-+$-Q,-ý<-+-è +#-F0<-`<Ü -*ß#<-+bè<-ý-&,è -ý7ë -Ü +0-2Ý#-8ë$<-<ß-/U$-/9-
e7ëË Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð/;#<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-Ñ,ÜÊ
Vë-#<ß0-e-eè +-(0<-&#<-´¥,-5Ü-5Ü$-Î Eë-Bè-/5Ü-8Ü-8-è ;è<-0$ë ,-¸¥-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /;#<-Uë$-+è-+#-2±:-/5Ü,-¸¥-e<-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-,ÜÊ #,<-U/<-<ß-Vë-#<ß0-bÜ-
Dë#-…Ü/-+$-+è-+#-#-Ü e-/-+$-e+è -ý7Ü-:<-:<-b9² -ý7Ü-(0<-&#<-%-Ü 0&Ü<-ý-´¥,-5Ü-5Ü$-Ê 0*9-
*ß#-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-8è-;è<-Eë-B-è /5Ü-8Ü-#-ë 7.$-0$ë,-¸¥-eè+-ý9-7b²9-)è-#<$-/-6/-0ë7Ü-*/<-0*9-
*ß#-ý-8Ü,-ý7Ü-dÜ9-9ëÊ Ê+è-P9-8$-lÜ-0+è -/;#<-{æ+-:<Ê +`Ü:-7"ë9-bÜ-T-+-è F0<-`Ü-02,-F:-
7eë9-.-ë 0ë-F0<-`<Ü -*ë<-ý-10-bÜ<Ê I-/-+$-8,-:#-#-Ü +0-2#Ý -(0<-&#<-*0<-%+-/U$<-
,<-+-è /5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-*0<-%+-`Ü-U-¨ #<ß$-*ß#<-8,ë -),-n,Ü -:<-/<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-ý-+$-Q,-ý9-
7b²9-)èÊ 8Ü-#è-7"ë9-:-ë 2ì#<-&è,-bÜ-<-:-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý9-b9² -)Êë Ê5è<-ý<-02ì,-,ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-+ë,-/Z¨-/-,ÜÊ
#5,-8$-/6ë+-0è+-0ë<-μ¥<-I:-¸¥-/)ë,Î dë#<-9Ü<-o:-/7Ü-XÜ$-Bè-e$-<è0<-/þè+Î
;è<-9/-6/-0ë <-+ë,-bÜ-#,+-#<$-/1:Î P-/<-:-/w-₫ë+-ý<-;,-+eè-/<Î
/+è,-#(Ü<-dë#<-T©$-#è#<-&è,-9$-ië:-,<Î :0-b Ü-8ë,-),-Ië:-0è+-$$-#Ü<-7&9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ :0-b-Ü #è#<-<:è -/7Ü-*/<-#5,-8$-I-/7Ü-v-0-:-<$<-{<-+$ë<-<ß-0*ë$-/7Ü-
8Ü+-&è<-+$-/!7-lÜ,-Bè<-<ß-l,-ý7Ü-#¸¥$-»¥#<-`Ü<-l$<-)è-/6ë+-0è+-0&Ü-0-7há#<-ý7Ü-0ë<-μ¥<-
"ë-,-(0<-:è,-bÜ-rë#-·¦-/6ß$-Yè-I:-¸¥-7+ë,Ê 0"7-a/-`Ü-<è0<-%,-F0<-:-dë#<-9Ü<-+$-o:-
/7Ü-e0<-ý-+$-X$Ü -B-è 2+-0è+-ý-/Vë0-5Ü$-*0<-%+-<$<-{<-`Ü-<9-7#ë+-ý9-7+ë+-ý7Ü-e$-&±/-`Ü-
178

<è0<-D#-·¦-/þè+Ê *ë<-/<0-/Vë0-ý-:<-e³$-/7Ü-lÜ-0-0è+-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-6/-0ë<-*-X+-2Ý#-10-:-
0Ü-5è,-ý9-8$-+#-ý7Ü-+ë,-bÜ-#,+-#<$-2:± -/5Ü,-¸¥-/1:Ê *è#-ý-8<-//-`Ü-P-/<-7"ë9-7+<-:-
w-5Ü$-/Y,-9Ü0-0<-73é#<-`Ü-₫ë+-ý<-v$-+ë9-;,-+eè-/<-´¥,-Jë/-+$-+ë,-+0-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü-dë#<-9è-
9è9-T©$-/7Ü-#è#<-&,è -9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-ië:-,<Ê :0-(0<-<ß-v$<-ý7Ü-lë+-D#<-8ë,-),-F0<-
7/+-Ië:-0è+-ý9-$$-#Ü<-7&9-/-,Ü-+cÜ+-¸¥<-x,-lë+-`Ü-Dè,-7oè:-72ì#<-ý-,-I-Ü ;Ü$-0è-)#ë -9$-
/5Ü,-bÜ<-{<-ý-/5Ü,-,Êë Ê
I-/7Ü-<-/%+-M-ý-/ë#<-7+ë,-:-#<ß0Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+Ê +ë,-/Z¨Ê Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-
/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-,<-/ë#<-7+ë,-dÜ-,$-#<$-/-,ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +ýè9-,-5Ü$-#Ü-:ë-)ë#-:-72é-/-r$á -/7Ü-e-/-i/á -,<-þë$-o,-+$-9Ü#-W#<-`Ü-&ë-#-
<ë#<-89-þè+-7e³$-/7Ü-*/<-:-/Ië,-ý-P9-:0-bÜ-#è#<-/<:-/-iá/-ý-+è-,<-8ë,-),-:-þè+-7.è:-
bÜ-/#ë <-7+ë,-+#ë<-;Ü$-+è-:7$-d-Ü ,$-#<$-/-#<ß0-bÜ-90Ü -ý9-/Y,-ý-,Ü-7+Ü-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#<ß0Ê dÜ7Ü-/ë#<-7eÜ,Ê ,$-#Ü-/ë#<-7eÜ,Ê #<$-/7Ü-/ë#<-7eÜ,-
,ëË Ê+$-ýë-:7$-#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
dÜ-9ë:-8ß:-zè,-%Ü-+$-%Ü-;9-8$Î :0-aè9-;è<-ý<-e$-&±/-ië#<-<ß-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ dÜ-9:ë -¸¥-&#<-Z$-#)Ü-0ß#-/þè+-ý7Ü-8ß:-/6$-$,-/9-0-%Ü-+$-%Ü-P-/-ß 5Ü#-;9-
8$-v$-+ë9-/)$-Xë0<-`Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-#5,-+/$-¸¥-0-;ë9-/9-9/-U+-%Ü#-+$-Ê 7oÜ$-#(Ü<-ýÊ *-
0<-`$-#<ß0-.,-&+-:<-0Ü-7+7-/9-:0-¸¥-aè9-ý7Ü-2±:-;è<-ý<-#,+-¸¥-/)$-,-2ì#<-lá#-#Ü-8ß:-
¸¥-[$-/-*0<-%+-`$-e$-&±/-…å/-ý7Ü-ië#<-<ß-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê ₫Ü-+$-Ê
eè-o#-#ë Ê+$-ýë-Ð₫Ü-Ñ,ÜÊ
+i-:-/6ë+-ý-/Vë0-5Ü$-XÜ$-Bè-/þè+Î #(è,-:-/+è,-0è +-/Vë0-5Ü$-5è,-ý-/%+Î
/9-0-´¥,-:-/6$-ýë7Ü-:<-7oè:-/5#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 8ß:-zè,-+è-+#-:0-¸-¥ 'Ü-P9-aè9-,-7¸¥,-ý<-vë-‚$ë -/-+$-´¥,-Jë/-Dè,-7oè:-+ë,-+0-
Yë$-(Ü+-`Ü-2±:-:-/Dè,-,<-)Êè ₫Ü9-Wë,-:<-;-7"ë,-bÜ<-72é-/-+$-Ê lÜ,-:,-:ë#-7':-7"ë9-bÜ-
:ë#-…å/-<ë#<-0-Ü +$-0Ü-0Ü,-bÜ-#,ë+-ý7Ü-+i-&è-n-#$-:7$-7"ë,-73Ý,-0-Ü e-/9-/6ë+-ý-/Vë0-5Ü$-+è-
+#-2-é 9/<-¸¥-07Ü-.-0-8Ü,-`$-7há:-ý7Ü-+/$-#Ü<-+-P-$-ë 0-;è<-ý<-:<-$,-/<#<-ý-:-y9-8$-
XÜ$-Bè-&,è -ýë-/þè+Ê #(è,-(è-7oè:-+$-037-ië#<-,9ë -J<-<ë#<-8Ü+-¸¥-7ë$-/-*0<-%+-:-€ç-0-HÜ-
:0-P-/ß9-/P-/-/+è,-0+è -`Ü-7¸¥,-ý-l#-·¦-/Vë0-5Ü$-5è,-7hÜ<-`-Ü 73Ý,-ý-#%+Ê &#<-Z$-#(Ü<-
179

!-0Ü-þ-è /7Ü-8ß:-[$-/9-0-´¥,-:7$-/)$-Xë0<-<-ß 0Ü-/5#-ý9-0Ü#-:0-¸-¥ +!ë,-0&ë#-#Ü-Dè,-0*ë$-


¸¥-#º¥#-ý-+$-Ê F-/9-<$<-{<-`Ü-02,-+$-#6ß$<-W#<-6/-0ë-…ë#-ýÊ [9-2ì9-ië:-bÜ-/¸¥#-
ýË Nè9-fë$-ië:-+0-J<Ê :ß<-`<Ü -d#-/Uë9-8Ü+-:-++-0ë<-<ë#<-+#è-I-[-97è Ü-/#-&#<-7'ë#-
·¦-#º¥#-ý<-02ì,-/6$-ýë7Ü-:<-`Ü-7oè:-/-%Ü-*è/<-<ß-/5#-#ë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ðeè-o#-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê ´¥,-Jë/-+$-Ê +ë,-+0-bÜ<-:0-¸¥-7aè9-2±:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:7$-#(Ü<Ê
+$ë<-+$-Ê {æ+-:-/Yè,-2±:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð+$ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
´¥,-`$-´¥,-Jë/-0Ü-D#-€ç-09-/<0Î %Ü<-`$-+#ë<-0è+-5è-/%+-l#-·¦-eÎ 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ /6$-$,-/9-
0<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-[$-/-´¥,-`$-#<ë#-+$-#<ë/-+$-XÜ$-ýë-0è+-ý<-´¥,-Jë/-+$-U+-%Ü#-9è-9è<-7.ë-5Ü$-
7b²9-/<-0Ü-D#-ý-+$-[$-8$-/+è,-ý9-0-iá/-ý<-€ç-0-+$-02±$<-ý9-/<0-YèÊ )Ü$-{:-:<Ê
€ç-0-eè+-ý-+#-#Ü<-#6ß#<-‡å:-)èÊ ÊD-+$-u$-ý-ë ;Ü$-D-[-2ì#<-e<Ê Ê+è-:-'Ü-/5Ü,-[$-/-#$-
8$-0è+Ê Ê&ë<-F0<-*0<-%+-+è-/5Ü,-;è<-ý9-b<Ü Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê+è<-,-+0-ý7Ü-&ë<-(0<-<ß-:,è -
ý-0-#)ë#<-#5,-%Ü<-`$-2é-dÜ-0-P-5ë#-7+Ü9-8$-.,-ý-\ä-10-0è+-ý<-#),-,<-+#ë<-ý-0+è -X0-
¸¥-%Ü-[$-*0<-%+-:-+#ë<-0+è -`Ü-7¸¥,-ý<-6Ü,-ý7Ü-5è-/%+-l#-·¦-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{æ+-:-/Yè,-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
/+è-Z¨#-zè,-:<-#)ë$-:è,-#,+-`Ü<-/6ß$-Î #$-e³$-&ë #-;è<-8Ü+-/+è-{æ,-¸¥-/Yè,Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ a+-ý9-:ß<-+$-<0è <-:-/+è-Z¨#-#Ü-2ì9-/-f$ë -/7Ü-dÜ-,$-#-Ü zè,-n-9#<-#$-:7$-
+è7Ü-Bè<-<ß-7o$<-,<-9ë-0Ü-f$-/9-/+è-/9-;9-,-+è7Ü-{æ-+#è-/-+$-/%<-ý-0*7-8<-ý9-\è:-)è-
<è0<-%,-:-#)ë$-/-+$-Ê Z¨#-/W:-e³$-,-+è7Ü-{æ-ZÜ#-ý-+$-/%<-ý-<0è <-%,-´,¥ -:<-/Z¨<-,<-
9$-:-:è,-ý7Ü-v-ë ‚ë$-6/-0ë7Ü-#,+-`Ü<-#6ß$-:-:0-¸¥-#)$-Ê 6<-#<ë -#,<-0:-<ë#<-»¥#<-
`Ü<-7eë9-,-/{-n#-9-Ü /7Ü-6<-#<ë -+$-"$-ý-/Iè#<-ý-<ë#<-9/-e³$-:-<$<-{<-`Ü<-Bè<-<ß-
#,$-/<-5è,-ý-0+è -,-&è+-¸-¥ \$-0Ü-+#ë<-;$Ü -Ê 0-7eë9-,-d#<-+9-hë+-ý7Ü-#ë<-+$-:ß<-72ì-10-
bÜ<-"-6<-$,-$ë,-bÜ<-/·¦/-ý<-#$-P9-e³$-8$-&#ë -;<è -ý-+$-Ê zè,-/6$-$,-:-+#7-Z¨#-þè,-
%Ü$-#%Ü#-e³$-#(Ü<-+#ë<-`Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-/6è-9è-0$-,-7+ë+-ý7Ü-"ë:-ý9ë -7d,-)-è :ß<-<è0<-F:-¸¥-#,<-
ý7Ü-#ë-U/<-0-Ü 7e³$-/<-'Ü-P9-e³$-8$-0Ü-+#7-/-0è+-ý7Ü-8Ü+-/+è-"ë-,-{æ,-·-¦ /Yè,-ý9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-+ë,-+0-bÜ<-:0-¸¥-7aè9-2±:-:-#(Ü<Ê 0(0-/5#-+$-Ê Bè<-*ë/-/ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0(0-
/5#-Ñ,ÜÊ
+ë,-+0-[$-i#<-Dë#-ý7Ü-&ë<-F0<-´¥,Î 9$-/5Ü ,-0-iá/-/+è,-0è+-$$-:-# 5#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ :0-7aè9-0*7-+#-:-+$ë<-73Ý,->-7*<-<ß-5è,-,-#,+-¸¥-0Ü-7ië-YèÊ Z¨+-ý-
180

:<Ë 'Ü-P9-¸¥#-+$-7lè<-ý7Ü-"-6<-/6$-6-/Ê Ê+!9-ýë7Ü-&ë<-:-+0Ü#<-ý7$-+è-7l9-{:-/<-


#<ß$<Ë Ê5è<-<Êë Ê+è<-,-#,<-:#ß <-+ë,-+0-ý9-0Ü#-8ß:-¸¥-[$-/7Ü-#6ß#<-+$-F-/9-i#<-
ý7Ü-…-+$-Ê 8Ü+-8ß:-¸¥-F0-ý9-Dë#-ý7Ü-7"ë9-7+<-`Ü-&ë<-F0<-´¥,-`$-7há:-$ë9-[$-/-10-:<-
0$ë,-Bè<-2+-0-+$-8$-+#-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`Ü<-+c+-ý70-Vë0-e³$-8è-;è<-"ë$-,<-;9-,-#+ë+-,<-9$-
/5Ü,-bÜ<-0-i/á -ý7Ü-/+è,-0è+-,0-0"7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-P-/ß-þè-7##-#,<-#<ß0-+$-o:-/-8,Ü -ý-:-
+è-P9-;è<-,<-7há:-73Ý,-9$-$ë9-/P<-,<-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-$$-:-0(0-ý9-/5#-ý-#:-&è-YèÊ Z¨+-ý-
:<Ë #$-2é-7¸¥<-e<-7¸¥<-0-e<-+$-+!9-,#-&ë<Ê Ê;è<-9/-F0-ý9-/;Ü#<-,<-Eã:-10-0Ü-
+0Ü#<-2éÊ Ê7'Ü#-Dè,-+#-,-;è<-9/-.-9ë:-dÜ,-i$<-7iëÊ Ê,0-0"7-#$-:7$-%$° -6+-0Ü-#,<-
+è-+$-7lÊ Ê5è<-ý-P9-:0-7aè9-F0<-`Ü-.ß:-¸¥-b²9-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-ÐBè<-*ë/-Ñ,ÜÊ
Bè<-*ë/-HÜ -:0-€ç-07Ü-+ýè-/{+-+$Î /<ë+-,0<-2ì#<-&è,-5è,-0è+-:0-¸¥ -aè9Î
7"ë9-/7Ü-&ë<-´¥,-0-+#-Dè,-7oè:-)èÎ f-$,-7+<-ý7$-+#-ý7Ü-Dè,-7e³$-10Î
+è-dÜ9-:0-bÜ-[$-/-*0<-%+-´¥,Î {æ-zè,-Dè,-7oè:-:è#<-ý7Ü-dë#<-<ß-/…Ü#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 0(0-/5#-:<-Q$<-ý7Ü-Bè<-*ë/-·¦7$-[$-i#<-`Ü-&ë<-*0<-%+-:-/+è,-+$ë<-
<ß-0Ü-5è,-ý9Ê dÜ-8ß:-bÜ-[$-/-*0<-%+-0è+-/5Ü,-7há:-$ë9-[$-/-HÜ-:0-P-/ßÊ {æ-zè,-Dè,-7oè:-
2ì#<-ý-:<-uë-/ß9-¸¥-[$-/-€ç-0-P-/ßÊ 0è+-ý-:-8ë+-ý9-[$-/-0Ü#-8ë9-P-/ßÊ [$-/5Ü,-/+è,-
ý9-0-iá/-ý-0#Ü -{æ-P-/ßÊ dÜ-,$-#$-:7$-0+è -/5Ü,-[$-/-o#-&-P-/ßÊ Dè,-+$-/Dè,-ý9-[$-8$-
+ë,-:-0è+-ý-lÜ-67Ü-ië$-aè9-P-/ßÊ [$-:-9$-/5Ü,-0-iá/-ý-0è-:ë$-,$-#Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-P-/ßÊ 0è+-
[$-%9Ü -8$-7&9-/-‡å:-ý-P-/ß-Yè-/+è,-0+è -`-Ü +ýè-/{+-+$-02±$<-ý9-/P-5Ü$-Vë-#<ß0-bÜ<-'Ü-P9-
¹¥<-;Ü$-7eë9-ý<-F0-ý9-+!9-/7Ü-:<-d#ë <-9è-/-0-8Ü,-ý9-/<ë+-,0<-`-Ü Vë-0*7-8<-ý9-7'ß#-
/6ë+-ý7Ü-2#ì <-&è,-ýë-/<#<-;$Ü -+è-:7$-5,è -0è+-€-ç 0-P-/ß9-;è<-ý-+$-7"ë9-#<ß0-8ë$<-+#-#-Ü
P-/<-:0-¸¥-a9è Ê .ß$-"0<-þ-è 0&è+-`Ü<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-/7Ü-&ë<-´¥,-,<-(,ë -0ë$<-ý-*0<-%+-
#,<-:ß#<-/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-(Ü+-T,-þ<è -`Ü-0-9Ü#-ý-:-/Dè,-,<-7¸¥-eè+-7e³$-/-<#ë <-uë-/9ß -b-Ü
lÜ-0<-Cë#<-;Ü$-0-+#-ý7Ü-{æ-+$-zè,-bÜ<-0$ë,-ý9-7¸¥-e<-ý7Ü-Dè,-7oè:-8,-:#-/%°-#(Ü<-:ß#<-
7e³$-¸-¥ 7"ë9-/-YèÊ 0-9Ü#-ý-+$-r+è -:è,-)è-(ë,-0ë$<-ý-#<ß0-bÜ<-7¸¥-eè+-+$-rÜ+-ý7Ü-:<-#(Ü<-
e<-ý-:<Ê F0-;è<-0$Ü -#6ß#<-þ-è 0&è+-lá#-9#è -2ì9-þ-è /-@-;-Ü /%<-þ-è /7Ü-´¥,-,<-(,ë -0$ë <-ý7Ü-
#5Ü-/¸¥,-e³$-5Ü$-+-è +#-:<-`$-(,ë -0ë$<-#<ß0-7e³$-/<-e-+$-Vë$-P9-.,-2±,-¸¥-7"ë9-/-YèÊ
+/ß-0-Dè,-7oè:-XÜ$-ýë9Ê #<ß0-ý-ë +#-:<-#(Ü<-7e³$-YèÊ Ê#(Ü<-:<-/¸¥,-7e³$-/¸¥,-:<-
181

`$-Ë Ê#<ß0-7e³$-rÜ+-ý7Ü-7"ë9-:ë-+èÊ Ê(Ü+-,Ü-8$-+$-8$-¸¥-7"ë9Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-9ëÊ Ê


rÜ+-ý7Ü-f-$,-:<-9Ü$-¸¥-7+<-ý-5Ü-/-*9-ý-+0-ý7$-þè-/-7##<-,-@-;Ü-7## ÊrÜ+-ý-
7##<-,-þè-/-7##-ý-<ë#<-8,-:#-/%°-#(Ü<-:ß#<-:<-Që#-%Ü$-0-9Ü#-ý-.ß#<-EÜ/-ý<-lÜ-0-+è-
(Ü+-F0-ý9-e$-5Ü$-+#-ý7Ü-Dè,-%Ü$-7oè:-7e³$-10-8Ü,-:Ê +ë,-+0-9$-/5Ü,-7ë+-#<:-/þè+-e-
þè+-eè+-`Ü-D,è -7oè:-:<-7+<-`$-F0-ý7Ü-7+ë#<-&-10-¸¥-#5Ü-¸<¥ -rÜ+-I-8,-:#-/%°-#(Ü<Ê :0-
¸¥<-<ß-/+è,-+ë,-8,-:#-/%°-#(Ü<Ê 7o<-¸¥<-+#-ý-F0-ý-/%°-#(Ü<-`Ü-2±:-¸¥-7&9-/-YèÊ 02,-
/Bë+-:<Ê 8,-:#-/%°-#(Ü<-rÜ+-I-/)ë,Ê Ê+#-ý-F0-ý-/%°-#(Ü<-7&$-Ê Ê/+è,-/5Ü7-Ü 2±:-bÜ-
F0-ý-%,Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê0+ë9-,-7"ë9-7+<-:0-#<ß0-b-Ü &ë<-*0<-%+-D,è -%Ü$-7oè:-7e³$-#-Ü [$-/-
10-8,Ü -5Ü$-+è7$-9$-/5Ü,-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-:<-/+è,-+$ë<-<-ß iá/-ý-0è+-ý<Ê 7.#<-ý-tä<Ê #$-dÜ9-
Dè,-7e³$-0-8Ü,-ý7ÜÊ Ê&ë<-7#7-8ë+-ý-0-8Ü,-)èÊ Ê+è7Ü-dÜ9-Yë$-ý-0-8Ü,-ý7ÜÊ Ê&ë<-7#7-8ë+-ý-
0-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
{æ-02,-+è-+#-#-Ü dÜ9-:0-b-Ü [$-/-*0<-%+-´¥,-`$-Dè,-7oè:-:-9#-:<-ý<-*9-ý9-7+ë+-ý-
F0<-`Ü<-*#ë -09-&<ë -V9ë -º¥#<-ý7Ü-7¸¥,-ý-+$-v-0-/Yè,-ý-,<-/I0<Ê 8$-+#-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-
0$ë,-¸¥-0-e<-`Ü-/9-¸-¥ +0-&<ë -…å/-ý7Ü-{-æ +$-+è7-Ü ië#<-<-ß 7b²9-/7Ü-zè,-bÜ-Dè,-7oè:-*0<-%+-
:è#<-ý7Ü-dë#<-7/7-5Ü#-·¦-/…Ü#<-ý<-7n:-+$-8ß,-¸¥-+ë,-#(Ü<-x/<-ýë-&è-7iá/-ý9-7b²9-)èÊ
/;è<-‡Ü$<-:<Ê Dè,-%Ü$-7oè:-/9-7e³$-7+Ü-<$<-{<-`ÜÊ Ê#<ß$-#Ü-03ì+-`Ü-#%è<-ý-6/-
0ë-Ë Ê#$-#Ü<-7+Ü-,Ü-8$-+#-0*ë$-/-+è<Ê Ê&ë<-0*ë$-+è-8<Ü -+-è /5Ü,-#;è#<-ý-0*ë$-Ê Ê5è<-
<ëË Ê
#(Ü<-ý-,$-/þè+-Jë#<-`Ü-/ë#<-7+ë,-:-#(Ü<Ê /þè+-ý7Ü-+$-Ê Jë#<-9Ü0-`Ü-/ë#<-7+ë,-,ëÊ Ê
+$-ýë-:-#(Ü<Ê ₫Ü-+$-Ê eè-o#-#ë Ê+$-ýë-Ð₫Ü-Ñ,ÜÊ
,$-¸¥-/þè+-9Ü0-[$-Yë$-&± -w-+$-Î #$-[$-T -+$-+è-8$-9$-# Ü-<è0<Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ ,$-¸¥-
<è0<-+$-T-U¨-9ë-0(0-[$-rÜ +-´¥,Î T-U¨9-#5Ü 9-/5è$<-*ß#-n+-)Ü$-73Ý,-\è:Î
9Ü0-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-I:-‚ë$-5Ü$-/ë#<-7+ë,-ý7Ü-2±:-8$-Ê *ë#-09-´¥,-/)#<-`Ü-/þè+-
9Ü0-'Ü-P-/ß-/Vë0-8$-,$-:-9$-/5Ü,-0-iá/-ý-Yë$-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-&±7Ü-w-/-P-/ß9-/Vë0-ý-6/-ý7Ü-
2±:-+$-Ê [ë+-+$-/%°+-`Ü-F0-ý-#$-5Ü#-[$-/-+è-*0<-%+-8Ü-+0-T7Ü-F0-ý9-/Vë0<-ý<-{-&è-/-
:-7'ß#-ý-+$-Ê +è7$-9$-#Ü-<0è <-`-Ü 9ë:-I:-:<-:ë#<-<ß-iá/-ý-0+è -ý<-Vë0-0",-<è0<-+$-
/Vë0-e7Ü-T-U-¨ #(Ü<-+,ë -+0-&ë<-(Ü+-¸¥-9ë-0(0-ý9-;<è -ý-+$-Ê [$-5Ü$-r+Ü -ý<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-7'Ü#-
Dè,-´¥,-`$-9$-e³$-8è-;<è -T7Ü-U¨-9ß-#+ë+-,<-#5Ü-*#ë -·-¦ /5è$<-;Ü$-Jë#<-ý-8ë$<-iá/-+ë,-+0-ý7Ü-
182

/þè+-2±:-+$-Ê 2ì#<-l#á -#-Ü 8ß:-¸¥-D#ë -ý7Ü-{-æ /-#$-e$³ -8$-uë-/9ß -*ß#-n+-+è-0-*#-ý9-T7Ü-9$-


/5Ü,-"ë-,9-;è<-ý7Ü-)$Ü -73Ý,-bÜ-9:ë -0ë-0*7-8<-ý9-\è:-/-Yè-F0-ý-M-8Ü<-/þè+-9Ü0-₫Ü7Ü-8ë,-),-
bÜ-/#ë <-+e³$-$ë-Ê Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ðeè-o#-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê /þè+-ý7Ü-I:-‚ë$-/-+ $-Ê +è-(Ü+-+#-Jë#<-^,Ü -ý7Ü-2:± -bÜ<-(0<-<ß-
v$-/7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð/þè+-ý7Ü-I:-‚ë$-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
oÜ<-U¨-0è-:ë$-#6ß#<-/C,-029-/-(Ü+Î &±-[ë +-₯$<-ý9-7.ë<-:-Dè,-e<-)èÎ
8Ü+-0Ü#-xä$-#<ß0-#)+-ý7Ü-#<:-[$-+$-Î 02,-¸¥<-HÜ-:0-T-U¨9-Q$-:-/y/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ (Ü,-0ë7Ü-¸¥<-<-ß T-/6ë-0"<-ý<-o<Ü -ý7Ü-8-Ü +0-bÜ-U¨-02,-(Ü+-+$-Q,-ý70-;è:-
:0-0è-:ë$-#Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-/g#-0+$<-a+-¸¥-029-/-(Ü+-9$-#Ü-{/-$ë<-P-/ß9-/5# Ê0¸¥,-¸¥-
&±7Ü-[ë+-₯$<-;$Ü -#8ë-/-0+è -ý9-+è7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-7.ë<-ý-:-Dè,-e<-)è-8+Ü -0Ü#-xä$-#<ß0-ý-ë lÜ:-:-
Iè-#%Ü#-·¦-#)+-ý7Ü-#<:-[$-#Ü-I:-…å/-ý-+$-Ê 02,-0ë7Ü-¸¥<-<ß-73Ý,-ý7Ü-#+0<-$#-#Ü-HÜ-:0-
#6ß$-:-6Ü,-ý-+$-+è-0-*#-(Ü,-0ë9-/Vë0<-ý-P-/ß7Ü-T7Ü-U¨9-Q$-/-:-/y/<-ý<-02,-¸¥<-`Ü<-(Ü,-
[$-+$-+è<-`$-02,-[$-#Ü-I:-/þè+-+è-/ë#<-&è,-ý-ë *ë,-ý9-7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-(Ü+-+#-Jë#<-^Ü,-ý7Ü-2±:-bÜ<-(0<-<ß-v$-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
a+-ý9-7"ë9-/7Ü-[$-5 è,-+#-ý-:<Î 0*9-*ß#-f$-7+<-8ë,-),-Jë#<-ý-+$-Î
#,<-U/<-9Ü0-#(Ü<-#5Ü -9-ß ^Ü,-ý7Ü-2±:Î :è# <-ý9-;è<-ý<-:0-0&ë#-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +eÜ/<-+$-"-+ë#-#Ü-F0-ý-:0-eè+-10-b-Ü /þè+-90Ü -,-Ü dÜ-9ë:-ý-:7$-8+ë -%Ü$-+7è -Ü
iá/-7o<-(Ü-2-é /-+$-/þè+-9Ü0-9$-{æ+-ý9-#ë:-/7Ü-9$-7o<-9-ß lÊ {æ-0*ß,-7e³$-ýë-0*ß-&è,-¸¥-
7b²9-/-8ë+-ý<Ê +è-+#-:0-¸-¥ 7b²9-/7Ü-a+-ý9-b-Ü #,+-,ÜÊ 7&Ü-/9-þè-/7Ü-rÜ+-ý-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-
/þè+-/Z¨-+$-Ê dÜ-[ë+-,$-/%°+-+$-0*ß,-ý7Ü-D,è -#5:-8<-"$-/Dè,-ý-T7Ü-7"ë9-:-ë /Vë0-ý-
<ë#<-09-/P<-7"ë9-/7Ü-F0-ý-+$-0*ß,-ý9-:0-¸¥-e<-ý<-+è7-Ü [$-5,è -+#-ý-:<Ê /þè+-ý<-
#6ß#<-U¨-+$-/Z¨-9Ü0-bÜ<-&ë<-U¨Ê Dè,-/Dè,-ý-F0-+#-T7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-¸-¥ iá/-ý-<ë#<-89-/P<-
F0-e$-#Ü-7l-7/#-·¦-b²9-ý<-0*9-*#ß -f$-7+<-`-Ü 8ë,-),-J#ë <-ý7Ü-{æ9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê #,<-
U/<-9Ü0-ý-#(Ü<-!7Ü-#5Ü-/)Ü$-/-:<-Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-8è-;è<-^Ü,-ý7Ü-*/<-a+-ý9-%,-¸¥-7b²9-/7Ü-
2±:-:è#<-ý9-;è<-ý<-#:ë -7d³#<-0è+-ý7Ü-:0-bÜ-0&ë#-0$ë,-¸¥-7b²9-/-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Jë#<-9Ü0-bÜ-/ë#<-7+ë,-:-#<ß0Ê I-xä$-Ê &#<-:0Ê Jë#<-9Ü0-₫Ü7Ü-/ë#<-7+ë,-
7o<-/ß-+$-/%<-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-ÐI-xä$-Ñ,ÜÊ
7há:-7"ë9-6/-0ë<-I-8Ü<-0¸¥+-ý-/gë:Î /9-xä$-* +-!9-73Ý,-ý7Ü-(0<-:è,-bÜ<Î
183

xä$-<è0<-9$-+è$<-;<è -ý-F:-¸¥-.è/<Î #·¦0-0ë7-Ü 7/9-[$-0(0-Bè<-´¥,-·¦-/D,Î


5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 9$-:ß<-*/<-Q,-(0<-<ß-:,è -ý7Ü-2éÊ *ß,-020<-F0<-<ß-:ß<-‚ë$-7há:-7"ë9-
6/-0-ë 0,-$#-:#-:è,-b-Ü #,+-+$-Q,-ý-:-7/+-ý9-I7Ü-0¸¥+-ý-F0<-/gë:Ê D#-·-¦ /9-b-Ü xä$-Pè-
/-*+-!9-/{$<-)è-73Ý,-ý-#<$-/-8è-;è<-&è,-ýë7Ü-xä$-‚ë9-bÜ<-xä$-<è0<-`Ü-Cë#<-ý-n-9#<-9$-
<9-+$è <-;Ü$-;<è -ý-F:-¸¥-./-ý9-7b²9-/-+$-Ê #·¦0-07ë -Ü 0è-+0Ü#<-0(0-/5#-·-¦ /Vë0<-;$Ü -
Bè<-*ë/-·¦-0Ü-/Vë0-ý7Ü-9è<-7'ë#-%,-bÜ<-¹¥<-ý-Cè+-ý9-0Ü-7b²9-/<-7/9-/7Ü-#<:-[$-0(0-Bè<-
´¥,-·¦-0-&+-ý9-/D,-ý9-/Vë0-ý-F0<-#,+-¸¥-&7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð&#<-:0-Ñ,ÜÊ
*Ü#-:è-º¥-/-XÜ$-#7Ü-+/ß<-<ß-/YÜ0Î +è-:<-/Dè,-e<-73Ý,-0è+-€ç-07Ü-$$-Î
2ì#<-lá#-8ß:-¸¥-#$-;9-[$-/-8Ü<Î /+è-&è,-7lè,-ý7Ü-)Ü$-73Ý,-9$-I:-\è:Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #5,-:ß<-.ë-(7Ü-:0-:-7'ß#-ý-,Ê d#-{-+$-Xë0<-ý9-7'ß#-ý7Ü-Bè<-&#<-`Ü-
0è<-´¥,-Jë/-e$-&±/-<0è <-`-Ü *Ü#-:-è 9Ü0-ý9-73#-%Ü$-º¥-/-,-9Ü#-Yë$-!-+#-,0-0"7-P-/ß7Ü-$$-
:<-,0-8$-0-#8ë<-ý<-7"ë9-:ë-<ë-<ë7Ü-+/ß-07Ü-Pè-/9-+$-Ê a+-ý9-T,-þè<-`Ü-0*9-#6ß$-Q#ë -
/g0-a/-+$-7oè:-/9-XÜ$-#7Ü-+/ß<-<-ß 6#-0è+-8-è ;è<-₯$<-07Ü-*Ü#-:-è &è,-ýë9-/YÜ0<-ý<-D#-·¦-
:ß<-<è0<-/+è-Yë$-#Ü-(0<-+$-0Ü-7o:-/9-7b²9-5Ü$-Ê +è-:-Dè,-e<-,<-dÜ-,$-#$-:7$-&è+-¸¥-
73Ý,-5è,-0è+-ý-€ç-09-;è<-ý7Ü-$$-,<-2ì#<-lá#-#Ü-8ß:-¸¥-/6$-$,-/9-0-#$-;9-bÜ-[$-/-[-
2ì#<-ý-8Ü<-`$-/+è-&è,-"ë-,-7lè,-ý9-¹¥<-ý7Ü-)$Ü -73Ý,-bÜ-9$-/5Ü,-+$-0Ü-7o:-/9-I:-‚ë$-#ë$-
,<-#ë$-¸-¥ \è:-/<-0*9-7"ë9-7+<-`Ü-D#ë -2#ì <-/+è-&è,-8è-;<è -#%Ü#-#Ü-$$-¸¥-b²9-ý-,-*/<-:0-
0*9-dÜ,-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-ÐJë#<-9Ü0-₫Ü7Ü-/ë#<-7+ë,-7o<-/ß-+$-/%<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
a+-ý9-‚$-#5Ü-7há:-[$-/#-&#<-´¥,Î ‚ë$-eè+-Eë-Bè7Ü-F:-7eë9-6/-0ë7Ü-0*ß <Î
:è #<-ý9-{<-/)/-Iè-#%Ü #-/Vë0-ý-8Ü<Î ‚$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-8è-;è<-9Ü<-0è+-;9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 02,-/%<-Jë#<-9Ü0-₫-Ü :-a+-ý9-¸¥-;è<-+#ë<-ý-‚$-/7Ü-#5Ü7Ü-:<-<ß-e-/-0-
+#-ý7Ü-I-x$ä -*Ü#-:-è :<-b²9-ý7Ü-.$ß -"0<-þè-0&è+-`-Ü 7há:-[$-/#-&#<-0*7-8<-ý-´¥,Ê
‚ë$-eè+-*/<-`Ü-:0-0&ë#-:ß<-I-U¨Ê $#-xä$-#<ß$-Ê 8Ü+-*Ü#-:è-*ß#<-Eë-Bè7Ü-F:-7eë9-#,+-
*ë#-·¦-*è/<-ý7Ü-0è-/17-P9-6/-07ë -Ü 0*ß-+$-¹<¥ -ý7Ü-d#-{<-e+è -ý7Ü-#,+-:è#<-ý9-/%Ü$<-)-è {<-
/)/-,<-#5,-¸¥-0Ü-8$è <-ý7Ü-<è0<-I-è #%Ü#-ý<-/Vë0-ý-+è-8Ü<Ê uë-/9ß -b-Ü lÜ-0-F0<-+#-%Ü$-
‚$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-&ë<-(+Ü -`Ü-0"7-:-U¨-+$-8è-;è<-d#ë <-9Ü<-0è+-ý7Ü-(Ü-0-;9-/-8Ü,-ý<-+-è +#-#Ü-
184

#,+-#<$-;è<-,Ê :0-:-,ë9-7há:-bÜ-þ,ë -0è+-ý<-vä,-#ë0-bÜ-7n$-:<-ië:-)è-7n:-8,ß -´,¥ -·-¦


/ë#<-&,è -ý9ë -7b²9-9ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-#<$-/->-)7Ü Ü-:0-b-Ü /ë#<-7+ë,-:-#(Ü<Ê hè#<-&+ë -+$-Ê *ë+-@:-bÜ7Êë Ê+$-ýë-
:7$-#<ß0Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+Ê +ë,-/Z¨7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
#<$-/-¸¥#-M7Ü-F0-Dë#-'Ü-X è+-´¥,Î 9Ü#-ý7Ü-#,+-`Ü<-/6ß$-:-:0-¸¥ -/)$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ #<$-/-Jë#<-&è,-;Ü,-·-¦ !-+#-hè#<-&ë+-`Ü-+#ë$<-ý-:-#,<-ý7Ü-2Êé (ë,-0ë$<-
ý-/{+-h-Ü /5Ü-Yë$-#-Ü I-/-¸¥#-M-:<-b9² -ý7Ü-F0-ý9-D#ë -ý-'-Ü Xè+-ý-9$-<0è <-`-Ü &ë-7ná:-:<-;9-/-
´¥,Ë "-8,-¸¥-/)$-/-+$-\$-/€ç9-b-Ü #(è,-ýë-/Dè,-ý-<ë#<-0Ü-e-/9-8è-ië:-9$-$ë-9#Ü -ý7Ü-#,+-
`Ü<-U+-%Ü#-0-#<ß0-ý-:<-.,-0Ü-7+7-/9-#6ß$-:-:0-¸¥-#)$-/9-e7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ,ÜÊ
7+ë+-:-&#<-ý7Ü-Dë#-ý-;9-/7Ü-2éÎ +##-…å /-0Ü-e-9Ü#-Yë$-Bè,-ý9-uë+Î
/+è-:-5è,-0è+-(0<-fë$-"ë$-,<-<+Î <ë-<ë9-Dë#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-+è-:-eÎ
5è-Z$-#·¦0-ý7Ü-F0-Dë#-;9-/7Ü-2é Î +è-Bè<-0Ü-7o$-0-/%ë<-T ©#-ý9-/þ$-Î
#<:-:-73Ý,-0è+-fë$-5è,-IÜ<-#+/-o:Î 0è-:ë$-P-/ß7Ü-8è-;è<-+è-:-eÎ
#)Ü-0ß#-0ß,-ý7Ü-7*Ü/-ýë-e³$-/7Ü-2éÎ +è-(Ü+-$$-¸¥-/þ$-:-\$-v$-+ë9Î
Iè-#%Ü#-0Ü-Dë#-‡ë<-o:-Bè,-ý9-;9Î &ë<-`Ü-+eÜ$<-`Ü -8è-;è<-+è-:-eÎ
$-{:-"è$<-ý7Ü-73Ý,-ý-Q$-/-,Î v$-+ë9-0Ü -e-$9-73Ý,-9$-$ë 9-/5#Î
%Ü9-8$-0Ü-Dë #-0(0-ý7Ü-të$-b²9-,Î 0(0-ý-(Ü+-`Ü-8è-;è<-+è-:-eÎ
n#-+ë#-7i,-<è0<-6ß#-Aà-;9-/7Ü-2éÎ ;9-0",-9$-#Ü-*ë#-·¦-#$-+#9-/ë9Î
/+#-# 5,-73Ý,-0è+-9Ü#-Yë$-€ç-09-Jë#<Î e-/-iá/-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-+è-:-eÎ
+è-P9-;è<-,-¸¥#-M7Ü-Dë#-ý-´¥,Î 8è-;è<-M-8Ü-$ë-/ë-/ë#<-<ß-*ë,Î
Dë#-ý7Ü-.ß$-ýë-/{+-hÜ-/5Ü-Yë$-8$-Î ˆå :-0¸¥+-/5Ü,-¸¥-8è-;è<-&è,-ýë9-ië:Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è7$-5Ü/-ý9-/gë:-,Ê 0Ü#-#Ü-8ß:-¸¥-#6ß#<-Z¨#-ý<-02ì,-:ß<-:ë$<-₫ë+-#(è,-
7oè:-7"ë9-#8ë#-<ë#<-7+ë+-ý7Ü-8:ß -:-&#<-;$Ü -5è,-ý7Ü-Dë#-ý-;9-/7Ü-2éÊ Dë#-ý-7##<-,<-
+##-ý-+$-Bè<-7o$-#Ü<-…å/-ý-#$-8$-0Ü-e-/9-9$-$ë-:-/P<-ý<-9Ü#-Yë$-Bè,-ý9-7&9-/-+è-*ë#-
·¦-të+-:-/5#-ý<Ê /+è-/-:-5è,-73Ý,-bÜ-lÜ-0-0+è -/5Ü,-¸¥-/+è-Y$ë -0-7##<-ý7Ü-(0<-fë$-"ë$-,<-
<+-ý9-b²9-ý-,Ê <ë-<ë9-Dë#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-i#<-ý-+è-(Ü+-:-e-/-8Ü,-bÜ-:ë#<-<ß-/1:-¸¥-0è+-+ëÊ Ê
+è<-02ì,-)Êè 0Ü-+$-0Ü-0-8,Ü -ý7Ü-#,ë+-eè+-<ë#<-2#ì <-lá#-#Ü-8Ü+-¸¥-0Ü-7$ë -/-:-5è-Z$-/<-
185

<è0<-hë-5Ü$-#·¦0-ý7Ü-F0-ý9-Dë#-ý-:0-bÜ<-;9-/7Ü-2Êé +è7Ü-B<è -<-ß 7o$-,-:<-/<#<-ý<-0-Ü


7o$-5Ü$-þë,-¸¥7$-0Ü-#6ß$-/9-9$-$ë-9Ü#-/5Ü,-#$-;9-+è-(Ü+-0-/%ë<-9$-//<-<ß-T©#-ý9-/þ$<-
ý<Ë F0-ý-#<:-:-0-7##<-;Ü$-$ë-/ë-+è9-73Ý,-0+è -ýÊ +è7Ü-9-ë fë$-/-+$-Bè<-<ß-7o$-ý7Ü-5è,-ý-
+$-7+Ü-8Ü,-bÜ-IÜ<-#+/-+$-o:-/-₯$<-;è:-b-Ü #6ß#<-/C,-P9-7&9-)Êè 0è-:ë$-P-/7ß -Ü 8è-;è<-
5è<-ý-,Ü-+è-:-e-/-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#(Ü+-+$-Xë0-:<-#1ì9-b²9-*ë<-/<0-Vë0-#<ß0-:-vë-ië<-`Ü-[$-/-…Ü/-ý-#)Ü-0ß#-0ß,-ý7Ü-
7*Ü/-ýë-,0-e³$-/7Ü-2Êé +è-(Ü+-`-Ü 9$-$ë-9Ü#-ý7Ü-$$-/þ$-/-:<-þë,-Dë#-#Ü<-\$-/70-8,ë -),-¸¥-
/P-/7Ü-+$-v$-#(Ü<-!-+ë9-/<Ê a/-/E:-&,è -ý-ë Iè-#%Ü#-#Ü-të$-¸-¥ F0-ý9-0Ü-D#ë -ý7Ü-9$-e³$-‡ë<-
o:-B,è -ý9-T#-#Ü<-;9-/9-7b²9-)èÊ &ë<-`-Ü +eÜ$<-`-Ü 8è-;<è -5è<-ý7$-+è-:-e-/-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#5,-:<-/+#-(+Ü -9#Ü <-9ß<-8ë,-),-7eë9-/-<ë#<-`<Ü -T#-#ë-X0-¸¥-$-{:-bÜ<-<è0<-"è$<-
ý7Ü-73Ý,-ý-,$-¸¥-Q$-/-,Ê +è-:7$-W-0-F0<-/5Ü,-¸¥-v$-+ë9-#$-8$-0Ü-e-/9-$9-73Ý,-ý-+è-(+Ü -
`Ü-9$-$ë9-/P<-)è-0(0-ý9-/5#-ý<-%-Ü 8$-0Ü-Dë#-ý-9$-/5Ü,-0(0-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-të$-#%Ü#-·¦-b9² -,-
0(0-ý-(Ü+-`Ü-8è-;è<-5è<-ý-,Ü-+è-:-e7ëÊ Ê
#5,-bÜ-.,ß -<0ß -2#ì <-ý-:-n#-+ë#-%Ü$-7i,-w9-<è0<-ý7Ü-6#ß -A-à 8Ü+-:-;9-/7Ü-2-é ,7$-Ê +è-
:-#(è9-"-0Ü-e-/9-;9-0",-"-ë 9$-#Ü-*#ë -·-¦ #$-+#9-/9ë -)è-$ë-/9ë -/P<-ý<Ê /+#-+$-#5,-5è<-
#(Ü<-<ß-73Ý,-ý7Ü-D#ë -ý-0+è -ý9-9Ü#-Yë$-€ç-09-Jë#<-ý9-7b²9-)-è e-/-iá/-ý7Ü-8è-;<è -5è<-ý7$-+è-:-
e-/-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
(ë,-0ë$<-ý7Ü-Dë#-ý-+$-ýë9-$ë<-6Ü,-+!7Ê /9-¸¥-Që#-+!7Ê 0*9-{æ,-/%+-ý9-+!7-/<-
l,-;<è -`Ü-e-9<-/6ß$-,<-'-Ü U+-/Y,-ý-+-è P9-9$-ië:-&è,-ýë7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-:-wë-;è<-,-¸¥#-M7Ü-D#ë -ý-
0Ü-;9-/-,Ü-0Ü-rÜ+-:Ê ;9-2+-´¥,-\$-€ç9-#$-8$-0-+#ë$<-ý9-8è-;è<-M7Ü-$ë-/ë9-/ë#<-<ß-*ë,-
%Ü$-Ë 7+ë+-&#<-5è-+$-#)Ü-0ß#-#<ß0-+$-+è-#<ß0-&-0(0-:<-e³$-/-9è-9è-8$-(Ü-hÜ-&Ü#-Yë$-9è-Yè-
/Zë0<-ý<-(ë,-0ë$<-Dë#-ý7Ü-.ß$-ýë-/{+-hÜ-/5Ü-Yë$-¸¥-i#<-ý-'Ü-Xè+-ý7$-ˆå:-0¸¥+-+gë:-/-ýë-
0è+-ý9-9$-ië:-/-/5Ü,-¸-¥ 8è-;è<-&,è -ý9ë -9$-<9-ië:-/9-7b²9-)èÊ 5Ü-{+æ -:<Ê 9$-/5Ü,-;<è -
ý<-0Ü-\$-YèÊ Ê9$-9Ü#-8è-;è<-(Ü+-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê5è<-+$-Ê 0ß-)Ü#-nè$-/9Ê 7/+-ý<-ië:-/-0-8Ü,-
)èË Ê8è-(Ü+-,<-,-Ü ië:-/9-#,<Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
₫Ü9-(,ë -0$ë <-ý-;9-0-*#-·¦-#+ë$-wë#-e<-,-e-;9ë -¸-¥ 7ië-/<-I:-Jë#<-<ß-#º¥# ÊI:-
Jë#<-:<-0-/<#<-ý7Ü-U+-%Ü#-+è-0-*#-ý9-:0-¸¥-/)$-/<-8è-;è<-<-ß T#-#Ü<-;9-/7Ü-¸¥<-,-Dè,-
7oè:-/…Ü#-+#ë<-;Ü$-Ê +è-(+Ü -8è-;è<-`-Ü #5Ü9-0è+-,-:0-¸-¥ 0Ü-7ië-/-₯$<-ý7Ü-/5Ü,-[ë+-0è+-,-
186

/5Ü,-9<-0Ü-7&9-/-+$-02±$<-:Ê (ë,-0ë$<-ý-#$-þè<-+è-I:-Jë#<-;Ü$-:<-0-/<#<Ê $ë-/ë-


8è-;<è -<ß-;è<-ý7Ü-U+-%#Ü -+è-(Ü+-:-Dë#-ý-#5,-bÜ<-/9-0-&ë+-ý9-:0-¸-¥ /)$-/-,Ü-i/á -ý7Ü-+$ß:-
&±<-N#<-#<è9-¸¥-/€ç9-/-/5Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+ë,-/Z¨-Ñ,ÜÊ
0+ë9-,-F0-Dë#-(ë,-0ë$<-T-+$-7lèÎ Z¨#-/W:-,+-7&Ü7Ü-9è-+ë#<-%Ü-e³$-8$-Î
\$-v$-0è +-ý9-$ë-/ë9-9ë-Xë0<-;Ü$-Î 9$-I:-‚$<-ý<-´¥,-`$-/ë#<-<ß-7&9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 'Ü-U+-/;+-ý-+è-+#-#Ü-+ë,-0+ë9-/Z¨-,Ê <è0<-+$-<è0<-:<-e³$-/7Ü-F0-
Dë# ʸ¥#-M<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-(ë,-0ë$<-ýÊ T-0*ë$-5Ü$-++-μ<¥ -<#ë <-/6$-Dë#-7lè9-[$-5Ü$-(0<-
0Ü-+#7-/-<#ë <-$,-D#ë -:ß<-<0è <-:-Z¨#-/W:-2ì9-/Ê ,-/-+$-7&Ü-/-<ë#<-/6$-¸¥-9è-5Ü$-$,-
ý9-+#ë <-ý-%Ü-+$-%Ü-P-/-ß e³$-8$-\$-v$-"ß-7nÜ#-#-Ü Xè0<-D#ë -E:ã -10-0è+-ý9-D#ë -ý-+-è !-9$-#-Ü $ë-
/ë9-/P<-)è-/6$-$,-9ë-X0ë <-;Ü$-Ê +è-!-10-¸¥7$-0-:ß<-ý9-9$-9#Ü -#-Ü I:-‚$ë -dë#<-0è+-¸¥-e<-
ý<-F0-Dë#-#Ü-7në-7¸¥-´¥,-`$-þë,-/þè+-ý7Ü-##è <-<ß-0-Ü 7b²9-/9-8ë,-),-T#-ý9-7.è:-/7Ü-/ë#<-
7+ë,-¸¥-7&9-/9-7b²9-)èÊ )Ü$-73Ý,-{:-ýë-:<Ê F0-Dë#-0-9Ü#-&è,-ýë-YèÊ Ê7"ë9-/7Ü-{-02ì9-
P©$-eè+-8Ü,Ê ÊDë#-0+è -)Ü$-73Ý,-:-#,<-,Ê Ê,0-0"7-/5Ü,-·¦-0Ü-D#ë -#<:Ê Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
#(Ü<-ý-*ë+-@:-bÜ-/#ë <-7+ë,-,ÊÜ
a+-ý9-eè+-/%Ü$<-0ß,-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-b Ü<Î Yë$-#6ß#<-#<:-/D,-rë#-Ië:-#8ë-0è+-7&Ü $-Î
º¥-/+è-l$<-;Ü$-´¥,-`$-9ë-0(0-¸¥Î 0Ü -7b²9-*/<-`Ü<-/+è-&è,-0&ë#-:-‚ë9Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ *ë+-@:-T©,-iá/-`Ü-F:-7eë9-:-#,<-ý7Ü-U/<-<ß-₫Ü-#,+-F0<-+`²<-P9-:Ê
a+-ý9-7ë+-#<:-[$-/7Ü-/#ë <-7+ë,-¸-¥ *ë#-09-h-"$-+$-+-è ,<-0ß,-"$-Vë-a+² -90Ü -ý-#<ß0-ý9-Vë-
#<ß0-eè+-ý-/%Ü$<-ý7Ü-#,+-+$-Q,-ý<-0ß,-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-bÜ<-5#-/¸¥,-n#-#<ß0-:-<ë#<-ý9-
/Vë0<-ý<-(Ü,-02,-D#<-/%°-+$-7ë+-#<:-bÜ-[$-/-Yë$-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-F0-ý-*0<-%+-ý-9/-
·¦-#<:-5Ü$-7.è:-7iÜ/-o:-/7Ü-/D,-ýë9-7b²9-:Ê U/<-<ß-Eë-Bè7Ü-/w<-ý-+$-/ß0-ý-%,-b-Ü ‚ë9-
/<-r#ë -+$-Ië:-/7Ü-xä$-7"ë9-:ë-/5Ü7Ü-Pè-/9-D#<-,$-+$-T,-%Ü#-#8ë-0+è -¸¥-7&Ü$-/-+$-Ê 7/9-
73#-#Ü-º¥-/+è-l$<-;Ü$-/+è-#<:-bÜ-(0<-D#ë <-´¥,-`$-#(Ü<-0è+-9ë-0(0-a/-/E:-&è,-ýë7Ü-$$-¸¥-
7.ë-0è+-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-*/<-`Ü<-/+è-ý-&è,-ýë-0&ë#-:-‚ë9-9ëÊ Ê
7+Ü-,Ü-#<$-W#<-#<9-07Ü-:ß#<-`Ü-v-0+è -{+æ -Zè-*0<-%+-`-Ü {:-ý-ë +ý:-¸¥<-`-Ü 7"ë9-:ë7Ü-
Jë#<-90Ü -‚ë9-/-8,-:#-lá#-ý-+$-/Xè,-…/å -E-ë Bè-#<ß0-bÜ-#,+-*0<-%+-`$-7¸¥<-ý-YèÊ eè+-
/%Ü$<-0ß,-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-Dë#<-[$-+$-/%<-ý-,-Ü *ë#-09-+#è-/-<9ë -/<0-U¨-Eë-BÊè rë#-Ië:-xä$-#Ü-
187

‚ë9-/-,Ü-/9-¸¥-+#è-/-rë#-73Ý,-#<ß$-Eë-BèÊ º¥-/+è-7b²9-0è+-¸¥-/…å/-ý-,Ü-0*9-+#è-l,-)Ü$-*ß#<-Eë-
Bè7Ü-F:-7eë9-F0<-+$-+ë,-#%Ü#-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-+è-+#-*0<-%+-`Ü-+ë,-/Z¨<-)è-/;+-ý-,ÊÜ
#5,-8$-*ß,-0ë$-#,+-`Ü-0,-$#-,Ü Î þë,-F0<-*0<-%+-/+#-73Ý,-:<-e³$-/<Î
´¥,-Jë/-e$-&/± -<è0<-`Ü<-#%è<-73Ý,-/;Ü#Î +ë,-+0-‡ë<-o:-P-/<-lá$-,<-d³$<Î
/+è,-#(Ü<-+eè9-0è +-Dè,-7oè:-:0-¸¥-aè9Î 8ë ,-),-(0<-<ß-v$<-:<-e³$-/7Ü-dÜ9Î
0"7-0(0-7ië -:-2+-0è +-XÜ$-Bè -/Vë0Î +ý:-Q,-v-09-/6ë+-0è+-0ë<-μ¥<-/þè+Î
6#-/%<-6#-0è+-+#è-2ì#<-/Ië,-ý<-/…å/Î a+-ý9-<è0<-(Ü +-9Ü#-Yë$-:0-aè9-:Î
U+-%Ü#-10-8$-0-8è$<-0Ü-Vë0-ý<Î */<-;è<-dë#<-9è7-Ü :0-:-0-#ë:-/9Î
*/<-`Ü-ië #<-<ß-;è <-9/-P-#+è $-/þè+Î ;è<-9/-ië#<-<ß-/<ë +-,0<-[-2ì# <-\è:Î
+è-P9-7#:-0è+-:0-¸¥-aè9-/-8Ü<Î 8ë,-),-+e9-bÜ-02ì-/5Ü,-#ë$-¸¥-7.è :Î
<-+$-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-0-:ß<-´¥,Î */<-+$-;è<-9/-6ß$-¸¥-7oè:-/<-7iá/Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ eè-o#-·¦-/Y,-ý-+è-+#-:<-#5,-8$-:0-bÜ-F:-7eë9-*ß,-0$ë -₫-Ü :-#:-&-è /-#,+-
`Ü-0,-$#-6/-0ë-(Ü$-"ß9-d³$<-,<-/Y,-ý-,ÜÊ 7'Ü#-Dè,-,-(è<-ý7Ü-þë,-%Ü-8ë+-ý-+è-F0<-*0<-%+-
,Ü-#5,-:<-0-e³$-Yè-/+#-·-¦ 73Ý,-ý-7+Ü-"ë-,-:<-e$³ -/<Ê ´¥,-Jë/-e$-&±/-`-Ü <è0<-e0<-ý-+$-
XÜ$-Bè-2+-0è+-ý-:-/Dè,-ý-/+#-#5,-/Bè-/7Ü-v-ë ‚ë$-<ë#<-`<Ü -/+#-·-¦ #%è<-ý9-73Ý,-ý7Ü-v-ë
/;Ü# Ê+ë,-+0-e$-&/± -<0è <-/+#-#5,-·¦-D#ë -ý-<ë#<-#(Ü<-&<ë -`-Ü ‡ë<-ý-´¥,-o:-6/-0ë-Yë$-
(Ü+-`Ü-P-/<-/+#-P7Ü-$ë-/7ë $-&ë<-`Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-/%ë0-Yè-lá$-$0-I-/-,<-d³$-Ê 7"ë9-7+<-:0-
#<ß0-bÜ-&ë<-*0<-%+-:-´,¥ -J/ë -+ë,-+0-bÜ-/+è,-ý-#(Ü<-ý-ë Pë<-7'ë#-%,-¸¥-i/á -ý<-8-o:-¸-¥ 0-
<ë$-/9-+è-#(Ü<-+eè9-0è+-¸¥-₫ë+-ý7Ü-Dè,-7oè:-:0-¸¥-aè9Ê 7n:-8ß:-8ë,-),-#$-8$-9ß$-/-*0<-
%+-&ë<-(0<-<-ß v$<-ý-:<-e$³ -/7Ü-dÜ9-*#è -&,è -(0<-:,è -*0<-%+-`Ü-I-/-,0-0"7-+$-0(0-ý7Ü-
.-0-7ië-lá#-<è0<-%,-9Ü<-<ß-0-&+-ý-´¥,-:-2+-+$-0ß-0*7-0+è -ý7Ü-XÜ$-Bè-¸¥<-D#-·-¦ /Vë0Ê eÜ,-
x/<-+$ë<-i/á -`-Ü 7e³$-#,<-+ý:-Q,-I-/7Ü-v-0-(Ü+-+!ë,-0&ë#-´¥,-7¸¥<-<-ß ;è<-ý<-/6ë+-0è+-`Ü-
0ë<-μ<¥ -l#-ýë-/þè+Ê 7'Ü#-Dè,-ý<-/Z¨<-ý-6#-/%<-/<ë+-,0<-`-Ü 2ì#<-+$-Ê 7'Ü#-D,è -:<-
7+<-ý<-/Z¨<-ý-6#-0è+-8-è ;è<-`Ü-+#è-2#ì <-n-0ë<-0Ü-$0ë <-ý9-#$ë -,<-#ë$-7.è:-/Ië,-ý-&è,-
ýë<-/…å/Ê +0Ü#<-/%<-`-Ü (0<-:,è -´¥,-:<-a+-ý9-¸¥-b9² -ý-<è0<-(Ü+-9Ü#-Yë$-Bè,-ý-:0-¸-¥
aè9-:-0(0-Bè<-₫+ë -:0-#$-#-Ü U/<-<ß7$-U+-%Ü#-10-8$-dÜ-8:ß -[$-:-0-8è$<-;$Ü -,$-<è0<-
`Ü<-#$-8$-0Ü-/Vë0-ý<Ê [$-dë#<-*/<-+$-Yë$-dë#<-;è<-9/-dë#<-9è9-5è,-%Ü$->-7*<-ý7Ü-
188

:0-:-0-#:ë -/9-*/<-XÜ$-Bè-&è,-ý<ë -´¥,-,<-/y$<-)-è ‚Ü,-<ë#<-/<ë+-,0<-`-Ü 2ì#<-…å/-ý7Ü-


/ë#<-<-ß ;è<-9/-Y$ë -ý-(Ü+-`-Ü P-/7Ü-#+è$-/þè+-%Ü$-Ê ;è<-9/-Y$ë -(+Ü -`Ü-#,<-:ß#<-'-Ü /5Ü,-
Dë#<-ý7Ü-i#ë <-<ß-#$ë -¸-¥ /Y,-ý7Ü-XÜ$-Bè-0<ë -μ<¥ -<#ë <-*/<-`Ü-0&ë#-+$-/<ë+-,0<-[-2ì#<-ý-
(Ü,-9è-/5Ü,-#ë$-¸¥-\è:-/9-e-+#ë<-)Êè {æ+-:<Ê F:-7eë9-*/<-`Ü-2:± -0Ü,-5Ü$-Ê Ê;è<-9/-
#%Ü#-ý<ß -7b²9-/-0Ü,Ê Ê*/<-+$-;<è -9/-Xë0<-7'ß#-ýÊ ÊF:-7eë9-+-è /5Ü,-#;è#<-ý<-
#<ß$<Ë Ê5è<-+$-Ê :0-…ë,-:<-`$-Ê ;è<-9/-o:-/7Ü-*/<-+#-+$-Ê Ê*/<-+$-o:-/7Ü-
;è<-9/-`Ü<Ê Ê#$-dÜ9-7&Ü$-/-5è<-#<ß$<-ý<Ê Ê+è-/<-#(Ü<-!-\$-0Ü-eÊ Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-P9-,-*/<-`Ü<-;è<-9/-…/Ü -ý-+$-;è<-9/-`Ü<-*/<-a+-¸¥-#<ë+-ý-0-8Ü,-ý9-#(Ü<-!-
7#:-0è+-6ß$-7'ß#-·-¦ :0-¸¥-aè9-/-+è-8Ü<-(0<-+$-Dë#<-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-0*7-+#-+e9-b-Ü 02ì-/5Ü,-
#ë$-,<-#$ë -¸-¥ 7.è:-/-+$-Ê <-/%°-+$-:0-M7Ü-9Ü0-ý-0-:ß<-ý-´¥,-`$-*/<-+$-;<è -9/-6ß$-¸¥-
7oè:-/<-/+è-v#-·-¦ /ië+-%Ü$-0*9-<ë,-ý9-7iá/-ý9-7b²9-)Êè Zë0-7e³$-:<Ê ;è<-9/-*/<-,-Ü
0(0-‚ë9-/<Ê ÊJë#<-ý7Ü-e$-&/± -…å/-eè+-ýÊ Ê+è-(Ü+-:-,Ü-v-0+è -ý7ÜÊ Ê<$<-{<-´¥,-F0<-
9/-·¦-/º¥#<Ê Ê+eè9-0è+-F0-ý9-8$-+#-9Ü# Ê#$-#Ü-#,<-ý-Eë-Bè-<è0<Ê Ê'Ü-rÜ+-Jë#<-e$-
&±/-ý9-7b²9Ê Ê5è<-<ëÊ Ê
/ë#<-7+ë,-bÜ-90Ü -ý-7+Ü-F0<-`$-9Ü#-73Ý,-&,è -ý-ë +#7-9/-Eë-Bè7Ü-/<0-#),-(0<-…ë,-:<Ê
:ß$-6/-v-0-(0<-%,-]ä,Ê Ê/P-+$-P-7/ß:-(0<-/Z¨9-+$-Ê Ê0Ü-D#-7&Ü-/<0-/Ië,-7iá<-
/þè+Ë Ê#,<-:ß#<-l,-ý7Ü-IÜ<-6Ü,-ý<Ê Ê#<$-₫ë+-*/<-:-/Yè,-ý-+$-Ê Êxä$-+$-/+è-/7Ü-
0,-$#-+$-Ê Ê+0Ü#<-0è+-X$Ü -B-è #ë0<-ý-+$-Ê Ê#+0<-ý7Ü-#,+-+$-;è<-9/-`<Ü Ê Ê9Ü#-ý-
I:-‚$ë -(0<-/#ë <-7+ë,Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-<#ë <-`-Ü +ë,-F0<-X$Ü -ýë9-l:Ü -/7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-#$-¸¥-0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-/;+-ý-: -#(Ü<Ê 0+ë9-/Y,Ê {<-/;+-+ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-
Ð0+ë9-/Y,-Ñ,ÜÊ
‚$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-0$ë,-¸¥-b9² -/-,ÜÎ 5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-‚$-#5Ü-´¥,-a/-/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-:-
/Dè,-ý7Ü-‚$-e-uë-/ß9-bÜ-lÜ-0-‚ë$-eè+-9Ü0-#(Ü<-:0-bÜ<-2±:-/5Ü,-‚$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-#5Ü-'Ü-P-/-
/5Ü,-0$ë,-¸¥-b²9-ý<-\$-*/ë -0è+-ý7Ü-U-¨ +$-8è-;è<-`Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-&,è -ý9ë -9$-[$-/7Ü-2±:-,-Ü 7+Ü-P-
Yè-5è<-<ëÊ Ê
+è-:-7o<-/ß7-Ü $ë-/ë-/;+-0-*#-ý-(+Ü -+Êè €ç-7ná:-eè-o#-/Y,-ý-:<Ê iá/-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-F:-
7eë9-&Êè ÊT©,-iá/-'Ü-/5Ü,-0$ë,-e<-ý7$-Ê Ê/D#<-ý-10-Yè-#(Ü<-ý-0è+Ê Ê+è-dÜ9-+è-:-+-è /Bë+-
+ëË Ê5è<-<Êë Ê$è<-2#Ý -"ë#-#º¥$-:<Ê iá/-ý-0*9-dÜ,-7o<-/ß9-/Bë+Ê Ê%è<-ý-P9Ê F:-
189

7eë9-ý<-+ë,-¸¥-#(è9-,<-/…å/-ý9-e-/-0&ë#-#Ü-i/á -ý-0*9-d,Ü -ý<-7o<-/ß-5è<-/Bë+-ý-+$-Ê


+eè-/-W-0-:<Ê 7o<-/ß7Ü-$-ë /ë-U-¨ #<ß$-*#ß <Ê Ê8ë,-),-nÜ,-:<-F0-ý-MÊ Ê+è-8$-U/<-`<Ü -
M-M-YèÊ Ê5è<-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-8ë,-),-nÜ,-:<-M-+$-9-è 9è-:7$-M-M-Y-è 7o<-&ë<-(è9-M7Ü-/+#-(Ü+-
7&+-ý9-7b²9-/-P9-9ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð{<-/;+-Ñ,ÜÊ
9$-+ë,-0*9-dÜ,-5 Ü-/-&ë<-`Ü-U¨Î #5,-+ë,-T©,-iá/-6ß$-7'ß#-:ë$<-₫ë+-Jë#<Î
#$-7¸¥:-*/<-0"<-[-2ì# <-‡å:-ý7Ü -2:± Î [$-&-<ë-<ë9-0-7lè<-0$ë,-e$-&±/Î
Yë $-&-+eÜ$<-<ß-9ë -#%Ü#-Eë -Bè7Ü-U¨Î U¨-M-*ë/-,<-#<ß$-M<-+ë,-02ì,-ýÎ
/Bë +-o:-F0-+#-&ë<-U¨-+ë,-bÜ -#<ß$-Î U¨ -8Ü-02ì,-ý-:ë $<-U¨-/E-8Ü-#<ß$-Î
2$<-ý7Ü-+e$<-Q,-‡å:-U¨-2Ý #-#<ß$-Î <ë -<ë9-+è9-[$-0$ë,-e$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-#<ß$-Î
i#-Yë$-#(Ü<-0è+-8è-;è<-Eë-Bè7Ü-#<ß$-Î U¨-8Ü-XÜ$-ýë-*ß#<-,Ü -8è-;è <-MÎ
&ë<-`Ü-+eÜ$<-:<-0è-:ë$-P-/ß9-;9Î e-iá/-<ë9-Dë#-0(0-ý-(Ü+-¸¥-wä0Î
U¨-8Ü-8,-:#-5Ü$-"0<-#5:-8<-+$-Î 7ë+-6è9-#+,-hÜ-{,-bÜ-8ë,-),-Jë#<Î
5Ü-{<-+/$-l#-T©,-iá /-nÜ,-:<-`Ü<Î ,0-0"7-'Ü-rÜ+-{æ,-&+-0Ü-0$7-/9Î
'Ü-Xè+-0"7-a/-<è0<-%,-*0<-%+-+ë,Î 'Ü-P-/-/5Ü,-Ië:-0è+-$$-#Ü<-7e³$-Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 7+Ü-:-MÊ <$<-{<-´¥,-bÜ-&è-/7Ü-8ë,-b-Ü Dè,-eè+-ý7Ü-&-,<-U¨-+$-Ê #¸¥:-e-:-
&ë<-+ë,-/E-‡ë+-ý<-#<ß$-+$-Ê /Dè,-ý-XÜ$-ý-ë 0Ü-#8ë-/<-*#ß <-+$-Ê +#ë<-7+ë+-*0<-%+-7e³$-
/<-8ë,-),-+$-Ê #5,-+ë,-03+-ý<-nÜ,-:<-<ëÊ Ê
+$-ýë-Ð<$<-{<-´¥,-bÜ-&è-/7Ü-8ë,-bÜ-Dè,-eè+-ý7Ü-&-,<-U¨-Ñ,ÜÊ \$<-ý-+$-Dë#<-ý-&è,-ýë<-9$-+ë,-
0*9-dÜ,-ý7Ü-$ë-/ë-+eÜ$<-*ë#-·¦-9#Ü -ý7Ü-8è-;è<-ië:-/<-‡<ë -ý-*0<-%+-(è-/9-5Ü-/-,-Ü &ë<-`Ü-Uʨ
XÜ$-Bè7Ü-<0è <-&è,-ýë<-#5,-+ë,-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-&ë<-`-Ü U¨-:<-0-#8ë<-/5Ü,-¸-¥ +#-ý7Ü-
#¸¥:-e-{:-r<-<-/%°-ý7Ü-$ë9-[$-Yë$-6ß$-7'ß#-*ß,-0Ü,-{æ-7o<-`Ü-02,-+ýè-+$-Q,-ý9-[$-/-,Ü-
:ë$<-₫ë+-J#ë <-ý7Ü-U¨Ê 0-+#-ý7Ü-#¸¥:-e-7ië-/-lá#-#Ü-0<ë -ý-+$-0*ß,-ý9-#$-#<Ü -7¸¥:-/-+è-:-
+è9-Yë,-bÜ-*/<-:-0"<-ý7Ü-*ß#<-Bè7Ü-9:ë -ý<-0-$è<-[-2ì#<-‡:å -ý7Ü-2±:-/6ë-þè-0&ë#-<#ë <-[$-
/-,Ü-‡å:-ý7Ü-Uʨ #<ß0-ý-ë +è-+#-#¸¥:-e-<-ë <ë7Ü-U:-/-+$-0*ß,-ý9-[$-/7Ü-&-<ë-<9ë -0-7lè<-ý9-
Yë,-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-Y/ë <-/%°Ê 0Ü-7'Ü#<-ý-/5ÜÊ 0-7lè<-ý-/%ë-/{+Ê e$-d#ë <-`Ü-&ë<-<ë-/¸¥,-
bÜ<-02ì,-0aè,-/Iè-¹¥<-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-/<0-b<Ü -0-Ü a/-ý-0$7-/7Ü-&-,<-0$ë,-ý9-e$-&/± -ý7Ü-U¨Ê
+ë0-+0-ý9-#6ß#<-U¨-#(Ü<-ýë7$-*-++-9$-{+æ -ý9-0è+-%Ü$-+#-ý-#(Ü<-Q,-Yë$-ý7Ü-&-&ë<-(+Ü -7+ë -
190

#<:-7.ë-7b²9-0è+-ý7Ü-+eÜ$<-<ß-U¨-#<ß0-+eè9-0+è -9-ë #%Ü#-ý-,Ü-0Ü-7b²9-Eë-Bè7-Ü U¨7ëÊ Ê


#(Ü<-ý-Ð#¸¥:-e-:-&ë<-+ë,-/E-‡ë+-ý<-#<ß$-Ñ,ÜÊ +è-P9-U¨-M-*ë/-,<-<ë-<ë7Ü-#<$-M-ýë<-7"ë9-:-
/E-‡ë+-%Ü$-+ë,-02ì,-ý9-eè+-ý-YèÊ +è7$-&ë<-(Ü+-‰-/Bë+-+$-o:-/7Ü-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-(Ü+-
/<0-/Bë+-*0<-%+-`Ü-#5Ü9-b²9-ý7Ü-&-,Ü-&<ë -U-¨ þè-0+è -+ë,-bÜ-#<ß$-Ê 0è-:$ë -#<Ü -e+-`Ü-lÜ-0-$ë<-
6Ü,-,<-<è:-/9-eè+-ý-P9-U-¨ 0*ë$-/-+è-8<Ü -7"ë9-b-Ü vë-:-+ë,-b-Ü /E-7në+-ý7Ü-8è-;<è -02ì,-ý-,Ü-
:ë$<-U¨-+#ë$<-ý-/E7Ü-#<ß$-Ê 2$<-ý7Ü-#<ß$-+e$<-8,-:#-lá#-%°-+$-Q,-ý<-#¸¥:-e-#$-
:-#$-7¸¥:-bÜ-$ë9-<-ë <ë7Ü-…-U+-+$-0*ß,-ý9-¸¥<-#%Ü#-·¦-2Ý#-9è<-+ë,-9-è #ë-/-,-Ü ‡å:-U¨-/Bë+-ý-2Ý#-
#Ü-#<ß$-Ê +ë,-¸¥-2#Ý -#%Ü#-0-#<ß$<-`$-9#Ü <-lá#-<ë-<7ë Ü-…-U+-+$-0ë<-ý-'Ü-P-+è-P9-[$-5Ü$-+è-
*0<-%+-`$-9$-9#Ü -ý9-#<:-:-%9Ü -8$-0-Ü 7##-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-,-Ü 0$ë,-e$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-#<ß$-Ê …-U+-
*0<-%+-i#<-Yë$-#(Ü<-<ß-0è+-ý<-0*7-#(Ü<-ië:-/9-#ë-/E-7në+-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-,Ü-Eë-Bè7Ü-#<ß$-Ê
#<ß$-M-ýë-+è-F0<-$-ë /ë-/E-‡ë+-ý9-#%Ü#-:-/Bë+-2:± -+$-Dë#-ý-*-++-ý7ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð/Dè,-ý-X$Ü -ýë-0Ü-#8ë-/<-*ß#<-Ñ,ÜÊ U¨-M7Ü-X$Ü -ýë9-b²9-ý-*#ß <-M-,Ü-/Dè,-ý-8è-;<è -M-ý-ë
YèË +è7$-uë-/ß9-bÜ-…/Ü -ý-0*7-+#-0-\$<-o:-/7Ü-9$-/5Ü,-D#ë <-ý7Ü-2é-#5Ü-+ë,-bÜ-´¥,-#5Ü-0$ë,-
¸¥-b²9-ý-,Ü-%Ü9-8$-0-Ü +0Ü#<-ý-&ë<-`Ü-+eÜ$<-`Ü-8è-;<è Ê +è7Ü-2é-‚ë9-/-+ë,-bÜ-´,¥ -#5Ü-#,<-b9² -ý-
:<-#<:-:-0-Ü Dë#-ý<-T#-0-#<ß0-b-Ü 7&9-#5Ü9-b²9-ý-,Ü-0è-:$ë -P-/ß7Ü-8è-;<è -+è9-;9-%Ü$-Ê #ë-
M-#,<-b²9-7ië-+ë,-03+-ý-:-*ë#<-ý-0+è -ý-e-/-i/á -ý7Ü-8-è ;è<-+$-Ê 8Ü+-#,<-b²9-ý<-;<è -e7Ü-
8ß:-¸¥<-#<ß0-bÜ-&ë<-*0<-%+-ýV7Ü-7+/-0-P9-#<:-:-0-7lè<-ý9-0aè,-ý-,Ü-<ë9-Dë#-8è-;è<-
#(Ü<-`$-(ë,-8Ü+-#,<-b²9-/6$-$,-v$-+ë9-0è+-ý-0(0-ý-(Ü+-`Ü-8è-;è<-<ß-wä0-ý7ëÊ Ê+è-+#-:<-
&ë<-+eÜ$<-Yë$-ý-(Ü+-`Ü-8-è ;<è -,Ü-&<ë -U-¨ F0-ý9-0Ü-D#ë -ý7Ü-*ß#<Ê 0(0-(Ü+-8-è ;è<-,-Ü :ë$<-U-¨
0(0-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-*#ß <Ê e-iá/-8è-;<è -,Ü-‡å:-U¨-7ië-/-…:ë -/7Ü-*ß#<Ê 0è-:ë$-8è-;<è -,Ü-0$ë,-e$-
%Ü9-8$-<-:è9-0aè,-ý7Ü-*ß#<Ê <ë9-Dë#-8è-;è<-,Ü-0Ü-dè+-Eë-Bè7Ü-*ß#<-<ëÊ Ê
/5Ü-ý-Ð+#ë<-7+ë+-*0<-%+-7e³$-/<-8ë,-),-Ñ,ÜÊ U¨-+è-F0<-`Ü-8,-:#-#Ü-&ë<-<ß-b²9-ý-F0-ý9-
+#-ý7Ü-5$Ü -"0<Ê {-2+-o:-/7Ü-#5:-8<-"$-ý-+$-Ê #<:-5Ü$-+#-ý7Ü-7ë+-6è9Ê a+-ý9-
7.#<-ý7Ü-#+,-hÊÜ +bè<-@ã9-9ë:-ý7Ü-{,-bÜ-8ë,-),-F0<-Jë#<-ý7ëÊ Ê
+è-:-%$° -6+-‡ë-,Ê &ë<-U¨7Ü-5$Ü -"0<-+eÜ$<-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-F0-ý9-+#-ýÊ :ë$<-U¨7-Ü 5Ü$-
"0<-9$-#<:-T©,-iá/-7ë+-`-Ü 7"ë9-:Êë ‡å:-U¨7Ü-5$Ü -"0<-Y$ë -#<ß0-0Ü-0'è+-eè-/-n#-/{Ê
#5:-8<-"$-,Ü-&ë<-U¨-:-&ë<-+eÜ$<-‡ë<-ý-+$-o:-/Ê :ë$<-U¨-:-T©,-iá/-+eÜ$<-`Ü-[$-/Ê
‡å:-U¨-:-8-è ;<è -9Ü,-ýë-&7è -Ü 9$-/5Ü,Ê 7ë+-6è9-:7$-&ë<-U¨-:-8è-;<è -M7Ü-7ë+-69è Ê :ë$<-U¨-:-8è-
191

;è<-`Ü-9$-#+$<-7+ë -M-9-ß 7/9-/Ê ‡å:-U¨-:-U¨7-Ü #,<-/-\ä7Ü-/ß-#-9è-9-è ,<-`$-7ë+-6è9-eè-/-/{-


Yë$-n#-lá#-%-° 7në-/Ê #+,-hÜ-,-Ü &ë<-U¨-:-P-/-"-‚9ë Ê :ë$<-U-¨ :-;è<-9/-"-‚9ë Ê ‡å:-U¨-:-
*ß#<-Bè-"-‚ë9-9ëÊ Ê{,-&-,Ü-&ë<-U¨-þè-0è+-F0-+#-:-{,-bÜ-*-X+-03+-ý-+$-Ê :ë$<-U¨-:-7##-
0è+-9$-#<:-bÜ-{,-*ß,-0$ë -0-8,Ü -ý7Ü-02,-+ýè-YèÊ +è-:-dÜ-,$-#<$-/-#<ß0-#<ß0-¸-¥ +eè9-8ë+-
%Ü$-Ë #5,-8$-:ë$<-U¨-D#<-`Ü-{,-/%°9-i#<-ýÊ +/ß-{,Ê X,-{,Ê 0μ¥9-&±Ê +ë-;:Ê
+ýß$-{,Ê d#-#¸¥/-#(Ü<Ê 5/<-#¸¥/-#(Ü<Ê <è-0-ë +ë-+$-/%°7Êë ʇå:-U¨7-Ü {,-*ß,-0$ë -#-Ü
02,-/6$-<ë-#(Ü<-+$-+ýè-e+-/{+-%°-YèÊ +è-,-Ü 7"ë9-:<ë -€ç9-/7Ü-{:-ýë-:7$-dë#<-0*ß,-10-
8ë+-ý<-*,ß -0ë$-#-Ü 02,-+ýè9-/;+-+ëÊ Ê
M-ý-Ð#5,-+ë,-03+-ý<-nÜ,-:<-Ñ,ÜÊ :<-+$-(ë,-0ë$<-ý7Ü-F0-ý9-D#ë -ý-+$-,+-#+ë,-<ë#<-5-Ü
/9-e+è -ý-+$-Ê 2é-/<ë+-+ý:-7eë9-9$-9Ü#-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-0$ë,-D#ë <-*0<-%+-{<-ý9-e+è -ý-+$-Ê
xä$-<è0<-[$-/<-/Z¨<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-7+<-`-Ü &ë<-*0<-%+-9$-+/$-¸¥-03+-ý-+$-Ê 5Ü-/<-0Ü-*ß:-
/7Ü-+i-/#è#<-:ë#-7lè,-F0<-*ß#<-Bè-l#-ýë9-hë<-ý<-29-/%+-ý-+$-#,<-:ß#<-'Ü-P-/-0$ë,-¸¥-
b²9-ý<-03+-+$-03+-ý9-e-/-#$-8$-0Ü-+0Ü#<-ý7Ü-$$-,<-dë#<-+$-9Ü<-<ß-&+-ý-0è+-ý-,Ü-T©,-
bÜ<-iá/-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-<ëÊ Ê+è-P-/ß7Ü-nÜ,-:<-`<Ü -#¸¥:-e-7¸¥:-/-,Ü-D#-a/-T,© -iá/-`-Ü /+#-(Ü+-%,-
)èË ,0-0"7-'Ü-rÜ+-ý9-7"ë9-/7Ü-0*7-6+-ý-0è+-%$Ü -7"ë9-/-'Ü-r+Ü -0-Yë$-/9-<$<-{<-`Ü-nÜ,-
:<-{,æ -&+-0Ü-0$7-/9-D#-ý-YèÊ 0$ë,-Dë#<-{,-:<Ê +è-/5Ü,-7"ë9-/-'Ü-rÜ+-7+Ü7ÜÊ Ê:<-,Ü-
{æ,-0Ü-&+-ý9-7+ë+Ê Ê%è<-<ëÊ ÊD#-ý-+è7$-dë#<-9è9-7'ß#-ý-0-8,Ü -ý9-'Ü-X+è -,0-0"7Ü-"0<-
`Ü<-a/-ý-+è-Xè+-`Ü-#¸¥:-e-<è0<-%,-bÜ-"0<-:-dë#<-9Ü<-0è+-ý9-a/-ý-YèÊ {æ+-v-09Ê +è-
P9-,0-0"7Ü-0*7-t<-`ÜÊ Ê7ië-:-D#-·¦-T©,-iá/-ý9Ê Ê*ë#<-0è+-vë-Q,-+è-8Ü<-,ÜÊ Ê<è0<-%,-
+ë,-,Ü-8$-+#-7'ß# Ê%è<-<Êë Ê#¸¥:-e-7¸¥:-/7Ü-¸<¥ -:-//<-ý-,-+/$-ýë-+$-720<-ý9-*0<-
%+-`Ü-+ë,-0-,ë9-/9-'Ü-P-/-/5Ü,-7/+-Ië:-0è+-ý9-$$-#Ü<-7e³$-/-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý-YèÊ 9Ü0-#<ß0-
:<Ë 7o<-/ß-8,ë -),-T©,-iá/-ý<Ê Ê8Ü+-/5Ü,-,ë9-/ß-P9-[$-/7ëÊ Ê5è<-<Êë Ê
/5Ü-ý-0,-$#-#Ü-+#ë<-7oè:-/Y,-ý-,ÜÊ
+è-P9-#5Ü-:-:0-bÜ <-020<-‚9-/<Î uë-/ß9-lÜ-0-/#-&#<-/%<-\$<-)èÎ
7o<-/ß-0$ë,-b²9-9$-+$-#5,-bÜ-+ë,Î f³9-¸¥-Jë#<-eè +Ê
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ W9-{<-ý9-/Y,-ý-+è-P9-‚$-#5Ü-/+è-/9-#;è#<-ý7Ü-X$Ü -ý-ë 7+0-hë+-,-#,<-
ý7Ü-,ë9-/ß-/5Ü,-¸¥-<0è <-%,-*0<-%+-`Ü-{+æ -:-#+ë+-,<-9$-//<-<ß-/º¥#<-ý-:Ê ‚ë$-eè+-*ß,-
0ë$-+$-*ß,-0ë$-0-8Ü,-ý-90Ü -ý-#(Ü<-`<Ü -/Z¨<-ý7Ü-F:-7eë9-&-± +$-7+#-J<-P-/ß7Ü-:0-bÜ<-
192

020<-‚9-,<Ê ‚$-e-0è+-[$-#(Ü<-73Ý,-uë-/ß9-bÜ-lÜ-0-9#<-ý-7+0-J/-P-/ß-‚$<-;Ü$-n-/-<-
/ë,-/#-&#<-+$-/%<-ý7$-\$<-)èÊ ‚$<-ý7Ü-7o<-/ß-#5Ü-:-'Ü-P9-8ë+-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-0$ë,-¸¥-
b²9-)è-8+Ü -/5Ü,-bÜ-,9ë -/-ß lÜ-0-*0<-%+-+$-o:-/-:<-7+ë+-@ã-7/+-0è+-¸-¥ 7e³$-/-/5Ü,-9$-+$-
#5,-bÜ-+,ë -Ië:-/-0+è -ý9-f³9-¸¥-Jë#<-ý9-eè+-ý7ëÊ Ê
+è-:-+#ë<-7oè:-b-Ü $ë-/ë-,ÜÊ 02ì,-e-02ì,-eè+-8ë+-ý-:<-+#ë<-ý-+$-($Ü -+#ë<-»¥#<-:<-iá/-
ý7ëË Ê$è<-2#Ý -,ÊÜ +#ë<-<#ë <-&ë<-/5Ü-8ë+-ý-+è-+#-.,-2±,-#%Ü#-:-#%Ü#-P<ë -<-ß 7oè:-5Ü$-Ê
0*9-*ß#-7o<-/ß-/…å/-ý-:7$-+è-+#-0è+-,-0Ü-7e³$-#Ü-7oè:-/9-iá/-ý7ëÊ Ê+eè-,Ê *ß#<-*Ü#-
:<Ë /Bë+-7oè:-+#ë<-ý-8$-+#ë<-+$-Ê Ê{æ-zè,-8,-:#-/5Ü-9ß-/6ß$-Ê Ê5è<-ý-P9-/Bë+-eÊ
Bë+-eè+Ê +#ë<-ýÊ (Ü$-+#ë<-/5ÜÊ +è-:7$-ië:-:0-+/$-/1,-¸¥-e<-,Ê W9-^ë<-ý7Ü-‚$-
#5Ü-/+è-#;è#<-XÜ$-ýë-,-Ü 02ì,-e-9$-/5Ü,-#5Ü7Ü-{æ+-+è-/Bë+-eÊ ‚ë$-eè+-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-/E9-
/)#<-8Ü-#è-+$-/%<-ý-,Ü-02ì,-eè+-:0-zè,-)è-Bë+-eè+Ê +è-:-*ë<-/<0-e<-ý<-/Bë+-e-+ë,-₫Ü7Ü-
2±:-¸¥-#-ë /-,Ü-+#ë<-ýÊ +è-P9-;<è -ý7Ü-+ë,-/Vë0<-ý<-*,ß -0$ë -+$-0&ë#-#-Ü +$ë<-iá/-0$ë,-¸¥-e+è -
ý-,Ü-(Ü$-+#ë<-<ëÊ Ê*/<-:0-+/$-/1,-¸¥-e<-,Ê T,-þè<-8è-;è<-#+ë+-,<-9$-:-9$-&<-<ß-
/º¥#<-ý-,Ü-/Bë+-eÊ +è-Dë#<-eè+-*/<-`Ü-0,-$#-uè#<-/0-+$-/%<-ý-,Ü-Bë+-eè+Ê +è-+ë,-(0<-
<ß-v$<-ý<-/+è-&è,-`Ü-8è-;è<-a+-ý9-%,-{+æ -:-þ<è -ý-,-Ü +#ë<-ýÊ +è-#0ë <-ý9-e<-ý<-0&ë#-·¦-
0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-/+è-&è,-8è-;è<-0$ë,-¸¥-e<-ý-,Ü-($Ü -+#ë<-<ëÊ Ê7oè:-/7Ü-+ë,-8$-Ê /Bë+-e-Bë+-e+è -
#(Ü<-;è<-e-;è<-e+è -+$-Ê Bë+-eè+-+#ë<-ý-#(Ü<-*/<-:<-*/<-e³$-+$-Ê +#ë<-ý-($Ü -+#ë<-
#(Ü<-+è-:<-+è-e³$-+$-Ê (Ü$-+#ë<-+$-/Bë+-e-#(Ü<-$ë-/ë-/+#-#%Ü#-#-Ü 7oè:-/9-iá/-ý-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
M-ý-7"ë9-:-#+0<-;Ü$-/Y,-ý-#)+-ý-:-#(Ü<Ê 0,-$#-7+Ü-;Ü,-·¦-6/-ý9-#+0<-ý-+$-Ê
7"ë9-:-#)+-ý-^ë,-:0-+$-/%<-ý7ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð0,-$#-7+Ü-;Ü,-·¦-6/-ý9-#+0<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
{æ-7o<-*è#-ý7Ü-/%°+Î a+-ý9-,$-{æ+-Zè-#<ß 0-+#ë$<-ý7Ü-0*Ü:Î
´¥,-+$-0*ß,-:-´¥,-:<-a+-ý9-7.#<Î ´¥,-bÜ-₫Ü-lÜ:-8è-;è<-XÜ$-ý7ë -Ü :0Î
0Ü#-7ná:-P-/9ß -7o<-/ß-0$ë,-eè +-*/<Î 0*ë$-/-10-bÜ<-eÜ,-x/<-6Ü:-&è,-7/è/<Î
*ë<-ý<-+ë,-#ë-(0<-Dë#<-të$-,<-/Eë:Î #8è$-/-\$<-)è-w-/-lá#-/Vë0<-ý<Î
Eë-Bè -#<ß0-b Ü-8è-;è <-9$-;9-/Î ´¥,-/6$-Eë-Bè-<è 0<-+ý7-ýV-7e³$-Î
+ë,-:-+eè9-0è+-#%Ü#-·¦-T ©,-Jë#<-dÜ9Î 9/-7e0<-{æ+-Zè-´¥,-bÜ-7në -#5Ü -+$-Î
XÜ$-ýë7Ü-+ë,-+$-0,-$#-(Ü+-8Ü,-`$-Î F0-ý-730-uÜ $-#¸¥:-e-l$-/7Ü-y+Î
Z-,-!ë-®9-/Jà <-)è-e$³ -/-+$-Î 0$:-¸¥-þè<-<#ë <-[$-2:± -*-++-ý7ÜÎ
193

03+-ý7Ü-&ë-7ná :-%Ü9-8$-Yë,-ý-,Î 0¡-9-·ÔÜ-!9-2é-+ý#-0è+-0#ë,-+$-Î


8$-:è -;ë+-¸¥-+ý:-&è,-=è-9ß-!<Î &ë <-(Ü+-9$-…<-/+#-:-/_:-ý-8ÜÎ
#+0<-ý-´¥,-bÜ-8$-º ¥,-7+Ü-"ë -,Î +#7-9/-qÜ¢-<ó-9Ü#-73Ý,-/{+-:-<ë#<Î
iá/-0&ë#-F0<-:<-:0-9Ü0-0,ë <-ý-+$-Î .,-2,± -&<ë -`Ü-/ië-/-&è,-ýë-8Ü<Î
+#ë$<-(0<-/Z¨9-/7Ü-0+ë-e$-7+Ü-:<-0+è Î >ë-{,-{-#9-/+ë -8ß :-:-<ë#<-<ßÎ
v-Jë#<-*ß#<-#<ß0-…å/-Zè-/{+-:-<ë#<Î 6/-%Ü$-{-&è7Ü-&ë<-7"ë9-7e0<-t<-ýÎ
´¥,-b-Ü +ë,-/Z¨<-0-,ë9-7+Ü -8Ü,-,Î 0+ë9-,-Bë+-e+è -2Ý #-¶$¦ -/Bë+-e-7lÜ:Î
#ë-y-aè9-/+è-#5,-:-0-Pë<-ý9Î +/$-ýë-+0,-7oÜ$-0&ë#-#Ü-:0-Jë#<-ý7ÜÎ
0*9-*ß#-5:-#+0<-7+Ü -:<-#5,-0-0&Ü <Î +è-dÜ9-/+#-(Ü+-ýV-<î-£-47ÜÎ
*ß#<-`Ü-*Ü#-:è-M-Q,-7ë+-#<:-+eÜ$<Î 0Ü-;Ü#<-₯$<-0-&ë<-(Ü +-9$-…7Ü-{æ+Î
¸¥<-#<ß0-<$<-{<-´¥,-b Ü-#;è#<-»¥:-7+ÜÎ
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-P9-'Ü-U+-/Y,-ý7Ü-5:-#+0<-0,-$#-:0-bÜ-9Ü0-ý-a+-#5Ü7Ü-#º¥$-(Ü+-,ÜÊ
{æ-:0-¸¥-eè+-ý-.9-dÜ,-bÜ-*è#-ý-+$-Ê 7o<-/ß-:0-¸¥-eè+-ý-#<$-W#<-Eë-Bè-*è#-ý7Ü-&ë<-2±:-{-
02ì-&è,-ýë7Ü-8$-/%°+-/¸¥+-IÜ7Ü-#ë$-/ß-P-/ßÊ a+-ý9-¸¥7$-{æ+-0-¼Ô-:ß$-¹¥-0,-$#->-)Ü-8ë-#-Yè-,$-
{æ+-Zè-#<ß0-bÜ-+#ë$<-ý7Ü-0*Ü:-¸¥-*#ß -ýÊ 7&+-ý7Ü-2±:-0+ë-W#<-`-Ü &ë<-V-ë ´¥,-+$-0*ß,-:-+ë,-
6/-%$Ü -7lÜ:-:-0-2$-/-0+è -ý7Ü-dÜ9-´¥,-:<-a+-ý9-¸¥-7.#<-ý-*è#-9Ü0-´¥,-bÜ-þ-è #,+-#%Ü#-·-¦
7lÜ:-/-8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-:0-9Ü0-6/-0ë-7+Ü-:-/Dè,-,<Ê 0Ü#-7ná:-bÜ-[$-/-P-/ß9-+!7-/-0è+-%Ü$-
f³9-/-"ë-,9-<$<-{<-`Ü-7o<-/ß-0$ë,-¸¥-eè+-ý7Ü-*/<-v-,-0è+-ý9-b²9-ý-8Ü,-:Ê a+-&ë<-8ë,-
),-#º¥$-7+Ü-(Ü+-U:-/-+$-Q,-ý-#$-+#-#<Ü -0*ë$-/-10-bÜ<-e,Ü -x/<-`Ü-6Ü:-+$-#6Ü-/BÜ+-&è,-ýë-
9$-»#¥ <-`<Ü -7/è/<-ý-+$-Ê yë/-+ýë,-b<Ü -/;+-ý7Ü-2#Ý -F-/9-*ë<-ý-10-b<Ü -+ë,-₫Ü-#ë-5$Ü -+-è :-
Dë#-+cë+-bÜ-/<0-ý<-(0<-fë$-+$-Dë#<-ý7Ü-8è-;è<-të$-,<-/Eë:-/-+$-Ê F0-ý9-#8è$-ý-\$<-
)è-w-/-lá#-·¦-7+Ü7Ü-+ë,-Iè-#%Ü#-·¦-/Vë0<-ý<-Eë-Bè-0Ü-dè+-ý-#<ß0-bÜ-8è-;è<-&è,-ýë-9$-/5Ü,-bÜ<-;9-
/9-$<è -ý-YèÊ a+-ý9-+è-Q,-bÜ-#º¥$-7+Ü-2±:-'Ü-P9-,Ê !-+#-&<ë -U¨-´¥,-·¦-/6$-ý-ë +$-T©,-iá/-
:ë$<-U-¨ Eë-B-è <è0<-+ý7Ê 6ß$-7'ß#-oá:-U-¨ ýV-7e³$-#,<-#<ß0-ýë-+ë,-+0-bÜ-+eÜ$<-:-*-++-¸¥-
+eè-/-e9-0è+-%Ü$-&ë<-`-Ü +eÜ$<-<ß-9-ë #%Ü#-ý9-T©,-bÜ<-Jë#<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-,Ê /D#-#(Ü<-:<Ê
7&+-ý-ýë-$-&ë<-`$-$-Ê Ê9$-#Ü-2ì#<-Q,-(,-ý-$-Ê Ê7'Ü#-Dè,-Yë,-ý-/…å/-e-$-Ê Ê7'Ü#-Dè,-
7'Ü#-D,è -7+<-ý-$-Ê Ê5è<-#<ß$<-ý-P9-2+-+$-0ß-0+è -ý7Ü-9/-7e0<-{+æ -Z-è {-02ì-´¥,-bÜ-7në-
#5Ü9-b²9-ý<-{æ+-Yë,-ý-ýë-+$-Ê +è7Ü-/Y,-ý-6/-#<$-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-+ë,-bÜ-{æ+-:ß$-F0<-+$-Ê +è7Ü-
194

6/-#,+-:#-:è,-¸¥-lÜ:-/7Ü-0,-$#-(+Ü -`$-*-++-9$-02,-¸-¥ 0-iá/-ý9-$ë-/ë-&ë<-U¨-#%Ü#-#-Ü 9$-


[$-(Ü+-8Ü,-`$-Ê F0-ý-10-¸¥-3±à<-02,-ý7Ü-uÜ$-/U:-ý-/6$-ýë7Ü-<$<-{<-F0<-7e³$-/7Ü-
5Ü$-7+Ü7-Ü #¸¥:-e-F0<-*9-ý9-l$-/7Ü-y+-¸¥Ê ¹¥/-dë#<->-ë {,-Z-,-!ë-®7Ü-02ì-uÜ$-¸¥-$ë-029-
ýV7Ü-Zë$-ýë-,<-/Jà<-)è-e³$-/-+$-Ê >ë-¬Ü-8-,7Ü-8ß:-<ë#<-<ß-9Ü#<-0&ë#-#Ü-0$:-¸¥-þè<-ý-
<ë#<-#5,-[$-7&9-2±:-#%Ü#-·¦-0-$è<-ý9-*-++-ý<-03+-ý7Ü-&ë-7ná:-/%°-#%Ü#-+$-/{-I-:-
<ë#<-ý-%Ü9-8$-Yë,-ý7Ü-U/<-<ß-//<-ý-+è7Ü-2é-,Ê 7.#<-8ß:-;9-dë#<-/g-;Ü<-0¡-9-·ÔÜ-!7Ü-
o#-.ß#-·¦-2é-:0-bÜ-d#-{-0qÉ-9-/-:-Dè,-e<-)è-7&Ü-0è+-2é7Ü-9Ü#-73Ý,-/…å/<-ý7Ü-¸¥<-/%ë0-Q,-
7+<-2é-+ý#-0+è -0#ë,-+$ë<-<-ß eë,-,<-/U:-ý-0-Yë$-#-Ü /9-¸¥-þè-7&Ü-0+è -ý-Eë-Bè7Ü-U9¨ -/º¥#<-ý7Ü-
+/$-/U¨9-5$Ü -{+æ -+$-#+0<-$#-+ý#-·¦-0è+-ý-/_:-/-+$-Ê /:-8:ß -8$-:è-;ë+-/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-
,#<-2:-e$-&±/-+0-ý7Ü-u$Ü -¸-¥ 8$-+#-iá/-ý-#%Ü#-ýß7Ü-F:-7eë9-bÜ<-d#-{-&è,-ý7ë -Ü 0&ë#-…/å -
ý7Ü-2é-+ý:-&,è -=-è 9ß-!7Ü-8-è ;<è -`Ü-U¨<-9$-e³$-&ë<-(Ü+-Eë-B7è -Ü 9$-iÜ<-ýV-<-î £-/-/+#-:-+$ë<-<ß-
/_:-/7Ü-{æ+-+$-#+0<-ý-0*7-8<-ý-+è-+#-´,¥ -b-Ü 8$-º¥,-/%°+-¸¥-l:Ü -/7$-:0-9Ü0-6/-0ë-7+Ü-
"ë-,-8,Ü -:Ê ‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-0&ë#-+#7-9/-Eë-BèÊ 8è-;<è -U¨-%,-q-¢Ü <Ü-=îÊ të$-+μ¥7-Ü 8è-;è<-+ý:-&,è -
ýë-/{+-`Ü-#ë-7.$-i/á -ý-E-ë Bè7Ü-9#Ü -73Ý,-&è,-ýë-F0-ý-/{+-:-<ë#<-ý-i/á -ý-0&ë#-#Ü-<-:-/º¥#<-
ý-F0<-:<-*ß,-0ë$-a+-ý9-bÜ-:0-9Ü0-0*7-8<-ý-,ë<-ý7Ü-2±:-/Y,-ý-+$-Ê .,-2±,-¸¥-+0-ý-
&ë<-`Ü-/!7Ü-/ië-/-&è,-ýë-03+-,<-Dë#<-ý7Ü-#+è$-2+-+$-P-+#ë$<-`-Ü (0<-f$ë -6/-0ë-/Z¨9-,<-
#),-:-./-ý7Ü-#,+-`Ü-0+ë-e$-8$-7+Ü-:<-#5,-¸¥-0è+-%Ü$-Ê 7.#<-8ß:-¹¥/-dë#<-#<$-&è,-
7e³$-#,<-{,Ê Të-d#ë <-<$<-{<-eë,-ý7Ü-#,<-{-#9Ê e$-d#ë <-*ß#<-B-è &è,-ýë7Ü-#¸¥:-5Ü$-
/ë+-8ß:-:-<ë#<-ý-730-uÜ$-#Ü-8ß:-iá-0*7-+/ß<-<Ü]-:-+$-7ië-QÜ$-<ë#<-uÜ$-n,-F0<-<ßÊ v-
0-μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è-(Ü+-`Ü-…å/-*/<-&è-&±$-0*7-8<-ý-Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýë-.-0-#(Ü<-7oè:-bÜ-{æ+-+$-7oè:-
/7Ü-#+0<-6/Ê *ß#<-Bè-&è,-ýë-5Ü-hë7Ü-/þè+-Jë#<-i$<-:<-7+<-ý-Yè-U:-Q,-#%Ü#-0Ü-2é-#%Ü#-
#Ü<-<$<-{<-`Ü-<9-/ië+-ý7Ü-:0-6/-XÜ$-ýë9-lÜ:-/-+è-#<ß0-+$-Ê …å/-Zè-&è,-ýë-/{+-+`Ü:-
7"ë9-#%Ü#-·¦-…å/-ý-+$-Ê eè-o#-<ë-<9ë -…å/-ý7Ü-*/<-:-<#ë <-ý-6/-%Ü$-{-&-è /7Ü-&ë<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-
7e0<-<ß-t<-ý-/Uë9-/-+è-+#-´¥,-bÜ-6/-+ë,-#%Ü#-·-¦ /Z¨<-;$Ü -0-,9ë -/7Ü-:0-0&ë#-`$-7+Ü-(Ü+-"ë-
,-8Ü,-,ëÊ Ê
0+ë9-/Z¨-,-B+ë -eè+-2#Ý -2#ì <-¶¦$-8$-/Bë+-e7Ü-+ë,-0-2$-/-#$-8$-0è+-ý9-#,+-¸¥-7lÜ:-5Ü$-Ê
Eë-Bè7-Ü 2Ý#-#Ü<-0-/%Ü$<-ý9-5:-#+0<-B,è -d$³ <-<ß-/Y,-ý<-#ë-y-/Ê 0$-¶¦$-9,-ý<-{æ,-¸¥-a9è -
/+è-/Ê P-Vë0-₫ë+-ý-8,-:#-/%<-0-2$-/-0è+-ý<-#º¥$-#5,-:-0-Pë<-ý9-+/$-ýë-+0,-ý-(,-
195

9$-Ë 7oÜ$-ý-ë e$-<è0<Ê +/$-0&ë#-E-ë Bè-*è#-ý-+#-#Ü-9$-:0-8$ë <-<ß-Jë#<-ý7Ü-dÜ9-,Ê Zè-


[ë+-#<ß0-+$-*è#-+μ¥7-Ü XÜ$-ýë-0*9-*ß#-ý7Ü-5:-#+0<-7+Ü-:<-T#-ý-#5,-#$-¸¥-/1:-8$-0-
0&Ü<-<ëÊ Ê{æ-02,-+è-P-/ß7-Ü dÜ9-/+#-(Ü+-#<ß$-Eë-Bè-ýV-<-î £-/7Ü-#<$-&,è -*#ß <-`Ü-*#Ü -:è-8è-;è<-
M-Q,-bÜ-9$-7ë+-#<:-/7Ü-+eÜ$<-:<Ê 0Ü-;Ü#<-¹-Ó +7Ü-₯$<-0-&<ë -(Ü+-E-ë Bè7Ü-9$-…7Ü-{æ+-`Ü-{:-
ýë9-9$-e$³ -/Ê 7+<-ý-+$-+-P9-+$-0-e,ë -ý7Ü-¸¥<-#<ß0-bÜ-<$<-{<-Yë/<-/%°-0$7-/-´¥,-
#;è#<-;Ü$-#;è#<-:-#;è#<-ý9-7b²9-/7Ü-»:¥ -:0-&è,-ýë-7+Ü-,ÜÊ 5è<-6/-#(,-#%è<-ý7Ü-
#+0<-ý-:-+$ë<-ýë-$è<-/6ß$-¸¥-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð7"ë9-:-#)+-ý-^ë,-:0-+$-/%<-ý-Ñ,ÜÊ
0$7-/+#-8/-r<-#+0<-ý7Ü-[ë+-Q,-%Ü$-Î /ê-9ë -1-,-/+#-+$-+#ë$<-ý-0(0Î
*ß#<-`Ü-#6ß$<-0-5/<-)ë# -.ß:-dÜ,-ý7ÜÎ [ë+-Q,-U:-Q,-02,-Q,-2ì#<-:-#)+Î
8:-/9-0-+ë 9-XÜ$-#Ü-+/ß<-<ß-6ß$<Î 7+Ü -Pë<-7+Ü9-º¥#<-7+Ü-(Ü+-/;+-+$-…å/<Î
7+Ü-:-/Dè,-,<-0*7-8<-#¸¥:-e-´¥,Î 8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë-2é-7+Ü9-7iá/-ý9-;ë#Î
%è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ 0$7-/+#-&ë<-`Ü-{:-ýë-8/-7'0-0#ë,-hÜ-rë$-Qè7ß-/1,-+$-T-r<-U¨-0&è+-Wë,-
bÜ-:<-7në-+$-^,ë -:0-+#-ý<-#+0<-6/-/¸¥+-I-Ü ‚Ü,-ý7Ü-[ë+-+$-Q,-5Ü$-‡å:-ý7Ü-:ë-1-¡ /-/ê-9-ë 1¡-,-
yë/-+ýë,-&è,-ýë-q¢Ü-<Ü$-=-:<-Jë#<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-P-+#ë$<-0*9-dÜ,-ý<->ë-{,-/+#-+$-+#ë$<-ý7Ü-
Dë#<-2+-0(0-ý-+$-Ê *ß#<-6Ü,-b-Ü #6ß$<-0-+eÜ$<-d³#-8è-;è<-¬-¢ !Ü-02ì-{:-0-μ¥-9ß-(+Ü -:-Vë-
#<ß0-μ¥<-ý-&è,-ý<ë -5/<-)ë#-.ß:-¸-¥ dÜ,-ý<-0(è<-ý-F0-#<ß0-7iá/-ý7Ü-d9Ü Ê &ë<-{:-8/-r<-
+#-ý7Ü-[+ë -Q,-¸¥-b²9-%Ü$-:ë-1¡-&,è -ý-ë U:-ý-0&ë#-+$-Q,-:-8è-;è<-02ì-{:-{æ+-:ß$-,<-7e³$-/7Ü-
02,-(Ü+-+$-Q,-ý-YèÊ +$ë<-<-ß ^Ü,-ý-#<ß0-Q,-T,-%#Ü -ý7Ü-7"ë9-7¸¥<-ý-F0<-+$-Ê /{æ+-,<-
#ë-d-è /7Ü-7"ë9-0-7$ë <-ý7Ü-#$-6#-[ë+-Q,-U:-Q,-02,-Q,-bÜ-2ì#<-F0<-:-#(è9-¸¥-#)+-ý-8Ü,-
ý<Ë /)$-Xë0<-$$-¸¥-8:-/9-0-+ë9-/9-#%è<-2+-rë#-+$-.$<-2+-0Ü#-7o<-P9-/%7-/<-
D#-ý9-XÜ$-#Ü-+/ß<-<ß-$,-ý7Ü-#6ß$<-`Ü<-0-/Bè+-ý9-6ß$<-;Ü# Ê+è9-0-6+-#º¥$-7+Ü-8-Ü #è9-
/!ë+-,<-8$-+$-8$-¸¥-Pë<-:-'Ü-U+-/Y,-ý7Ü-:0-7+Ü9-º¥#<-ý-+$-7+Ü-(Ü+-#5,-:-{-&è9-/;+-ý-
+$-9$-#Ü<-/Ië,-ý<-7+Ü7Ü-+ë,-(0<-<ß-:$ë <-$è<-ý9-…å/<-;#Ü -%è<-6/-0ë7-Ü /!7Ü-#)+-#(è9-dÜ-
2Ý#-,,-*#-·¦-/Z0<-,<Ê #ë$-¸¥-/W#<-ý-/Bë+-ý-+,ë -+$-Q,-ý7Ü-#+0<-ý-a+-ý9-%,-7+Ü-:-
/Dè,-,<Ê +-P9-+$-0-7ë$<-ý-,-0*7-8<-ý7Ü-#¸¥:-e-+$ë<-+ $-/{æ+-,<-0*ë$-*ë<-l,-9è#-#Ü<-
7oè:-/9-b²9-ý-+è-´,¥ -#%Ü#-`$-0-:ß<-ý9Ê 9$-e³$-#+ë+-07Ü-<$<-{<-8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-7o<-/ß-
¸¥<-#5,-¸¥-0-Ü Pë<-ý<-2-é 7+Ü9-"-ë ,9-7iá/-ý9-;#ë -%Ü# Ê%è<-^ë,-:0-¸¥-03+-ý-Yè-Eë-B7è -Ü #<ß$-
196

,0-8$-/yä-/-0è+-ý<-+è-P9-7iá/-ý7$-8$-+#-$è<-ý7Ü-2+-07ëÊ Ê
I-/7Ü-<-/%+-/5Ü-ý-0'ß#-#Ü-+ë,-:-#(Ü<Ê #º¥$-8$-+#-ý9-iá/-ý7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü<-0'ß#-/Z¨-/-+$-Ê
+è-P9-iá/-ý7Ü-#º¥$-(Ü+-Wë,-+$-dÜ-09-+9-/7Ü-2±:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð#º¥$-8$-+#-ý9-iá/-ý7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü<-0'ß#-
/Z¨-/-Ñ,ÜÊ
%è<-*ß#<-`Ü -XÜ$-ýë-#<$-/7Ü-03ì+-/Dë:-,<-#<ß$-2$<-ý7Ü-+e$<-`Ü<-/!7-/_:-)è-Jà-7ná:-bÜ-F0-ý9-9ë:-ý-+$-Î
/!ë+-ý-0*7-8<-ý-+$-/%<-)-è U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-0-Ü 6+-ý-T©,-iá/-Y©#-ýë-/!ë+-ý7Ü-{,-+0-ý9-/º¥#<-<ëÎ <-0-8Î
5è<-#<ß$<-)èÊ +è-U+-%è<-¸¥<-#<ß0-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-`-Ü #<$-#<ß0-€ç-7ná:-š-/7Ü-₫Ü-#6ß#<-
μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è7Ü-*ß#<-`-Ü +#ë$<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ý-ë d³$-Ê #<$-/-8è-;è<-&,è -ý7ë -Ü 03ì+-/Dë:-,<-#<ß$-8,-
:#-l#á -%°-+$-Q,-ý-2$<-ý7Ü-+e$<-`Ü<-0+ë-W#<-#+0<-ý-6/-@ã7-Ü 8$-º,¥ -¸-¥ lÜ:-,<-/!7-
/_:-ý<-*0<-%+-+bè<-ý-&è,-ýë<-2Ý0-ý7Ü-0+ë$<-#<ë:-¸¥Ê $ë-029-0+-¸¥-e³$-/7Ü-Jà-7ná:-bÜ-
F0-ý9-9ë:-ý-+$-Ê F0-ý9-*9-ý7Ü-/!ë+-ý-0*7-8<-ý-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-2ì#<-`Ü-+/$-ýë7Ü-₫ë+-8:ß -¸-¥
[$-/9-03+-ý-+$-/%<-)-è Yë,-7"ë9-+#ë$<-ý-0(0-(Ü+-¸-¥ b²9-,<-μ-¥ 9ß-(+Ü -`Ü-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-0Ü-6+-
ý-{,-bÜ-7"ë9-:ë9-T©,-bÜ<-iá/-ý-Y#© -ý-ë /!ë+-ý7Ü-{,-0&ë#-+0-ý9-¸<¥ -/5Ü9-7.ë-7b²9-0-Ü 0$7-
/9-/º¥#<-<Êë Ê<-0-8Î 5è<-ý-+ë,-0$-ý9ë -7'ß#-`$-7+Ü9-#º¥$-6/-ý7Ü-dÜ9-[ë+-0Ü,-:-#<$-
/-+$-Ê Eë-B7è -Ü 2Ý#-0Ü-7b²9-/7Ü-+0-2#Ý -#-Ü {7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð+è-P9-iá/-ý7Ü-#º¥$-(Ü+-Wë,-+$-dÜ-09-+9-/7Ü-2±:-Ñ:-#(Ü<Ê Wë,-bÜ-U:-Q,-F0<-`Ü<-/6ß$-
2±:-+$-Ê 0-7ë$<-7ië-/-F0<-`Ü-+ë,-¸¥-#)è9-¸¥-]<-ý7Ü-2±:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-:-#<ß0Ê /!7Ü-/Z¨-
/-'Ü-P9-e<-2±:Ê $è<-7ië-+ë,-7e³$-2:± Ê +è-(0<-<-ß v$-2±:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð/!7Ü-/Z¨-/-'Ü-P9-e<-
2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-P9-/!7-/_:-ý-F0<-/+#-(Ü+-02ì-{:-bÜ<-0-Ü /Bè+-ý7Ü-#6ß$<-<ß-/6ß$-,<-/<0-ý-+$-V0ë -ý<-8Ü+-:-e<-)Îè
y9-8$-0$7-/+#-8/-r<-+$-Î :ë-1¡-/-&è,-ýë-+$-/%<-.,-2±,-+#ë$<-ý-/Z¨9-)è-2Ý#-+ë,-T#-&+-0è+-ý9-0"7-
7ië-#<$-/7Ü-8Ü-#è9-oÜ <Î <ë-<ë7-Ü 0μ¥:-bÜ-#7ß9-7&$-Yè-#,<-<ëÎ
5è<-ý7Ü-/9-b<Ü -E-ë Bè7Ü-#<ß$-0*7-+#-#Ü-/!7Ü-Z+¨ -ý-ý-ë 8è-;è<-02ì-{:-bÜ<-0Ü-/Bè+-ý7Ü-#6ß$<-
`Ü<-*ß#<-<ß-/6ß$-Y-è /<0-Vë0-bÜ<-#),-:-./Ê +è-10-¸¥-0-/5#-ý9-&ë<-{:-8/-r<-:-ë &è,-/ê-
9ë-/%<-T,-%Ü#-*ë<-ý7Ü-7"ë9-F0<-+$-+#ë$<-ý-/Z¨9-b-Ü 2Ý#-+ë,-T#-&+-0è+-ý7Ü-º¥-)Ü#-03+-,<-
0"7-7ië7Ü-/E-8Ü#-·¦-/!ë+-%$Ü -*ß#<-+0-¸-¥ 7o:-0è+-/%$<-ý9-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð$è<-7ië-+ë,-7e³$-2:± -Ñ,ÜÊ
,0-5 Ü#-2é-/+#-%#-Bè-7/$<-´¥,-`$-ië<-0-e<-ý9-+#ë$<-ý-#%Ü#-·¦-0*ß,-ý9-μ ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è7Ü-₫,-W9-dÜ,-)èÎ T-
197

d#-+μ¥-ná#<-<ß-/1:-)è-#<ë:-/-/)/-ý-,ÜÎ >è-0-μ¥-9ß-9Ü ,-ýë-&èÎ aè+-,Ü-<$<-{<-*0<-%+-+$-Î +eè9-0è+-


+`Ü:-7"ë 9-´¥,-bÜ-#1ìÎ ´¥,-·¦ -7&$-/-(Ü+-:#<-,Î 730-uÜ$-eè-/-n#-/{-+$-Î a+-ý9-#$<-%,-/ë+-8ß:-
7+Ü9Î <$<-{<-:<-`$-T#-ý-8ÜÎ /!7-lÜ ,-03+-ý-/<0-0Ü -a/Î eè-o#-/+#-%#-Bè-7/$<-:Î [ë+-Q,-
U:-Q,-02,-Q,-¸Î¥ Eë-Bè7-Ü # <ß$-#Ü<-Bè<-#,$-5Ü$-Î ;Ü,-·¦-+bè<-ý7Ü-0+$<-d³$<-)èÎ Wë,-&+-6/-%Ü $-{-&è-
/7Ü Î #+0<-$#-eè-/-n#-/{7Ü-#º¥$-Î 'Ü-Xè+-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-.ß:Î {æ-7o<-:0-0&ë#-8ë$<-Jë#<-ýÎ
0-e³ $-7e³$-/9-+!7-/7Ü-/%°+Î XÜ$-#Ü-6ß$<-<ß-/_:-:#<-,Î dë #<-¸¥<-/+è-#;è#<-*0<-%+-`ÜÎ +#ë$<-
(0<-#<$-/7Ü-8$-º¥,-7+ÜÎ +-P-\è:-:0-#)è9-¸¥-]Î 7ië-+ë,-#¸¥:-e-'Ü-P9-7e³$-Î ¸¥ <-# <ß0-´¥,-·¦-# 6Ü#<-
ý-8ÜÎ 0-¼Ô-μ¥ -9ß<-/!7-/_:-#<ë:Î 5è<-#<ë:-/-/)/-ý-,Î +9-%Ü#-+#ë$<-ý-0Ü-#8ë-/7Ü-)Ü$-$è-73Ý,-:-
/º¥#<-)èÎ +è-:<-/5è$<-ý-,-7+Ü-U+-%è<-/!7-/_:-)ëÎ (ë ,-%Ü#-[ë+-Q,-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-2ì#<Î /+#-(Ü+-ýV-7e³$-
#,<-,ÜÎ #+ë+-,<-0-7há :-9Ü# -ý7Ü-# ;Ü<Î ´¥,-/6$-*ë#-07Ü-0#ë,-ýë9-Jë#<Î +è-:<-M-Q,-7ë+-`Ü-:ß <Î F0-
ý9-ië:-/7Ü-5Ü$-"0<-<ß Î ¸¥<-#<ß0-¸¥<-0è+-D#-ý-8ÜÎ :ë$<-₫ë+-&è,-ýë9-9$-+-/$-7eë9Î #¸¥:-e7Ü-8ß:-+$-
(è9-720<-ý9Î "-%Ü#-&#<-o:-9/-e³$-+$-Î :-:9-7"ë9-:ë<-€ç9-/7Ü-2± :Î /<0-bÜ<-0Ü-a/-[$-/-,Î 0Ü-
0'è+-7'Ü #-Dè,-730-uÜ$-7+Ü9Î XÜ#<-0-M-/+ë7Ü-¸¥<-`Ü-0*9Î (ë,-0ë$<-»¥#<-l#-#(è,-ýë-5,Î Ië :-/%<-*è#-
ý<-#¸¥:-+!7Ü-2éÎ Z-,-!ë-;7Ü-ý+-uÜ$-¸¥Î 02ì-þè <-7&Ü-0è+-Eë-B-è 7&$-Î Jà<-þè <-*ë#-//<-2±:-(Ü+-¸¥ Î 9$-
e³$-‡å:-ý7Ü-U¨-9ß-7ë $-Î 5Ü-/<-0Ü -7¸¥:-#¸¥#-ý7Ü-+ýß$-Î 29-#%ë+-Eë -Bè-l#-ýë-I:Î 8è-;è<-œ×ñ-M 7Ü-[$-uä-%,Î
9Ü#-73Ý,-0"7-7ië7Ü-#1ì-/ë9-/5è$<Î >ë -{,-{-#9-8ß:-´¥,-·¦Î /Y,-:-9Ü0-bÜ<-º¥#<-ý7Ü-2±:Î +#è-yë$-ýV-
<î-£-4Î 02,-+$-F0-*9-/<0-:<-7+<Î #¸¥ :-+!7Ü-2ì#<-F0<-\-/!ë$-5Ü$-Î /9-&+-7e³$-ýë -#6Ü9-/7Ü -
y+Î [$-rÜ+-6Ü:-#,ë,-*ë+-nè$-I:Î /ë+-`Ü-8ß:-¸¥-T#-ý9-[$-Î 0+ë9-,-# ¸¥:-e7Ü-#$-6#-+$-Î 7¸¥:-eè+-
Yë,-ý-7¸¥:-*/<-<ë#<Î 7+ë+-@ã9-/€ç9-/7Ü-&ë-7ná:-bÜ<Î 7ië-7¸¥:-nÜ,-:<-/<0-0Ü-a/Î a+-ý9-#$<-%,-
/ë+-8ß:-7+Ü9Î Wë,-,<-7oè:-/7Ü-0*ß -/1,-ý<Î &ë<-`Ü-{:-ýë-&,è -ý-ë 8Ü<Î μ¥<-ý<-₫,-l$<-#<ë:-/)/-P9Î
0*7-+/ß<-* 0<-%+-5/<-`Ü<-/%#<Î T-rÜ,-#¸¥#-ý7Ü-Ià/-7b²9-/·¦:Î /<0-8<-#1°# -:#-0*9-dÜ,-5Ü$-Î
/g-;Ü<-T#-#,<-0è -)ë#-7*ë9Î {-&è7Ü-0+ë-{æ+-7e0<-t<-+$-Î 6/-ý7Ü-0,-$#-XÜ$-ýë-<ë# <Î U+-%Ü#-9è9-
8$-Jà-7ná:-bÜ<Î &ë<-`Ü-7"ë9-:ë-i$<-0è+-/Uë9Î #,<-&è,-#$<-o#-02ì-#<ß0-F0<Î eÜ,-bÜ<-/x/<-;Ü$-
6/-#)è9-]<Î +-P9-/º¥ #<-+$-7e³ $-7b²9-bÜ Î /ë+-:-/!7-lÜ,-&è-/9-e<Î eè-o#-dÜ-,$-/¸¥+-Zè7Ü-+ýß $-Î
7'ë0<-eè+-Eë-Bè-l#-ýë-I:Î #(è,-ýë-Yë/<-`Ü-T 9-/5è$<-,<Î ^Ü,-ië:-8,-:#-0*7-{<-#+0<Î +è-F0<-:<-
`$-.ß:-e³$-/Î /þè+-Jë#<-9/-7e0<-*0<-%+-`ÜÎ {/-8Ü#-+09-e$-#,+-/Z¨<-ýÎ 8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-:0-
7o<-/%<Î /+#-#Ü<-0-7ë$<-¸¥ <-;è<-ý<Î +-P-\è:-/7Ü-#,<-0è+-`ÜÎ 9$-9$-(0<-<ß-:è,-ý-+$Î U:-
Q,-# 5,-:-%Ü -9Ü#<-Yë,Î ,0-5Ü#-9$-e³ $-ýV-/+#Î rÜ,-ýë7Ü-#¸¥:-e-7¸¥:-/7Ü-dÜ9Î &ë -7ná:-&è,-ýë<-#;è#<-
198

,<-`$-Î :ë-Uë9-#%Ü#-#Ü-0*9-<ë,-2éÎ /+#-(Ü+-´¥,-/6$-*ë+-nè$-#Ü Î 2ì#<-/{+-+#-ý7Ü-9$-#+$<-:<Î


8è-;è<-F0-ý-/{+-`Ü-U¨Î ‡å:-ý7Ü-02,-0&ë#-F0-/{+-:<Î 0*7-ië:-8è-;è<-=è-9ß-!Î 7&ë:-/7Ü-hë-{:-&è,-ýë-
,ÜÎ +ý:-&è,-Eë-Bè-ië-:ë+-`Ü<Î +0-rÜ-#¸¥#-ý-7¸¥:-/7Ü-dÜ9Î 9ë:-ý7Ü-&ë -7ná:-/Y,-ý7Ü-#,<Î Y#-2$-0Ü$-
%,-/%°-#<ß0-:<Î ;9-d#ë <-0+ë-"0<-8ß:-bÜ-+/ß<Î 7oÜ-J-6:-0ë -V$-#Ü-{æ+Î ]<-8:ß -#$<-9Ü<-/Uë9-/7Ü-
7+/<Î 9$-e³ $-;è:-bÜ-.ß #-ý7Ü-e$-Î /ë+-"0<-/g-;Ü<-7e³$-/7Ü-#,<Î 9Ü,-&è,-&±-0Ü#-+!9-0ë 7Ü-0#ëÎ Hà-
Y#-0Ü-6,-/·¦:-/7Ü-7i0Î <è$-#è-lè#<-ý<-/€Ü$<-ý7Ü-\ë Î /<0-7iá/-o#-#Ü-!è7ß-2$-,ÜÎ F0-*9-Vë-#<ß0-
#5:-0è+-"$-Î 5Ü-hë7Ü-T-2ì#<-d#-{-+$-Î {-/ë+-8Ü-#è-+e$<-#<:-nè $-Î ZÉ-!Ü-#<$-/7Ü-9Ü-0ë-<ë#<Î F0-ý-
¸¥-0<-02,-ý-+è9Î >ë-{,-/+#-#<Ü -w-/-#%Ü#Î Eë-Bè-hë <-ý7Ü-)Ü$-73Ý,-Vë 0<Î /9-&+-7e³$-ýë-29-/%+-,<Î
/ë+-8ß:-/g-;Ü<-7e³$-/9-e<Î +è-P-/ß-8Ü-#,<-`Ü-0&ë#Î *ë<-ý<-:<-`Ü-ZÜ#-ý-7+#Î 0*ë$-/<-(ë,-0ë$<-…Ü/-
ý-5ÜÎ d#-/Uë9-0&ë+-ý-e<-ý-8Ü<Î 2é-+$-/<ë+-,0<-8-è ;è<-{<Î Iè-# %Ü#-/Vë0-+$-/…å/-ý-8Ü<Î +$ë<-
iá/-F0-#(Ü<-f³9-¸¥-*ë /Î 7oè:-2+-+ë,-+$-Q,-ý-YèÎ 8ë,-),-/W#<-ý-/Bë +-0Ü-:$<Î +è -8Ü-#,<-`Ü-Iè-0ë-9ßÎ
+/ß<-<ß-5Ü-hë-8ë$<-Jë#<-ýÎ /+è-#;è#<-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-#<$-.ß#-,ÎÜ /P9-8ë+-/ië+-¸¥ -0è+-ý9-/º¥#<Î #8<-<ß -
>ë-{,-/+#-(Ü+-+$-Î #8ë,-¸¥-*ß #<-`Ü-+bè<-Zè-0ë 7ÜÎ #<$-ý7Ü-(0<-fë$-/þ$-/-+$-Î Eë-Bè7Ü-Dë#<-ý-\è:-/7Ü-
<9-Î 6/-0ë7Ü-#)è9-!-¸¥-0-+$-Î a+-ý9-dÜ-07Ü-XÜ$-ýë-9ßÎ #6ß#<-U¨-D#<-`Ü-02,-0-+$-Î 6/-0ë7Ü-/E-9Ü<-
#<ß$-#Ü-Dè,Î /+#-(Ü+-l#-I:-=è -9ß-!7ÜÎ d#-02,-* ß#<-`Ü-Eë-Bè9-/%<Î 8è-;è<-Z-É !Ü-02ì-{:-0<Î /%°-
#<ß0-9Ü0-ý7Ü-{-+$-,ÜÎ 9Ü#-73Ý,-+#7-9/-Eë-Bè-8Ü<Î 9ë-:$<-#<è9-¸¥-/€ç9-/-<ë#<Î 9Ü,-&è,-¸¥-07Ü-XÜ$-ýë-
F0<Î ^ë,-:0-6/-0ë 7Ü-020<-‚ë9-/%<Î 0#ë,-ýë-0Ü#-#<ß0-l#-ýë-+$-Î #Ü$-/1,-Eë -Bè-:è#<-ý-:Î :<-`Ü-
#(è9-¸¥ -#)ë+-:-]ë<Î 0-7ë$<-dÜ-0-dÜ-07Ü-¸¥<Î Ià/-7b²9-<ß0-%°-"-9:-2Îé &ë<-{:-8/-r<-eÜ,-x/<-:<Î
0-$è <-7ië-7¸¥:-9Ü#-ý-73Ý ,Î €ç-0-P-/ß7Ü-þè<-/ß-6ß$-Î "0<-+/ß<-;9-+$-T-9ß -7e³$Î a+-ý9-ªá- Î Wë,-bÜ-
^ë,-:0-0*ß-/1,-ý<Î Eë-Bè7Ü-#,<-+è9-T,-%Ü#-2ì#<Î +-P7Ü-$$-2±:-*0<-%+-´¥,Î HÜ-:0-/5Ü ,-¸¥-8+-8ß+-
l,Î +#7-+$-þë-/7Ü-(0<-7/9-5 Ü$-Î [$-/-/,-/ß,-#67-#)+-o:Î €ç-0-P-/ß7Ü-₫ë+-ý-+$Î 0-7##<-Jà-
7ná:-9ë:-ý-8Ü<Î ´¥,-bÜ<-0*ë$-/9-₫,-l$<-)èÎ Ië+-ý-o:-5Ü$-8Ü+-&è<-ý<Î >ë-{,-/Y,-:-e-/-eè+Î /ë +-
"0<-Z¨#-/W:-5Ü-/-+$-Î ´¥,-:-.,-/+è-*/<-%Ü#-7e³$-Î +è-2é-* ë#-07Ü-U:-Q,-,ÜÎ F0-ý9-[$-03+-:ë -1¡-/<Î
eÜ,-/x/<-5Ü-/7Ü-vë-ië <-`<Ü Î 6/-{<-2Ý#-+ë,-#),-:-7/è/<Î 02ì -{:-a+ë -`Ü<-eÜ ,-/x/<-ý<Î 7+Ü-(Ü+-
(0<-v$<-8è-;<è -Cè+Î ýV7Ü-0Ü$-%,-/½§:-º ¥#<-Q,Î +/ß<-`Ü-dë#<-<ß-/Y,-ý-\è:Î /+#-+$-9Ü#<-#<ß0-
<è0<-+ý7-8Ü<Î eÜ,-/x/<-9Ü#-ý-73Ý,-M -+$-Î 6/-0ë7Ü-:0-7+Ü-7n+-ý-,Î /9-&+-5Ü-5Ü$-/ë+-"0<-/+èÎ
*ß#<-`Ü-/!7-//<-0Ü-/{+-+$-Î 0&ë#-#Ü-9Ü# -73Ý,-(Ü-»¥-MÎ 73Ý,-+$-\è:-/-/%°-lá# -YèÎ 9Ü#<-Q,-0"7-7ië-M-
n#-6ß$-Î +è-+#-F0<-`Ü<-(0<-v$<-,Î 0&ë#-*ß,-+$ë<-i á/-a+-ý9-7*ë/Î #5,-8$-:<-%,-/{-I-ZèÎ
199

+$ë<-iá/-* /ë -ý-Y$ë -I-/{+Î 7oè:-*ë#<-7/ß0-2ì-/%ë-/{+-<ë#<Î 0Ü-+$-0Ü-0-8,Ü -ý-8ÜÎ #¸¥:-e7Ü-þ-è /ë-/<0-


0Ü-a/Î 7¸¥:-eè+-*/<-`Ü-a+-ý9-:<Î 7#7-5Ü #-,+-#+ë,-/9-&+-5ÜÎ :-:-0$7-*$-+ý:-7eë9-{<Î :-
:<-[ $-rÜ+-+/$-¸¥-7b²9Î #5,-+#-l#-ýë7Ü-/½§ :-º¥#<-`Ü<Î #¸¥#-ý-%,-F0<-29-#%ë+-eè+Î a+-ý9-0&ë#-
#Ü-nÜ,-:<-,ÜÎ /þè+-90Ü -#<:-[$-/D,-ý-:<Î +0Ü#<-#)+-¹¥<-0*ß-I:-0è+-7e³$Î Jë#<-9Ü0-xä$-<0è <-:<-
9ß$-/<Î 0$ë,-;<è -J-à 7ná:-[-2#ì <-7&9Î */<-:0-6/-0ë7Ü-(0<-:è,-bÜ<Î /+è-/-&è,-ýë7Ü-/½§:-º#¥ <-iá/Î
0*9-*ß#-7ë+-#<:-Jë#<-ý-&èÎ Eë-Bè-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-#<$-:0-,<Î #,<-:ß#<-0$ë,-b²9-8è-;è<-<ßÎ ýV-/+#-+$-
U:-0(0-ýÎ 0*7-+/ß<-´¥,-·¦-7e³$-/-8Ü<Î XÜ$-ýë7Ü-/Y,-:-e-/-eè+Î +è-8$-e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý7-F0<Î
#$-7¸¥:-F0-*9-2+-0è +-ý<Î "-%Ü#-{-&è9-/;+-ý-+$-Î 7#7-5Ü #-6/-+ë,-…å/-ý-+$-Î :-:<-0-$è<-7ië-
7¸¥:-dÜ9-Î #5,-.,-₫ë+-ý-%Ü9-8$-Yë,Î ´¥,-`$-ýV-/+#-(Ü+-+$-Î 6/-0ë 7Ü-:0-7+Ü9-8Ü+-&è <-ý<Î 7oè:-
2+-+ë,-+$-Q,-7b² 9-5Ü$-Î /<0-ý-* 0<-%+-$è<-ý9-7iá/Î 8è-;è<-XÜ$-ýë7Ü-:0-9Ü0-7+Ü Î 9Ü,-&è,-#<è9-bÜ<-
oÜ<-,<-`$-Î /¸¥+-IÜ-M-8Ü<-9/-·¦-e³ #<Î */<-+$-;è<-9/-+0-J<-/%<Î #$-#Ü-0μ¥:-¸¥-#+#<-ý70Î
₫Ü-/ë7Ü-#1°#-·¦-7&$-/<-`$-Î 0*ë$-*ë<-l,-9è#-ië:-/-+$-Î +#ë$<-(0<-8è-;è<-Ië:-0è +-7&9Î +è-/5Ü,-të#-
+$-73Ý,-ý-+$-Î "-)ë,-7&+-(,-eè+-ý-8$-Î ýV-/+#-#Ü<-e,Ü -/x/<-,Î 2±:-/5Ü ,-(0<-:è,-^ë<-%Ü -+#ë<Î
#5,-8$-/ë+-"0<-*0<-%$-:Î /+è-þÜ+-/g-;Ü <-7e³$-7+ë+-,Î 0è<-+/ë ,-#<ß0-bÜ<-/5è$<-ý-8ÜÎ #1°#-:#-
"$-F0<-*0<-%+-+$-Î …å/-ý7Ü -#,<-F0<-(0<-ý-#<ëÎ +#è -7¸¥,-F0<-`Ü<-/D,-/º¥#<-+$-Î ¹¥<-Q,-9/-
#,<-8$-8$-7*ë9Î d#-0&ë+-/´¥9-YÜ -{-&è9-eÎ U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-`Ü-Dè,-/5è$<-:Î ¸¥<-Yë,-/1°#<-;Ü$-Zè-[ë+-
/;+Î #,<-&è,-eÜ,-7/è/<-&ë-#-+$-Î /¸¥+-IÜ-^,-bÜ-…å/-ý-+$-Î 2ì#<-0&ë+-Eë-Bè7-Ü uä -#9-eÎ 5Ü /-ý9-/ë+-:-
XÜ$-/Iè-/<Î 0",-&è,-e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý7-+$-Î /+#-+$-&ë<-`Ü-{:-ýë-8ÜÎ XÜ$-ýë7Ü-5:-#+0<-'Ü-P-/9Î
v-8Ü-0&ë+-#,<-Zè-#(Ü<-+$-Î {:-vë,-7/$<-+$-/%<-ý-8Ü<Î &ë<-/{+-P9-[$-0-8Ü,-ý9Î *è-2ì0-0è+-ý7Ü-
$è<-;è<-+$-Î dÜ9-0Ü-Që#-ý7Ü-/Ië,-7iá<-`Ü<Î 7/+-ý<-I:-¸¥-/)ë,-e<-,Î <è0<-/þè+-/<0-ý7Ü-a+-ý9-
/5Ü,Î /ë+-8ß:-₫Ü -+$-eè-o#-#ÜÎ ¸¥<-`Ü -@+ã -ý-5 -Ü /-+$-Î [ë+-/%°+-7eë9-ý-7.è:-/-+$-Î /;+-…å/-/Y,-ý-8ß,-
/rÜ$<-,<Î /g-;Ü<-/+è-:è#<-.ß ,-2ì#<-7b²9Î 5è <-/!7-/_:-ý-,-/+#-%#-F0<-;Ü,-·¦-++-%Ü$-Bè<-<ß-8Ü-9$-
/<-/6ë+-¸¥ -0è+-ý7Ü-0ë<-μ¥<-`Ü-(0<-7/9-/-+$-/%<-d#-+$-0&ë+-ý-.ß :-5Ü$-Eë-Bè7Ü-u ä<-0iÜ,-#%Ü#-·¦-/Yë+-ý-,ÜÎ
>è-0-=ëï ´¥,-/6$-*ë#-07Ü-0#ë,-ýë-7ë+-+ý#-0è+Î *ß# <-Bè7Ü-U¨9-/5è$<-02ì-þè<-Eë-Bè-7&$-Î 8ë,-),-8ë$<-
Jë#<-ýV-<î-£-4Î #¸¥:-+!7Ü-7ië-7¸¥:-Eë-Bè-l#-ýë-I:Î [$-rÜ +-6Ü:-#,ë ,-9Ü#-73Ý,-ýV-7e³$-Î /+è-Yë$-6ß$-
7'ß#-*Ü#-:è-#%Ü#-(Ü+-:<Î <è0<-%,-´¥,-bÜ-+/$-ýë7Ü-a+-ý9-/5Ü,Î 5Ü-+$-hë-+$-Bè<-<ß-&#<-ý7Ü-U¨Î 9ë:-ý-
&è,-ýë7Ü-&-ë 7ná:-0"7-P9-a/Î 0ë<-ý-+$-,-Ü vë-8Ü-eè-o#-+$-Î Bè<-<ß-0*ß,-ý9-&<ë -7"ë9-{æ,-0Ü-7&+Î 7ë +-
#<:-+eÜ$<-:<-0-#8ë<-8è-;è<-`ÜÎ *ß#<-Bè7Ü-7'ß#-ý<-/ë+-:-T#-ý9-+#ë$<-Î /!7-lÜ,-0(0-0è+-μ ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-
200

&è9Î :ß<-+$-:ë$<-₫ë+-Pë<-ý-0è+-ý9-7/ß:Î e$-&±/-/9-¸¥-,0-8$-0Ü-7o:-/9Î *ß#<-+0-5:-/5è<-+#ë$<-


ý<-Bè <-<-ß 6ß$<Î /ë+-"0<-0*7-+/ß<-´¥,-·¦-/+è-/-+$-Î <$<-{<-/Y,-ý-8,ß -¸¥-#,<-ý-+$-Î /+#-%#-:<-
+$-^ë,-ý<-#9-þè<-`$-Î μ¥-9ß7Ü-nÜ,-:<-8ë $<-<ß-\è:-/-:<Î 0*ë$-*ë<-l,-9è#-7oè:-2+-+ë,-Q,-%Ü$-Î ´¥,-
/6$-+#ë$<-të$-d0<-#%Ü #-ië:-/9-;ë# Î a+-ý9-Eë-Bè7Ü-#<ß$-#Ü-XÜ$-ýë-F0<Î ¸¥<-<ß-//-2é-/)ë,-%Ü$-\è:-/-
+$-Î 7&+-(,-Vë0-…å/-6/-0ë-:-/Dè,-,<Î {:-/-´¥,-bÜ -nÜ,-:<-8ë $<-Jë#<-;ë#Î %è<-/<0-ý-*#-ý<-^ë ,-
:0-¸¥-#<ë:-/-,Î μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è<-`$-+è-+è-/5Ü,-¸¥-b²9-%Ü#-%è<-Eë-Bè7Ü-#<ß$-#Ü<-/+è,-2Ý# -/_:-ý-+$-T,-%Ü#Î
<$<-{<-+$-e$-&±/-<è0<-+ý7-,0-0"7-#$-/<-0è-)ë# -#Ü-&9-./<Î /g-;Ü<-`Ü<-0$7-#<ë:Î 9Ü#-ý-73Ý,-ý-
+$-Î iá/-ý-+$-Î 0"7-7ië-+$-Î rá$-0-+$-Î T-+$-Î tä-+$-Î +!9-dë#<-þë$-/7Ü-#5Ü7Ü-/+#-ýë-F0<-
`Ü<-`$-0$ë,-ý9-/Yë+-%Ü $-/Y,-ý-þë$-/-+$-Î \è:-/-+$-Î 73Ý,-ý9-"<-v$<-)è-0Ü-[$-/9-b²9-)ëÎ <-0-8Î

5è<-ý7Ü-/9-b<Ü -#<ß$<-)Êè +#-ý7Ü-7"ë9-F0<-0iÜ,-#%Ü#-·¦-#+0<-ý-73Ý,-þ$ë -\è:-#<ß0-'Ü-


P9-e-/-º<¥ -ý7Ü-:,-¸¥-μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è<-F0-*9-0+ë9-/Z¨<-ý<-*ë#-i$<Ê ₫Ü9-03+-ý7Ü-&ë-7ná:-
0*7-8<-ý-+$-eè-o#-#$<-%,-/ë+-`Ü-8ß:-¸¥-<$<-{<-`Ü-03+-ý-/<0-8<-9/-7e0<-<ß-/Y,-
ý7Ü-2±:-+$-Ê a+-ý9-/¸¥+-7'ë0<-Eë-Bè-l#-ýë-I:-bÜ-U¨9-/5è$<-,<-6/-@ã7Ü-#+0<-/%°+-8è-;è<-
XÜ$-ýë-:0-7o<-/ß-+$-/%<-ý7Ü-&ë<-Uë9-0-7ë$<-#¸¥:-e7Ü-+ë,-¸¥-6/-0ë7Ü-#)è9-¸¥-]-/9-#+0<-ý-
+$-Ë #)è9-#,<-72ì:-/7Ü-h-ë {:-Eë-B-è ië-:ë+-0&ë#-#Ü-U¨9-/Y,-)-è #%Ü#-:<-¸¥-09-7ná:-/7Ü-2:± -
bÜ<-+0-r-Ü #¸¥#-ý-%,-/·¦:-/7Ü-#,<-Y#-2$-0Ü$-%,-/%°-#<ß0-8ë+-ý7Ü-8-b:-0+ë-"0<-7oÜ-w-
6:-0ë-V$-#Ü-{æ+-]<Ê #,<-&è,-ýë-Eë-Bè-6Ü:-hë0-bÜ-7+/-5ë:-9ë$-Hè-+!9-0ë-Y#-2$-#Ü-#,<-`Ü-
/º¥#<-2±:-&è-/Bë+-.,-8ë,-+$-/%<-ýÊ +è9-U¨-#<ß$-*ß#<-Dè,-<ë#<-'Ü-P9-]-/7Ü-2±:Ê #$-:-
/%ë:-#+0<-ý7Ü-#)è9-r$á -Ê ]<-ý7Ü-#)è9-+è-7eÜ,-ý7Ü-¸¥<-2ì+Ê 7+ë,-ý7Ü-þè<-/ßÊ #+0<-
ý7Ü-[ë+-Q,Ê +è-:-/Dè,-,<-nÜ,-:<-7e³$-2:± Ê þè<-/ß-+0-ý7Ü-F0-*9-0-$è<-ý-þë$-2±:Ê :0-
9Ü0-7oÜ-të#-7&+-(,-bÜ-.,-8ë,Ê 59-e³$-/+ë -"0<-/+è-/7Ü-90Ü -i-ë 'Ü-P9-…å/-ý7Ü-2±:-8ë,-),-+$-
/%<-ý-#<:-/9-/Y,-0*9-/!7-/1:-ý-:-B<è -<ß-8Ü-9$-5Ü$-++-μ<¥ -&,è -ý<ë -0&ë+-/Yë+-.:ß -)è-
^ë,-:0-/)/-ý<-μ-¥ 9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è<-0*ß,-7b²9-/_:-5Ü$-/g-;<Ü -ý7Ü-02,-P<-{-&è9-[$-/-+$-Ê
9Ü#-73Ý,-0"7-7ië-+!9-dë#<-þë$-/-F0<-`Ü<-/Y,-ý-7+Ü-(Ü+-rá$-5Ü$-þë$-/7Ü-+0-/%7-.ß:-/-
/%<-/Y,-)ëÊ Ê
#<ß0-ý-Ð+è-(0<-<ß-v$-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
+è-,<-'Ü-P9-/!7-/_:-ý7Ü-Bè<-<ß-7o$<-)èÎ /+#-%#-Bè -7/$<-F0<-`Ü<-*ë<-/<0-Vë0-#<ß0-bÜ<-8Ü+-:-e<-)è-
201

+ýè-{æ+-0μ¥:-¸¥-7&$-Î X,-/{æ+-%Ü-9Ü#<-ý-#5,-:7$-Yë,-%Ü$-#,<-ý-,Î
5è<-ý7Ü-/9-b<Ü -+#-ý7Ü-7"ë9-+è-F0<-`Ü<-#º¥$-7+Ü-:-*ë<-/<0-V0ë -ý-0*9-d,Ü -ý9-03+-,<-
2Ý#-+ë,-&-2$-/7Ü-+ýè-{æ+-#5,-:-0-/Y,-ý9-0μ¥:-¸¥-7&$-Ê X,-/{æ+-¸¥0-¸¥0-hÜ#<-%Ü-9Ü#<-
/ÌU:-Q,-#5,-:-7$-/Y,-%Ü$-\è:-/7Ü-2±:-/;+Ê
#(Ü<-ý-#)è9-¸¥-]<-ý7Ü-2±:-:-#(Ü<Ê ]<-2±:-+$ë<-+$-Ê 59-e³$-+-è /)ë,-,<-7ië-+ë,-7e³$-
2±:-:ëÊ Ê+$-ýë-Ð\ë<-2±:-+$ë<-Ñ,ÜÊ
,0-5 Ü#-μ¥ -9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è-rÜ,-ýë7Ü-"-#,ë,-¸¥-#;è#<-,<-:ë-Uë9-#%Ü#-#Ü-0*9-<ë,-ý7Ü-¸¥ <Î +eÜ$<-`Ü-0"7-7ië->è-!-3-
ª¢<Ü -`$-Bè<-<ß -/U¨:-/-:-/Dè ,-,<Î Eë-Bè 7-Ü :ß $-#Ü<-0$ë,-ý9-/W#<-ý7Ü-#,<-<ß-0Ü-7b² 9-ý7Ü-/!7-D#<-#<ß0-<ë-
<ë9-]<-,<-/!7-rá$-/¸¥+-0#ë,-,#-ýë-+$-Î #)è9-rá$-#Ü$-/1,-+09-ýë-:-/%ë:-#+0-¸¥-/bÜ<-ý-,Î +è-+#-#Ü<-
`$-U:-0è+-e³$-,-+/$-ýë-[/¨ -ý-+$-Î U:-Q,-:-2±:-/5Ü,-¸¥-#)+-%Ü$-nÜ,-:<-\è:-/7Ü-#89-+0-0+ë$<-#<ë:-¸¥ -
/5è<-<ëÎ +è7Ü-2é-^ë,-:0-¸¥-#+/-ýÎ ¸¥<-#<ß0-´¥,-0aè,-´¥,-·¦-7&$-Î /+è-&è,-ýV-<î-£-/7ÜÎ 5:-#+0<-
:0-9Ü0-XÜ$-ýë-+$-Î Eë-Bè-l#-I:-=è-9ß-!7ÜÎ ^Ü,-ië:-/þè+-Jë#<-8,-:#-/%<Î 0Ü-7b²9-o#-#Ü-<ß:-¸¥-]<Î
9Ü0-ý-0$-ýë7Ü-{<-/)/-,<Î #)è9-/+#-rá$-09-#(è9-#)+-ýÎ ,0-5 Ü#-/ë+-"0<-0*7-+/ß<-´¥,Î Z¨#-/W:-
{-02ì9-#8è$-/7Ü -2éÎ 0$7-/+#-8/-r<-*ß#<-/þè+-:<Î F0-7ná:-6ß$-+$-7n+-,<-`$-Î 6/-0ë7Ü-:ß$-
/5Ü,-\è:-/7Ü -0*ß<Î /Y,-7ië7Ü-@ã+-/5Ü -/-+$-Î .,-/+è-{-&è9-7e³$-/9-;ë#Î %è<-/<0-ý-*#-ý<-^ë,-:0-¸¥-
/bÜ<-ý-,-μ¥-9ß-9Ü,-ý-ë &è7Ü-8è-;è<-`Ü-U¨-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-u#ë -7a²#<-ý-P-/ß7-Ü Jà-7ná :-bÜ<-0$ë,-ý9-[$-/9-03+-+è-Eë-Bè7Ü-
/+è,-2Ý#-#Ü<-y9-8$-+/ß#<-+e³$-/-+$-Î 9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-0è-)ë#-7*ë9-/-9Ü,-ýë-&è 7Ü-&9-¸¥-[$-/9-b²9-9ëÎ <-0-
8Î {-{-{Î #)è9-{Î ]<-{Î #)+-{Î 0l-μ¥-ƒ-<-0-8Î
5è<-ý7Ü-/9-b<Ü -8è-;<è -¬¢-!7Ü -Ü Bè-0ë-02ì-{:-0<-μ-¥ 9ß-r,Ü -ý7ë -Ü "-#,ë,-¸¥-#;è#<-ý7Ü-Bè<-/ë+-"0<-
0*7-+/ß<-´,¥ -·¦-#)è9-5/<-/Z0<-ý7Ü-¸¥<-<ß-W#<-rá$-9:-#%Ü#-0<-Bè<-<ß-/U¨:-/<-zè,-e<-
)èË μ¥-9ß<-:ß$-/Y,-ý7Ü-#,<-<ß-J-à 7ná:-bÜ<-]<-;$Ü -6/-0ë7-Ü {-9Ü0-ý-/%°-#<ß0-b<Ü -/)/-,<-
#)è9-rá$-/¸¥+-+$-/1,-b-Ü 0#ë,-ýë-:-#(è9-¸-¥ #)+-%Ü$-Eë-Bè7Ü-:ß$-+ë,-7iá/-ý7Ü-^ë,-:0-03+-ý-,-μ¥-
9ß-9Ü,-ýë-&è-U+-%Ü#-#Ü<-eë,-,<-/+è,-2Ý#-+$-9/-·¦-#,<-ý7Ü-nÜ,-:<-03+-2±:-F0<-/Y,-)ëÊ Ê
#(Ü<-ý-Ð59-e³$-+è-/)ë,-,<-7ië-+ë,-7e³$-2±:-Ñ,ÜÊ
/g-;Ü<-ý7Ü-W#<-2Ý#-#Ü<-*ë#-l$<Ê 0"<-ý7Ü-#1°#-{,-<ë#<-`Ü<Ê Eë-Bè7-Ü :ß$-+ë,-P9-
7ië-7¸¥:-iá/-ý7Ü-9Ü#-73Ý,-&è,-ýë-T,-{<-ý<-7n:-bÜ-"-e$-+$-Wë,-#,<-Bè<-l,-bÜ-#<:-[$-:-
/Dè,Ë 6/-07ë -Ü #)è9-{-/gë:-)è-]<-ý7Ü-#)è9-F0<-<-Yè$-¸¥-[$-/9-03+-ý<-U:-Q,-þ<è -0&ë#-
F0<-`Ü<-73Ý,-þë$-\:è -)è-7ië-+ë,-0*7-{<-<-ß 7.è:-/7Ü-V-ë 0ë-#<9-¸-¥ dè<-ý7Ü-2±:-^ë,-:0-+$-
202

/%<-/Y,-ý7ëÊ Ê
>ù-—-YÜ-<ÜKÊó #$-5Ü#-<$<-{<-XÜ$-ýë-l-Ü 09-/%<-ý-{æ-+$-7o<-/7ß -Ü /Y,-9Ü0-bÜ<Ê Ê
:è#<-‚ë$-&ë#-#º¥$-:ß#<-#%Ü#-·¦-0-2$-0è+-Yë,-;Ü$-D-&è,-ýë7Ü-rë:Ê Ê´¥,-0aè,-8è-;è<-{-02ì-
:<-7há$<-eÜ<-vë7Ü-8ß:-7+<-Eë-Bè7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü-03ì+Ê Ê*9-7+ë+-7'ß#-$ë#<-#%Ü#-ýß-7+Ü9-º¥#<-0Ü-
#,<-e$-&±/-f³9-¸¥-0$ë,-e+è -7b²9Ê Êvë-+0,-ˆ$-/ß7-Ü /ië+-ý<-0"7-:0-/5Ü,Ê Ê+#ë$<-+,ë -'-Ü
/5Ü,-7iè:-/9-¹<¥ -0Ü,-`$-Ê Ê#<$-/+#-9#Ü -73Ý,-v-0<-B<è -#,$-5Ü$-Ê Ê#5,-+#-7/+-ý<-
/U¨:-d9Ü -%°$-6+-/gë:Ê Ê*ë<-ý7Ü-:$-2ì<-9/-lè#<-Yë,-&è,-bÜÊ Ê+ë,-¸¥-7b²9-0,Ü -*9-ý-+ë,-
#(è9-/7ÜÊ Ê++-/Ië,-vë-+0,-F0<-:-XÜ$-#Ü-+cÜ+Ê ÊYè9-e+è -8$ë <-7¸¥<-#<9-ý7Ü-þè+-2:-
:ëË Ê0-Dë#<-:ë#-Dë#-vë-8<Ü -dë#<-/y+-ý<Ê Ê0-/g:-:#ë -ý9-/g:-<ë#<-,$ë <-ý7Ü-‡Ü,Ê Ê
#º¥$-/6$-(Ü,-eè+-…/Ü -F0<-&<ë -+eÜ$<-0"9Ê ÊI-#<ß0-*ß#<-B7è -Ü »#¥ <-`Ü<-+è$<-03+-
#<ë:Ë Ê"è$<-ý7Ü-vë<-0Ü,-++-ý-"ë-,-8Ü<Ê ÊrÜ-º¥-.:ß -/7Ü-+#è-7o<-n-0-ë 10Ê Ê#$-0&Ü<-þè-
+μ¥7-Ü Hë$<-ý7Ü-0#Ü -<:è -%$Ü -Ê ÊlÜ-o:-8è-;è<-₫,-8$<-*ë/-dÜ9-/WëÊ Ê7ië-´¥,-{:-/Y,-8ë$<-
Jë#<-/!7-rë:-7+Ü9Ê Ê*ë<-/<0-Vë0-ý7Ü-U:-/-0&ë#-Q,-5Ü$-Ê Ê9$-:0-0*9-dÜ,-/ië+-
#%Ü#-7o<-/7ß -Ü +ý:Ê Êf³9-¸-¥ *ë/-,<-+,ë -#(Ü<-T©,-iá/-;#ë ÊrÜ+-,-02±$<-0+è -,9ë -/-ß +ý#-
/<0-;Ü$-Ê Ê(Ü-w7Ü-+`Ü:-7"ë9-{<-7l7Ü-#º¥$-7+Ü9-8$-Ê Ê0Ü-(0<-9/-7.è:-+è-73Ý,-þè<-0&ë#-
F0<Ë ÊU¨-2é-/D,-%$Ü -/5è+-+ë,-´¥,-7iá/-;ë# Ê7+Ü9-7oè:-8ë,-),-'Ü-P9-Eë-B7è -Ü :ß$-#Ü<-/W#<-
ý-/5Ü,Ê Ê/+#-#5,-7oè:-/%<-+!7-/-0è+-*ë/-*è#-0&ë#-8Ü+-/5Ü,-,ë9Ê Ê/;+-…å/-{:-02,-
Iè-09ë -/!ë+-:<-i/á -#(Ü<-7+ë+-@7ã -Ü &9Ê Ê7'Ü#-Dè,-#<ß0-,-a/-%Ü$-D#-7/è/<-/g-;Ü<-a/-b²9-
%Ü# Ê
%è<-*ß#<-…/å -F0-ý-/5Ü7Ü-{<-&ë<-5:-#+0<-:0-9Ü0-8è-;è<-X$Ü -ý7ë -Ü 7iè:-/-0+ë9-/Z¨<-<-ß
e<-ý-7+Ü7$-Ê a/-/+#-7"ë9-:ë7Ü-0#ë,-ýë-#)è9-&è,-9Ü#-73Ý,-v-0-T,-{<-,<-/!7-:ß$-#Ü-B<è -
<ß-#,$-/-+$-Ê {:-+/$-*0<-%+-0aè,-ý-/%°-/5Ü-ý7Ü-*#ß <-r<-!î-2$-/Y,-ý7Ü-#<:-e+è -
02±9-.ß-Bè-+/ë,-0&ë#-‡:å -F0-#(Ü<-+$-Ê 0aè,-Q,-¬¢-!-Ü /+è-&è,-&ë<-…ë,-,<-`$-#<è9-bÜ-0è-)#ë -
/%<-9Ü$-,<-/U¨:-%Ü$-y+-¸¥-#)è9-r<-9Ü#-73Ý,-2é-+/$-i#<-ý-+$-T,-%Ü#-#<ß$-/U¨:-#,$-/-
+$-Ë e$-<0è <-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-#(è,-2-(#-v-0-;è<-9/-#1ì9-b9² -0<ë -Q,-#5,-+#-#Ü<-`$-,,-
/þ9-03+-ý-/Dè,Ê *0<-%+-0aè,-#6Ü#<-7'0-0#ë,-v-0-9Ü,-ýë-&è<-/_:-/7Ü-<-/%+-+$-Ê
5:-bÜ-/¸¥+-I-Ü +$ë<-<-ß *ë/-ý-8Ü+-8ß:-#$-0&Ü<-#1ì9-/6ß$-Ê 7*+-7ë<-`Ü-&-7#7-5Ü#-0"<-ý-
#5,-bÜ-:#è <-/;+-:<-`$-v$<-)è-v,ä -V0ë -\$ë -/-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-/C,-ýV-#9-+/$-vë-i<ë -0*7-
203

8<-<0Ê 7&Ü-0è+-/Y,-#(Ü<-#8ß$-lá$-uÜ$-ý-I:-bÜ<-q¢Ü-+è-/¡Ü-!ë-ªÜ-+ý:-\ä$<-8$-hë+-1¡-7l-9Ü,-
&è,-o#-#Ü-…å/-#,<-<ß-#-ë y-7¸¥<-#<:-b-Ü 2±:-¸¥-/bÜ<-ý-/Y,-7ië9-.,-/+è7Ü-[$-/-0-Ü ¹¥/-+9-5Ü$-
{<-ý7Ü-{æ9-b²9-%Ü#Ê ÊÊ

You might also like