2158
REFERENCES Licht, W. and Wiener, L. D., 1950, Hydrotropic solvents for
Booth, H. S. and Everson, H. E., 1948. Hydrotropic solubi-
lities: solubilities in 40 y0 sodium xylene sulfonate. Ind.
Engng Chem. 40, 1491-1493.
Booth, H. S. and Everson, H. E., 1949, Hydrotropic solubi-
lities: solubilities in aqueous sodium aryl sulfonate sol-
utions. Ind. Engng Chem. 41. 2627-2628.
Booth, H. S. and Everson, H. E., 1950, Hydrotropic solubi-
lities: solubilities in aqueous sodium o, m and p-xylene
sulfonate solutions. Ind. Engng Chem. 42, 1536-l 537.
Doraiswamy, L. K. and Sharma, M. M.. 1984, Heterogeneous
Reactions-Analysis, Examples and Reactor Design, Vol. 2.
Wiley, New York.
Janakiraman, B. and Sharma, M. M., 1985a, Oximation of
cycloalkanones (cyclododecanone and 4-tert-butyl-
cyclohexanone): micellar catalysis in slow and fast
solid-liquid and liquid-liquid reaction systems. Chem.
Engng Sci. 40, 223-233.
Janakiraman. B. and Sharma, M. M., 1985b, Solid-liquid
alkaline hydrolysis of phenyl benzoate: effect of different
micellar catalysts. Unpublished work.
Janakiraman, B. and Sharma, M. M., 1985c, Solid-liquid and
liquid-liquid slow and fast reactions: enhancements by fine
carbon particles. Chem. Engng Sci. 40, 23>247.
Korenman, Y. I., 1974, Extraction of xylenols in the presence
of hydrotropic compounds. Russ. J. phys. Gem. 48,
377-378.
Ck,,,ical,S,gineer@,Sch,ce. Vol.40, No. l1.p~. 2158-21M1.
Printed in Great Britain.
Rise velocity of a Taylor bubble in a train of such bubbles in a flowing liquid
INTRODUCTION
The rise velocity of a Taylor bubble (TB) is a quantity central
to the analysis of upward, vertical two phase slug flow
(Femandes et al., 1983). The equation describing the velocity
of a single TB rising through a stagnant liquid has been shown
(Dumitrescu, 1943; Davies andTaylor, 1950) to be of the form
V,==kfi.
Values of k ranging from 0.33 to 0.36 have been derived
theoretically and k = 0.35 is consistent with experimental
data as confirmed by Nicklin et al. (1962). Based on exper-
imental measurements, Nicklin et al. (1962) showed that a
single TB rising through a flowing liquid would display
velocities given by
u,=cu,+u,
where CV, is interpreted as the fluid velocity at the centreline
of the pipe just upstream of the nose of the bubble and V, is
the cross-sectional average velocity of the liquid in the slug
upstream of the TB. In well developed turbulent flow
Shorter Communications
benzoic acid-phase equilibria. Ind. Engng Chem. 42,
1538-l 542.
McKee, R. H., 1946, Use of hydrotropic solutions in industry.
Ind. Engng Chem. 38, 382-384.
McKee, R. H. and Heard, J. R., 1934, Electroorganic oxid-
ations in concentrated aqueous organic salt solutions.
Trans. Electrochem. Sot. 65. 301-327.
Neuberg. C., 1916, Hydrotropism. Sitzb. kgl. preuss. Akad.
1034-1042, cf Chem. Abstr. 1917, 11. 1437.
Noisillier, G., Pierre, J. L. and Amaud. P., 1963, Hydrotropy,
Chim. Ind. (Paris) 90, 505-510, cf: Chem. Abstr. 1964, 60,
12713.
Okubo, T., Chen, S. and He, N., 1973, Solubility of alkyl
bromides in aqueous polymer solutions. Bull. Chem. Sot.
Jap. 46, 397400.
Rath, I. H., Rau, J. and Wagner, D., 1962, New experiments
concerning the chemistry of hydrotropy. Melliand Textilber
43, 718-723, cf Chem. Abstr. 1962, 57, 9826.
Schneider, H., 1976, The selective solvation of ions in mixed
solvents, in Solute-Solvent Interactions, Vol. 2 (Edited by
Coctxee. J. F. and Ritchie, C. D.), pp, 155-228. Marcel
Dekker, New York.
Vogel, A. I., 1956, A Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry,
3rd edn, p. 784. Longmans, London.
1485 000!&250!3/85 S3.00+0.00
Pqamon F’ress Ltd.
(Received 14 January 1985)
C z 1.20. When single bubbles rise through the flowing
liquid, a,, the void fraction of gas in the upstream liquid is
zero. A material balance between the entry plane and a plane
upstream of the TB can be used to show that for this case V L
= V” = VT+ V& The superscript, s, designates superftcial
flow rates. A theoretical basis for eq. (2) was given by Collins
et 41. (1978).
(1) Two phase slug Row takes place with a continuous flow of
gas rather than with impulse injection needed to create a
single TB as in the experiments described above. In this case
the gas rises as a train of Taylor bubbles. Measurements by
Fernandes et al. (1983) showed that the rise velocity of Taylor
bubbles which were part of a train could be correlated with a
somewhat different coefficient than that suggested by Nicklin:
U, = 1.29V” + 0.35 fi. (3)
This equation was then used in a network of equations to
calculate the detailed characteristics of slug flow. The dif-
ference in V, calculated from eqs (2) and (3) is significant. It is
the purpose of this note to explain that discrepancy.
 Shorter Communications 2159

I TSLMN OF TAYLOR BUBBLES centrelineto averagev&city in the slug A materialbalance

Figure 1 compares the situation of rising single Taylor
bubbles with that of a train of such bubbles. An essential
~~e~~~t thesingleTB”~“aliquidu~~~having
zero void f&on (a. = U] while for a bubble train the void
content is substantial(urs = 0.26-0.29j. As the TB advances,
liquid is disp&ad and f&s around TB in the form of a thin
Pm on the waLI at a volume* rate equal to (U ~--.%sW
-a&L U, is the average velocity in the quad slug
upstreamof the Taylor bubble. As discussedby Fernandeset
crl. (1983) the gas contained in this liquid slug exists as
dispersed bubbles, most of which are too large to pass
through the thin fihn to the shtg below the TB. Hence it
mergeswith it at the top (seeA in Fig Ij. The Iiqnidfilm at the
bottom of each TB is shown to m-entrain gas into the slug
which follows at B. fn this way the steady structureof well-
deveioped slug Sow is made possible and the iength of a
Taylor bubble remains stable as it rises.
However, gas added at the top effectively incmases the
apparentrate of propagation of the nose of the TB over aud
above the rate of advans which would be observed if there
was no gas added. Designate U,, as the cross-sectional
averagevelocityof the diirsed gas in the Jiquidslug and
as the void f-on in a cross-section of the Taylor bubb“T”
e.
The volumetric rate of gas which passes into the TB at the
nose is (U, - V,) acLsA and the apparentadditionalpropa-
gation velocity, AU,, due to this gas entering the Taylor
bubble is:
betweenthe entry plane I and plane II (Fig. 1) can be used to
show that
U” = U,(l -a&+ U&sLs @I
Note that for atr. = 0, U” = U@as indicatededier. W,and
U, sre retatedthrough the ~*2 vehzity of the bubbles
uGS = ~,-l-Ua (9).
where U. can be e&rusted from (Dukler and TaiteI, 1985)
Substitu~g (9) and (8) into (6) gives
U, f [{C - ccl)W’- U, a& + 0.35 @
-%413(1 -=w’. OfI
The data which Fernandesused to generatethe coei%cient
1.29 in empiricaleq. {3) were used to find the coefficientC in
eq. {II). Over his range of flow conditions for slug ffow be
showed that 4 ts and c+.s were nearlyconstant at ats e+z 0.27
and u,.s 11:0.85 and thesevalueswere nsed in eq. (11) for the
fitting process. A best fit was found for C = 1.182 with a
correlationcoe&Bcient of 0.9987. This valueis suitablyclose to
Nii’s value of 1.20 aud is consistent with the ratio af
ceutrehneto averagevehu%es one would expectfor the range
of Reynoid rmmberswhich existed in these experiments.

CONCLUSIONS
Now the observed rate of advance of the nose is: The discrepancy between the value of the eo&eient C,
0.35 @ + BU, obtained by Fernandes et al. (1983) of 1.29 for a train of
UN== cu,i- (5) Taylor bubbtesand that of Nieklinet al. (1962) for a singleTB
or of 1.20 now appearsresolved.A diierent TB velocityis to be
expectedas a result of the differencein voids content in the
u,=~cctr,+o.35~-~u,#)~l-~)-’ (61 liquid upstream of tbe TB. However, the Fernandes et al.
(1983) equationhas no theoreticalbasis. A theoreticallybased
where equation is presented feq. (ll)] which is shown to be
+ = uLs~urri. (71 consistent with the Nicklin equation when the system be-
Consistent with the model, C z 1.2, shouhi be the ratio of comes one ofsingle Taylor bubbles.This equationcan resdily
be substituted in the network of equations presented by
FernaMes et al. in thecalculationof thecharacteristics of slug
flow.

- -

NOTATION
A cross-sectionalarea of a pipe, m2
eoet&ient as defined in eq. (2), dimensionless
: pipe diameter, m
B grsvitationalacceleration,9.8 mjP
k cu&icient as deEned in eq. (I), ~~~sionl~
u veto&y; velocity of gas-hquid mixture, m/s
Uo terminalvelocityof a bubble rising throughthud, m/s
UiV nose velocity of a Tttylor bubble, m/s
u, rising velocity of a Taylor bubble through stagnant
liquid, m/s

Greek fetters
- _ voidage in the region ahead of a singleTaylor bubble,
aa
dimensionless
u.r”s voidage in a liquid sfug, dimensionless
voidagc of a Taylor bubble section, dimensionless
TRAIN OF SINGLE 2i7, incrementof U, as denned in eq. (Sk m/s
TAYLOR BUBBLES TAYLOR EIUBSLE P density, kg/m3
surface tension, N/m
Fig. 1. Single and multiple Taylor bubbles. x ratio as defined in eq. (7), dimensionless
2160 Shorter Communications

subscripts Davies, R. M. and Taylor, G. I.. 1950, The mechanics of large

G BasPha= bubbles rising through extended liquids and through
GS gas in a liquid slug liquids in tubes. Proc. R. Sot. A200, 375.
L liquid phase Dukler, A. E. and Taitel, Y., 1985, Flow pattern measurements
Ls liquid in a liquid slug in gas-liquid systems: measurement and modelling, in
Multiphase Science and Technology, Vol. II (Edited by
Superscript Hewitt, Zuber and De&aye)- McGraw-Hill.
s superficial velocity Dumitrescy D. T., 1943, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 23, 139.
Fernandes, R. D., 1981, Experimental and theoretical studies
of isothermal upward gas-liquid flows in vertical tubes.
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Houston.
Fernandes, R. D., Semiat, R, and Dukler, A. E.. 1983, A
REFERENCES hydrodynamic model for gas-liquid slug flow in vertical
Collins, R.,de Moraes, F. F., Davidson, J. F. and Harrison, D., tubes. A.I.CH.E. J. 29,981.
1978, The motion of a large gas bubble rising through Nicklin. D. J., Wilkes, J. 0. and Davidson, J. F., 1962, Two-
liquid flowing in a tube. J. Fluid Mech. 89, 497. phase flow in vertical tubes. fiarzs. Inst. Chem. Engrs 40,61.

CkmicaI Engineering Science, Vol. 40. No. 1 I, pp. 2160-2162. 1985. OOO!-250!3/8S S3.~+0.~
Printed in Great Britain. ~ergamon Press Ltd.

The effect of delay on tbe feedback identification of chemical reaction systems

(Receiued 13 July 1984)

INTRODUCTION realized either by variation of a single feed concentration

The idea of using multivariable feedback control to force a based on a single measurement, or by variation of a single feed
chemical reaction system to bifurcation for model discrimi- concentration based on two measurements, leads to the
nation and identification has been presented in previous following general characteristic equation
publications (Lyberatos et al., 1984,1985)-The most common (s”+als”-‘+. . . +a,)+ (&s”-+_
‘ . .+&)bie-”
types of bifurcation observed in this manner are steady stafe
(Dl) and Hopf bifurcation (02), leading to steady state +(yIYf-I+. _.+y_)b,ems’= 0. (3)
multiplicity and osciuatory behaviour, respectively. In The general situation in the case of single feedback
(Lyberatos et al., 1984) the assumption was made that there is (b, = 0, b = b, # 0) is portrayed in Fig. 1. The shaded region
no time lag in the feedback loop. It is the purpose. of this paper is the region of stability. For each value of the delay ?(e.g. 7t).
to consider the implications that inclusion of time delay might there is a value of the gain parameter b (b, for T = 7t ), at
have. which Hopf bifurcation occurs. Stability is also lost at a
8.-t am-t
EIGENVALUE STRUCTURE CASE OF DELAY
IN THE certain gain of opposite sign; at b = 2 if 7 < - - -
8” 8” a,
The dynamic equations of an isothermal CSTR under the
via a steady state bifurcation and via a hopf bifurcation
action of multivariable feedback control with delay take the
form /X-1 %-I
otherwise. At 7 = - - -an F1 bifurcation (double zero
8. or,
ir =r(x,k)+U,-El[x(t-z)-xX.]-xX. (1) eigenvalue) occurs. As the other “hyperbolic” curves in Fig. 1
The characteristic equation of the Jacobian matrix of this are crossed (e.g. at b = b2 and b = b, for 7 = z 1 ) more pairs of
closed-loop system evaluated at the steady state x. is of the complex conjugate eigenvalues oross the imaginary axis.
form (Bellman and Cooke, 1963) In the two feedback parameter case, there is a point on the
b, - bz plane at which the Jacobian has a double zero
det[&-~e-“-_s-~] = 0. (2) eigenvalue. Whether this is a true F, bifurcation point
depends on whether it lies on the stability boundary or
This equation is not polynomial in s and is called quasi-
polynomial. In general, it admits an infinite number of outside the stability region. The coordinates of this point are
solutions. given by:

BIFURCATION IN THE PRESENCE OF DELAY

Since, in general, two feedback parameters are sufficient to
bring about both D, and D1 bifurcation. up to two feedback (4)
parameters will be considered here. Two-parameter feedback,