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Comprensión de Lectura en Inglés para IME

Prof. Mao Wilfrido Miguel Urrutia del Villar
Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints

Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints

Text from: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, Inc.

Foreword
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Since the first edition of this book was published in 1974, numerous international studies on the strength
and performance of bolted connections have been conducted. In the same period, the Research Council on
Structural Connections has developed two new specifications for structural joints using ASTM A325 or A490
bolts, one based on allowable stress principles and the other on a load factor and resistance design
10 philosophy. In addition, the Research Council has approved and published “A Test Method to Determine the
Slip Coefficient for Coatings used in Bolted Joints.” This second, updated, edition has been prepared and
approved by the Research Council. Formed in 1947 and formerly known as the Research Council on Riveted
and Bolted Structural Connections, the Research Council on Structural Connections is a nonprofit technical
body composed of consulting engineers, educational institutions trade associations and government
15 agencies, and individual members. Its membership is classified according to interest either as producers,
users, or general interest, and its purpose is to promote technical information and the knowledge of
economical, efficient and safe practices related to the design and installation of bolted structural
connections.
The Research Council’s Specifications have been endorsed by the Industrial Fasteners Institute and endorsed
20 and published by the American Institute of Steel Construction, and they form the basis of the technical
requirements of other national standards.
Research Council on Structural Connections

Preface to First Edition

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This book provides a state-of-the-art summary of the experimental and theoretical studies undertaken to
provide an understanding of the behavior and strength of riveted and bolted structural joints. Design criteria
have been developed on the basis of this information and should be beneficial to designers, teachers,
students, and specification-writing bodies.
30 The book is intended to provide a comprehensive source of information on bolted and riveted structural
joints as well as an explanation of their behavior under various load conditions. Design recommendations
are provided for both allowable stress design and load factor design. In both cases, major consideration is
given to the fundamental behavior of the joint and its ultimate capacity.
The work on this manuscript was carried out at Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh University, Bethlehem,
35 Pa. The Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints sponsored the project from its inception in
1969.
The work has been guided by the Councils Committee on Specifications under the chairmanship of Dr.
Theodore R. Higgins. Other members of the committee include: R. S. Belford, E. Chesson, Jr., M. F. Godfrey,
F. E. Graves, R. M. Harris, H. A. Krentz, F. R. Ling, W. H. Munse, W. Pressler, E. J. Ruble, J. L. Rumpf, T. W.
40 Spilman, F. Stahl, and W. M. Thatcher. The authors are grateful for the advice and guidance provided by
the committee. Many helpful suggestions were made during the preparation of the manuscript. Sincere
appreciation is also due the Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints and Lehigh University
for supporting this work.
A book of this magnitude would not have been possible without the assistance of the many organizations
45 who have sponsored research on riveted and bolted structural joints at Fritz Engineering Laboratory. Much
of the research on the behavior of riveted and bolted structural joints that was conducted at Fritz
Engineering Laboratory provided background for this study and was drawn on extensively. Those sponsoring
this work include the American Institute of Steel Construction, the Pennsylvania Department of
Transportation, the Research Council on Riveted and Bolted Structural Joints, the United States Department
50 of Transportation-Federal Highway Administration, and the Louisiana Department of Transportation.
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Comprensión de Lectura en Inglés para IME
Prof. Mao Wilfrido Miguel Urrutia del Villar
Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints

The authors are particularly grateful for the advice provided by Dr. Theodore R. Higgins and Dr. Geoffrey L.
Kulak. Many helpful suggestions were provided that greatly improved the manuscript and design
recommendations.
The manuscript was typed by Mrs. Charlotte Yost, and her assistance with the many phases of the
55 preparation of the manuscript is appreciated. Acknowledgment is also due Mary Ann Yost for her assistance
with the preparation of the various indexes provided in this book and other resource material. Many
organizations have given permission to reproduce graphs, tables, and photographs. This permission is
appreciated and credit is given at the appropriate place.
JOHN W. FISHER
60 JOHN H. A. STRUIK
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
July 1973

Historical notes
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Rivets were the principal fasteners in the early days of iron and steel, but occasionally bolts of mild steel
were used in structures. It had long been known that hot-driven rivets generally produced clamping forces.
However, the axial force was not controlled and varied substantially. Therefore, it could not be
evaluated for design.
70 Batho and Bateman were the first to suggest that high-strength bolts could be used to assemble steel
structures. In 1934 they reported to the Steel Structures Committee of Scientific and Industrial Research of
Great Britain that bolts could be tightened enough to prevent slip in structural joints. It was concluded that
bolts with a minimum yield strength of 54 ksi could be tightened sufficiently to give an adequate margin of
safety against slippage of the connected parts.
75 Based on tests performed at the University of Illinois, Wilson and Thomas reported in 1938:

The fatigue strength of high-strength bolts appreciably smaller than the holes in the plates was as
great as that of well driven rivets if the nuts were screwed up to give a high tension in the bolt.

80 Little more was done about high-strength bolting until 1947 when the Research Council on Riveted and
Bolted Structural Joints (RCRBSJ) was formed. The purpose of the council, known now as the Research
Council on Structural Connections (RCSC), was as follows:

To carry on investigations as may seem necessary to determine the suitability of various types of
85 joints used in structural frames.

The council sponsored studies on high-strength bolts and rivets and their use in structural connections. The
realization that bolts could be extremely useful in the maintenance of bridges helped support
developmental work at this early stage. The use of high-strength steel bolts as permanent fasteners has
90 become general since the formation of the RCRBSJ. Prior to that time heat-treated carbon bolts were
only used for fitting-up purposes and for carrying the loads during erection. The bolts were tightened to pull
the plies of joint material together, but no attempt was made to attain a precise amount of clamping force.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in conjunction with the RCRBSJ prepared a tentative
specification for the materials for high-strength bolts, a specification which was first approved in 1949.Using
95 the results of research, the RCRBSJ prepared and issued its first specification for structural joints using high-
strength bolts in January 1951. This specification permitted the rivet to be replaced by a bolt on a one-to-
one basis.
In the early 1950s, the installation procedures, the slip resistance of joints having different Surface
treatments, and the behavior of joints under repeated loadings were studied. Outside of the United States
100 high-strength bolts also attracted much attention. Sufficient experience was gained in the laboratory and in
bridge construction to enable the German Committee for Structural Steelwork (GCSS) to issue a preliminary
code of practice (1956). In Great Britain, the general practice was similar to practice and specifications in the
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Comprensión de Lectura en Inglés para IME
Prof. Mao Wilfrido Miguel Urrutia del Villar
Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints

United States. The British Standards Institution issued a British Standard (BS) 3139 dealing with bolt material
in 1959. In 1960, BS 3294 was issued to establish the design procedure and field practice.
105 Research developments led to several editions of the RCRBSJ specifications. Allowable stresses were
increased, tightening procedures were modified, and new developments such as the use of A490 alloy steel
bolts, galvanized joints and bolts, and slotted holes were incorporated. The first edition of the Guide to
Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Connections, sponsored by the council and published in 1974,
provided a valuable summary of connection and connector behavior for designers and specification writers
110 alike. The presentation of the strength and deformation statements in their most fundamental and basic
forms made the guide directly useful for those using the limit states design formats that emerged in the late
1970s.