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THEORY
>> Question: What is Biology?
The scientific study of living things in which all aspects of living things are
discussed.
The word biology has been derived from two Greek words:
i)
Bios means, Life
ii)

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Logos means, discussion, thought, knowledge etc.
>> Question: What are the branches of biology with respect to various
large groups?

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Biology has three main branches:
Microbiology:
It is the study of microorganisms. e.g. Virus, Bacteria
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Botany:
It is the study of all plants.
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Zoology:
It is the study of all animals including man.
>> Question: What are the branches of Biology?
Morphology
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It is the study of form and structure of an organism. It has two types

i)
External morphology is the study of external parts.
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ii)
Internal morphology is the study of internal parts. It is also called
anatomy.
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Anatomy
The study of internal structure is called anatomy.
Histology
It is study of tissues with microscope.
Cell Biology
It is the study of structure and function of cells.
Physiology
It is the study of different parts of organism.
Ecology
It is the study of relationship between organism and their environment. It is
also called environmental biology.
Taxonomy
It is the study of classification and naming of living things.
Embryology
It is study of all changes from zygote to organisms is born or hatched.
Genetics
It is the study of genes and transfer of characters from parents to offspring.
Paleontology
It is the study of fossils. It has two types:
i)
Palaeo-botany is the study of fossils of plants.
ii)
Palaeo-zoology is the study of fossils of animals.
Fossils are the dead remains of organisms preserved in rocks.

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Socio-Biology
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It deals with social behaviour of animals that make societies.
Parasitology:
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It is the study of parasites.

Biochemistry
It is the study of chemical reactions taking place in living things.
Biotechnology
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It is the study of practical application of organism for the welfare of mankind.

>> Question: What are the major biological issues today?
Human population growth, infectious diseases, addictive drugs and pollution
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are the
major biological issues today.
>> Question: Describe relationship of Biology with other
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sciences? Biophysics
It deals with study of those laws of physics which are applicable on biological
phenomena.
Biochemistry
It is the study of chemicals found in living things.
Biometry
The data collected from experiments and observations made on organisms, is
analyzed by various methods of statistics. This is called biometry.
Biogeography
It is the study of distribution of different species of living things found in
different geographical region.
Bio-economics
It deals with the study of organism from economic point of view.
>> Question: What are various careers in Biology?
Medicine/Surgery:
This profession deals with diagnosis of diseases and their treatments. For this
profession MBBS is basic course and then students go for specializations.
Fisheries:
It is professional study of fish production.
Agriculture:
This profession deals with the study of crops and animals, which are source of
food.
Animal Husbandry:
It is the branch of agriculture. It is concerned with care and breeding of

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domestic
animals (livestock)
Horticulture:

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It deals with the art of gardening. A horticulturist works for betterment of
existing
varieties of ornamental plants as well as discover new varieties. It is also
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related to
Agriculture.
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Farming:
It deals with development and maintenance of different types of farms.
Forestry:
These professionals look after natural forests and advises the government to
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plant
new forests.
Biotechnology:
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It is the latest profession. In this profession biologists produce useful products
using
micro-organisms.
>> Question: What are the different levels of
organization? 1 Subatomic and Atomic Level:
All type of matter is made up of elements and elements are made up of atoms.
The
atoms are actually made up of many subatomic particles.
2 Molecular Level:
In organisms, bio-elements do not occur in isolated form. They combine
through
ionic or covalent bonding. The stable particles formed by such bonding is
called bio-
molecule. An organism is formed by large number of bio-molecules.
3 Organelle and Cell Level:
Bio-molecules join in a particular way and form organelles. Each type of
organelle
performs special function. Organelles form the cell which is unit of life. Some
organisms consist of only one cell and called unicellular.
4 Tissue Level:
In multicellular organisms, similar cells join into groups and called tissues.
5 Organ and Organ System Level:

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Same kind of tissues are joined to form Organs. Each organ perform their
special
function. For example. Legs are used to move. Eyes are used to watch etc.

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Many
organs of similar function are joined to form Organ system. For example in
Digestive system, mouth, stomach and intestine are involved.
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6 Individual Level:
Different organs and organ systems are organized together to form an
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individual
organism.
7 Population Level:
In population level, biologists study the relationship between different
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members of
same species living in the same habitat. A species is defined as a group of
organisms which can reproduce further. Habitat mean living area of an
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organism.
8 Community Level:
Assemblance of different populations results into a community. For example in
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Forest populations of Lion, Monkeys, zebras are living etc.
9 Biosphere Level:
The part of earth inhabited by organism’s communities is known as biosphere.
It
constitutes all ecosystems.
>> Question: Write the major groups of organisms?
The major groups of organisms are prokaryotes, protists, funji, plants and
animals.
>> Question: What is colonial type of cellular organization?
Many unicellular organisms live together and form colony, but do not have any
division of labour among them. For example Volvox is green alga found in
water.
>> Question: What is the scientific name of Mustard Plant and Frog?
Scientific name of mustard plant is “Brassica compestris” and of frog is “Rana
tigrina”.
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