SWMDPR

Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report
Madurai District, TN, India -1-
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - OVERVIEW
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Basic infrastructure development is an essential element of the economic growth equation.
Per the 74th CAA, the Govt. of India has proposed and provided for transferring several
administrative and financial powers to Local Bodies and designating them as the nodal
agency for provision of effective and sustainable urban services. Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) Management is an obligatory function per the respective Municipal Acts that govern
the functions and responsibilities of Local Bodies in India. It is the responsibility of the
Local bodies to collect, transport, process and dispose the Municipal Solid Waste in an
environmentally acceptable manner.
The quantity and characteristics of solid waste vary to
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level of income, population, social behavior, climate,

industrial production and market for waste materials.

Generation of solid waste is also reportedly in direct

relation to economic wealth1. Variations are also bound
occur in composition of solid waste due to seasonal

and location factors. Average per-capita generation of
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municipal solid waste per the CPHEEO Manual on !LQPHWURV
Municipal Solid Waste Management is indicated in
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Table 1.1.
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MSW is usually categorized as follows:

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) - Further sub-divided into the below listed based on the
origin/location of generation:
Domestic Origin ( food, vegetable residues, Packaging Material ‘Paper, Plastic,
metals’)
Commercial/Institutional Origin (Hotels/Restaurants/Marriage halls)
Market Origin (cardboard, packaging materials and related)
Health Care Facilities (infected linen, injection vials, discarded medicines, cultures,
body parts, etc)
Industrial Waste (Scrap metals, alloys, glass, paper, plastic, packaging material
chemical residues, etc.)
Vegetable Markets (Reject vegetables)
Slaughter House (Body residues)
Worship places: (Used flowers, food waste, etc)
Street sweeping (Kerb-side Waste, Soil, Silt, Paper, Plastic, etc)
Classification of MSW based on property of the material besides origin is also listed:
Biodegradable
Easily Biodegradable: food, fruit and vegetable waste, garden waste, paper, etc.
Non Easily Biodegradable: Wood, Animal residues, etc.
Combustibles: Relatively dry with high calorific value ( plastic, cardboard, Wood,
rubber, leather, synthetic materials, etc.)
Inert: Dust, cinder, grit and other debris are known as “inert materials”
Hazardous Items (e.g. Chemical Based Waste, Bio-medical waste, etc.)
1
Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management; Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation; Government of India;
2000
Corporation of Madurai Community Consulting India Private Limited
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Characteristics of MSW in India are drastically different from those in the developed
countries where density is significantly higher. Primary reason is the low content of paper,
plastics, glasses, aluminum foils and other packaging materials. Such recyclable materials
fetch a moderate salvage value in the scrap market are normally segregated at source by
the generator. Secondly, organic content such as kitchen waste, vegetable market waste
and street sweeping comprises a significant volume/weight. Physical Characteristics of
Waste are listed below in Table 1.2. The recyclable material component is usually
insignificant. The portion of compostable and inert materials (like ash and road dust) is
significant while the recyclable materials2 are removed from the system by the rag-pickers
coupled with a moderate level of recycling at source.
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Chemical analysis of MSW indicates the nominal C/N ratio of 21 to 31 with calorific values
in the range from 800 to 1,010 kcal/kg and density range of 330 - 560 kg/cum. Details of
chemical composition of municipal solid waste are furnished in Table 1.3.
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1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND

Corporation of Madurai has been identified as one of the cities for infrastructure
development in accordance with the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JnNURM) scheme. This mission comprise of two submissions namely:
Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Basic Governance
Sub-Mission for Basic Services to Urban Poor
The Submission for urban infrastructure and governance will be administered by the
Ministry of Urban Development through the Sub-mission “Directorate for Urban
Infrastructure and Governance”. The main thrust of the submission is on infrastructure
projects relating to Water Supply and Sanitation, Sewerage, Solid Waste Management,
Road Network, Urban Transport, development of old city areas with a view to upgrading
infrastructure therein and shifting industrial and commercial establishments to conformity
areas etc. Corporation of Madurai has prepared the City Development Plan and has been
accorded approval by the Mission. Improvement to the existing Municipal Solid Waste
Management system has been identified as one of the priority sectors in the City
Development Plan for Madurai.
2 NEERI Reports; Strategy Paper on SWM in India; August 1995

1.3 OBJECTIVES
Broad objectives of the proposed study are outlined below:
Review of the present status of solid waste management in terms of source segregation
& collection, existing adequacy of staff, existing transportation, treatment and disposal
arrangement
Preparation of a Detailed Project Report comprising design, drawings and cost
estimation for the following components:
Source segregation & Collection
Innovative method for collection and least cost transportation
Composting facility for the segregated biodegradable waste considering population
growth in next 10 years
Development of secured landfill for non easily biodegradable and non recyclable
waste.
Reclamation of existing dump site and disposal of accumulated waste through
secured landfill.
Preparation of contract packaging, implementation schedule and tender documents
Design of the aforementioned components has been performed in accordance with

‘Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000’ (Refer Annexure – 1).

2.0 PROJECT AREA PROFILE

2.1 MADURAI - HISTORY & GROWTH
Madurai, a temple town and bustling city, is the birthplace of “Tamil”, one of the oldest
languages in India. The Pandiyan Empire ruled Madurai during the 14th Century, when the
world famous Meenakshi Amman Temple was built. The South Bank of Vaigai River
comprises the “Old Town” where Madurai was nestled and later expanded around the
Temple and Tamil Sangam. Later, in the 17th Century, the Nayak Kings contributed
significantly to the architectural beauty of this town. Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal is a classic
example of the fine architecture that flourished during that period. Madurai also finds
special mention in maritime trade with the
greco-roman empires during medieval times.
Although the “Old Town” was
concentrated around the
Meenakshi Amman Temple on the

south bank of Vaigai River, in modern
times it has expanded to cover the
north bank and stands as an important
trade center and gateway to southern
Tamil Nadu today.
2.2 MADURAI CORPORATION – REGIONAL SETTING

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Madurai is well connected by Rail, Road and Air

to all major cities of the state and the country.
Madurai is a major railhead on the Chennai-
Kanyakumari Railway line. National Highways
NH-7 and NH-49 pass through the center of the
city.
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Madurai is situated approximately 100 metres
above MSL. The terrain of the city is gradually
sloped from the north to south and west to east. )LJXUH0HHQDNVKL$PPDQ7HPSOH
Vaigai River bisects the city into the North and

South zones with the north sloped towards Vaigai River and the south zone sloped away
from the river. Madurai city is also flanked by prominent hills on the periphery such as
Anaimalai, Nagamalai, Pasumalai and Sikandar malai. The City is situated on 900 55’ N
latitude and 780 7’ E longitude. Ground water table depth varies between 61 to 91 m. The
average water table is reported at approximately 76 m below ground level.
The climate of Madurai town is hot and dry and temperature ranges between a maximum
and minimum of 420C and 210C respectively. April through June is usually the peak
summer season. Rainfall is irregular and intermittent, with an annual average of
approximately 850 mm. Prevailing wind directions are from northeast during Jan – Feb,
and from southwest direction during the months of May to July. Regional setting of Madurai
indicating geographical location, extent of Madurai Corporation is shown in Drawing 1.0.

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The civic and sanitation requirements of 7DEOH0DGXUDL&RUSRUDWLRQ²6DOLHQW)HDWXUHV
Madurai were managed by a City Council 12 $63(&7 '(6&5,37,21
during the time period 1866-1970. In 1970, /RFDWLRQ
Madurai was upgraded to the status of a /DWLWXGH °

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Municipal Corporation. Further in 1974, 13 /RQJLWXGH °

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town panchayats on the outskirts of 1HLJKERXULQJ'LVWULFWV
Madurai City were included in Madurai 1RUWK 7LUXFKLUDSDOOL
Corporation and number of Wards was :HVW 'LQGLJXO 7KHQL
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increased to 65.
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formed to identify new wards and the total 7RWDO:DUGV
number of Wards was increased from 65 1RUWK=RQH
to 72. Statistics pertaining to the 6RXWK=RQH
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The present Corporation area spans an DSSUR[
extent of approximately 51.96 sq. km. and 1RUWK=RQH
the population per 2001 Census is 6RXWK=RQH
928,869 persons. Details of population

growth in Madurai are furnished in Table 2.2.
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A significant increase in growth rate to 50 percent (1971–1981) can be attributed to

upgradation of the ULB into a Corporation (1974) and subsequent inclusion of 13
Panchayats into corporation limits. The decline in the population growth rate between 1981
and 2001 can be attributed to bifurcation of Madurai district on two instances, into Madurai
and Dindigul (1984) and subsequently into part of Theni district (1997). The Compounded
Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) has reduced from 4.10 percent during 1971-81 to 1.27
percent during 1991-2004.
As outlined in the City Development Plan for Madurai, the negative growth rate registered
by the Corporation in the last decade as indicated in Census reports has not been
reportedly resolved and remains unexplained. However, a demographic study conducted
by the Corporation in 2004 registered a population of 11.08 lakh which parries with the
Madurai District urban population growth rate increase of 20 percent in the last decade. As
indicated by the Tourism Department, the average daily floating population in the city is
2.10 lakh persons. Administration of the City is accomplished through zone level
categorization of the wards into four zones namely, North (21 wards), South (19 wards),
West (16 wards) and East (16 wards). Zone level information is furnished in Table 2.3.

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A relative analysis of the ward density pattern in 7DEOH:DUGOHYHO'HQVLW\3DWWHUQ
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population per 2001 census indicates that the +D :DUGV
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extent with 52 of the total 72 wards categorized +LJK
as “high” or “significantly high” density. Wards
with moderate or low density are areas where +LJK'HQVLW\
development is constrained by land-use or other ± 0HGLXP
physical characteristics such as water bodies, %HORZ 0RGHUDWH/RZ
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furnished in Table 2.4.
The floating population of the town is about 20% and the total population (inclusive of
floating population) as per 2001 census works out to be 13,38,966. Therefore, it falls under
class 1 city as per CPCB city classification for Municipal Solid Waste Management
(MSWM).
The average population density is about 21,474 persons/sq.km. (Source: As per the
present study based on 1991 Census projected population).
There are 211 slums distributed in four zones and the slum population is about 30% of the
total population. This indicates that slum population has significant role in overall Solid
Waste Management. Table 2.5 shows the zone-wise slum population in MC.
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2.3 POPULATION PROJECTION

Projection of future population has been performed in the City Development Plan for
Madurai during 2006 which corresponds to the earlier projection performed and adopted
for design of the improvements to Underground Sewerage (CMWSSB Implemented) and
Water Supply Schemes in Madurai.
Projection has been performed along similar lines for the requisite design period of the
proposed improvements to the applicable components of the MSWM system. Projection
has been performed for the present (2006), intermediate (2016) and ultimate stages (2026)
based on factors such as ward density (present), relative location of the ward, access to
town center and other facilities, present land-use pattern, potential for future change and
others. Table 2.6 details the projected population that conforms to the CDP for Madurai
and has also been adopted as the design population.

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Details of the projection performed to arrive at the ward-wise population in the future
stages of the proposed scheme are furnished in Table 2.7
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Ward Ward
2006 2016 2026 2006 2016 2026
No. No.
1 18,585 20,554 22,524 37 14,427 16,565 18,702
2 21,750 24,055 26,360 38 23,507 28,040 32,572
3 13,112 14,502 15,892 39 18,737 21,513 24,289
4 14,783 16,350 17,916 40 13,954 16,644 19,335
5 20,140 24,024 27,908 41 17,661 19,533 21,404
6 18,468 20,425 22,382 42 11,385 12,592 13,798
7 9,570 10,584 11,598 43 17,504 20,097 22,691
8 18,139 21,637 25,135 44 15,352 17,626 19,900
9 11,073 12,246 13,420 45 16,043 18,420 20,797
10 18,513 21,255 23,998 46 13,656 16,289 18,922
11 14,172 15,673 17,175 47 18,174 20,867 23,559
12 17,003 18,805 20,607 48 14,001 16,076 18,150
13 11,384 12,591 13,797 49 17,667 20,284 22,902
14 15,228 16,842 18,456 50 15,560 17,865 20,170
15 17,491 20,864 24,236 51 20,831 24,847 28,864
16 15,344 18,302 21,261 52 5,714 6,320 6,926
17 18,732 21,507 24,282 53 24,953 29,765 34,576
18 18,732 22,344 25,956 54 14,809 17,665 20,520
19 15,422 17,056 18,691 55 16,820 18,603 20,385
20 9,194 10,556 11,919 56 22,000 25,260 28,519
21 16,743 19,971 23,200 57 12,507 14,919 17,331
22 22,710 26,074 29,438 58 17,981 21,448 24,915
23 15,214 17,468 19,722 59 16,496 19,677 22,857
24 16,736 19,963 23,191 60 17,577 20,966 24,355
25 16,130 18,519 20,909 61 17,434 20,796 24,158
26 19,836 23,660 27,485 62 16,058 19,154 22,251
27 16,596 18,355 20,113 63 15,798 18,844 21,890
28 10,911 12,067 13,224 64 9,373 10,366 11,359
29 28,766 31,814 34,862 65 9,159 10,130 11,100
30 16,683 18,451 20,219 66 12,687 14,032 15,376
31 14,582 17,394 20,206 67 14,874 16,450 18,026
32 7,483 8,276 9,068 68 20,313 22,466 24,619
33 14,627 17,447 20,267 69 19,265 21,306 23,348
34 19,362 22,230 25,099 70 17,056 20,345 23,633
35 12,760 14,650 16,540 71 30,184 33,383 36,581
36 11,186 12,371 13,556 72 19,273 21,315 23,358

3.0 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

3.1 GENERAL
This chapter analyzes the physical components of the solid waste management prevailing
in Madurai City in terms of collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. The situation
analysis addresses both the qualitative and quantitative aspects in terms of process,
mechanism, tools and equipments used and other related issues. The impacts of the
floating population on the system in terms of quantity and quality of the wastes are also
considered for the detailed analysis. Deficiency analyses are undertaken, comparing the
prevailing situation with that of the various standards/norms available. Finally, the issues
and problems related to the various aspects like collection, transportation, treatment and
disposal of the wastes are summarized for necessary action towards improving the solid
waste management in the city.
A detailed understanding and holistic approach to each of the components mentioned

above is very essential to comprehensively address the issues and problems of the solid
waste management system in Madurai.
The existing system of municipal solid waste collection, transportation and disposal is
performed by Corporation of Madurai under the ambit of the Health and Engineering
Departments. For the efficient administration and for day-to-day operational purposes, the
town is divided into 4 Zones covering all the 72 municipal wards.
3.2 SOURCE & WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

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Madurai, a well known heritage & Tourist centre in Tamil Nadu. Following are the major
sources of generation of solid waste:
• Domestic;
• Commercial areas and vegetable markets;
• Household and other large-scale industries;
• Hotels and restaurants;
• Health care facilities;
• Slaughter house;
• Street Sweeping & Construction activities;
• Horticultural waste;
• Worship places;
About 450 MT of solid waste is generated every day within the administrative jurisdiction of
the Madurai Corporation. A summary of various sources of waste generation in Madurai is
shown in Table 3.1.
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Plastic, metal & paper
Regular with Little/No Variation
Food waste
HOTELS & RESTAURANTS
Plastic and Paper
Wastes
Subjected to Variation Depending on the Season
Plastic, paper & metal
COMMERCIAL CENTRES
Hotels and Restaurants
Food waste, paper
CONSUMPTIVE PROCESS
INSTITUTIONAL AREAS
CONSUMABLES
Regular with Little/No Variation Plastic & horticultural

waste
CONSTRUCTION/DEMOLITION
Regular Production with Little/No Variation Building Material Wastes
HORTICULTURE
Trimmings
STREETS
Soil, grit, paper &
Regular with Little/No Variation plastics
SLAUGHTER HOUSES
Body residues
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Regular with Little/No Variation
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Domestic: Waste Generation from households comprising vegetable waste, food waste,
paper, packing material, glasses, metals etc., in Madurai is estimated at 288 tons per day
which constitutes nearly 64 percent of the total waste generation.
Commercial Waste: Commercial establishments such as hotels, restaurants, shops,
trading units, small time street-traders, wedding halls and related generate solid waste
which mainly comprises of paper, plastics, food leftovers, vegetables rejects and other
inorganic material. Madurai has approximately 25 daily markets and 2 weekly markets. The
total quantum of waste generated from these sources is 108.00 tons per day, which
constitutes about 24 percent of the total waste generated. Waste collection in the market

Madurai District, TN, India - 10 -
areas and the bus stand are managed by means of contract employees.
Industrial Waste: The industrial waste from the existing units is not mixed with the
municipal waste other than package material and food waste generated from the human
activities.
Bio-Medical Waste: Corporation of Madurai maintains few health Centre and maternity
homes. In addition, Madurai consists of large private hospitals and health care institutions
generating nearly 1.50 tons of bio-medical grade waste. Bio medical waste from private
hospitals are collected and disposed separately through common treatment facility installed
and operated by the private facilitator.
Survey of the Vellakkal Dumping site has revealed that large quantity of biomedical has
been already dumped for years together. At present Government hospitals and
Corporation Hospitals are disposing the bio-medical waste in the Vellakkal site.
Government and corporation hospitals are also likely to join with this facility for the safe
transportation, treatment and disposal as laid down in biomedical waste rules. Once these
are diverted the entire bio-medical waste generated in Madurai Corporation will be
disposed only through common facility exclusively installed with the support of Tamil Nadu
Pollution Control Board
Waste from Other Sources: The municipality also collects waste generated from street
sweeping, drain desilting and construction. The quantity of solid waste generated from the
above sources is of the order of 36 tons per day which is about 8 percent of the total waste
generation, excluding construction debris which is approximately 7.5 tons per day,.
Observation
The major source of waste generation in the city was the households, generating over
three-fifth of the total wastes generated in the city, followed by the shops and
commercial establishments generating little less than one-fifth of the total wastes
generated in the city;
There is no industrial waste (large-scale industries) added to the municipal waste, as
the industries are disposing commercially or stored with in the premises to dispose it as
per the direction of TNPCB board;
Waste generated by the hospitals and clinics is relatively low compared to the total
waste generated in the city; and this will not be under the municipal solid waste
management
The waste generated by the floating population is variable and high during festival

seasons.
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Characterization of solid waste for physical and chemical constituents is furnished below. It
can be observed that approximately 68.42 percent waste comprises organic waste, while
the rest is non-degradable (Silt, Paper, Plastic, Glass, etc.). Silt is about 30 percent of total
waste. Details are presented in Tables 3.2 and 3.3.
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It can also be observed that only 50-55% of the waste is compostable by Aerobic means
while the rest organic waste components are not easily bio-degradable and can be used
only as bulking agents pursuant to necessary pre-processing such as milling, chipping,
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The density of MSW in different cities of India is reported to vary over a range of 350-550
kg/cu.m. (Manual on SWM). High-density wastes reflect a high proportion of biodegradable
organic matter and moisture. Low-density wastes, on the other hand, indicate a high
proportion of paper, plastic and other non-biodegradable material. Significant changes in
density occur as the waste moves from source to disposal due to scavenging, handling,
wetting and drying by weather and further compaction during the collection and
transportation stages. The average density of MSW for cities like Madurai is around 500
kg/cu.m. and the average density of inert materials that reach the dumping site is 850
kg/m3 which has been used in design of the system components.
Recent tests have also been performed on multiple samples of the MSW in Madurai and it
was discovered that the average density was 660 kg/cu.m., which relates and parries with
the aforementioned details.
3.3 ESTIMATED PER CAPITA GENERATION
Based on the present level of MSW generation of 450 tons per day and present stage
(2006) population as projected in CDP for Madurai, the average per capita generation is
0.334 kg/day. The estimated range of municipal solid waste generation per CPHEEO
norms is between 0.270 to 0.35 kg/per capita/day. Recent waste sampling and testing has
arrived at an average waste generation (city-level) of approximately 0.380 kg/capita/day
which has been used for design of the proposed components including waste processing
and landfill. Table 3.4 (following page) indicates ward-wise quantity of waste generated by
households and non-household sources excluding that of the floating population.

urai District, TN, India - 12 -
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3.4 PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM) SYSTEM

,
1752'8&7,21
It is quiet evident that the residential area covers the major portion of the land use, which
reflects that the city is densely populated. The distribution of potential sources of MSW in
MC is presented in Table 3.5.
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As specified above, salient details of the present solid waste management system per
waste sampling and testing conducted and data obtained from Corporation of Madurai
officials are presented in Table 3.6.
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Additionally, studies have also been conducted to analyze the pattern of waste generation
and collection at the city-level. Although the aforementioned table indicates 450 tons per
day of waste generation, the quantum of 450 tons per day has been assumed as the
optimal generation of waste, though there will be increase due to 100% coverage of street
sweeping and which would not have any adverse impact on waste processing activities
since street sweeping contains mostly inert material.
3 5(6(17 2 5*$1,=$7,21 6 75(1*7+
There are about 2516 Sanitary Workers out of sanctioned strength of 2700 workers,
operating under the supervision of 39 Sanitary Inspectors out of 84 sanctioned strength, 25
Conservancy Inspectors out of 72 sanctioned strength and 72 Sanitary Supervisors out of
110 sanctioned strength. Four Circle Sanitary Officers are responsible for overall
supervision of the team mentioned earlier. The City Health Officer in turn heads the Local
Body in coordination with the Sanitary Division is responsible for the MSW Management
System and general civic hygiene and sanitation.
6 725$*($7 6 285&(
Storage of waste at source is not practiced in a scientific manner in accordance with
CPHEEO norms. Waste is thrown onto streets, drains and in some cases water bodies and
low-lying areas due to absence of effective door to door collection mechanism.
There is a partial and rudimentary system of door-to-door collection which is being

practiced in one or two wards. Unsegregated waste is collected with the help of push carts
and tri-cycles and emptied into the waste bins placed within the wards at specific locations.
Construction/demolition wastes are also generated in the city to a significant extent from
repair, maintenance and reconstruction activities. Construction related waste is deposited,
after salvaging useful material, on the periphery of the roads abutting the dwellings, low
lying areas and small quantities were also found along with the garbage at vellakal
dumping site.
During survey of the existing system, it was observed that containers/bins of sufficient
capacity and numbers has not been provided at strategic locations for receipt and storage
of domestic, trade and institutional waste
Essentially, segregation of waste into biodegradable, non-biodegradable and recyclable
material is not in practice.
35,0$5< &
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Existing system of MSW collection is performed by the ULB with the help of hand-carts and
tri-cycles. Waste collected through this equipment is then transferred to open bins and
closed dumper placer bins for secondary collection and onward transportation. About 400
to 450 MT of waste is collected on a daily basis based on records available at the dumping
ground weight bridge.
Presently, collection is managed by a combination of municipal sanitary and contractual
laborers. MSW collection in slums is handled by Self Help Groups (SHG’s) to a moderate
extent. An assortment of vehicles has been deployed by Madurai Corporation for primary
collection. Nearly 135 Tricycles (Capacity - 200 kg/unit) and 225 Hand/Push Carts
(Capacity – 100 kg/unit) are utilized for the aforementioned purpose. Additionally, 57 Auto-
Minidors, 37 Tractors on contract basis are utilized for collection and transfer of waste to
the collection for onward transportation and disposal.
There are 285 Dumper Bins with a total capacity of approximately 285 to 300 tons placed
at specific collection points. street sweeping is done around the temple area, the core area,
and some markets and around bus stand and commercial areas within the city.
Efforts in privatization of collection have been made through employing of contract workers
and collection of waste from bus stand and other commercial areas. Private sector
involvement of household waste collection is under active consideration by the
Corporation. Presently, the Corporation has also engaged 70 contractual laborers for
waste collection from markets and bus stand. The Corporation has appointed 12 SHG’s,
comprising of 240 workers for primary collection operations. The Corporation has also
engaged 200 contract workers for waste transportation.
Sanitary workers sweep the streets and collect garbage in heaps and transfer the same
into bins provided for the purpose. Dual Dumper Placer vehicles are then used to convey
the garbage from the collection point to the disposal site. Details of status of manpower
available for collection are shown in Table 3.7.
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Owing to the absence of an organized system, recyclable waste does not generate any
revenue to the ULB, except some recyclable material is recovered by rag pickers at the
Vellakkal dumpsite.

675((76
:((3,1*
Street sweeping and drain cleaning are regular function of the Corporation and the
supervisory mechanism is a critical area identified for improvement in order to achieve the
100% coverage.
Sources of Street Wastes: The major sources of street wastes in Corporation included:
• Natural waste comprising dust blown from unpaved areas, decaying vegetation like
fallen leaves, blossoms and seeds originated from trees and plants,
• Road traffic waste like oil, rubber, accidental spillage of load of vehicles in addition
to the construction wastes and animal droppings of related vehicles.
• Behavioral wastes include litter thrown by pedestrians, households, establishments
and tourists along with human spittle and excrement of domestic pets.
• Storm Water Drains/Sewer Cleaning wastes.
From the observations made on-site, the natural wastes and road & traffic wastes are
unavoidable and to be cleaned by street sweeping process. However, the behavioral
wastes are largely avoidable provided an efficient refuse collection service if in operation
for the use of pedestrians. But it was evident from the observation during the field visit that
the success was requiring a continuing program of public education and awareness
backed by legislation and efficiently operating enforcement measures.
Sweeping Process: The process of street sweeping of waste is still in primitive nature in
the city. The Sanitary Workers are found sweeping the streets using brooms to make small
heaps of solid waste. These heaps of solid waste are then taken to nearest temporary
waste storage point in wheelbarrows/baskets. In most cases, one Sanitary Worker is found
sweeping and making the heap and another lifting the same using wheelbarrows/baskets
and taking it to the nearest temporary waste storage point. Apart from these, there are
many undesignated open yards across the city where Sanitary Workers are found
collecting/sweeping the waste during early hours of morning and making heaps for
subsequent transportation. Madurai also attracts a significant floating population due to its
Heritage & Tourism importance, presence of High Court (Madurai Bench), Administrative
status and the vibrant economic base. The floating population of Madurai is one of the
principal generator of solid waste that requires cleaning and removal.
It is observed that all roads and streets are not being swept on daily basis. In practice,
certain important roads and markets are swept daily, some are swept on alternate days or
twice a week, some are swept occasionally or not at all due to options of adequate number
of sanitary workers and supporting machineries.
Street Sweeping Time: The street sweeping work is expected to be carried out from 7.00
am to 11.00 am and 2.00 pm to 5.00 pm. Generally, street sweeping is done only once in a
day during morning for 3-4 hours and afternoon hours are utilized for pinpoint operations.
Sweeping in commercial areas is found carried out during night hours and in some places
during early hours.
Tools and Equipments: The Sanitary Workers of the Corporation are provided with the
tools/equipments like brooms, bamboo sticks, metal scrapers, wheelbarrows/ baskets and
shovels for the street cleansing operation.
The broom is made of bunch of sticks obtained from coconut leaves. The broom is costing
around Rs. 20 per kilogram and is provided once in a month at the rate of one kilogram per
Sanitary Worker. A bamboo stick is also provided along with a metal strap fixed on one end
and bunch of broom on the other side. Bamboo stick is provided at the rate of one unit per
annum. Generally, short but vigorous strokes are given while sweeping and heavy silt gets
dislodged when greater effort is exerted. However, it is strenuous for the worker and large
amount of dust is air-borne during sweeping, posing a public health risk.
A wheelbarrow is used to carry street sweepings to the nearest temporary waste storage
points. In some areas street sweeping are collected and caken to container/bins through

baskets. In large container bins are overloaded or waste are spilled during unloading from
wheel barrow/ baskets resulting to unhygienic conditions around the storage container
locations.
Although the above system has been operating since last few decades, it is very common
to see solid waste in various places of the city especially in commercial areas. The reasons
being:
• Behavioral pattern of the local inhabitants and floating population,
• Solid waste thrown by the shop keepers,
• Organic wastes from domestic and stray animals spread mainly in commercial
areas,
• Wastes produced by the street hawkers and road side vegetable vendors and
• Wastes generated from various small eateries.
To effectively manage the above, there is an immediate need for evolving an efficient
system of collection of waste per applicable norms and operate the same in a organized
manner.
&2//(&7,21 % ,16)256 (&21'$5< 7 5$163257$7,21

Corporation has provided three types of temporary waste storage points within its
jurisdiction; viz. (i) MS Waste Containers, (ii) MS Dumper Bins and (iii) Stainless Steel
Dumper Bins. These storage points are not only facilitating the residents to deposit the
wastes in these storage points but also enabled the municipal Sanitary Workers to carry
and deposit the wastes swept by them.
MS Waste Containers: These containers are made of MS Sheet of 14 Gauge with a

volumetric capacity of 10.3 cu. m. The description of a typical MS Container is as follows:
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MS Dumper Bins: The MS Dumper bins are relatively small in size but large in numbers.
These containers are made of 14 Gauge MS Sheet with volumetric capacity of 2.5 to 3 cu.
m. These containers are cast with bottom to facilitate easy unloading of waste from the
containers for onward loading to the transport vehicles. The description of each MS Open
Container is as follows:
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Stainless Steel Dumper Bins: The Stainless Steel Open Containers is relatively small in
size but large in numbers. These containers are designed for a volumetric capacity of 2.75
cu. m. These containers are cast with bottom to facilitate easy unloading of wastes from
the containers for onward loading to the transport vehicles. The description of each MS
Open Container is as follows:
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There are about 285 containers (including both types) at the city level for storage of the
collected waste. It is observed that the MS Containers are placed along main and
important locations. The MS and Stainless Steel Dumper Bins are placed in other areas
within the city.
The containers are placed along the roadsides at a spacing of about 600 to 700 m, barring
thickly developed residential areas where the spacing is less than 500 m. Where the
residential areas sparsely developed as group of houses, the spacing of these containers
is more than 700 m and in some cases, interspacing of up to a kilometre. Table 3.11 shows
the details of temporary storage points for collection of solid waste generated in Madurai
City.
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The above table indicates that the total storage capacity of the temporary storage points is
not sufficient to meet the requirement of waste generated in the city, which is about 450
MT. The present provision of 503 MT is 25 percent lesser than the requirement of 675 MT,
assuming 1.5 times the actual generation of waste as per the prevailing standards.
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The main objective of transportation is to clear waste from the city and dispose it off at the
disposal site. It is the responsibility of the local
body to ensure the city is maintained in a hygienic
manner by transporting the wastes from the
collection and temporary storage points to the
waste processing and disposal facility with the help
of transportation fleet. The movement of wastes
from the households, street sweepings, etc. to the
temporary storage collection points is the collective
responsibility of the Sanitary Workers and the
citizens of the city. Transportation of waste involves
the following activities:

View of Dumper Placer in Operation
Movement of vehicles to the various temporary
storage points;

Manual loading of wastes using baskets and other lifting tools;

Lifting of wastes from the open yards on the way to the disposal site; and
Transportation to the disposal site.
Synchronization of the whole operation of collection
of waste with the transportation for effective
management of the waste and for achieving cost
efficiency in the process is required. As specified
above, transfer of waste to the collection points is
done by ULB owned hand carts, tricycles and rented
vehicles like Auto-Minidors, which is further taken to
dumping site by means of ULB owned vehicles
(Lorries and Dumper Placers) and through rented
vehicles (Tractors).
Transportation of waste from the collection points to the final disposal site at Vellakkal is
managed by 30 ULB owned vehicles and 74 hired vehicles. The ULB manages to collect
and transport approximately 400 to 450 MT of waste to the disposal site, based on varying
number of trips assigned and undertaken by these vehicles. Table 3.12 indicates details of
waste transportation.
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Apart from the general fleet engaged for daily activities of transportation, Madurai
Corporation also owns and operates vehicles for specific purposes. The ULB has engaged
a Night Soil Lorry, Two Sewage Suction Lorry, 2 nos. Sweepers and other general purpose
vehicles. The ULB operates these vehicles on intermittent basis, depending of the
requirement.
Process of Transportation of Wastes: Madurai
Corporation has adopted both closed and
open transport system for transporting the
wastes from the temporary storage points to
the disposal site. Wastes are collected from
various Dumper Bins and loaded to the
Dumper Placers hydraulically. The operations
of the Dumper Bins are found effective and
efficient, and meeting the requirements
outlined in the best practices. However,
wastes from MS Open Containers and open
collection points are loaded to the transport
vehicle (tractor-trolleys and push carts) manually. Manual loading is found to be time
consuming and reducing the productivity of the vehicles and manpower deployed for the
purpose. Further, manual loading and handling of wastes are posing threat to the health of
Sanitary Workers, as the wastes are found highly contaminated. As a result, the waste is
generally seen lying in heaps or scattered at the unscientifically designed temporary waste
storage.
Frequency of Transportation of Wastes: The solid waste stored in the temporary storage
points (containers) and open yards along the route is
transported to the disposal site every day from the
prime residential areas, commercial streets, places of
public gathering like railway station, bus stand, etc.
The wastes from other residential areas (North Zone)
are transported to the disposal yard at times on an
alternative day basis and from the remote and
isolated residential areas every third day or so. The
local body clears the waste in two shifts per day.
Routing of Vehicles: Transportation network is not
designed properly so as to suite the current requirements. It is observed that these
vehicles collect waste from each collection point every alternative day, especially in
residential areas. These sites are often attended to more on the basis of the complaints
received than following a system of regular removal of waste from temporary collection
points. Several temporary storage points are not cleared on a day-to-day basis. This
backlog of unserved containers continues to build up during rest of the week.
From the discussions, it is also observed that each vehicle has been assigned specific
routes for the operation. However, the non-operation of certain vehicles due to repairs and
maintenance forces diversion of the vehicles from their regular designated routes
impinging adversely on the whole transport operation. Therefore, there is a clear need to
workout ‘routing pattern’ for each vehicle so as to transport the solid waste within 24 hours
of its generation. It is also very essential to have spare vehicles and/or arrangement for
hiring of vehicles whenever required. Maintenance of logbooks for the vehicles is also very
essential to make the staff engaged in transportation accountable for the operation.
Workshop Facilities: The ULB does not maintain a dedicated workshop facility. From
discussions held with ULB officials, it is observed that the repairs and maintenance of the
other vehicles (tractor trolleys, both manual and hydraulic) are undertaken in select private
workshops. The expenses in this regard are met through the provisions under the
contingencies. However, if the vehicle requires major repairs, administrative sanction is
required from the Corporation.
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Solid wastes collected from various locations in the city is disposed off by open dumping at
the Vellakkal site, located south of Madurai in Avaniyapuram Municipality over an extent of
approximately 110 acres including a sewage farm that receives sewage/ partially treated
effluent from the predominantly deficient sewage treatment plant. The existing dumping
ground has been reportedly used by Madurai Corporation for over 15 years. A weigh
bridge is available at the entry to the dump site which essentially records the vehicle details
and weight of the incoming waste and source. Recently, the MC has reviewed its
agreement with the IMA to ensure that Bio-Medical Waste generated from Govt. and
Corporation Hospitals will be properly segregated from MSW for treatment and disposal
through common facility. Pursuant to implementation of the disposal system through
common facility for biomedical (contaminated) wastes, such wastes would not reach the
Vellakkal site. At present, Madurai Corporation do not have waste processing facility at the
disposal site.
3.5 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

The following sections benchmark the existing performance of the components of the
MSWM system in Madurai against the CPHEEO norms, MSW Handling Rules and
successful practices of effective management.

* (1(5$7,212) 6 2/,' : $67(

As per the norms / standards prescribed in the Manual, the generation of the wastes in
Indian cities with respect to the population is as follows:
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Madurai with a present population of approximately 9.50 Lakhs and a floating population of
nearly 2 lakhs per day is expected to generate about 270 grams per capita per day.
However, the present level of generation related to about 382 grams per capita per day
which is higher than the prescribed norms and is however typical of large cities where the
economy influences the level of waste generation.
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The following table presents the comparison of prevailing situation with that of the
standards/ norms for the mechanism of waste storage at source:
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Following table compares the prevailing situation with that of the norms/standards with
respect to the primary collection system:

7DEOH1R&RPSDULVRQRI3UHYDLOLQJ6LWXDWLRQRI3ULPDU\&ROOHFWLRQZLWKWKH6WDQGDUGV1RUPV
&ROOHFWLRQ RI 'RRUVWHS FROOHFWLRQ IURP WKH KRXVHKROGV 1RWLQSUDFWLFH
ZHWELRGHJUDGDEOH DQG HVWDEOLVKPHQWV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV RQ D GDLO\
GU\ UHF\FODEOHQRQ EDVLV
ELRGHJUDGDEOHZDVWHV
6HJUHJDWLRQRIZDVWHV :DVWHV VKDOO EH VHJUHJDWHG LQWR 1RVHJUHJDWLRQ
ELRGHJUDGDEOH QRQELRGHJUDGDEOH DQG
KD]DUGRXVZDVWHVEHIRUHSULPDU\FROOHFWLRQ
8VDJH RI WRROV DQG 8VH KDQGFDUWVWULF\FOHV ZLWK GHWDFKDEOH 0HFKDQLVP RI FROOHFWLRQ LV QRW
HTXLSPHQWV FRQWDLQHUV RI WR OLWUHV FDSDFLW\ ZLWK VLJQLILFDQWO\ GHYHORSHG DQG
QHFHVVDU\ DFFHVVRULHV DQG KDQGOHV IRU HDV\ UHTXLUHV HTXLSPHQW FDSDEOH RI
KDQGOLQJ FROOHFWHG ZDVWH DQG PDLQWDLQLQJ
WKHVHJUHJDWHGZDVWH
5ROHRI6DQLWDU\:RUNHU 7KH 6DQLWDU\ :RUNHUV DUH UHTXLUHG WR 7KH 6DQLWDU\ :RUNHUV DUH IRXQG
XQGHUWDNH GRRUWRGRRU DQGRU GRRUVWHS UHVWULFWLQJWKHPVHOYHVWRWKHVWUHHW
FROOHFWLRQ RI ZDVWHV DORQJ ZLWK WKH VZHHSLQJ FOHDQVLQJDQG
SURFHVV GRRUVWHS FROOHFWLRQ QRW LQ
SODFH
&RPPHUFLDO RULHQWDWLRQ WR $GRSWLRQ RI WKH FRQFHSW RI µXVHU¶ µDEXVHU¶ DQG 7KHFKDUJHVOHYLHGDUHYHU\ORZ
WKH SULPDU\ FROOHFWLRQ RQ µSROOXWHU¶ FKDUJHV EDVHG RQ WKH TXDQWLW\ DQG 7KHVH WD[HV DUH SDUW RI WKH
WKH EDVLV RI TXDQWLW\ DQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH ZDVWH JHQHUDWHG E\ SURSHUW\WD[
TXDOLW\ RI WKH ZDVWH GLIIHUHQWVRXUFHV
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VRXUFHV
675((7 & /($16,1*

Following table compares the prevailing situation with that of the norms/standards with
respect to the Street Cleansing component:
7DEOH1R&RPSDULVRQRI3UHYDLOLQJ6LWXDWLRQRI6WUHHW&OHDQVLQJZLWKWKH6WDQGDUGV1RUPV
&ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI 7KH VWUHHWV IRU VZHHSLQJ RSHUDWLRQ VKDOO 'HWDLOHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ QRW LQ SODFH DQG UHTXLUHV
VWUHHWV EHFODVVLILHGEDVHGRQUHTXLUHPHQWV WREHLPSOHPHQWHG
6ZHHSLQJWLPH 7KH WLPH RI VZHHSLQJ RSHUDWLRQV VKRXOG 6XFK V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ LV QRW LQ SODFH DQG
V\QFKURQL]HZLWKWKDWRIJHQHUDWLRQ 6DQLWDU\:RUNHUVDUHRSHUDWLQJLQLVRODWLRQ
6ZHHSLQJQRUPV 'LYLGHFLW\LQWR6DQLWDU\:RUNHUEHDWV 1RWLQSODFH
6ZHHSLQJQRUPVEDVHGRQWKHFOHDQVLQJ &OHDQLQJ RI GUDLQV QRW IXOO\ GHYHORSHG LQWR D
UHTXLUHPHQWV GHQVLW\ DQG TXDQWLW\ RI URXWLQHRSHUDWLRQ
ZDVWHVJHQHUDWHGDQG 3LQSRLQWRSHUDWLRQVDUHFRQGXFWHGEDVHGRQWKH
3LQSRLQW RSHUDWLRQV WR DWWHQG XQVHUYHG FRPSODLQWVUHFHLYHGIURPWKHFRPPXQLW\
DUHDV
8VDJH RI WRROV 6DQLWDU\ :RUNHUV WR XVH KDQGFDUWV 7KH WRROVHTXLSPHQWV DUH LQDGHTXDWH 8VLQJ
DQGHTXLSPHQWV WULF\FOHV ZLWK GHWDFKDEOH FRQWDLQHUV RI ZKHHOEDUURZVEDVNHWV IRU WUDQVSRUWLQJ WR WKH
WR OLWUHV FDSDFLW\ ZLWK QHFHVVDU\ ZDVWHVWRUDJHSRLQWV
DFFHVVRULHV DQG KDQGOHV IRU HDV\ /RQJ KDQGOHG EURRP ZLWK PHWDO SODWHV DUH
KDQGOLQJ SURYLGHGDQG
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PRQWKO\ RQH WR HDFK 6DQLWDU\ :RUNHU LUUHJXODUUHSODFHPHQWV
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OLHXRIROGRQHDVUHTXLUHG

7(0325$5< 6 725$*(2) : $67(6

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7\SH 7KH WHPSRUDU\ VWRUDJH SRLQWV VKDOO EH RI &RQWDLQHUV DUH LQ FRQIRUPLW\ ZLWK WKH
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6SDWLDOUHTXLUHPHQWV 6SDFHWR DFFRPPRGDWH RQH RU PRUH FRQWDLQHUV 5RDGV DUH QDUURZ DQG WKH H[LVWLQJ
RIWRFXELFPHWUHVL]H GHYHORSPHQW PLJKW QRW DFFRPPRGDWH
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IRUOLIWLQJSXUSRVHV VSDFH IRU PRYHPHQW RI YHKLFOHV DQG
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DORQJWKHURDG SODFHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH JHQHUDWLRQ RI
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RIZDVWHVIURPKDQGFDUWV OHYHO
75$163257$7,21 6 <67(0

As per the norms / standards prescribed in the Manual, the comparisons with the prevailing
situation in transportation of the wastes are presented in the table below with respect to the
Transportation System:
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'RPHVWLF7UDGH 3ODQQLQJLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH TXDQWLW\ 1RVXFKSODQQLQJLVLQSODFHDQG
,QVWLWXWLRQDO:DVWHV RIZDVWHJHQHUDWLRQDQGILOOLQJIUHTXHQF\ 1R JURXSLQJLV XQGHUWDNHQ DQG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
DQG LVHIIHFWHGDVSHUWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIIOHHW
*URXSLQJ RI FRQWDLQHUV EDVHG RQ WKH
FOHDULQJUHTXLUHPHQWV
5RXWLQJRI9HKLFOHV =LJ]DJ PRYHPHQW RI YHKLFOHV WR EH 5RXWLQJIRUHDFKYHKLFOHLVJLYHQDQG
DYRLGHGDQG 1RQRSHUDWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ YHKLFOHV DQG
5RXWLQJ EDVHG RQ WKH FOHDUDQFH FRPSODLQWV IURP WKH FRPPXQLW\ ZDV IRUFLQJ
UHTXLUHPHQW WKHORFDOERG\WRGLYHUWWKHYHKLFOHV
7\SHRI9HKLFOHV 9HKLFOHWRV\QFKURQL]HZLWKWKHFROOHFWLRQ /RDGLQJ DQG XQORDGLQJ LV SDUWLDOO\
V\VWHP PHFKDQL]HG
6HOHFWLRQRIYHKLFOHEDVHGRQTXDQWLW\RI 0RVWRIWKHYHKLFOHVDUHKLUHG
ZDVWH WR EH WUDQVSRUWHG GLVWDQFH WR EH
WUDYHOHGURDGZLGWKDQGURDGFRQGLWLRQV
DQG
6LPSOH K\GUDXOLF YHKLFOHV DUH
UHFRPPHQGHGWRDYRLGPDQXDOKDQGOLQJ
:RUNVKRS)DFLOLWLHV 6WDII UHTXLUHPHQW EDVHG RQ WKH QXPEHU 1R VHSDUDWH ZRUNVKRS LV LQ H[LVWHQFH3ULYDWH
RIYHKLFOHVDQG ZRUNVKRSVDUHXWLOLVHG
6HSDUDWH IXOOIOHGJHG ZRUNVKRS WRDWWHQG 7KH K\GUDXOLF V\VWHP RI WKH 5HIXVH
PLQRU UHSDLUV DQG PDMRU UHSDLUV LI &ROOHFWRUVDUHXQGHU$0&
SRVVLEOH
9HKLFXODU)OHHW 6WDQGE\ YHKLFOHV DUH UHTXLUHG # 1R VWDQGE\ YHKLFOHV DUH WKHUH DQG H[LVWLQJ
SHUFHQW RI WKH WRWDO YHKLFOHV WR EH XVHG YHKLFXODU IOHHW LV LQDGHTXDWH IRU UHJXODU
HDFKGD\ RSHUDWLRQ
The term ‘Vehicle Capacity Adequacy Ratio (percentage)’ refers to the total vehicle
capacity available against the total waste generated in the city. In Madurai Corporation, this
ratio is about 57 percent when all the vehicles are in operation (excluding tractor-trolleys,
which had lasted for economic life and Push carts, based on the operational efficiency of
75 percent of the transportation fleet, the ratio is found to be 43 percent assuming that the
cargo is filled to its maximum capacity. From the discussions and observations, it is found
that the cargos are filled only to 80 percent of its maximum capacity, which would put the
ratio further low at 34 percent. Therefore, it is imperative to not only improve the
capacity utilization, but also standardize the transportation system through ensuring
uniformity in the vehicles used for transportation and the auxiliary equipment.

75($70(17$1' ' :
,6326$/2)
$67(6
The shortfalls in the system and deficiency analysis are carried out based on the
standards/norms prescribed in the Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules -
2000, Schedule III titled Specifications for Landfill Sites. As per the norms / standards
prescribed in the above mentioned Rules, comparison with the prevailing situation of
disposal of MSW is presented below:

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*HQHUDO 7KHH[LVWLQJODQGILOOVLWHVWKDWFRQWLQXHWREHXVHG IRU 7KH H[LVWLQJ GLVSRVDO VLWH UHTXLUHV WR EH
*XLGHOLQHV PRUH WKDQ ILYH \HDUV VKDOO EH LPSURYHG LQ VLJQLILFDQWO\UHKDELOLWDWHGDQGLPSURYHG
DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH VSHFLILFDWLRQV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH %LRPHGLFDO ZDVWHV DUH FRQWLQXH WR
0XQLFLSDO:DVWHV0DQDJHPHQWDQG+DQGOLQJ5XOHV GLVSRVHDORQJZLWKWKHPVZDVWH
6FKHGXOH,,, 6ODXJKWHUKRXVH ZDVWHV LQFOXGLQJ ILVK
%LRPHGLFDOZDVWHVVODXJKWHUKRXVHZDVWHVLQFOXGLQJ PHDW SRXOWU\ SURFHVVLQJ DUH GLVSRVHG
ILVK PHDW SRXOWU\ SURFHVVLQJ LQGXVWULDO ZDVWHV RII DORQJ ZLWK PXQLFLSDO VROLG ZDVWH
VOXGJH DQG RWKHU KD]DUGRXV ZDVWHV VKDOO QRW EH ZKLFK QHHGV WR EH GLYHUWHG DORQJ ZLWK
GXPSHG DW ODQGILOO PHDQW IRU GLVSRVDO RI QRQ WKH%LRPHGLFDO:DVWH
KD]DUGRXVDQGQRQELRGHJUDGDEOHZDVWHVDQG
%LRPHGLFDO ZDVWHV VKDOO EH GLVSRVHG RII DQG
PDQDJHG DV SHU WKH %LRPHGLFDO :DVWHV
0DQDJHPHQWDQG+DQGOLQJ5XOHV
6LWH 7KHVLWHVKDOOEHODUJHHQRXJKWRODVWIRU\HDUV 7KH VLWH LV DGHTXDWH DQG DZD\ IURP
6HOHFWLRQ 7KHVLWHVKDOOEHDWOHDVWNPDZD\IURPKDELWDWLRQ PDMRUSRSXODWHGDUHDV
FOXVWHUV IRUHVW DUHDV PRQXPHQWV 1DWLRQDO 3DUNV 1RVXFKEXIIHU]RQHVDUHSURYLGHGLQWKH
:HWODQGV DQG SODFHV RI LPSRUWDQW FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO 'HYHORSPHQW3ODQ
RUUHOLJLRXVLQWHUHVWDQG
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PDLQWDLQHG DURXQG ODQGILOO VLWH DQG VKDOO EH
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WKH6LWH SURSHU JDWH WR PRQLWRU LQFRPLQJ YHKLFOHVRU RWKHU VXFKIHQFLQJDQGJDWHVDUHSURYLGHGDQG
PRGHVRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGZHOOSURWHFWHGWRSUHYHQW PRQLWRULQJSURFHVVLVQRQH[LVWHQW
HQWU\RIVWUD\DQLPDOV $SSURDFK URDGV DUH QRW LQ SURSHU
$SSURDFK DQG RWKHU LQWHUQDO URDGV IRU IUHH IORZ RI FRQGLWLRQDQGFRYHUHGZLWKVLOWDQGZDVWH
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7KH ODQGILOO VLWHV VKDOO KDYH ZDVWH LQVSHFWLRQ IDFLOLW\ DYDLODEOH DW WKH GLVSRVDO VLWH DQG UHFRUG
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IRUUHFRUGNHHSLQJDQGVKHOWHUIRUNHHSLQJHTXLSPHQW 1R GULQNLQJ ZDWHU EDWKLQJ IDFLOLWLHV DQG
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3.6 OBSERVATIONS, ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS

* (1(5$7,212) 6 2/,' : $67(
• The per capita generation of waste in the city is 22 percent higher than the quantity
prescribed in the CPHEEO Manual and is about 330 grams (Standards - 270
grams for the cities with a population between 10 to 20 lakhs);
• Wastes are consisting of food waste and other discarded waste materials such as
paper, plastic, glass, metal, rags, packaging materials, etc. The household
industries (brassware) are contributing wastes in the form of ash;
• Households, shops and commercial establishments in Madurai City are yet to start
the practice of segregation of recyclable waste at source. Such waste on the
streets or in the municipal bins are found going to disposal sites un-segregated;
• There are possibilities of immediate introducing of source segregation in few areas
particularly in commercial areas and posh residential areas;
• The construction/demolition wastes are also generated mainly by repair,

maintenance and reconstruction activities containing bricks, cement concrete,
stones, tiles, wood, etc. and the storage of this waste at the time of its generation is
not properly neglected;
• By and large, people are depositing construction waste, after salvaging useful
material, just outside their houses/shops/establishments or on to the streets or
along major roads, creating nuisance and pollution;
• In absence of the practice of segregation of waste at source, rag pickers are found
picking the part of these wastes in soiled condition; and
• There is a clear need emerging to reduce the generation of disposable wastes at
source and the development options shall evolve strategies to reduce the waste
6 6
generation at source itself by improving the recycling options
(*5(*$7,21$77+( 285&(
• The habit of storage at the source of waste generation for the effective door-door
collection is not practiced in all the area;
• In the absence of the system of storage of waste at source, the waste is thrown on
the streets, treating streets as receptacle of waste;
• The people are found throwing the wastes on the streets and expecting the
Sanitary Workers of the Local Body to clean leading to an ugly and unhygienic
atmosphere prevailing in the city;
• There is a need to educate people to change their habit so as to store waste at
source, dispose off the wastes as per the directions of the Local Body and
effectively participate in the activities of the Local Body to keep Madurai City clean;
• There is no adequate bins at desirable locationsfor storage of domestic, trade and
institutional wastes at source and wherever the practice in place, such wastes are
either thrown on streets/drains or on public/private open spaces resulting large-
scale pollution of soil, water, air in particular and environment in general;
• Clogging of drains due to wastes thrown is a common scene leading to stagnation
of water in a few localities;
• System of storage of waste at source, wherever practiced, by and large, are not
synchronized with the system of primary collection. As a result, the wastes are
stored at households and establishments also finding its way on the streets
resulting in unhygienic conditions; and
• In few areas, the bins in use are without lids and found unsuitable for storage of
food wastes for 24 hours or more especially in households, restaurants, hotels and
eateries as wastes start stinking due to putrefaction.
3
5,0$5< & 2//(&7,212) 6 :
2/,'
$67(
• Organized system of primary collection of waste is practically non-existent, as the

system of storage of segregated wastes at source is yet to be developed;
• Synchronizing with the storage of waste at source is first essential step towards
better solid waste management;
• The system is nonfunctional as people throw the wastes on the streets and the
ground outside the community waste storage points, forcing to double handle the
waste through street cleansing;
• Introducing door-to-door and/or doorstep collection of waste from households and
establishments in the context of Madurai City would be insignificant at this stage as
the prevailing practices do not synchronize with the facility of waste transportation
and processing; and
• There is a need to design and develop an appropriate system of primary collection
of wastes so as to synchronize with the storage at source as well as waste storage
depots facility ensuring that the waste once collected reaches the processing or
disposal site through a transportation system.
6
75((7 & /($16,1*
• The major sources of street wastes are natural wastes, road & traffic wastes and

behavioral wastes. Natural wastes and road & traffic wastes are unavoidable and
have to be cleaned by street sweeping process and the behavioral wastes are
largely avoidable through efficient refuse collection service;
• Since Madurai Corporation is having 615Km length of roads needs to be swept
every day, major roads of width more than 7.5m requires mechanical sweeping
machines in order to save time and manpower.
• The success is found requiring a continuing program of public education and
awareness backed by legislation and rapidly operating enforcement measures;
• The process of street sweeping of waste is still primitive in nature within the city;
• Inadequate supply of essential tools like wheelbarrows/baskets to the Sanitary
Workers, often found forcing the Sanitary Workers to make a heap in undesignated
open yards;
• All roads and streets are not being swept on daily basis. Certain important roads
and markets are swept daily, some are swept on alternate days or twice a week,
some are swept occasionally or not at all;
• The road length to be swept by a Sanitary Worker is not standardized and there is
no scientific planning to sweep streets daily, on alternate days, on twice a week,
etc. depending on the concentration of population / activity on the roads and lanes;
• There is no definite yard stick prescribed for each Sanitary Worker;
• Sweeping in commercial areas are found beginning in the morning around 7.30
am, but shops open after 9.00 am and found start throwing their sweepings on the
streets soon thereafter, nullifying the work just done by the Sanitary Workers; and
• Long handled brooms are given to Sanitary Workers for street sweeping. However,
inadequate supply of tools to the Sanitary Workers also found to reduce their
efficiency.
7
(0325$5< 6 725$*(2): $67(6
• Some households, shops and commercial establishments are often found throwing
solid waste on the street at random hours and around the containers and not into it
and thus wastes are found coming on the roads, streets and lanes treating the
public streets as receptacle of waste and do not allow the local body to place
containers near to their house, shops and establishments;
• In many places, the MS containers without lid are found to be either damaged or
toppled to horizontal positions and thereby not facilitating for the use.
• There is a need to identify convenient locations to accommodate one or more
containers of 3 to 10 cubic metre size and these should not obstruct the entrance
of any building, shall not cause hindrance to the traffic and shall have adequate
space for movement of vehicles for lifting purposes;
• Containers are not placed in the paved surface resulting to generation of additional
quantity of inert material along with the collection of spillages and also attracts
stray dogs and birds;
• Inappropriate spacing of containers are resulting, quite a large number of people to
deposit the waste on the streets, which is thereafter collected during street
sweeping operations the next day;
• Many of the collection points are located on the roadsides. The spillovers from
these collection points are making the whole area filthy. Moreover, the lifting of the
wastes from these areas are also done once in a day, keeping the dirt lying whole
day creating nuisance and congestion to the passing traffic; and
• The spacing of the containers in many places are not satisfying the requirement of
CPHEEO norms;
7
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• The Local Body has a fleet of eight mechanized vehicles and fourteen animal carts.
The mechanized transport fleet of Local Body was consisting of 2 Hydraulic Refuse
Collectors, 5 Tractor-Trolleys (manual operation) and 1 Tractor Trolley (hydraulic
operation);
• One Refuse Collector is procured 4 years back and another during last year.
Assuming the economic life of these vehicles as 8 years, one Refuse Collector had
still 4 years and another 7 years of economic life;
• Tractor-Trolleys are of 35 years old and have exhausted their economic life,
requiring immediate replacements to economize the operations. The hydraulic
Tractor-Trolley is procured about 6 years back, left with 2 years of economic life.
Animal carts need to be discontinued as they are not complying to
norms/standards;
• The operational efficiency of the fleet on road is only about 70-75 percent every
day, leaving almost 25 percent of the vehicles off road and fleet is not optimally
utilized;
• Waste handling is partially mechanized and the waste is handled multiple times
leading to potential health hazards for the workers as all types of wastes including
hospital wastes are disposed off in the same storage points. The Sanitary Workers
are not given proper protective clothing;
• Several temporary storage points are not cleared on a day-to-day basis. This
backlog of unserved containers continues to buildup during rest of the week. It is
further confirmed that 24 out of 98 refuse collector containers and 35 out of 199 MS
open containers are cleared every day and the remaining are cleared in varying
frequencies;
• The vehicle are though given routes for every day, the poor operational efficiency
of the fleet is inhibiting them to stick to their designated routes and are often
diverted to other routes, severely impinging the services in their normal routes;
• The system has a potential health hazard for the workers, as all types of waste,
including hospital infectious waste from government hospitals are disposed of in
the common dustbin;
• There is no stand-by vehicles for deployment during periodical maintenance or
breakdown of vehicles in service;
• The vehicles, especially tractor-trolleys are not covered; as a result, the foul smell
is found spreading around and lighter waste materials are found flying and falling
down on the way;
• Local Body is not having its own workshop facilities. Two Refuse Collectors are
under the Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) for the maintenance of the
hydraulic system and the repairs and maintenance of other vehicles (tractor
trolleys, both manual and hydraulic), the Local Body is undertaking the same in
select private workshops; and
• The services under the AMC are satisfactory and the Local Body is not facing any
severe problems due to the existing arrangement of repairs and maintenance of
the vehicles in private workshops.
3.7 KEY ISSUES/ PROBLEMS

Based on analysis of the information collected, field visits and discussions with Madurai
Corporation officials, key issues of the existing system of municipal solid waste
management in Madurai are outlined below:
Primary Collection
Segregation of the collected waste from households at source is not being practiced
leading to mixing of waste and entrainment of recyclable waste being dumped without
proper and full recovery.
Door-to-Door collection is not practiced in a complete manner resulting in haphazard
disposal of waste by households on streets and adjacent to waste bins rendering the
general environment unaesthetic.
It is felt that in absence of adequate manpower, regulated transportation, narrow streets
and financial constraints are some of the reasons that are deterring door to door collection
As specified above, recyclable waste is not being removed from the general waste at the
source of subsequent pre-disposal points. This is leading to rag pickers disturbing the
waste dump and posing a significant public health risk.

Primary Collection System is not adequate leading to backlog of waste at certain locations
resulting in complaints from the public.
Transportation
The transportation system is not fully developed.
Essentially, an assortment of vehicles is utilized
without compaction facility leading to inadequate
capacity utilization and subsequent excess trips
which in turn translates to higher running (O&M)
costs.
At the basic level, hand and push carts are being
utilized which can be evaluated for phasing out
with tricycles shall be considered. 5DJSLFNHUVDW9HOODNNDO'XPSLQJ6LWH
Logistic management in transportation component

is required by proper routing of vehicles and
improving/augmenting (as necessary) the transit
points is a critical point that requires to be
evaluated.
Waste Processing/ Disposal
Present system of waste processing (or the lack
of it) and disposal is not in accordance with the
MSW Handling Rules 2000.
The area available for solid waste
processing/disposal is presently being used only
as a massive dumping ground. All-weather roads $FFHVVRI9HOODNNDO'LVSRVDO6LWH
with proper layout/network to ensure full access of

the area for solid waste processing/disposal is not
available.
Solid Waste is dumped in heaps without proper
spreading and compaction along the access
roads – Absence of an area-specific dumping
plan. However, it is to be mentioned that this
measure cannot continue and will require to be
stopped to ensure proper processing and disposal
of the total quantity of generated/collected waste.
Separation of waste that is bio-medical in nature
at the household level is also not performed which
:DVWH%XUQLQJDW'XPSLQJ6LWH
could entail some quantity of bio-medical waste
reaching the disposal site although a common
treatment and disposal facility has been reportedly made available at Madurai.
Waste is not covered with earth to prevent ingress of vector, pigs, dogs etc. A large
number of stray animals are found during site visits to the disposal site. Waste from
slaughter houses are observed to be disposed along public areas resulting in public health
and pollution problems.
A principal issue that will require addressing is the presence of several households (mostly
from the economically weaker sections) in the vicinity of the disposal site (< 500 m) –
Significant Health Risk.
Institutional
The present system of MSW collection is vested with the Health Department and
performed by Sanitary Workers who are in turn supervised by Sanitary Inspectors.
Transportation and maintenance of vehicles, however, is being performed by the
Engineering Department.
During discussions with Corporation officials, it was pointed out and felt that this existing

system of dual (two-fold) responsibility results in inefficient collection leading to complaints

and inadequate re-dressal/ corrective mechanism.
On a summary note, the institutional strength and capacity of Madurai Corporation needs
to be revamped to ensure effective management of the system.

4.0 LEGAL ASPECTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Article 243 W of the Constitution of India read with the 12th Schedule states that the
responsibility of municipal solid waste management (SWM) rests on the Urban Local Body.
Although MSWM is a mandatory function of each ULB, this aspect of civic administration
has not received due attention. Based on a public interest litigation filed in the Honorable
Supreme Court in 1998 to direct the local bodies as well as the GoI and State
Governments to improve MSWM practices, a committee to evaluate all aspects of solid
waste management was appointed. The report known as the Barman Committee report
was submitted in March 1999. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
2000 (also referred to as the "Rules") was issued by the Central Government pursuant to
this report, in exercise of its powers under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The
Rules have substantially incorporated the recommendations made by the committee and
attempts to delineate responsibilities and bestow specific duties on the citizens as well as
the Local Bodies for effective operation and maintenance of the Municipal SWM system.
4.2 LEGAL PROVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION
Public participation is the underlying principle of the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000. The
Environment Protection Act under which these Rules have been issued has provided a
window for citizens to take the necessary initiative. Under Section 19 of the Act, a citizen
can lodge a complaint with the court for an offence under the Act after giving 60 days
notice of the alleged offence and the intent to file a complaint with the government official
authorized to make such complaints.
The citizens also have responsibilities for the success of any SWM practice. The main
responsibility includes cooperating with the local administration authorities and ensuring
compliance with the rules enforced by them.
However, despite the enforcement of Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 2000, the system of disposing garbage onto roads and littering resulting in
unhygienic conditions is still in vogue. Besides public awareness and education about the
ill-effects of such practices, it is also felt that legal instruments are required for preventing
throwing of garbage and littering.
4.3 MSW (M & H) RULES, 2000

Salient aspects of the MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 are outlined below:
• Prohibit littering on the street.
• Organize door to door waste collection and notifying public on the schedule and
methodology of storage and collection.
• Conduct awareness programmes to disseminate information to the public and hold
regular meetings with the resident welfare groups and NGOs.
• Devise ways to collect waste from unsanitary and difficult areas such as slums,
hotels, restaurants, office complexes and commercial areas.
• Build adequate storage facilities taking into account the population density so as to
prevent overflowing of trashcans.
• Colour code waste bins to encourage and ensure segregation of waste at source,
i.e. green for biodegradable, white for recyclable wastes (bags preferred) and
black/red for other wastes.
• The wastes are to be transported only in closed vans to avoid spilling of wastes.
• Dispose of the collected wastes by adopting any of the prescribed methods such
as vermin-composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, pelletisation, etc. Landfill
is to be adopted for inert waste.

4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH MSW (M & H) RULES, 2000

In order to comply with MSW (Management & Handling) Rules 2000, the following
measures require to be implemented on a priority basis:
• Apply for authorization to Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board
• Enforce source segregation and Door-to-Door collection of MSW
• Set up Compost yard and sanitary landfill facility as recommended
• Start submitting annual report in the prescribed format as per the Rules

5.0 MSW COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION – PROPOSED

IMPROVEMENTS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
A description of the existing system of municipal solid waste collection and transportation
and the associated issues/ problems with the existing system has been discussed in the
earlier section(s) of this report.
This chapter presents the proposed improvements to the existing system of primary and
secondary collection of waste and the transportation system in accordance with the MSW
Handling Rules 2000 and CPHEEO Manual on Solid Waste Management.
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The development options related to generation should evolve a sustainable strategy

towards reduction of wastes to be handled by the Local body. The above-mentioned
documents also suggest that the reduction of wastes adding to the municipal services is
the most essential step towards the improvement of solid waste management in the city.
One of the most effective steps towards the reduction in the wastes adding to the municipal
handling is to introduce source segregation of wastes. In Madurai City, it was observed that
the waste consists of 50-55% biodegradable/wet wastes and 45-50% non-biodegradable
wastes. Further, it is observed that the non-biodegradable wastes are composed of
recyclable materials like glass, paper, plastics, and metals, non recyclable waste such as
rubber, leather, soiled cloth and inert material such as soil, grit etc.
Recyclable material not only possess commercial salvage value but also contribute to the
local resources.
Thus, it is suggested that the Madurai Corporation shall direct the households, commercial
and industrial establishments to keep the dry/recyclable wastes preferably in bags or sacks
to be collected by the trained rag pickers. Here the Local Body needs to establish contacts
with leading NGOs or CBOs and encourage them to train the rag pickers for doing the job.
It is suggested that the Local Body shall not appoint any rag pickers permanent/ temporary
in this regard. Refer Annexure – 2A & 2B.
It is suggested that the Local body shall make a definite intervention in this regard to
convince the interested NGOs and CBOs to undertake the training programmes for rag
pickers and motivate them to stop picking the soiled and contaminated wastes from the
temporary storage points, streets and disposal sites and start picking from the door step at
regular intervals. The NGOs and CBOs may play a lead role in the process to create
awareness among the citizens to segregate the wastes at source and the trained rag
pickers picking the same on ‘no payment on either side basis’. This would facilitate
upgradation of the existing rag pickers to become doorstep collectors. The Corporation is
expected to issue licenses to these NGOs and CBOs and financial incentives for
purchasing the equipments and tools.
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Improvement measures should evolve effective strategies so as to mobilize the community
and citizens towards synchronizing their system of waste storage at source with the
primary collection of the wastes by the corporation and cooperate with the authority to
maintain clean streets and neighborhood in particular and city in general. The local
inhabitants shall be advised to keep two separate bins/bags for the purposes of
segregation of wastes at source and adopt appropriate mode of disposal of such wastes
from the source. The broad guidelines are given in Annexure - 3.
Madurai Corporation shall direct all the waste producers (households, institutions
commercial establishments and floating population) not to throw any solid waste in their
neighborhood, on the street, open spaces, and vacant plots or into drains by organizing
public awareness programme and addressing through leading local news papers. There
shall be adequate provision made in public heath rules to punish the violation alteast to

some extent like imposing fines in order to reduce the violations. At present the process of
segregation and storage of waste at source is generally absent. As a result of this, the
primary collection system has become adhoc and disorganized. It is necessary to promote
the practice of segregation and storage of waste at source so as to facilitate an organized
and hierarchical system of waste collection and disposal that will not let waste to reach the
ground in the primary and secondary collection stages. The measures for such a system
are:
• All premises should keep two separate bins/containers/bags for biodegradable waste
(green color) and Non-biodegradable waste (red color).
• Storage bins should be LDPE/HDPE/FRP/metallic, with lid for the biodegradable
waste. The size should be enough to hold the waste of a day with spare capacity of
100% to meet contingencies.
• Segregation has to be done at source to ensure recyclable fraction, to get better price.
A guideline for source storage requirements is presented in Table 5.1. It is imperative to
mention that bins for households to store waste in a segregated manner shall be provided
only during the first year. Subsequent replacements/renewals shall be performed by the
local body at the cost of the public.

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Individual Households
To keep the food waste/ biodegradable as and when generated, in any type of
domestic waste container, preferably with a cover.
To keep dry/recyclable wastes preferably in bags or sacks for the collection by the
trained rag pickers.
To keep domestic hazardous waste as shown in the Annexure - 3 separately, for
disposal as arranged by the Madurai Corporation.
Following are the suggestive specifications for storage of wet wastes (food and
biodegradable) at household level:
o Preferably, a metal or plastic container with lid,
o A container of 10-litre capacity (0.010 cu. m to accommodate 7-8 kg) for a family of
5 members would be adequate,
o Household may keep larger containers or more than one container to store the
waste produced in 24 hours having a spare capacity of 100% to meet unforeseen
delay in clearance or unforeseen extra loads and
o Plastic carry bags may be supplied regularly to all households and commercial
establishments to hold the bio degradable waste within the container to prevent
unhygienic conditions during the door-to-door collection
Community / Group Households

To adopt above-mentioned guidelines at the individual household level in each
community or group households.
Provision of community bin facility for apartment residents for storage of domestic
wastes and encourage residents to deposit their domestic waste into the community
bins.
To provide separate community bin optionally for the recyclable wastes to be collected
by the trained rag pickers.
The Madurai Corporation to issue notices to the existing private society/, flats/multi-
storied buildings, etc. and provision of such facility to be made mandatory for
sanctioning building construction permits and completion certificates.
Slums and Old Areas of the City

To place community bins of suitable size ranging from 25 to 50 litre capacity with
adequate numbers (to accommodate 20-50 kg) at suitable locations to enable the
public to deposit the waste as and when
The location to be decided in consultation with the slum dwellers to facilitate their
cooperation and the Local Body shall identify such locations, which may be suitable to
the slum dwellers and convenient for the local body to collect such waste.
Shops / Offices / Institutions

To keep their waste on-site as and when generated in a suitable container until the
time of doorstep collection.
To keep hazardous waste separately, for disposal to be arranged by the Madurai
Corporation.
Following are the suggestive specifications for storage of wastes:
o Preferably, a metal or plastic container with lid,
o A container of 30-litre capacity (0.03 cu. m to accommodate 15 kg) would be
adequate,
o The shops, offices and institutions may keep larger containers or more than one
container to store the waste produced in 24 hours having a spare capacity of 100%
to meet unforeseen delay in clearance or unforeseen extra loads and
o Preferably wet wastes should not be disposed of in plastic carry bags.
To keep the dry/recyclable wastes preferably in bags or sacks for the doorstep
collection by the trained rag pickers. Alternatively, their association may make their
own arrangements for collecting these wastes on ‘no payment on either side basis’.
Hotels / Restaurants
To refrain from disposal of their waste into municipal street bins or containers.
To keep the food waste/ biodegradable as and when generated, meeting the
specifications mentioned below:
o HDPE//LDPE container with lid ,
o A container of 50-litre capacity (to accommodate at least 50 kg) would be
adequate,
o The container should have appropriate handle(s) on the top or side and rim at the
bottom for ease of emptying.
o In case of large hotels and restaurants where it may not be convenient to store
waste in 50 liter or smaller size containers, they shall hire the higher capacity
dumber bins of required numbers from the Madurai Corporation.
To keep hazardous waste such as linen, sanitary napkins, discarded medicines
separately, for disposal as directed by the Madurai Corporation and dry/recyclable
wastes preferably in bags/ cardboard boxes for doorstep collection and disposal
through sanitary landfill.

Vegetable / Fruit / Meat / Fish Markets

To provide 50 litres PVC container(s) for each market /stall on full cost recovery basis,
leaving open shops & road side shops.
The container should have appropriate handle(s) on the top or side and rim at the
bottom for ease of emptying.
Marriage Halls / Community Halls

50 litres capacity PVC bins with lid and handles of adequate number in dining halls and
kitchen.
Dumper bins of adequate numbers shall be hired from Madurai Corporation.
Hospitals / Nursing Homes / Health Care Centres / Laboratories

To advise these establishments refraining from throwing any bio-medical waste on the
streets or open spaces, as well as into the municipal bins or domestic waste collection
sites.
To keep color-coded bins or bags as per the directions of the Government of India,
Ministry of Environment, dated 20th July 1998 Biomedical Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1998, and follow the directions of CPCB and HPCB from time to time
for the storage of biomedical waste including amputated limbs, tissues, solid bandages,
used injections, syringes, etc.
The storage of biomedical waste shall be done strictly in conformity with directions
contained in the Government of India’s aforesaid notification.
To provide 10 litres capacity bins of green and red in each ward canteen
50 litres capacity green container with lid and handles in canteen and kitchen.
Construction and Demolition Wastes

Demolition activity shall be carried out only in presence of the corporation staff to
remove the waste then and there avoiding nuisance to the public and traffic and take
prior permission of the Madurai Corporation
To pay for such permission and shall store such waste in such a way that it does not
hamper the traffic, the waste does not get spread on the road and does not block the
surface drain or storm water drain.
The Madurai Corporation may make an endeavor to provide or encourage the facility of
containers on rent for the storage and transportation of construction waste on ‘full cost
recovery’ basis./hiring
Horticultural Wastes
To compost and utilize all the garden waste and reuse on site as for as possible
To dispose off to the municipal dumper bins on-site by hiring the containers
5.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

Following are the broad interventions suggested for the Madurai Corporation to improve
the primary collection of solid waste in the city:
Providing daily waste collection service to all households and establishments for
collection of organic biodegradable wastes from the doorstep by ensuring regular and
reliable services so as to clear such wastes within 24 hours of its generation,
Domestic hazardous wastes produced occasionally shall be collected from doorstep
but the people should be advised to keep the same in separate bags/card board boxes
An exclusive bin shall be earmarked for biomedical waste for receipt
One or two dumper bins shall be placed in each ward in convenient locations
Madurai Corporation shall have a tie up with biomedical waste treatment facilitators for
Transport and disposal.
Accordingly, following steps are to be undertaken to implement the above initiatives:

The Waste collectors shall start collecting the wastes (organic and biodegradable) on
a daily basis as soon as two bins are provided Initially, some of the posh residential
areas of the city like Anna Nagar, KK Nagar, etc. may be covered through this process
and gradually to be extended to the other areas of the city.
Promoting NGOs and CBOs for collection of dry and recyclable wastes and domestic
hazardous wastes from the doorstep on ‘no payment on either side basis’. Madurai
Corporation to decide on the frequency and the manner from time to time in
consultation with the NGOs and resident associations.
Individual Households and Community / Group Households

A container of 10L capacity for a family of about 4 to 5 members would generally be
sufficient for BDW. Similar capacity container of red colour shall be kept for NBDW.In
case of multi storied buildings and housing complexes/society, every household should
ensure that the waste reaches the dumper bin of corporation through internal
arrangement of their own
To undertake doorstep collection of wastes through containerized Tri-cycles &
handcarts with community participation. The containerized Tri-cycles and handcarts to
be used for the purpose shall have following specifications:
o The Tri-cycles shall have 8 detachable containers each of capacity 30 to 40 litres
(0.3 to 0.4 cu. m capable of accommodating 15 to 20 kg) with total capacity of each
handcart 175 kg,
o 4 container shall be earmarked for BDG Waste, 3 containers for NBDG Waste
and 1 container of yellow colour exclusively for domestic hazardous waste.
o Each container shall have handles and other necessary fixtures for easy emptying
to the storage containers.
o The Tri-cycles shall have non-conventional horns/sounds to facilitate the citizens
and households to cooperate with the Sanitary Workers by bringing the wastes to
them. Alternatively, a whistle maybe provided to the Sanitary Worker in lieu of a
bell
o The suggestive specifications of the materials for handcarts are given in the
Annexure - 4,
Fixed area for sweeping plus a fixed number or stretch of houses for the collection of
waste be assigned to each Sanitary Worker & yardsticks be fixed based on density of
the area.
The Sanitary Worker to ring the bell or blow the whistle announcing his/her arrival at
the place of work and start sweeping the street. People to put their domestic wet and
biodegradable waste into the Tri-cycles of the Sanitary Worker or hand over the waste
to him/her on hearing the bell or whistle.
On account of non-availability at home when Sanitary Worker arrives in the area, they
may leave the domestic waste in bins or bags just outside their house on the street in
the morning so as to enable the Sanitary Worker to pick up the waste and put it into the
handcart.
In posh residential areas and large residential complex, collection-at-the-door pick up
of wastes may be introduced for picking up domestic waste from households daily on
‘full cost recovery’ basis and an NGO or contractor may be encouraged to provide such
service.
Slums and Old Areas of the City

In slum areas, slum dwellers should be strictly advised to store the wastes in plastic
containers supplied to them and dispose it to the dumper bins by themselves in case
where tri-cycles can not reach every door steps. The Sanitary Workers to collect waste by
announcement, bell ringing/ whistle system.

It is suggested that the Madurai Corporation to promote setting up NSCs in all

identified slums. to educate the importance of segregation and cleanliness
Shops / Offices / Institutions

Shops and Offices usually produce recyclable waste viz., paper and other stationeries with
small portion of BDW. There are roughly 13000 commercial establishments.
Shops and establishments normally open after 9 or 10 a.m. These timings do not
synchronize with the usual work schedule of the Sanitary Workers. Under this situation
one of these three alternatives may be adopted.
o Self arrangement to dispose the waste in to the community bins on their own
o Door to door collection may be carried out during closing hours of business by
Madurai corporation
o To provide doorstep collection service from shops and establishment preferably
contracted out on ‘full cost-recovery’ basis.
To ensure segregated waste getting emptied in the corresponding dumper bin second
option is more appropriate
Markets
In MC, there are 25 markets, which together with commercial establishment produce on an
average 72 MT of waste every day. Vegetable, meat and fish markets produce waste,
which is ideal for production of compost. In view of this, it is desirable that all market waste
should be stored and collected separately without allowing it to get mixed with other
wastes.
The market shops should be clearly instructed not to throw their waste on road/street side.
This is very much essential as the waste causes nuisance due to faster degradation rate
and also by attracting stray animals. Particularly waste from fish/meat market emanates
very bad smell and therefore it is desirable that these wastes should be kept in containers
with lid supplied to them by the corporation at their costs
The MC should ensure that the wastes are lifted from the markets increased frequencies
daily.
Marriage/Community halls
These are the places, which generate high quantity of waste even though not on daily
basis when functions are held in these establishments. There are roughly about 110
marriage halls in MC. These establishments should be instructed to install their own large
size containers (preferably of size 25 L or 50 L) for storage of waste at source in dining
halls and in kitchen These establishments should give prior intimation to the MC for any
function being organized and shall hire dumper bins from MC
Commercial and Institutional Establishments
Being a tourist place, there are number of hotels and restaurants in Madurai. These hotels
and restaurants do not practice storage of waste at source system leading to multiple
handling of solid wastes. They should be advised to segregate their waste into BDW and
NBDW and store them separately on-site in steel/plastic containers of varying sizes based
on size and type of hotels and restaurants. Depending on the volume of waste generation
50 L capacity LDPE/HDPE in various numbers can be used for storage of waste. Dumper
bins shall be hired wherever required
They may be directed to keep NBDW separately as and when produced and dispose it off
as per the directions of the MC.to the corresponding community dumper bins
Remove wastes from OPEN STALLS( Vegetable / Fruit / Meat / Fish Markets) at
frequent intervals. Corporation should employ their own sweepers/waste collectors and
the waste shall be collected and disposed to the community dumper bins to avoid
unhygienic conditions Dumper bins shall also be lifted more frequently as such bins
would cause odour and fly nuisance and as well as attract bird nuisance

The collection of bio-medical waste to be done in accordance with the directions
contained in the Biomedical & Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules,
Ministry of Environment; Government of India; Notification dated July 20, 1998.
The liability of disposing biomedical waste is vested with the waste producer. The
Madurai Corporation do not have any legal responsibility. However, if any biomedical
wastes are found mixed with MSW, The entire waste shall be treated as bio medical
waste and disposed accordingly.

Construction and demolition Waste should not be allowed to be stored on the road
unauthorisedly. As it is voluminous and likely obstruct the traffic, it shall be removed then
and there. The generator shall obtain prior permission for demolition and demolition shall
be carried out in presence of the corporation staff to ensure the wastes are shifted then
and there. Wherever adequate space is available the generator shall be directed to store
with in the premises. Collection of demolition/construction waste shall be carried out purely
on commercial basis. A sum of Rs 5,000/-trip shall be charged to discourage unnecessary
and non reusable generation of waste.
Madurai Corporation to prescribe the rate per ton for the collection and disposal of
construction waste and debris and notify the same.
Every person who is likely to produce construction waste to deposit approximate
amount in advance at the rates prescribed
The charges for removal of construction waste to be doubled for those who fail to
deposit the amount in advance.
Garden Wastes and Agricultural Wastes

There are roughly about 27 parks in MC. These parks should be instructed to reuse all
plant wastes on-site by pit (Anaerobic) composting. Only in cases where it is not possible,
MC should collect and process at the waste processing site.
To be collected on a weekly basis by arranging a rotation for collecting such waste from
different areas, on different days to be notified to enable them to trim the trees and lawns
accordingly and keep the waste ready.
Slaughterhouse waste
Two Slaughterhouses are located within Corporation limits in Ward No. 48, Nellupettai and
in Ward No. 29 at Mahaboobpalayam. Solid waste generated is transferred directly to the
dumping site at Vellakkal which is a highly dangerous and unacceptable practice. Both the
slaughterhouses are almost 75 years old (as per MC) and situated in the thick populated
area. The existing slaughter house shall be relocated if possible and shall be provided with
necessary infrastructure facilities. As the solid waste generated from slaughter house is of
no easily biodegradable in nature, it is suggested that it shall be disposed as biomedical
medical waste or into the secured landfill.
5.3 STREET SWEEPING

Most of the development options suggested focus on the improvement of working
environment of the Sanitary Workers and fixing norms for each Sanitary Worker so that the
factor of accountability may be established to review the performance of each Sanitary
Worker.
Sweeping Norms
Currently, daily sweeping of streets is undertaken only in commercial areas, railway
station, bus stand, vegetable market, park, etc. In some areas sweeping is undertaken

once in a week. In the low-density areas and isolated small settlements and small
lanes and streets, street sweeping is not even attempted.
This system needs to be augmented and classification shall be made so as to attend
all the important areas like commercial streets be swept twice a day and residential
areas be swept on a daily basis at least once during morning hours.
There is a need to assign specific areas and responsibilities to each Sanitary Worker
so that the Sanitary Worker may be held responsible for the operation.
Sweeping Process
The Sanitary Workers to sweep the roads and footpaths in the area allotted to them on
daily basis and see that the roads are kept clean.
The sweeping norms mentioned below are for cleaning the streets in the first 4 hours of
the working day. Roads/streets, which have a central verge or divided, should be
considered as two roads. In such cases the length of the road allotted for sweeping
should be reduced to half or alternatively separate Sanitary Worker may be engaged
for sweeping two sides of the road. All above shall include all the surface drains
abutting the road having width less than 1 m.
Sanitary Workers should be assigned fixed individual beats and ‘pinpoint” work
according to the density of the area to be swept. Alternatively, the following guidelines
may be considered while prescribing these norms:
o High-density area: 250 to 350 running meters of road length.
o Medium-density area: 400 to 600 running meters of road length.
o Low-density area: 650 to 750 running meters of road length.
Tools to be given to Sanitary Workers

Most of the tools used for sweeping are inefficient and outdated and need to be
replaced by efficient tools and equipment. Following are some of the tools necessary
for efficient operation:
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Provision of Litterbins
Provide facilities of litterbins all over the city and numbers based on the requirements
so that people (especially floating population) can deposit the litter in hand into such
bins while on the move and keep the streets litter-free.

Provide litterbins at all public spaces, bus stations, in all market places, places where
people gather or wait in queues and on important roads at reasonable distances
ranging from 25 to 250 meters depending on local conditions.
The pinpoint beat Sanitary Workers to remove the wastes from these litterbins during
their street cleaning operations, directly transferring into the dumper bin.
5.4 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WASTES

The temporary storage points provided in Madurai partially meet the requirements provided
in the Manual as well as the recommendations as provided by the Report of the Committee
constituted by the Honorable Supreme Court of India. Thus, the Consultants suggest
augmenting the same towards further improvement in a phased manner. Some of the
improvement measures suggested along with the specifications and norms to be followed
are as follows:
Provide containers at a distance of average 250 meters from the place of work of the
Sanitary Workers. The average distance between 2 containers should, therefore, not
exceed 500 meters. The distance between the containers shall be determined on the
basis of the load of waste / refuse that is likely to be received at the container from the
area concerned.
The containers should be placed on cement concrete or asphalt flooring having a
gradual slope towards the road to keep the site clean. The flooring should be flush
with the border of the road (i.e. drains) to maintain hygienic conditions and facilitate the
transfer of waste from the handcart / tricycle into the container. A catch pit may be
provided close by if storm water drain exists in the city.
In areas where placement of large containers (dumper placer containers) is
inconvenient, small containers of 1.00 cu. m size may be placed on the roads, lanes
and by-lanes at short distances of about 300 m. These containers should also be kept
on paved flooring and cleared daily.
Another option that could be used in such a situation is to avoid placing a container
altogether and instead press into service small waste collection vehicle for direct
transfer of waste from the handcarts / tricycles into such vehicles. Such vehicles can
be parked at suitable locations in the congested areas where Sanitary Workers can
bring the waste easily.
It is suggested to use innocuous agents like bleaching powder and other permitted
insecticides to prevent the menace of breading of flies and mosquitoes at the
community storage points. Further, such an application of innocuous agents would
facilitate maintaining hygienic and odorless environment at the community storage
points however avoiding the spillage around the community bins is the best way to
abate the above problems.
5.5 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE

After studying the existing solid waste management in MC it has been decided to
recommend the following approach for collection and conveyance for the MSWM.
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Synchronization of Collection with the Transportation Process

The collection of waste need to be containerized and the proposed transportation
system is envisaged to be compatible with the collection system.
The synchronization of transportation with that of collection process is envisaged in a
phased manner considering the manpower requirements and operation and
maintenance capacity of the Madurai Corporation.
The phasing of the containerization of transportation of wastes shall be undertaken as
mentioned in the Chapter 4 of this report.

The containerized vehicles (dumper placers - twin containers) are suggested to start
the transportation with two empty containers and shall place the empty container
properly in place with shutters open for use and lift the filled container. In no case, the
vehicles shall lift existing container without placing empty container.
Fleet of Vehicles
The Madurai Corporation is suggested to maintain the fleet of vehicles based on the
number of containers placed and the waste generation in the city. Accordingly,
procurement plan has been worked out and presented in the Chapter 4 of this report.
The transportation of wastes is envisaged to be containerized as per the norms/
standards prescribed in the Manual. Accordingly, it is envisaged to replace the existing
open transport system in a phased manner.
As per the norms/standards, it is suggested to have vehicular capacity equivalent to
1.3 times that of the actual generation of waste. However, from the economic point of
view, the vehicles less than 8 years (economic life) are proposed for regular routes on
a daily basis with a design capacity of 85 percent of the total waste generation in the
city.
With the containerization of the transport, the number of trips may be considerably
increased due to saving in time for handling, loading and unloading. As twin container-
side loader-dumper placers (Refer Annexure - 5) are suggested, the vehicles shall be
directed to make at least five trips a day, thus transporting 10 containers.
Vehicles losing the economic life shall be replaced otherwise vehicles itself would
cause problems.
Type of Vehicles
The vehicles used for the transportation of waste shall synchronize with that of the
collection system and based on the market surveys and situation analysis and the
discussion with the Madurai Corporation, two types of vehicles are envisaged for the
Madurai Corporation.
Dumper Placer -Twin Container is proposed to cater to the needs of the fast moving
vehicles. These vehicles would have two containers, each of capacity 3 cu. m with side
loading and unloading facilities using hydraulic system. These vehicles are envisaged
to undertake 5 trips per day with total waste carrying capacity of 15 MT per day,
primarily used for the wider roads within the city.
Existing push carts may be used where tri-cycles do not get a entry and where even
push carts do not enter manual collection shall be adopted
Domestic, Trade and Institutional Wastes

The Madurai Corporation shall evolve an Operational Plan for transportation of various
domestic, trade and institutional wastes regularly in a scientific and systematic manner.
The Madurai Corporation shall group all the containers into following four categories:
o Containers to be cleared twice a day,
o Containers to be cleared once a day,
o Containers to be cleared once in a week (for horticultural waste).
The Madurai Corporation shall direct the vehicle operators strictly to adhere to the
schedule worked out based on the above categorization and log books shall be
maintained and it shall be reviewed by the supervisory staff on daily basis.
Wastes from meat/fish markets are to be removed at more frequently that is twice in
the morning and twice in the evening as it would result to odour and fly nuisance.
The routing pattern shall be worked out based on the Operational Plan mentioned
above so as to prevent zigzag movement of vehicles and save fuel and time.
Hotels / Restaurants and Marriage Halls / Community Halls

The hotels and restaurants waste should be collected once during morning and once
during evening
Dumper bins of adequate capacity shall be supplied to large scale establishments on
hire basis and the transportation, processing and disposal cost shall be commercial.

Only garbage shall be collected from these facilities by adopting similar arrangements
as in the case of commercial establishments.
The bio-medical waste shall not be collected by the MC as it is the responsibility of the
above institutions.

Madurai Corporation to prescribe the rate per ton for the collection and disposal of
construction waste and debris and notify the same.
Every person who is likely to produce construction waste to deposit approximate
amount in advance at the rates prescribed.
The charges for removal of construction waste to be doubled for those who fail to
deposit the amount in advance.
Rs. 2700 per trip and Rs. 500 per Ton for small generators shall be exclusively
charged.
Garden Wastes and Agricultural Wastes

These waste shall be collected exclusively by MC once in a week utilizing separate
dumper bins so that it can be unloaded directly to compost site as the same does not
require post segregation
In this approach, Tricycles and existing Push

carts are used for Primary collection, dumper
placers and Compactors are used for
secondary collection. Existing Tipper Lorries
are exclusively used for transport and disposal
of demolition wastes on commercial basis. The
primary collection of waste has to synchronize
well with the first step of storage of waste at
source. The streetwise waste generation is
given in Annexure - 6.
Based on the ward wise waste generation,

requirement of community bins, Tri-cycles,
and secondary transportation vehicles have
been estimated in detail and is enclosed as
Annexure -7. Estimate of vehicles and
equipment requirement was also based on a
city-level overall assessment. Pursuant to
comparison, the higher requirement indicated
by both methods was selected.
Push carts can be used for door-to-door

collection in the streets having width less than
10 feet and tri-cycles can be used in streets

having width between 10 to 15 feet and 15 to 20 feet. The collected wastes are then
conveyed to the dumper bins of capacity 1.25MT, one for biodegradable waste and other
for remaining waste.
The collected garbage in 1.25MT bins is transported to the landfill site by dual loading
dumper placers. In the streets having width greater than 20 feet and in areas where there
is significant bulk refuse generation, Garbage Compactors (truck mounted) can be used.
Dumper placers shall collect the dumper bins and unload the wastes at inspection yard.
Inspection yard at dumping site is constructed with tipping platform arrangement to unload
the garbage from the dumper bins to perform screening of wastes before final processing
and disposal.
Demolition wastes/ debris shall be collected by the use of existing eight tipper lorries of
which nearly seven can be retained for this purpose.
Based on detailed analyses, existing system/vehicle/equipment condition and applicable

CPHEEO norms for the MSW system in Madurai, the proposed equipment and vehicle
schedule is furnished in Table 5.3:

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Expenditure incurred in the proposed system of solid waste management is much less
than the expenditure incurred for the existing system of solid waste management. It is
estimated there will be roughly 30% saving in this new approach.
In the existing system it is very essential to correlate vehicle and manpower for
removal of garbage. But in the proposed system even in the absence of vehicle,
garbage could be swept and collected in the Dumper bin. Hence the vehicle movement
becomes independent of sweeping and collection of garbage.
The Collection efficiency is critical to effective SWM system, as it is the main determinant
of collection cost in all types of collection systems. The modus operandi for collection and
conveyance of MSW are based on following:
Collection frequency
In setting collection frequency, the important factors that have been considered are the
appropriate volume for containers, the needs and desires of the area in which the bins are
located, the public health risks that would arise from infrequent collection, avoidance of
odors from uncollected waste, and the necessity of scheduling collection at times when
streets are not crowded.
“Just-in-time” collection
Door to door collection reduces disposal of garbage in to road side and reduces the health
hazards associated with, and prevents unauthorized waste picking. To enhance reliability,
the waste collectors should ring a bell upon arrival in an area.

Optimal Collection Route design and operation
A route is the path followed by a single collection vehicle for waste collection on a single
day. The route charts for Door-to-Door collection of all the wards of MC by pushcarts,
tricycles and autos have been arrived for each ward together with the locations of the
dumper bins, where they have to unload the collected waste. This should be strictly
followed. The time of collection for each street should be intimated to households and the
timing should be maintained regularly. The route map for ward No. 3 is shown in Figure 5.1
as an example.
Figure 5.1 Route map for Ward No. 3


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Household
The MC is engaging a Self Help Group for collecting residential waste in Anna
Nagar. Similar operation can gradually be extended to other wards. Pushcart
arrangement for door-to-door collection practiced in Anna Nagar is shown in
Figure 5.2. Although this arrangement is good, it can be improvised by using
differently colored bins, preferably green for BDW and red for NBDW. The
number of bins for BDW and NBDW may be 75and 3respectively in a single
pushcart. And one for household biomedical waste
In the case of residential society /

complexes the MC should make it
mandatory for association of these
societies and complexes to have their
own sweepers and maintain community
bins in their premises. They should be
advised to store their BDW and NBDW
separately. While selecting the placement
location of such bins the society bearer
should consult with MC sanitary staff to
ensure that the bin or container is easily
accessible and convenient to empty. The
resident welfare associations of societies
or residential complexes may be asked to
deliver their waste to the community bin
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avoiding the door to door collection..
There are 211 slums spread all over Madurai. In narrow lanes where even
manual entry is not possible for door to door collection, residents shall be
educated to empty their bins direct to the community bins. The waste may be
collected using push-carts and a bell-mounted tri-cycle in areas where the
access is available.
Hotels and restaurants waste, Shops and Establishments
The MC should impress upon the association of hotels and restaurants & shops and
commercial establishments to organize primary storage and collection of wastes
themselves. In case MC is required to help for primary collection, the MC may extend help
on full-cost-recovery basis. Charges for the collection of waste is discussed in separate
chapter
Markets
Generally in market area road sweeping shall be primary work. Sweeping of internal lanes
shall be also carried out more frequently by engaging the services of the sweepers
between 6 A.M to 10 P.M. The swept waste shall be removed to the community bins on
continuous basis. The waste from the meat and fish shops shall be stored with in the shop
collected more frequently. Exclusive dumper bin shall be provided for meat & fish waste.
The shop owners shall be instructed to deposit the waste by themselves to the community
bin. In case, M C extended its service for door collection, the cost shall be recovered.
Marriage halls/community halls

At the marriage halls and community halls, wastes generated are though large, generated
occasionally and therefore they require special arrangements for collection of waste. It is
recommended that on each of such occasion, the management of marriage hall or
community hall should give prior-information to the MC for collection of waste. The cost of
such collection could be built into the charges for utilizing such halls by the management of
these marriage and community halls and pass the charges to MC for maintaining the
collection system. The tariff for discussed in separate chapter.

Construction and demolition wastes

Construction and demolition debris does not require any processing and sanitary landfill
disposal, as they are inert in nature. The construction site owner should be made fully
responsible for the wastes generated by them at the site towards providing services for
collection, transportation and disposal. Entire cost shall be recovered from the
generator.There shall not be any financial constrain to M C.. The Table 5.4 shows the trend
in Demolition activity for the past five years in MC.
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Apart from the above, there are many other unapproved Construction and demolition
activity in practice. It was informed that roughly about 300 MT/day of Construction and
demolition Waste is produced on an average in MC. The MC should ensure all demolition
waste shall be collected by itself so that misuse of water bodies and public places for
disposal by private transporters is prevented..
The MC can make a plan for gainful use of this Construction and demolition Wastes. The
low lying areas, which need to be filled up for the purpose of building activity may be
mapped and a contingency plan prepared so that whenever a construction or demolition
activity takes place, its debris can be diverted to such places in order of priority. A rough
estimate of likely revenue generation has been arrived from the existing rate of
construction and demolition debris generated in MC and is presented below.
Revenue Generation from Selling Demolition Waste
Total volume of CDW generation = 15000 m3/ year

Volume of 1 load = 5m3
Number of loads = 15000 /5 = 3000 trips
Trips per day =3000/ 200 = 15 trips
Time required for pick-up, transport and = 4 Hours
drop-off for 1 load
Duration of operation = 16 hours / day (2 shifts)
Number of dedicated Vehicles required = 15 loads x 4 hours = 5
12 Hours
Number of Labor required = (5 driver + 5 cleaner) per shift
Cost per Trip
Salary of driver =Rs.175 per trip
Salary of Cleaner =Rs.125 per trip
Loading charges =Rs.1000 per trip (@ Rs. 200 per M3)
Cost of fuel =Rs. 600 per trip (40km travel distance)
Cost of Vehicle =Rs. 250 per trip

Repairs & other expenses =Rs. 50 per trip
Proportional Cost of land =Rs. 500 per trip
=Rs. 2700 per trip or Rs.540 per M3 or
Total Levy required per trip
Rs. 270 per Ton
= Rs 270 x 15000
Revenue that can be generated
= Rs. 40,50,000 per annum
Note:
For Smaller quantity Rs. 500 per Ton may be charged.
However, this revenue model is not adopted in preparation of the financial operating plan.
Based on the above study it is recommended that the MC undertakes to clear the
construction and demolition waste and generate the likely revenue from disposing the
same. After disposing this construction and demolition waste the surplus debris can be
utilized for raising bunds along rivers and canals to avoid breaching during monsoon
season. (River Vaigai runs nearly 7.5 km within the corporation limit). However, such
activity should be planned and implemented strictly under supervision and approval of a
single authority and Solid Waste Management Department can be entrusted with this task.
Possible Re-use/ Re-cycling of surplus Construction and demolition Wastes are as follows
• Crushed clean fill for Road sub base

• Re-used in concrete
• Rip-rap on roads
• Clean fill material for landfill reclamation
• Landscaping
In order to take care of wastes from minor civil works like repair or small construction works
and to facilitate disposal of small quantities of construction/demolition waste, containers/
tractor trailers may be placed at such sites where waste producers may deposit small
quantities through private labor, hand carts, tri-cycles etc. and such waste may be
collected from time to time before such containers/tractor trolleys start over flowing. For the
smaller quantity Rs. 500 per tonning may be charged with the minimum of Rs. 500.
Garden wastes
Based on the size of garden and waste generation rate, frequency of collection of waste
may be worked out. It may be once or twice in a week. The frequency so worked out may
be intimated to the park authorities so that they can carry out work of pruning of trees and
mowing of grass accordingly. However, the wastes generated by the visitors like plastic
cups, plates and other eatables may be collected on daily basis. The Park authorities
should be advised to store them separately in adequate size of environment friendly waste
containers depending upon the waste generation rate.
Street Sweeping
Street sweeping is to be carried out on daily basis and in cases more frequently to keep
the streets, sidewalks and public areas are clean. Sweeping plan for MC has been worked
out after taking the following factors and facts into consideration. The factors that are
considered in preparing plan for street sweeping in MC are population and building density,
road surface, pedestrian traffic, sand accumulation, and topography. In preparing a
sweeping plan for MC, the streets and public spaces are classified as residential streets,
market areas, open spaces, streets having no residential areas or having less density of
habitation. For street sweeping either mechanical or manual sweeping or both can be
adopted. The details of sanitary workers and mechanical sweeping machines are
presented in Table 5.5 after taking the above factors into consideration.

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Alternately, the requirement for mechanical sweepers has also been estimated based on
the length of bus route roads (> 30 ft.) which is equal to 160 km. Assuming, both sides to
be cleaned and only 50% of the roads to be cleaned mechanically at the rate of 5 kmph
over an eight (8) hour shift, it can be seen that only four Mechanical Sweepers are required
in the present stage.
For Mechanical sweeping, road sweepers shown in Figure 5.3 can be used. Already in MC
there are similar mechanical equipments, 1 robotic Bobcat road sweeper and 3 tractors
with sleeve attachments are available for street sweeping which are doing a satisfactory
job. Similar activity can be extended to other roads with width greater than 30 feet and
paved surfaces. For this night sweeping (from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m.) should be done. All
remaining roads can be covered using manual labour as the equipment maneuvering in
these roads are difficult. In the present study, it was found that only 34 % of roads satisfy
the requirements for mechanical sweeping equipments.
Figure 5.3; View of Road Sweepers
In conclusion it is suggested to have good sweeping plan and to cover the entire MC area
including lanes, by-lanes and open spaces it is necessary to work out the “Beats”, after
taking in to consideration the following requirements:
• Each sanitary worker has to do the sweeping and the cleaning of the tertiary and road
side drains and transfer the sweepings in to the bins in the sweeper’s cart and deposit
in to the containers/ bins kept at the intersection of sweeping routes.
• Separate crew equipped with appropriate implements may do De-silting of larger drains
and UGS

• Part of the street sweeping can be outsourced to women SHGs or other agencies
through a transparent process
• Sanitary services should not suffer due to absence of any sanitation worker.
In order to assure this, alternate arrangements must be made to ensure that all sanitary
services are provided even when any sanitary worker is on leave or absent.
Workshop Facilities
From the discussions held with the officials of the Corporation, it is observed that the
repairs and maintenance of some of the vehicles (tractor trolleys, both manual and
hydraulic) are undertaken in select private workshops. The expenses in this regard are
met through the provisions provided under the contingencies. The Local Body is not
facing any severe problems due to the existing arrangement of repairs and
maintenance of the vehicles in private workshops and thus the same system may be
continued with improved institutional arrangements for all repairs.
Alternatively, a dedicated workshop facility may be established with requisite
equipment and manpower to handle repairs of ULB vehicles utilized for MSW
Management.
The Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) is suggested for major repairs of hi-tech
vehicles like Dumper Placer - Twin Container and Compactor Trucks including the
hydraulic system with the manufacturers only.
Transfer Stations
Transfer stations are centralized facilities where waste is unloaded from smaller collection
vehicles and re-loaded into larger vehicles for transport to a disposal or processing site.
Transfer stations represent sound practice when there is a need for vehicles servicing a
collection route to travel a shorter distance, unload, and return quickly to their primary task
of collecting the waste.
Since the Vellakkal site is less than 10 km from most of the collection service areas,
transporting the collected waste will not take longer haul-time hence it is suggested that
setting up of Transfer station is not required at present.
5.6 PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR IMPROVING SWM SYSTEM

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The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has issued the ‘Recycled Plastics
Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999’ under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on
September 2, 1999. The salient features of the Rules are:
• No carry bags having less than 20-micron (20-m equivalent to 0.2 mm) thickness can
be manufactured, stored, sold and/or used;
• Carry bags made from recycled plastic would have to be colored, specially marked and
should not be used for carrying foodstuff;
• The recycling procedure should strictly follow the Bureau of Indian Standards
specifications; and
• Carry bags manufactured from virgin granules should either be transparent or white.
The Ministry of Environment & Forests, through an amendment of the above Rules (being
the ‘Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, 2003’) have imposed
further restrictions on the use of plastic carry bags prohibiting the manufacture, storage,
distribution and use of plastic carry bags whose dimensions are less than 8 inches X 12
inches (20 X 30 cm). The Rules have come into effect on June 17, 2003. The TNPCB has
fixed a deadline for enforcing this amendment at February 28, 2006. It has been clarified
that the minimum weight for 50 carry bags made of virgin or recycled plastics should be
taken to be 105 g (plus or minus 5 per cent variation) and the carry bags of larger sizes
shall be of proportionate increase in weight.

The usage of plastics in India is growing quite rapidly and is likely to touch the consumption
level of 8.0 million MT per annum by 2006-07 (CII). This poses a major problem as far as
the MSW management is concerned. This is in particular a great concern in a city like
Madurai. Hence in compliance with the Recycled Plastics Manufacture and usage rules,
1999, the usage of thin plastic bags should be banned in Madurai. Other measures, which
can be taken to cut down the use of plastics would include:
Impose ban on manufacture and import of thin plastic bags. Instead the use
biodegradable plastics should be encouraged.
Use newspaper bags, wherever possible.
Make jute, cotton bags and thick plastic bags available at the major shopping centers.
The citizens should be made to pay to procure these bags.
Discourage use of plastic items in fast food joints. Encourage them to use the
previously used ceramic or steel items or use paper items.
Provide clean drinking water source across the city at regular intervals. Such drinking
water source should be more in number in commercial places like the market place
and the bus stands.
Use of Eco-friendly and naturally occurring items in commercial establishments such
as hotels, restaurants, etc.
In general, use of use & throw plastics in commercial establishments, Hotels, marriage
halls, public places and institutions shall be banned. Otherwise the generating sources
should be heavily charged (thrice the recommended tariff).
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The MC is presently collecting service charges from various commercial establishments

including hotels, wedding halls, hospitals, etc. The service charges are levied in proportion
to the quantum of waste generated and upon income and type of activities.
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The aforementioned existing charges can be termed only as the basic requirement and
does not address the requirement to support the Operation and Maintenance costs of a
full-fledged Solid Waste Management system which is in compliance with the MSW
Handling Rules. A revision of the service charges is found necessary to ensure that the
scheme proposed for improvements is sustainable from the financial standpoint.
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In the case of residential households (individual, apartments etc.), an additional service

charge of Rs.15 per month may be collected towards conservancy charges.

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The sorting of MSW at the waste processing and disposal facility is generally not desirable.
However, a material recovery facility is recommended for the initial period until the source
segregation system is fully implemented and successfully maintained. A semi-mechanized
system with handpicking-off-the-belt can be established. Table 5.8 gives an estimate of
total revenue that can be generated from the sale of recyclable waste on a daily basis.
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Therefore it is estimated that the MC can generate an amount of Rs.594 lakhs on an

annual basis. Rag pickers shall not be allowed in the primary and secondary collection
stages. Rag picking from bins would result to large spillages and corresponding ill effects.
However the services of the rag pickers shall be recognized by providing employment in
the inspection yard on contract basis. It is believed these rag pickers are earning Rs. 200
per day. They may be employed as waste sorters. The existing set of rag pickers may be
involved in this job so that the economic returns of the job acts as an incentive for them.
Therefore, in appreciation of the efforts of the rag pickers 25% of daily revenue may be
shared with the rag pickers involved in segregation of recyclable wastes at the processing
site. It is observed that a rate of 90 paise per kg of total recyclable waste segregated in a
day may be paid to the waste sorters (Rag Pickers) on contract basis.
Based on the successful implementation of the aforementioned recommendations and

other improvements suggested in this report, Madurai Corporation may explore the
possibility of obtaining ISO Accreditation for Best Practices under MSW Management.

6.0 WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL – TECHNOLOGICAL

OPTIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Madurai Corporation presently generates about 450 Tons of solid waste per day, which
has a significant component of biodegradable waste which is about 50 to 55% of the total
composition. The collected solid waste is presently disposed in an unscientific manner by
open dumping at Vellakkal Site (Refer Dwg. no. 2) causing danger to health and
environment., There is an urgent need to stop the crude and unhygienic method of open
dumping of waste and to adopt scientific and environmental friendly methods where the
useful components of waste are utilized and only rejects and inert material are disposed in
an environmentally acceptable manner.
6.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION
The criteria to be considered while selecting a suitable waste treatment and disposal
technology is listed below:
Indian experience or proven technology (domestic/international) suitable for Indian field
conditions;
Scale of operation;
Economy of operation - capital investment and recurring expenditure required;
Requirement of land, water and power;
Manpower needs and level of skill required;
Capability of the Local body to manage the facility;
Environmental impact of such technology;
Process aesthetics;
Cost of end products and utility value; and
Compatibility with the cycle of nature.
6.3 REVIEW OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES

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Land disposal of waste has been practiced for centuries since it is the cheapest method for
waste management and it is generally believed that leachate from the land disposal is
completely attenuated by percolation. Thus, disposal of waste on land was an acceptable
practice until 1940. The developed nations (i.e., USA) modified the method of waste
disposal from open dumping to sanitary landfills. However, with increasing concern for the
environment in the late 1950, landfills came under scrutiny due to studies that reported
groundwater contamination by leachates.
Waste was divided into two categories, namely hazardous and non-hazardous, and two
separate design concepts evolved, natural attenuation and containment type of landfill.
Natural attenuate landfill is designed for non-hazardous waste only, and leachate was
specified for soil based filtration. However the study showed that soil cannot attenuate all
the contaminants leached, no matter how thick the underlying layer is. So this type of
landfill is totally banned in some places and countries.
The design concept of containment landfill consisted of constructing a low permeability
liner to restrict leachate from percolating through the base of landfill and a pipe system to
collect leachate. Containment landfill was mandated for disposal of hazardous waste and
commonly practiced for all waste in many countries. However, landfill disposal remains as
the main approach for Integrated Solid Waste Management as the final disposal; since this
method is the cheapest and simple to operate. Proper management of landfill site is of a
major concern because a poorly operated and mis-managed landfill is bound to cause
adverse environmental impacts.
High organic content In the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW),resulting to generation of biogas

or landfill through anaerobic digestion process in the landfill. The landfill gas produced
containing 45-60% Methane (CH4) possesses 15-20 MJ/m3 calorific value which can be
used as an energy source.
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Incineration is an alternative solution in the waste disposal crisis when landfill space is
limited. Incineration reduces the waste volume and generates heat and power for
commercial use. Although wastes to energy (WTE) facilities are not popular in the United
States, they are widely used in Europe and Japan. For MSW, incineration will depend on
two main factors, moisture and heating value. Both factors have seasonal variability, which
must be considered while designing an incinerator. Air pollution is also a major concern
because contaminated or hazardous household wastes create the air emission and ash
from the facility. Explosive materials shall be sorted out to avoid harming the incinerator.
Thus special attention is required for MSW burning operation, which will further increase
the cost of the project.
Combustion technologies used for MSW are stoker-fired incinerator, fluidized bed
incinerator, and rotary kiln incinerator. Each technology is suitable for converting waste to
energy but with different advantages and disadvantages. Heat from the combustion
process is used to turn water into steam that will be routed to a steam turbine-generator for
power generation. The used steam is then condensed in condenser and routed back to the
boiler. Residues produced include bottom ash (which falls to the bottom of the combustion
chamber), fly ash (which exits the combustion chamber with the flue gas), and residue
(including fly ash) from the flue gas cleaning system.
The major environmental concern of incinerator is stack pollutants formed during
combustion comprising particulates, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon
monoxide (CO), metals, Hydrogen chloride (HCl), Dioxins and Furans and unknown
gaseous pollutants
Emission control system and equipments are necessary to meet the stringent ambient air
quality requirements such as dust collector, combustion temperature and retention time
control, lime and ammonia scrubber (with or without catalyst reactor), activated carbon
absorber etc. With proper equipments, emissions including Dioxins and Furans can be
reduced to comply with the stringent emission standards. when the operating temperature
is maintained to more than1100°c
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Adoption of anaerobic digestion technology to treat organic waste and convert it to an

energy source was widely used during the last ten years in European countries. The
process involved includes collecting organic wastes, crushing, and digesting in anaerobic
tank. By product of the process is biogas, which will be utilized for energy generation.
However, sorting and removal of inorganic material is necessary by establishing a
recycling center to purchase material from communities or installing front end-sorting
system at the facility. The residues that do not have further value will be disposed by
landfill. Micro organisms in digester will digest organic matters and produce biogas as
byproduct.
The biogas normally consists of 60-70% of Methane and 30-40% of Carbon dioxide.
Biogas heating value is approximately 20-25 MJ/m3, which is equivalent to a half kilogram
of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Dried excess sludge from the biogas digester can
be made available as good organic compost/soil conditioner.
The important requirement for implementing this technology is that organic waste must be
separated from other wastes. Front-end sorting systems comprising sorting belts, magnetic
separators, and labors; as well as public campaign such as waste separation shall cause
higher investment cost to the project. With high percentage of organic waste, the anaerobic
digestion is appropriate treatment with broad advantages such as preventing odor,
producing energy in the form of biogas, getting compost/soil conditioner as by-products,
and helping reduce landfill volume requirement.

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Pyrolysis and thermal gasification are related technologies that convert the biomass
components, namely Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen into combustible gas, i.e., Carbon
monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2) and Methane (CH4). Pyrolysis is the first stage of the
process, which is the thermal decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures
in the absence of air or oxygen. Volatile matter, such as, Hydrogen and Methane, and also
Tar (Hydrocarbon) are vaporized under operating temperature approximately 350-500°C,
leaving fixed carbon or charcoal as by-product. Gasification is the following process where
hot combustible pyrolized gases react with moisture and charcoal under the higher
temperature environment 800-1200°C, and produce a mixture of combustible gases (CO,
H2, CH4, others) with less tar.
Biomass produces gas with a calorific value at 5 MJ/m3 approximately, depending on
gasification technology. The produced gas can be utilized as energy for electricity
production, or directly burning in the boiler or furnace.
To feed MSW into the Gasifier, sorting system and fuel preparation system are the
precedence criteria for controlling gasification process. Non-homogeneous properties of
MSW (for example variations in heating value, moisture, ash, volatile, density, etc.) are
corrected by sorting and grouping waste compositions, shredding and mixing to ensure the
homogeneity. The other method is by making Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) before feeding to
the Gasifier. Both methods require additional investment and operating cost.
At present, both the pyrolysis and gasification technologies for MSW application are in
research and development stage with limited number of units in commercial operation.
However, the operation under low oxygen environment causes several advantages over
traditional combustion of MSW, for example, the ability to limit a formation of
dioxins/furans, SOx and NOx, as well as lower investment cost and less equipment is
required compared to the incineration power plant.
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Due to the non-homogeneous property of MSW that usually causes problems in the
incinerator, the conversion of MSW into solid fuel, namely Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is
developed which is aimed at acquiring a stable, environmentally friendly fuel that is easy to
transport.
The RDF production process starts with the separation and sorting of MSW. This operation
removes recyclables, i.e. ferrous materials, glass, noncombustible or potentially hazardous
materials from the waste stream. The remaining combustible material is an input for RDF
production, by being crushed or grinded, then conveyed to a flash dryer to remove excess
moisture by steam or hot air, and finally be compacted in form of pellets.
In some case, additive such as lime (CaO) shall be added during the pelletization process
to reduce pollutants in the combustion. The final product can be reduced to 5% of the
original volume. RDF is a good fuel due to its high heating value from low moisture content.
It is easy to transport and causes lower emission such as NOx and dioxins/furans
compares to MSW direct combustion. However so for only one plant has been put up in
India which is also not in operation due to various reasons.
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Composting is one of the most popular and techno-economically viable mechanism for
processing and disposal of Biodegradable waste. The process uses biological mechanism
of microorganism to breakdown organic matter of MSW. There are two major types of
process; aerobic and anaerobic.
The aerobic method uses aerobic bacteria to work under suitable environment, i.e.
moisture, temperature, oxygen content and Carbon/Nitrogen ratio of organic matter. This
method normally produces good quality compost containing Nitrogen and Sulfate, and
does not cause the odor problem. The finished compost can be used as a offset for
fertilizers in the agriculture industry and other related uses such as landscaping, green
cover development, barren land reclamation etc.

The other method is operated under anaerobic environment, and normally causes odor
problems, such as, Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia. This method uses longer time for
acquiring mature to digest and gives lower quality of fertilizer. Normally compost plant is
processed under aerobic condition and requires aeration system, which consequently
needs energy consumption.
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Apart from the above said technologies, the following methods are also adopted for solid
waste processing and disposal:
Burning/Firing
Power Generation through plasma arc technology
Landfill bio reactors
Biostabilisation of waste
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Among the technologies specified above, gasification technology is not considered as a

viable alternative since this technology is still in the R&D phase and requires further
investigation for adoption. Therefore technologies to be considered include:
Refuse Derived Fuel, RDF
Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Plant
Sanitary Landfill and Landfill Gas Plant
Incinerator Power Plant
Compost
The Integrated MSW Management concept is employed to manage each kind of waste
appropriately according to its feature. There are 4 options, as follows;
Option 1: Composting & Sanitary Landfill Disposal
Since the composition of organic waste in Madurai is significant, it is advantageous to
convert organic waste to fertilizer grade compost. The market/ demand for this material is
also adequate in the southern region of Tamil Nadu as the economy is predominantly
agriculture based. Aerobic Composting is the most appropriate method for a daily load of
approximately 225 tons in the present stage which is expected to increase to
approximately 300 tons per days over the design horizon. Anaerobic digestion can be
evaluated in the long-term basis if and only the requirement for integrated facility is
necessitated to handle waste from other regions in Madurai District.
Finally, the non-biodegradable and non-recyclable materials will be disposed in the
Sanitary Landfill. This option requires the same prerequisite as option 1: waste separation
at source.
Advantages
The option is suitable to wastes with high organic content and large volumes (> 200
tons per day
Compost/ soil conditioner can be obtained which is an environmentally beneficial use
for the waste that is recovered from the system
Landfill contains less organic waste compared to baseline thus lowering the risk of
green house gas generation and also results in lower space/ volume requirements
The amount of waste for the landfill is considerably reduced
Do not require skilled personnel
Disadvantages
Waste separation at source is crucially important to the feasibility of the project
During rainy days process has to be stopped or carried out in closed shed increases
the product cost
Area requirement for the composting facility (aerobic system) is fairly large. However in
the case of Madurai, sufficient land is available for installation an aerobic composting
facility for the design horizon and with provision of land for future expansion
Option 2: RDF Plant & Sanitary Landfill

The RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) is a source of energy that is renewable because of its
continuous production depending on constant supply of MSW. The fuel prepared will
require to be transported to suitable facilities for onward utilization. Other non-combustible
materials such as stone, ceramics, non-recyclables, and rejected waste from RDF
production process will be disposed in a Sanitary Landfill for approximately 31 tons/day.
Recyclable materials such as metal and glass will be sent to recycling business where raw
material needed as well as energy use will be less for recycled material production.
Prerequisite of this option is waste separation at source so that combustible and
noncombustible materials will not be blended to ensure the quality of the RDF.
Advantages
The amount of waste going to the landfill is considerably reduced
Landfill contains less organic waste compared to baseline thus lowered groundwater
contamination and green house gas generation
Renewable energy can be recovered from most of the waste
Disadvantages:
The investment cost is significantly high
Organic fertilizer cannot be obtained
The process is prone to become unviable if the RDF user cannot be identified
Adequate preparation of combustion system or co-firing with other fuel is required for
RDF burning
RDF is needed to be transported to the customer which results in a higher cost
Option 3: Incineration & Sanitary Landfill Disposal

In the case that communities cannot efficiently separate wastes at source, mass burning of
all the wastes, except those combustible or hazardous material, can be an option. The
leftover and ashes from incinerator are dumped in the landfill.
For burning the MSW, at higher temperature additional energy is required to kill the
gaseous pollutants incineration is advisable where adequate lands are not available and
cost of treatment is not a constraint even though it reduces land fill cost
Advantages:
The amount of waste for the landfill is the least
Landfill contains less organic waste compared to baseline thus reduces the opportunity
of the groundwater contamination
Suitable for small space since the small amount of land is required
Disadvantages:
The project is barely feasible since investment and operation & maintenance costs are
very high
The power plant needs experts/high quality technicians for the operation
If the incinerator is not operated and maintained to a very high degree of quality,
environmental problems will occur
Option 4: Sanitary Landfill & Landfill Gas Production

This is the last option to offer, but might be needed in cases where segregation of waste is
not possible in any manner. The land requirement for the landfill site is the largest.
Advantages:
Lowest investment and operation & maintenance costs
Landfill is flexible in receiving various kinds and amounts of waste
Landfill is the ultimate recipient of any and all types of municipal solid waste
Landfill gas can be utilized as a renewable energy source
Disadvantages:
The system requires largest amount of land which is not an economically viable
alternative as the use for landfill space post-closure is highly limited
The need for land is always increasing which is vulnerable to local objections
Adverse environmental impacts will occur if O&M of the landfill is not to a very higher
degree of quality

The landfill gas amount might be varied over time and may not be self-sustainable
6.4 RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL

Considering the aforementioned selection criteria, volume of waste generated, composition
and discussions with corporation officials, Option - 1 (Aerobic Composting & Sanitary
Landfill Disposal) is recommended as the feasible alternative when compared with other
technological options.
Since the solid waste composition in Madurai contains Calorific value of less than 900
kcal/kg compared to the minimum required of 2,000 kcal/kg and relatively high moisture
content (more than 50%), technologies based on incineration, RDF, biomethanation and
related are not felt as techno-economically viable alternatives and therefore are not
recommended for adoption.
The feasibility of implementing the aforementioned technologies such as RDF etc., may be
explored pursuant to the ultimate stage when the waste generation of Madurai and other
adjacent regions can be coupled to form an Integrated Waste Management system.
6.5 DISPOSAL OF NON-EASILY BIODEGRADABLE & NON-RECYCLABLE WASTES

Madurai Corporation generates about 15 to 25 MT of above kind of wastes every day. This
includes rubber, leather, synthetic materials, wooden pieces, soiled cloth etc. These kinds
of wastes don’t have any recyclable value and shall have to be disposed through landfill in
normal courses.
In order to save the life of the landfill these wastes can be disposed by incineration where
the incineration temperature shall be above 1000 degree centigrade. At this temperature
the gaseous pollutants generated from the waste get incinerated resulting to no gaseous
pollutants leaving the kiln to atmosphere. It may not be feasible to propose separate
incinerator for this purpose due to financial constrains.
However, these wastes can be incinerated in existing rotary kilns operated for the
manufacturing of clinkers to produce cement. There are two (2) state government owned
cement industries close to Madurai. i.e one at Ariyalur in Perambalur district and another at
Aalankullam in Virudhunagar district. It is suggested that Madurai Corporation should
discuss this issue with cement industries and pollution control board and seek permission
to dispose by incineration on experimental basis Cement industry would also getting
benefited by saving some fuel.

7.0 BIODEGRADABLE WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL

7.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000 requires that biodegradable
wastes (BDW) shall be processed by composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion
or any other appropriate biological processing for the stabilization of wastes.
Considering the regional setting of Madurai Corporation, land availability and the quantum
of biodegradable waste generated, Aerobic Composting is recommended for selection. The
finished compost can be used as a soil conditioner. Since Madurai experiences a long spell
of 9 months of dryness and the ambient temperature is generally high, windrow
composting is recommended. Alternatives such as Vermi-composting and In-Vessel
Composting are feasible only at a smaller scale of operation for non-hazardous organic
waste.
Composting is the biological degradation of organic materials under controlled aerobic
conditions. The process is used to stabilize organic bio-solids (a term used to describe
organic biodegradable matter derived from domestic waste) prior to their use as a soil
amendment or mulch in landscaping, horticulture, and agriculture. The final product of this
treatment process is called ‘fertilizer grade compost’.
Madurai Corporation reportedly generates an estimated quantum of approximately 450 MT
of solid waste per day, which comprises waste from houses, markets, road sweepings and
hotels. Approximately fifty to fifty five percent of the total waste generated are bio-
degradable component which shall form the raw-material intake at the proposed
composting facility.
Madurai Corporation owns land to an extent of 110 acres which is presently used as a
dumping ground and is also planning to acquire additional land for future expansion
(Please refer Drawing - 2 for the location of the site). This location adjacent to the existing
dumping ground is considered for the proposed composting facility.
Accordingly, a Windrow Composting plant for a rated capacity of 300 MT/day is proposed
for implementation. Segregated waste brought to the facility shall be inspected for final
material recovery, shredded and grounded and then formed into windrows based on
design recommendation.
Composting of the waste in the formed windrows can be achieved in a period of
approximately 6 to 8 weeks under controlled climatic and process conditions. The formed
windrows require turning at a specified frequency to ensure that the inner sections or core
of the windrows do not turn anaerobic which can actually be detrimental to the process.
The machinery used to turn the windrows shall be standard front-end loaders or
specialized compost turners. Compost turners generally are faster and do a better job of
mixing than front-end loaders. Front-end loaders are less expensive to purchase, and can
also be used for unloading incoming waste and loading finished product. Alternative
method of turning includes drilling air holes, installing aeration pipes and forcing airflow
through the piles.
Design of the proposed composting facility shall be performed considering the following
design criteria:
• Carbon : Nitrogen Value
• Oxygen Availability & Aeration
• Nutrient Balance
• Particle Size
• pH Value
• Temperature
• Moisture Control
Design criteria and process details are furnished in Annexure -8.

The finished product,

i.e., fertilizer grade
compost is then
extracted from the final
pile, sieved to remove
non-biodegradable
materials and prepared
for packaging and
distribution/marketing.
Desirability of bagging
equipment depends on
the market (end-users)
for the finished
product. A high-quality Typical Windrow Composting
product suitable for
home gardens is likely to be distributed or sold in
small quantities, and equipment for bagging the
product may be necessary. However, a lower
quality product used as a soil amendment for the
agriculture and landscaping sectors typically
might be distributed in large quantities (i.e.,
truckload), and bagging equipment may not be
required. The figure above is a representation of
a typical windrow composting system.
7.2 OPERATION DETAILS

Biodegradable waste pursuant to segregation
at the source level will be received at the
screening section of the Waste Processing
Complex.
Foreign material that is unacceptable will be
removed and disposed off in the sanitary
landfill.
Recyclable material, if any, may be removed
at this stage.
The aforementioned screening shall be :DVWH7LSSLQJRQWR:LQGURZ3ODWIRUP
performed through suitable equipment such as

mechanical screeners./manual operation
Bio-degradable waste prior to entering the
windrow platform shall also be shredded and
ground to uniform size (10 – 15 mm dia.
Particle size).
The prepared waste shall be delivered from
the screening pad to the windrow platform
using heavy vehicles.
Windrows which are essentially semi-circular &RQVWUXFWLRQRIZLQGURZSLOHZLWKDIURQWHQGORDGHU
formations of the waste assay in the specified
dimension shall be prepared as shown.
The constructed windrow pile should be formed as a semi-circular cross-section
allowing a space of 3 m between each pile as shown.
This clearance should be maintained for equipment ease of access to the windrows.
Once windrows are initially formed and settled, a windrow turner will be used to turn
and aerate the piles.
The turning may be done for every 5 days initially and there after, based on monitoring
results it may be turned approximately once in a week. More the turnings lesser the
process time.

The windrow turner will not only aerate

the pile but will also increase the surface
area available to microbes and
accelerating the composting process.
A reduction in pile size will also occur as
a result of initial turnings. The individual
sections will be monitored to ensure a
proper environment for active
composting to be maintained.
Temperature, being the prime indicator
of microbial activity, should be monitored
daily along the windrow using long stem
digital thermometers.

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The windrow or section of windrow will

also be turned if the temperature varies from 7DEOH:DWHUUHTXLUHPHQW/SHUFXELFPHWHURI
the thermophilic range (45 °C - 60°C).

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average water requirement.
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periodically using the “squeeze test” (A handful of material from within the windrow will
be squeezed; if a few drops of water are generated the windrow can be assumed to
contain the proper range of moisture 40% to 60 %.) Deviance from this range requires
turning of the windrow. On the other hand if there is more water than few drops, turning
is done to aerate and dry pile to prevent anaerobic conditions. The water requirement
will be taken from the runoff collection tank or by way of bore-well.
Eventually, through turning and mixing the windrow will be homogenized and will
uniformly degrade. Composting and curing will be judged complete when pile
temperatures decrease to near ambient and is moderate for 3-4 weeks.
On the 45th day, the formed windrow is broken down and passed through rotary screen
of the suitable square mesh to remove oversize particles. Finished compost will be
stored separately. Compost rejects and inert waste should go to the landfill site.
Maintenance of the sediment basin (catch basin for storm water run off) will prevent
potential ground and surface water problems. The catch basin will act as a reservoir for
sediment and rainwater run off. Water in the basin can be used to supplement the
moisture requirements of the windrows. The catch basin should be monitored and if
required sprayed for insect and vector control.
7.3 FINISHED COMPOST STORAGE & HANDLING

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Generally, with good management, the active (hot) composting phase should last 15 days.
At this point the ingredients will not reheat after turning or adding water if dry. During this
curing period, large woody particles have more time to break down and lower temperature
compost organisms (e.g. mesophilic bacteria, fungi, earthworms, etc) can re-establish
themselves. In addition, any remaining ammonia nitrogen is converted to nitrate nitrogen
and any phyto-toxic compounds that may have formed during the process will be
degraded.

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Mature compost will have a pleasant earthy aroma and there will be minimal amounts of
recognizable ingredients (e.g. wood shavings, hay, etc.). In addition, any recognizable
ingredients that can be found should easily 7DEOH6SHFLILFDWLRQIRU&RPSRVW4XDOLW\
tear or fall apart when handled. In order to 6O 3DUDPHWHUV &RQFHQWUDWLRQ17( PJNJ
ensure safe application of compost, the 1R GU\H[FHSWS+ &1UDWLR
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storing the finished compost in a concrete
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silo for onward bulk clearing and disposal

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Concrete silos are essentially large XWLOL]HGIRUSXUSRVHVRWKHUWKDQJURZLQJIRRGFURSV
cylindrical upright containers made of 6RXUFH 06:6FKHGXOH,96WDQGDUGVIRU&RPSRVWLQJ
construction grade concrete or in some cases, steel to store large volumes

In this case, the concrete silos (2 nos.) shall have a combined storage capacity of
about three (3) months of the composted product. The stored product in the silos shall
be loaded to trucks through bottom mounted hopper feed mechanism
Necessary ventilation and air circulation to ensure ambient storage conditions shall
also be provided
Additional bagging and dispatch facility is also recommended for packaging finished
compost in 50 kg or suitable weight HDPE bags for onward sale.
7.4 SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROPOSED COMPOST YARD AT VELAKKAL

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The MC has earmarked a site of 110 Acres in Vellakkal in Avaniyapuram Village for
Compost Yard and landfill. Out of this, the MC has allotted 30 Acres for development of
Compost Yard. The total land requirement for landfill for 16 years design period would be
40 acres. The balance land of 40 acres could be utilised for future expansion of Compost
Yard as and when required.
Drawing showing the lands for proposed Compost Yard in Vellakkal, Avaniyapuram Village
is given in Dwg. No. 2. Also FMB sketch of the proposed compost and landfill site is
provided in Dwg. No. 3.
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The Topo-survey of the proposed land for Compost Yard is provided in Dwg. No. 4.
Lithology of sub-soil characteristics in Vellakkal, Avaniyapuram Municipality is shown in
Figure 7.1. The site is located in Avaniyapuram Municipality, Madurai, South taluk,
Madurai District Survey Nos. are 625, 626, 630, 32, 33, 34 of area 30 acres.

Ground level Ground level

Clayey silt with
Silty sand with sand (MI)
1.0 m
traces of
Gravel (SM) Silty sand with
1.5 m 1.5 m Gravel (SM)
Weathered Weathered
Rock Rock
BOREHOLE - 1 BOREHOLE - 2
Ground level Ground level

Silty sand with
Gravel (SM)
1.0 m
Silt sand with Clayey sand with silt
Traces of clay 1.5 m and Gravel (SC)
and gravel (SM)
Weathered
2.5 m
Rock
Weathered
Rock
BOREHOLE - 3 BOREHOLE - 4
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7.5 DESIGN OF COMPOST YARD

The design of Compost Yard is for 300 TPD as required by TOR. The entire design
parameters of Compost Yard with amenities are enumerated below:
Assumptions for the design of windrows

• Plant capacity = 300 TPD
• Density of waste = 0.50 T/m3
• Cross section is semicircular with 1.5 m Height and 3.0 m width.
• Volume reduction after 45 days of composting = 50 %
• Density of the compost = 0.40 T/m3.
• One Windrow pile = 1 day’s waste
Design calculations for Windrows

• Volume of waste generated per day = 300/0.5 = 600 m3.
• Add 20% for increase in volume
• in the course of time 720 m3
• Area of cross section = π x 1.52/2 = 3.5325 m2.
• Length of windrow = 720/3.5325 = 204 m (Approx.)
• So provide the windrow pile of 204 m length in 46 rows (1 row is additional as
buffer)
• ∴The dimensions of the compost concrete pad (Concrete mix of 1:2:4) = 286 x 214
(5 m is provided at both ends)
• So after 45 day the windrow pile is sieved in mechanical sieve, and then
transferred to storage silos Schematic representation of the proposed windrow
layout Vellakkal Compost Yard is provided in Dwg. No. 13.
Design of Screener / Sieving Equipment Room
• Density of compost after curing is 0.4 T/m3.
• Volume of Compost after curing = 300 m3.
• Weight of compost after curing = 300 x 0.4 = 120 T/d.
• Capacity of screener = 120 T / 8 hr = 15 T/ hr
• So provide 2 set of 25 mm, 10 mm and 4 mm and one additional as stand by of 15

T/hr capacity including conveying system.
Runoff from Hard Surface
(i) Total area of concrete bed = 56304 m2 (286 x 214 m)
(ii) Runoff generation

The peak average rainfall rate = 201 mm / month
(from Madurai City profile Ground Water Board)
(area of open space x precipitation / 30)
Runoff from windrow = (56304 x 0.201) / 30
Total runoff = 377 m3/day
(iii) Storage capacity for 3 days = 1131 m3

Assume a depth of 2.5 m = 452 m2

Provide two nos. of runoff collection tank
Assume L: B as 1:1 B = 15.0 m
L = 15.0 m
Hence two nos. of leachate collection tank of dimension of 15 x 15 x 3 m (free board 0.5m)
7.6 EQUIPMENT FOR COMPOST YARD

Windrow composting relies on repeated turning and mixing to regulate the composting
process. Turning and mixing material regulates the temperature, moisture and oxygen
levels within open windrows. The Table 7.3 suggests the equipment required for this
Compost Yard. The function of the equipment is also provided in the Table.
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7.7 OPERATIONAL CONTROLS

Some of the important operation controls for effective maintenance of Compost Yard are
as follows (refer Fig. no. 7.1)
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As a dynamic process, compost piles should be monitored to assess the need for turning
and moisture control. Monitoring and turning records have to be maintained to show that
an approved turning schedule was followed. Specific compost monitoring parameters
include:
Moisture
The ingredients of a pile with adequate moisture will have the feel of a damp (but not
dripping wet) sponge. Excessive moisture conditions will be characterized by a saturated
texture and unpleasant odours inside the pile and leachate around its base. Corrective
actions for excess moisture include covering the pile with a tarp or specialized compost
cover during wet weather and/or turning the pile during dry weather to increase
evaporation.
Temperature
Ideally, temperature should be measured with a digital or a dial-type (non-mercury)
compost thermometer with at least 40 cm long stem. Sustained temperatures of 50 to 60°
C in the pile interior are an indication of optimum decomposition and pathogen reduction.
On the other hand, temperatures above 70°C may indicate insufficient moisture. A compost
pile whose temperature never goes above 40°C may not have enough oxygen due to
settling, may be too wet, or conversely, too dry.
Odor and Physical Appearance

A well-managed active compost pile will shrink in height quickly, and will have a slightly
sweet, fermented aroma when opened. Conversely, a poorly managed pile will not
decrease substantially in height, may emit an unpleasant odour, and will likely have weeds
sprouting from its surface.

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Attention to health and safety concerns can minimize most occupational risks at
composting facilities. While composting is not an inherently dangerous activity, precautions
are necessary to protect against injury and possible illness. Safety concerns relate
primarily to equipment.
If front-end loaders or other standard heavy equipment is used, ear protection and other
normal safety precautions should be applied.
Composting and chipping equipment have additional dangers. These typically contain
powerful mixing flails, knives, or hammers that rotate at high rates of speed, and should
therefore be well-shielded from human contact. A skilled manpower should be utilized for
operation.
Additional precautions must be followed when specialized windrow-turning equipment is

used. As the flails rotate through the compost windrow, they will eject foreign matter from
the windrow. Stones and other foreign objects can become dangerous projectiles, and can
be thrown a long distance in front of or behind the turning equipment. Equipment operators
must ensure safe clearances on all sides of the operating machinery.
When stockpiling compost be sure to plan for the possibility of fires. Dry chips and leaves
are particularly susceptible to stray sparks from cigarettes or welding equipment. Fires are
rarely a problem in outdoor composting operations. Because the inside of the windrows
would be damp and compost normally burns poorly. However, if the material does dry out
and gets too hot, combustion can occur. Keeping the windrows under 3 m height, and
turning the compost when temperatures exceed 60 °C is good compost management and
provides fire protections as well. In the event of fire, whether by spontaneous combustion
or vandalism, the site must have delivery capacity and an adequate water supply. Maintain
clear aisles between windrows to provide easy access in case of fire.
Health concerns relating to compost are dependent on both the individual and the material
being composted. While few human pathogenic organisms are found in vegetative wastes
or farm animal manures, normal sanitary measures (i.e., washing hands before touching
food, eyes, etc.) are important. While many compost operations have run smoothly for
years without usual health or safety problems, there are some unique concerns in
composting that workers should be aware of. By understanding these concerns, it will be
easier to recognize problems early and seek an appropriate remedy before serious
compilations develop.
Just as individuals vary in their resistance to disease a few individuals may be particularly
sensitive to some of the organisms in compost. The high populations of many different
species of moulds and fungi in an active compost process can cause allergic reactions in
sensitive individuals, though most experience no adverse reaction. Conditions that may
predispose individuals to infection or an allergic response include: a weakened immune
system, allergies, asthma, some medications such as antibiotics and adrenal cortical
hormones or a punctured eardrum. Workers with these conditions should not normally be
assigned to a composting operation.
To minimize the risk of infection, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-
approved dust masks or respirators should be worn under dry and dusty conditions,
especially when the compost is being turned. If, following these precautions, workers still
develop an infection or have an allergic reaction to compost, they should consult a medical
professional.

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All uncovered windrows area should be provided with an impermeable base. Such a base
may be made of concrete or of compacted clay, 0.5 m thick having permeability less than
10-7 m/sec. The base must be provided with 1 to 2 percent slope and must be encircled by
lined drains for collection of leachate/surface water runoff. All lined drains should be
connected to a settling pond, where test for quality of wastewater are to be performed on a
weekly basis. A treatment unit will be provided to ensure that this wastewater is treated
and recycled to the windrow.
On such days when the waste cannot be accepted at the Compost Yard or if shutdown
occurs for extended period due to rains/cold climate/major breakdown or annual
maintenance occurs, the waste should be diverted to a properly designed and operated
MSW landfill.
The process rejects are to be removed from the Compost Yard on a daily basis. The
recyclables should be diverted to appropriate vendors. The non-recyclables should be
sent to the sanitary landfill. Temporary storage of rejects should be done in a covering
area. If temporary storage is done in an open area, it must be done only for 1 or 2 days, at
an area having an impermeable base and lined drains for collection of leachate/surface
water runoff.
7.8 RECORD KEEPING

Good record keeping provides the operator of composting operations with readily available
site-specific data. Such data can be used to better manage site operations and to address
problems that may arise. Records should be kept for all windrows constructed. The format
for Record keeping is given in Table 7.4 and it can be adopted.

7DEOH5HFRUG)RUPIRUPDWVIRUPRQLWRULQJDWDFRPSRVWLQJVLWH
FORM-I
Windrow pile Number ___________________________________________

Date Constructed _____________________________________________
Ingredients Added______________________________________________
Date Time Moisture Content (%) pH TEMPERATURE C
DISTANCE FROM END OF PILE (M)
30 60 90 120 150
The following additional information should be collected and maintained for better
management of windrows:
• Type and quantity of materials used as substrate.
• Method of size reduction
• Method of mixing
• Amount of water added and method of watering
• Date of windrow construction
• Size and shape of windrow
Process Data (to be recorded periodically or during turning as recommended)

• Temperature
• pH
• Moisture content
• Oxygen levels (if equipment is available)

8.0 PROPOSED SANITARY LANDFILL

8.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides information of the proposed Sanitary Landfill Complex based on the
base line features of the identified site at Vellakkal. The overall approach to the
development of the sanitary landfill for MC is formulated to satisfy the regulatory
requirements of MoEF, CPHEEO guidelines and with the objective of implementing an
environmentally responsible and effective system of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable
solid waste from the municipal system in accordance with the MSW Handling Rules 2000.
Two landfills are proposed for implementation. The first landfill shall be constructed to
essentially dispose the existing waste (mixed and contaminated) that has been
accumulated over the past 15 years without any level of sorting and/or processing. This
measure is recommended to achieve the dual objectives of compliance with the
aforementioned rules and to reclaim valuable land for construction of the landfill for future
waste, compost facility and other related utilities.
8.2 SITE CHARACTERISTICS
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Land for the proposed sanitary land Out of 110 Acres allotted by MC for Landfill and
Compost Yard, at Vellakkal in Avaniyapuram Municipality, the proposed landfill site
requires an area of 40 acres (by design). The site is located in the southwestern direction
at a distance of about 15 km from the city center and is situated next to the proposed
composting facility. The important landmark closest (about 1 km) to this site is the Madurai
Airport. The MC has obtained No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Tamil Nadu
Pollution Control Board and Airport Authority for implementing the proposed project. A
copy of the related documents is enclosed as an Annexure - 9. Necessary initiatives are
being undertaken by Corporation of Madurai to renewal the NOC. Additionally we proposed
improvements to the SWM system in Madurai Corporation including Vellakkal site where it
is proposed to fully reclaim the existing dumping site and convert the same into the full-
fledged waste processing (composting & sanitary landfill complex) in accordance with
MSW manual. This measure will have a resultant positive impact on the environmental and
social front. Details of the proposed landfill facility are presented in Dwg. No. 5.
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Hard crystalline rocks by Archean metamorphic rock cover the site. Charnockite is the
main rock type encountered in the area. The soil up to 1.5 m below the ground level is silty
sandy of gravel in nature at the present dump location. Weathered rocks are available at a
depth of 2.5 m below ground level. Soil report is enclosed as Annexure - 10.
8.3 LANDFILL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Considering the above, protection of the quality of the groundwater is of paramount
importance in the formulation of the design approach for the landfill facility. The finalized
approach hence considers the present dumping practices and sensitive environmental
features of the proposed site and is designed to develop the landfill facility on the principles
of containment engineering aimed at minimizing the following:
The generation of Leachate, its subsequent outflow and uncontrolled dispersions into
the surrounding aquatic environment; and
The accumulation and uncontrolled release of landfill gas into the host strata and
atmosphere.
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The MC generates about 450 MT of solid waste every day at a per capita generation of
about 0.336 kg/cap/day and is projected to generate about 517 MT of solid waste by the
year 2016 and during ultimate stage of 2026 it is projected that about 583 MT of solid
waste is likely to be generated in a day.

The quantum of biodegradable MSW, to be processed at the compost facility, has been
estimated at approximately 250 MT per day during 2006 and 300 MT per day during 2016
for which compost yard is designed. The quantum of non-biodegradable MSW and the
inert rejects of the compost facility for Land filling have been estimated at 185 MT per day
as on 2006 and 287 MT per day after 16 years i.e. design period for the landfill as per
CPHEEO Manual.
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A landfill design life comprises of an ‘active’ period and a ‘closure and post-closure’ period.
For the Vellakkal site the ‘active’ period is designed as 16 years. The ‘closure and post-
closure’ period for which a landfill will be monitored and maintained is 25 years after the
‘active period’ is completed.
Although the Design of the landfill for future waste has been performed for 16 years it is
recommended to construct the landfill section for 5 year operation period with a view to
economise on the initial capital investment (Refer Dwg. No. 10).
8.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF LANDFILL COMPONENTS

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The total land available at Vellakkal site for development of the Sanitary landfill is
approximately 110 acres. Out of which 30 acres have been utilized for Compost Yard. The
sanitary landfill site is designed for a capacity of 1.65 x 106 MT (The total generated inert
for 16 years). For the above quantity of waste the landfill area requirement has been
worked out to 40 acres. The present generation rate of 185 MT of inert is anticipated to
increase to 287 MT per day at the end of design period. The landfill area has been divided
into 16 phases as illustrated in the Figure 8.1 and it depicts only the phases of the landfill
design.
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The profile and cross sections of the site are critical for designing landfill. In view of this,
the profile of the natural Ground Level (GL) at Vellakkal site was developed and it was then
superimposed with the profile of groundwater table in the area. The profile of the base was
then finalized at a level 5 m below the GL (to ensure that the landfill base is 2m above the
ground water table as recommended by MoEF even after considering an upward
fluctuation of 2m during monsoon season). Based on this profile, the landfill section at
Vellakkal site would involve cutting and filling. The height of the landfill is then fixed at 6.6
m above Ground Level (GL) considering the volume of waste to be dumped over a period
of 16 years. (Refer Dwg. No. 6)

Phase I in
operation
PHASE 2
PHASE 3 PHASE 4
PHASE 5 PHASE 6
PHASE 7 PHASE 8
PHASE 9 PHASE 10
PHASE 11 PHASE 12
PHASE 13 PHASE 14
PHASE 15 PHASE 16
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8.5 LANDFILL DESIGN

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(i) Design Life : 16 Years (as per CPHEEO
Manual on SWM, 2000)
(ii) Topography : Slightly sloping from Northeast
to Southwest
(iii) Subsoil Conditions : Silty sand upto 2.5 m
Silty sand with traces of gravel
upto 6 m
(iv) Water Table : > than 5 m below ground surface
(v) Average Precipitation : 850 mm/ Year
(vi) Site Constraints : 110 acres
(vii) Base Year : 2006
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Current Inert Waste Generation per day (16.5 mt to be included in Demolition wastes)
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Therefore, based on the aforementioned mass balance, design of the proposed sanitary
landfill has been performed and is listed below:
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The size of the proposed landfill at Vellakkal site is shown as plan in Dwg. No. 7 including
the cross section.
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(a) Active life of landfill : 16 years (as per Manual)
(b) Duration of one phase : 1 year
(c) Number of phases : 16 Nos.
(d) Volume of one phase (landfill capacity/16) : 105230 m3
(e) Number of daily cells : 365 Nos.
(f) Plan area of one cell :
(On the basis of 3 .0 m lift of each cell) 31 x 15.5 m (average)
8.6 LEACHATE MANAGEMENT
Before considering the design of any leachate management system it is important to
consider the objectives that are to be achieved. Protection of surrounding environment of
landfill site is effectively achieved through segregation and isolation of potentially polluting
waste from the surrounding strata of surface water and ground water. The principle means
of achieving this is by providing appropriate sealing layers at the base, sides and top of the
landfill.
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Typical chemical characteristics of leachate are given in Table 8.1. The composition of the
leachate is an indication of the state of the biological processes occurring within the waste
body and the solubility of the ions. If leachate is to be removed and treated, certain
parameters will have particular environmental and economic significance. This significance
will alter with the route for treatment / disposal chosen. The most significant parameters
are discussed below:
• Ammonia
• Organic loading
• Chloride
• Phosphorous
• Metals
• Sulphate
• Dissolved gases
• Other Compounds
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For the present study the leachate generation is calculated as follows
Leachate Generation
As per CPHEEO manual
Average rainfall = 850 mm/year
Maximum rainfall per month = 201 mm/ month
Quantity of leachate generation = Phase area X (runoff/year) X % of maximum
precipitation in a month/ 30
Assuming 40% of rainfall during operation and 4% during post closure
Quantity of leachate generation = 7927 x 0.201 x 0.44 /30

= 23 m3 / day
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An inert landfill that implements strict waste

acceptance criteria may not require a Leachate
collection and Removal System (LCRS). The
purpose of the leachate collection layer is to allow
the removal of leachate from the landfill and to
control the depth of the leachate above the liner. The
MSW Handling Rules 2000, stipulates a minimum
liner of composite barrier of 1.5 mm High Density
Poly Ethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane or its
equivalent overlaid by 900 mm of soil (clay or
amended soil) of permeability co-efficient not greater
than 1 x 10-9 m/s with the water table at least 2 m
below the base of clay or amended soil. Considering
these specifications the following containment
measures are recommended at Vellakkal landfill
site. (See Dwg. Nos. 5 and 8)
Drainage layer of 150 mm thick granular soil

permeability value of 1 x 10-4 m/s;
Slotted HDPE pipes of 200 mm diameter and
using 2% lateral slope with 1% longitudinal slope and 25 m c/c spacing
900 mm thick compacted clay liner of permeability 1.00 x 10-9 m/s (native soil amended
with additives such as Bentonite to reach the desired level of permeability); and
150 mm thick daily cover primarily extracted from the native soil and compacted to the
permeability level of native soil.
Figures 8.2 and 8.3 contain longitudinal and cross section of landfill showing the
arrangement of pipes and leachate collection arrangements with supporting ancillaries.

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The Leachate from Vellakkal landfill site is stored in a collection tank and the details are
given in the following.
Leachate collection tank
Quantity of collection tank : 23 x 7 = 161 m3

Assuming collection of leachate for 7 days
the depth of collection tank is : 1.5 m
So the plan area of the leachate tank is : 107 m2.
It is suggested to adopt a size of 15 x 8 x 1.5 m for 1 no of Leachate tank
Use 0.5 HP pump of 30 m head and 250 lpm of discharge for pumping leachate
from collection tank sprinkler system to spray the leachate around windrows during
composting and turning.
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The leachate shall be checked for the presence of heavy metals and metals shall be
precipitated if found and disposed in to leachate collection tank proposed for the compost
yard where it can be used for maintaining moisture in the composting.
8.7 GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT

Groundwater and surface water are major natural resources of both ecological and
economic value and their protection is of prime importance. It is therefore essential that a
landfill design includes provisions for the management and protection of both these
entities.
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Ground water management may be required to minimize / prevent
• Interference with the groundwater regime during the construction period;
• Damage to the liner (by uplift);

• Transport of contaminants from the landfill; and

• Leachate generation by preventing groundwater infiltration.
The groundwater quality within 30 m of the periphery of landfill site should be periodically
monitored to ensure that the groundwater is not contaminated beyond acceptable limits.
Usage of ground water in and around the landfill site for any purpose (including drinking
and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its quality.
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Surface water management is required to minimize
• Leachate generation by preventing ponding and the infiltration of water into the landfill;
• Transport of contaminants from the landfill; and
• Erosion of the liner, solid waste or cover material.
These can be achieved through the provision of surface water collection systems. To
achieve the above objectives, each phase of the landfill should be provided with adequate
drainage system. The drainage should be designed to the maximum rainfall intensity.
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The quantity of runoff generated : 23 m3 / day.

The average discharge flowing through the surface water drainage is 0.00027m3/s.
Adopt 0.6m depth and 0.6 m width
Settling tank
Assume detention time for the settling tank as 2 hours
To remove suspended particles of sizes 40 microns
and above tank size required : 23 x 2/24 = 1.92 m3.
Adopt the size of the tank is : 1.3 x 0.65 x 1.5 m
After settling tank this water may either be disposed for sewage farming activities or
For composting activities
8.8 LINING SYSTEM

The lining system protects the surrounding environment including soil, groundwater and
surface water by containing leachate generated within the landfill, controlling ingress of
ground water and assisting in the control of the migration of landfill gas. The selected liner
system must achieve consistent performance and be compatible with the expected
leachate for the design life of the facility.
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The liner system for an inert landfill should at minimum meet the following requirements.
Base and side wall mineral layer of minimum thickness 1 m with a hydraulic
conductivity less than or equal to 1 x 10-7 m/s or a 0.5 m artificial layer of enhanced
soil or similar giving equivalent protection to the foregoing. The different layers for
lining system at Vellakkal site is briefly elaborated below
Clay or Amended Soil Liner: The clay or amended soil liner is the base layer of
landfill and hence safety of this layer is of considerable importance while designing
the liner system. If native soil at Vellakkal possesses hydraulic conductivity of 1 x
10-7 m/s or less then it can be used as clay liner. If these soils do not possess
properties to achieve the specified hydraulic conductivity, additives such as
bentonite can be used to decrease the hydraulic conductivity and these soils are
called as amended soils.
Geo-membrane Liner: Geomembranes are polymers, which are productive layers

used as lining material to prevent leachate to enter the soil and contaminate

ground water. Geomembranes (usually HDPE 1.5 mm thick) may contain

manufacturing defects like tears, improperly bonded seams and pinholes and may
become defective during installation or handling. To ensure the performance of the
landfill site after closure leakage through the geomembrane should be controlled
from the above defects. For this purpose based on the assessment of density of
geo-membrane, it is recommended that the density of geo-membrane should be a
minimum of 1,010 Kg/ m3.
Quality Control of Geo-membrane liner

Similarly, the geo-membrane should not have more than 2 pinholes per hectare as
manufacturing defects and 2 pinholes per hectares as installation and handling defects.
The pinhole (defect) also should not be larger than 2 mm diameter in case of circular
pinholes and not larger than 2 mm side length in case of rectangular defects. Also a geo-
textile of non-woven type must be over laid for better design life of geo-membrane.
The liner system to be adopted for the present landfill site at Vellakkal is as follows.
(a) A leachate drainage layer 300 mm thick made of granular soil having permeability
greater than 10-2 mm/s.
(b) A protector layer (of silty soil) 200 mm to 300 mm thick.
(c) A geo-textile / geonet of thickness 1.5 mm should be overlaid
(d) A geo-membrane of thickness 1.5 mm or more
(e) A compacted clay barrier or amended soil barrier of 900 mm thickness having
permeability of less than 10-8 mm/s.
The liner system adopted at Vellakkal site will satisfy the minimum requirements published
by regulatory agencies (MoEF/ CPCB).
8.9 LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT

Landfill Gas (LFG) results from the bio-degradation of wastes and is produced at elevated
temperatures. There is a need for landfill gas management to minimize the risk of migration
of this LFG beyond the perimeter of the site and to reduce the same into services and
buildings on site. It not only avoids unnecessary ingress of air into the landfill but also
minimizes the risk of landfill fires, damage to soils and vegetation within the restored landfill
area.
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As per the norms given by UNEP, 15-

25 liters/kg/year of gas will be
generated for Indian conditions and
municipal solid waste.
Gas generation rate is assumed at the

higher estimated of 25 liters/kg/year design purposes
Average waste disposed for 16 years : 239.5 T / day
Hence estimated gas generated after 16 years: 239.5 x 1000 x 25 x 16 / 1000

: 95,768 m3.
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For the safe release of this gas, an active gas venting system is recommended. This would
comprise a gas-venting layer of 200 mm thick granular soil on top of the solid waste and
gas vents of 150 mm diameter perforated HDPE pipes (15 Nos.) for venting the gas
collected (Refer Dwg. No. 9). The entire infrastructure should be developed to cater to the
requirements of MSW Rules, 2000 and the ambient air quality standards presented in

Table 8.2.However in order to reduce the gas generation, disposal of biodegradable waste
and waste containing chemicals shall be avoided or reduced atleast.
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Design Summary
The design consideration of total landfill area is summarized in Table 8.3:
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8.10 CONSTRUCTION PHASING

The development of the entire landfill site at Vellakkal is proposed to be constructed
sequentially in phases, approximately 16, one phase for every year. This allows the
progressive use of the entire site, such that at any given time a part of the site may have a
final cover, a part being actively filled, a part being prepared to receive waste, and a part
undisturbed and the Figure 8.4 shows this aspect of progressive construction of landfill.

The development of each landfill section is to be constructed sequentially in a series of

phases and restored progressively. Each phase should be enclosed by a structural, fully
engineered bund and has to be subdivided into a series of operational phases to be
developed in cells. Each phase should be filled from the base to the final or intermediate
cover. The phase should be capped before the on set of monsoon. The daily cells in each
phase have to be oriented in the direction of the highest contour. The waste has to be
deposited from the lowest contour with a benching of at least 10 m width at every 2 m
height and with side slopes of 1:3, to ensure easy movement of vehicles and to trap
leachate from higher elevation. Advance site clearance and drainage works should be
taken up progressively for all parts of the site undergoing development.
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At the start of construction, the access road, entrance gate, weighbridge, fencing, water
supply and Phase I area are to be constructed. Leachate treatment facilities to handle
flows generated at the peak period over the life of the site should be constructed from the
onset, usually at the lowest elevation of the site so that leachate from all areas can flow to
them by gravity. As the capacity of the Phase 1 area nears its complete utilization, the
phase II area needs to be prepared (i.e., with base grading and compaction, lining,
leachate collection networks, gas ventilation systems, etc). And so on, over the life of the
site, until each Phase of the landfill is completed. In Dwg. No. 11 & 12 a schematic
construction of landfill during the operational phase is shown. Operation of each phase
involves:
• Planning and execution of daily activities

• Waste discharge and inspection,
• Waste placement,
• Waste compaction.
The format for the above operations viz., monitoring of landfill operation, equipment
performance record, vehicle operation cost, labour utility report, operating cost summary
table and disposal cost summary table is given in Annexures 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16
respectively.

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This involves daily waste filling plan. Each phase consists of cells, lifts, daily cover,
intermediate cover, liner and leachate collection facility, gas control facility and final cover
over the sub-area. Each cell includes the volume of Solid waste placed during a day and
the daily cover material surrounding it. Locally available soil can be used as daily covering
material. Intermediate covers are placed at the end of each phase; they are thicker than
daily covers, minimum of 0.45 m is used and remain exposed till the next phase is placed
over it. A bench (or terrace) has to be used whenever the height of the landfill exceeds 2
m. The final lift includes the cover layer. The final cover layer is applied to the entire landfill
surface of the phase after all land-filling operations are complete. The final cover consists
of multiple layers designed to enhance surface drainage, intercept percolating water and
support surface vegetation. Figure 8.5 shows the construction during annual phasing of
landfill.
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Waste must be discharged by tipping at the working area of a landfill, within the area
demarcated for the cell. The operator designated by MC should visually inspect every
discharged load and should be trained to be competent at waste identification in order that
they can recognize waste, which may be non-conforming. In the event of reasonable doubt
as to the waste acceptability, the operator should inform the waste reception facility and /
or the site manager immediately and the consignment should be isolated pending further
inspection.
Protection of surrounding environment of landfill site is effectively achieved through

segregation and isolation of potentially polluting waste from the surrounding strata of
surface water and ground water. The principal means of achieving this is by providing
appropriate sealing layers at the base, sides and top of the landfill. The format for waste
disposal and inspection is given in Annexure - 17.
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Measures need to be followed to ensure that the landfill operation does not adversely
affect local environment within and outside the landfill. Operators have to appoint
community liaison officers to visit complainants and establish the nature and source of the
problem. This is reported to the site manager so that corrective measures can be taken.

Noise: Adverse impacts on the local community from noise may arise from a
number of sources including – through put of vehicles, fixed and mobile plant, for
example compactors, generators at the site. Peripheral noise abatement site
measures should be adopted.
Odor: Offensive odors at landfill sites may emanate from a number of sources,
including waste materials, which have decomposed significantly prior to land filling,
leachates and leachate treatment systems, and landfill gas.
Good practice includes:
(a) Adequate compaction;

(b) Speedy disposal and burial of malodorous wastes;
(c) Effective use of appropriate types of daily cover;
(d) Progressive capping and restoration;
(e) Effective landfill gas management;
(f) Effective leachate management and
(g) Consideration of prevailing wind direction when planning leachate treatment plants,
gas flares, and direction of tipping.
Litter: Poor litter control both on and off site is particularly offensive to neighbors.
Measures for controlling litter include:
(a) Consideration of prevailing wind direction and strength when planning the filling
direction and sequence
(b) Strategically placed mobile screen close to the tipping area or on the nearest
downwind crest.
(c) Temporary banks and bunds immediately adjacent to the tipping area.
(d) Permanent catch fences and netting to trap windblown litter.
(e) Restricting incoming vehicles to only those, which are sheeted and secured, will
reduce litter problems on the highways.
Litter pickers should be employed to collect litter, which escapes the preventative
measures. Litter screens, fences, nets and perimeter ditches should be maintained free of
litter.
Bird Control: Birds such as eagles are attracted to landfill sites in large numbers
and are regarded as a nuisance. Measures, which can be used to mitigate bird
nuisance include the employment of good landfill practice, working in small active
areas and progressive prompt covering of waste, together with the use of bird
scaring techniques. It is suggested not to dispose dead animals in to the land fill
Vermin and Other Pests: Landfills have potential to harbor flies and vermin. Rats
and flies are the main pests, which require control. Effective measures to deal with
rodent infestation include regular visits by pest control contractors or fully trained
operatives. The use of insecticides on exposed faces and flanks of the tipping
area, by spraying and fogging, is an effective means of exterminating insects.
Dust: Dust from landfill operations is mainly a problem during periods of dry
weather but can also arise from dusty waste as it is tipped. Dust is generally
associated with (a) site preparation and restoration activities; (b) the disposal of
waste comprising of fine particles,; and (c) traffic dust. Dust suppression can be
effected by (a) limiting vehicle speed; (b) spraying roads with water;
Mud on the Road: Mud on the public highway is one of the most common causes
of public complaint. Therefore adequate wheel cleaning facilities should be
provided to ensure that mud is not carried off site by vehicles.

8.11 FINAL COVER SYSTEM

The Final Cover system comprises engineering and restoration layers. The makeup of the
restoration layers must be consistent with the proposed after use of the facility. The main
objectives in designing a Final Cover system are to:
• Minimize infiltration of water into the waste;

• Promote surface drainage and maximize run off;
• Control gas migration; and
• Provide a physical separation between waste and plant and animal life.
The components of a landfill Final Cover system includes:
Topsoil;
Subsoil;
Drainage layer;
Barrier (infiltration) layer;
Gas drainage layer; and
System for leachate re-circulation
The Final Cover system for Vellakkal landfill site consists of vegetative cover (top soil and
subsoil) of thickness 450 mm as shown in Figure 8.6,
Vegetative layer (Top soil and sub soil) of 300 mm thick with good vegetation
supporting soil
Barrier layer of 600 mm thick clay/amended soil
Gas venting layer of 450 mm thick granular material (Gravel)
A schematic diagram of covered landfill site is shown in Figure 8.6.
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8.12 SITE INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

6 ,
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The proposed site infrastructure below is common for both Compost Yard as well as landfill
(see Dwg. No. 5)
An administrative office of about 200 m2, parking shed, change room and toilet block
A weighbridge of 20 tons capacity with office
A godown of 30 m X 10 m for storage of geo-membrane, HDPE pipes, etc.
Vehicle maintenance of 100 m2 and vehicle shed of 150 m2.
Sieving yard and Silos for storage of finished compost and bagging unit of 80 x 50 m.
Fencing all round the landfill facility and a security room at the entrance
Access roads within waste reception area and internal cement concrete roads for
landfill area with adequate surface drain arrangements
Sodium vapor lamps at every 30 m interval at all main roads and movable heavy duty
focus lamps
A vegetative cover of about 3 to 6 m width shall be provided along the boundary of the
landfill and shall be planted with all the native species.
8.13 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM

In order to ensure the optimal performance of the landfill site, check the environmental
pollution and comply with the regulatory requirements, the following environmental
parameters should be monitored on a regular basis.
Quality of Leachate after Treatment
Surface Water Quality
Ground Water Quality
Quantity and Quality of Gas Generated
Ambient Air Quality
The above parameters should be monitored as per the standards stipulated in MSW Rules
2000. The frequency of sampling and locations for monitoring are presented in Table 8.4.
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The leachate quality after treatment should meet the standards recommended by MoEF in
Municipal Soil Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 and presented in Table 8.5.


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At the end of the useful life of the landfill, it should be closed and associated treatment and
storage facilities are to be decontaminated in a safe and environmentally acceptable
manner. The post closure plan should provide care for an extended period of time after
closure such as for at least 25 years. This is an arbitrary time period, which can be
lengthened or reduced depending on the technical information related to post closure
pollutant migration. The following aspects should be taken into consideration for the
closure of the facilities: -
Decontaminate and decommission any waste treatment and storage facilities say
leachate treatment facility
Provide a final cover for the landfill
Control pollutant migration from the landfill via surface water, ground water and air.
Maintain the existing ground water monitoring network for the required period of post-
closure maintenance.
Continue to divert runoff from the landfill.
Prevent soil and wind erosion by a vegetative cover
Control surface water infiltration and ponding at the closed site
Maintain leachate collection, removal and treatment system
Maintain the integrity of the final cover and any liners
Restrict access to the Landfill as appropriate for the post-closure area.
3 267&/2685($0(1,7,(6$7 9(//$..$/6,7(

The present landfill site at Vellakkal is recommended to have the following amenities:
(i) Ground Water Monitoring Wells

Numbers = 6 (1 up gradient: 5 wells along the sides in down gradient direction: all
wells 30 m away from landfill)
(ii) Lysimeters
Numbers = 2 Lysimeters

(iii) Gas Monitors

Two portable gas monitors for landfill gas
(iv) Samplers
Stainless steel/ HDPE samplers (25 nos) for
(a) Groundwater samples
(b) Leachate samples in vertical risers/wells
Grab samplers for landfill gas (25 nos) at
(a) Passive vents
(b) Gas wells
(v) Down-hole Monitors

One multi-parameter down-hole groundwater monitoring system.

8.14 PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT

It is recommended to explore the alternative of involving private sector for construction and
O&M of the proposed landfill under a specific duration based concession agreement with a
guaranteed minimum of waste quantity delivered (or otherwise paid for) by the ULB and
carefully structured arrangement for closure and post-closure monitoring.
8.15 DISPOSAL OF ACCUMULATED WASTE AND LAND RECLAMATION
% $&.*5281'
The existing dumping site at Vellakkal contains mixed MSW which has been accumulated
for more than a 15 year period from 1988. Based on the discussions and field visits, the
accumulated solid waste is piled in heaps for an average height of 2 m over two (2)
locations, to the north and west of the sewage farm.
' (),1,7,21
Usually the term “Landfill reclamation” is used for expanding municipal solid waste (MSW)
landfill capacity of a sanitary and scientifically managed landfill site and thus avoiding the
high cost of acquiring additional land.
In the present context, this term refers to recovery of the dumping ground to convert the
same into a Waste Processing and Disposal Complex incorporating landfills for the
accumulated waste (to be covered immediately post disposal, landfill for future waste and
composting facility for biodegradable waste.
The accumulated waste at the landfill is mixed in nature and dumping has been prevalent
before a dedicated Bio-Medical Waste Management system was in place in Madurai.
Therefore, the waste at the landfill is not suitable for composting or other processes and is
also not a financially and technically feasible alternative to attempt bio-remediation of the
existing waste and soil combination.
Therefore, the term remediation or reclamation essentially in this project report refers to
recovery of the land and construction of a landfill and, if necessary closure of the same on
an imminent basis by transporting the cleared accumulated and contaminated waste from
the open dump site.
1 ((')255 $
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Reclamation is an imminent requirement for the Vellakkal dumping site as the present
environment in the dumping ground and its surrounding has been significantly damaged
with a high potential for public health risk and irreparable damage to the elements.
The option of abandoning the existing area and scoping for additional or alternative site is
also not financially viable. Further, this land is owned by Madurai Corporation and cannot
be utilized for other purposes and is in the vicinity of Avaniyapuram Municipality and on the
southern boundary limits of Madurai. This location is a potential threat since continued
urbanization is bound to push the limits of urban settlements in Madurai towards the
southern limit.
Therefore, it is justified to reclaim and landfill the accumulated waste in an environmentally
safe manner to ensure that further environmental damage can be prevented.
(67,0$7(' 48$17,7<
Based on the area, present scope of dumping, waste generation/ collection and the
naturally occurring degradation, it is estimated that approximately 1,320,000 cu.m. may
require reclamation. Soil sample analysis will be performed to detect the presence of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total metals (cadmium, chromium, hexavalent
chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver and zinc). Additionally, TCLP tests can
be conducted to ascertain the presence of hazardous wastes due to household hazardous
wastes such as used lead / alkaline batteries, tube lights, thermometers, aerosol cans etc.
After conducting the above soil test and obtaining the results the following steps have to be
undertaken for reclamation and disposal of the existing solid waste.

6 &5((1,1* 352&(66

The phased operation of the dumpsite reclamation should embark on the following
operations
Excavation
An excavator removes the contents of the dumpsite. A front-end loader then organizes the
excavated materials into manageable stockpiles and separates out bulky material, such as
appliances and lengths of steel cable.
Soil Separation (Screening)
A trommel (i.e., a revolving cylindrical sieve) separates soil (including the cover material)
from solid waste in the excavated material. The size and type of screen used depends on
the end use of the recovered material. For example, if the reclaimed soil typically is used
as landfill cover, a 2.5-inch screen is used for separation. If, however, the reclaimed soil is
sold as construction fill, or for another end use requiring fill material with a high fraction of
soil content, a smaller mesh screen can be used to remove small pieces of metal, plastic,
glass, and paper. It must be noted that trommel screens are more effective than vibrating
screens for basic landfill reclamation.
The following be provided at the Vellakkal site for assessing the baseline characteristics
before a new a scientific landfill takes its place:
Ground Water Monitoring Wells

Lysimeters
Gas Monitors
Samplers
Down-hole Monitors
The above-mentioned monitoring mechanisms are required to assess the existing

environmental damage and determine other remedial actions that may be necessitated
over the course of time. This also serves as a benchmark for assessing any environmental
damage that may be caused by the new scientific landfill discussed in preceding section.
6 (&85(' / $1')
,//
Design of the landfill for accumulated waste has been performed along the same lines as
the aforementioned landfill for future waste. Outline results of the design are furnished
below:
Capacity : 13,20000cum
Desired depth : 13.6m (3.0m belowgroudlevel+10.6m above ground level)
Approximate size of landfill : 440mx220m
Actual size at bottom : 428mx218m
Actual size at top : 397.6mx137.6m
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It is estimated that a 3-inch trommel screen can be used to reclaim the soil cover material.
The weight ratio of reclaimed soil to overs (i.e., materials caught by the screen), after
metals and recyclables are separated, is roughly estimated as 30 to 50%.
This measure will assist in reducing the demand on fresh earth cover which will be required
to cover the layers of accumulated waste being spread and compacted in the landfill.
Reclaimed soil can be used on site as daily cover material for the new scientific landfill to
be developed, thus avoiding the cost of importing cover soil.
2 3(5$7,21$/ 5 ,6.6$1' +
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It is necessary that the following safety aspects while reclaiming and excavating the solid
waste from the present open dumpsite
Hazardous wastes that may be uncovered during reclamation operations are subject to
special handling and disposal requirements. Management costs for hazardous waste
can be relatively high, but may reduce future liability.
Excavation raises a number of potential problems related to the release of gases.
Methane and other gases, generated by decomposing wastes, can cause explosions
and fires. Hydrogen sulphide gas, a highly flammable and odorous gas, can be fatal
when inhaled at sufficient concentrations.
Excavation of one landfill area can undermine the integrity of the neighbouring area,
which can sink or collapse into the excavated area.
Reclamation activities shorten the useful life of equipment, such as excavators and
loaders, because of the high density of waste being handled.
The detailed costing for this additional job of disposal of existing solid waste is worked and
presented in Chapter 11. The costs worked out are based on reclamation of the land
without the likely revenue being generated from the dumped waste.
For the proposed reclamation activity to complete as described above it is anticipated that
it may require at least 8 months to 12 months. It is recommended that this activity be taken
up in parallel with compost yard development and will form part of site development of
landfill.

9.0 CAPITAL AND ANNUAL O&M COST

9.1 BASIS OF COST ESTIMATION
Capital Cost of proposed improvements to the existing Municipal Solid Waste Management
System has been estimated based on the following:
Design of the proposed improvements based on existing conditions, deficiency

analysis and applicable norms and standards
Applicable Schedule of Rates in Tamil Nadu, i.e. PWD
Market Quotes for non-standard items
Operational area-based rates for minor items of work
Consultant’s database of information from earlier project reports prepared
9.2 PHASING OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT

The proposed improvements are recommended for implementation under the following
three (3) phases as outlined below:
Phase I (2007) – Improvement to existing system including landfill for accumulated

waste
Phase II (2009) – Replacement of Dual Dumper Placers and Dumper Binds (partial)
that have completed the due service life
Phase III (2011) – Replacement of Primary and Secondary Collection Equipment
(damaged) and also Landfill for Future Waste
The aforementioned recommendation has been made to ensure full utilization of the
available infrastructure and also to lower the financial burden on the ULB in the immediate
stages.
9.3 CAPITAL COST

Abstract estimated capital cost for the proposed improvements to the Municipal Solid
Waste Management System in Madurai is furnished in Table 9.1. Phase-wise cost
estimate detail is furnished in Table 9.2:
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No. Description Amount

Rs. Lakhs
1 Primary Collection 369.78
2 Secondary Collection & Transportation 1,175.02
3 Landfill - Accumulated Waste 1,736.02
4 Landfill - Future Waste 1,301.29
5 Composting Plant 947.95
6 Auxiliary Facilities 854.12
7 Admin & Utilities 891.05
8 IEC Activities 125.00
9 Total Cost 7,400.23
10 Admin./Supervision Charges @3% 222.01
11 Cost incl. Admin./Superv. Charges 7,622.24
12 Deduction of Devolution from 12th SFC (102.00)
13 Grand Total Cost 7,520.24

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9.4 CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN

Considering the level of improvement required and the level of effort that will be necessitated in implementing the proposed improvements, Phase I
of the scheme shall be completed in two (2) years. A suggestive capital investment plan is outlined below.
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Admin/Superv
Sl.no Project Components Base cost Time Frame Charges - 3% Total cost Investment Plan
1 Primary Collection Sub-Component Rs. In lakhs 2007-08 2008-09 Rs. In lakhs Rs. In lakhs 2007-08 2008-09
Providing bins for Door-Door Collection 130.66 3.92 134.58 40.37 94.21
Containerized Tri-Cycles 139.29 4.18 143.46 28.69 114.77
Equipment for Garbage Recovery Personnel (1205 nos. + 25% spare
stock) - First Year Supply Only 22.37 0.67 23.04 5.76 17.28
Equipment for Street Sweeping Personnel (1622 nos. + 25% spare
stock) - - First Year Supply Only 42.72 1.28 44.00 11.00 33.00
Tipper Lorries - Used for Construction/Other Debris Collection 34.74 1.04 35.78 26.84 8.95
2 Secondary Collection Sub-Component
Container Bins for Residemtial Areas (1.25 MT Capacity) 213.15 6.39 219.54 54.89 164.66
Container Bins for Market, Bus Stand, Commercial, Railway Station etc.,
(1.25 MT Capacity) 66.15 1.98 68.13 27.25 40.88
3 Transportation Sub-Component
Dual Load Dumper Placer Vehicles 669.60 20.09 689.69 172.42 517.26
MSW Mobile Compactor mounted on WB Chassis Truck with Driver 105.46 3.16 108.62 27.16 81.47
Mechanical Street Sweepers - Tractor Mounted 48.00 1.44 49.44 24.72 24.72
Mini-Loaders (BobCats or equiv.) with Skid Steering or suitable 72.66 2.18 74.84 37.42 37.42
4 Waste Processing & Disposal
Sanitary Landfill for Accumulated Waste 1,736.02 52.08 1,788.10 894.05 894.05
Aerobic Composting Facility 947.95 28.44 976.39 341.74 634.65
Auxiliary Facilities at MSW Processing & Disposal Complex: (1) 854.12 25.62 879.75 219.94 659.81
Sanitary Landfill for Proposed Waste Generation (Present & Future)
5 Administration Complex
Administration and Utilities Complex incl. HT Sub-station 891.05 26.73 917.79 458.89 458.89
6 IEC Activities 125.00 3.75 128.75 38.63 90.13
Total Cost 6,098.94 182.97 6,281.91 2,409.76 3,872.15

10.0 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY ANALYSIS

10.1 ULB FINANCES
,
1752'8&7,21
The Madurai Corporation (MC) maintains a Corporation Fund for managing the finances of
the MC. The accounts of the Municipal/Corporation Fund were maintained on cash basis
(single entry accounting system till the FY 1999-2000. The financial status of the MC has
been reviewed for the last five years, commencing from the financial year 2000-01.
Currently the urban local bodies of Tamil Nadu maintain three separate funds, namely
General Fund, Water & Drainage Fund and Education Fund. For the purpose of this
analysis, Education Fund is clubbed with General Fund, because it is more of
reimbursement in nature. But MC does not maintain statement of account exclusively for
SWM. For further analysis, the items of each fund are categorized under the following
major heads:
Revenue Account: All recurring items of income and expenditure are included under
this head. These include taxes, charges, salaries, maintenance expenditure, debt
servicing, etc.
Capital Account: Income and expenditure items under this account are primarily non-
recurring in nature. Income items include loans, contributions by GoTN, other agencies
and capital grants under various State and Central Government capital programmes
and income from sale of assets. Expenditure items include expenses booked under
developmental works and purchase of capital assets.
Deposits and Advances: Under the municipal accounting system, certain items are
compiled under advances and deposits. These items are temporary in nature and are
essentially adjustments for the purpose of recoveries and payments. Items under this
head include library cess, income tax deductions, pension payments, provident fund,
payment and recoveries of advances to employees and contractors, etc.
) ,1$1&,$/ 6 7$786

Revenue income of the MC has grown to a
Trends in Revenue Incom e and
level of Rs. 8555.42 lakhs in the FY 2004-05
Expenditure
from Rs. 7645.05 lakhs in FY 2000-01, at an
annual growth of 2.98 percent. Revenue
10000
expenditure also increased at an average 8000
annual rate of 1.24 percent. The MC 6000
maintained revenue surplus as well as an 4000
overall surplus consistently over the 2000
assessment period except during the FY 2001- 0

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
02. The overall surplus is to the tune of Rs. F i nanci al Y ear
782.96 lakhs. The table below presents the
overall financial status of the MC during the Income Expendit ure
assessment period.
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contribution in the form of sale proceeds of Expenditure
assets and contribution. A major share of
capital income is in the form of loans and 5000
grants. The capital account has witnessed a 4000
deficit-implying utilization of revenue surpluses 3000
to fund capital works. However, during FY 2000
2001-02 and FY 2002-03 the capital account 1000
witnessed a surplus resulting from loans drawn 0

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
but not utilized to the full extent. F inanci al Y ear
The following sections present detailed review Income Expenditure

of revenue and capital accounts, primarily aimed at assessing the municipal fiscal status
and providing a base for determining the ability of MC to sustain the planned investments.
5(9(18( $ &&2817

The revenue account comprises of two components, revenue income and revenue
expenditure. Revenue income comprises of internal resources in the form of tax and non-
tax items. External resources are in the form of shared taxes/ transfers and revenue grants
from the State Government. Revenue expenditure comprises of expenditure incurred on
salaries, operation & maintenance and debt servicing.
Revenue Income
The revenue sources of the MC can be broadly categorized as own sources, assigned
revenues and grants. The source-wise income generated during the review period is
presented in the table below. Own-source income includes income from resource
mobilization activities of the MC in the form of taxes, fees for building permission, trade
licenses, etc. Own revenue sources are further classified as tax revenue and non-tax
sources that are generated by various sections of the MC. The salient features of this
revenue head is further elaborated in the Trends in Revenue Incom e from FY
following section. 2000-01 to FY 2004-05
Tax Sources: The sections contributing tax 3000

income include property tax, professional tax 2500
and other taxes. Property tax is the largest 2000
1500
revenue-generating item. 1000
500
0
Non-Tax Sources: Non-tax sources include all 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
non-tax revenues such as fees and charges F inanci al Y ear
levied as per the Municipal Corporation Act.
Such revenue sources include income from Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4
special services, income from properties,

interest on investments and miscellaneous items etc. In order to review the cost recovery
aspect of Water Supply operations, the revenue income and expenditure of these
operations are discussed separately.
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The essential features of this head of revenue income

are listed below: Source-Wise Revenue Incom e
Income from own sources accounts for about 60 (Average of 2000-01 to 2004-05)
percent of revenue income, and has increased at an Assigned
Own
Revenue
average rate of 7.55 percent per annum.
The fall in the growth rate during the financial year
Sources -
14%
Taxes
28%
2001-02 is due to the stabilization of the swift growth
after quinquennial revision and low realization of Grants &
Contributio
miscellaneous income.
The swift rise in own-source income (FY 2002-03) is
ns
26%
Own
due to high property tax realisation due to Sources -
quinquennial revision. Non-Taxes
32%
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Income through own-source heads that contribute substantially towards revenue income
include the following:
Property Tax: The most important category in the own sources of income is the
property tax. Property tax is based on the Annual Rental Value (ARV) of property and
is the single largest and most elastic source of revenue. There are a total of 133900
assessed properties within the MC area and during the assessment period, there was
a consistent growth of an average of above 2 percent per annum in the number of
assessments. The swift rise in current demand during FY 2001-02 is primarily
attributed to the above stated increase in assessments and quinquennial revision of
ARV. The property tax levied is 27 percent of the ARV and includes the general tax (12
percent), water and drainage tax (10 percent) and education tax (5 percent). It is
observed that the MC maintained a high current collection of about 80 percent on an
average during the assessment period. However, the arrears collection has not
increased significantly as it remained less than 25 percent during all years under this
assessment. The average overall (both current and arrears) collection efficiency was
about 46 percent. The current collection performance of the MC has witnessed an
increasing trend from 73 percent to 79 percent during the assessment period. However
during the FY 2001-02, current collection performance has observed as high as 86
percent. The maximum arrear collection was achieved during the FY 2000-01 & FY
2002-03 and the same was as low as 10 percent during FY 2001-02.
Professional Tax: The MC also collects professional tax from all registered
organizations, companies or firms, public or private, individuals and State & Central

Government departments. Currently 19,700 assesses are registered with the MC. Low
average collection of 38 percent observed during the review period and the current
collection is around 72 percent during the same period.
Own Sources-Non Tax: This item head comprises of income from municipal properties,
fees on municipal services (building permission, etc.), income from interest on investment
and miscellaneous services. On an average, through the assessment period, own source-
non tax income constitutes 32 percent of the total revenue income. Income from
remunerative enterprises, income from fees and fines constitute the major revenue sources
under this item head. Income through non-tax own sources of the MC has grown over the
assessment period at a CAGR of about 11.72 percent.
Income from remunerative enterprises is the non-tax income in the form of rentals from
assets like shopping complexes, market fee, parking fee and income from other real assets
owned by the MC. Income from the remunerative assets of the MC contributed 12.65
percent of the revenue income during the assessment period and registered a CAGR of
7.84 percent. Income from municipal properties, markets and other remunerative assets
witnessed inconsistent collection performance during the assessment period. The average
revenue mobilized during the review period under this item head is Rs. 804.90 lakhs and is
under increasing trends during last two years.
Assigned Revenues: This item head comprises of income from GoTN/State transfers of
MC income collected by the state line department. Transfers are in the form of MC’s share
of taxes levied and collected by the GoTN from establishments/operations within the MC
limits. Surcharge on transfer of immovable properties and entertainment tax, are the major
items on which these revenues are realized by the MC. Income through assigned revenues
contributes around 13.35 percent of revenue income and it is growing at an average
compounded annual growth rate of 2.35 percent during the review period. It is observed
that the inflow from this account head has been inconsistent due to delays in transfers and
deductions at source towards MC’s debt repayment commitments and/ or other dues
payable to GoTN. The details of the assigned revenues are given below:
Entertainment Tax: The Commercial Tax (CT) Department collects entertainment tax
from 38 cinema halls (with a total capacity of 19,500 seats) functioning within the MC
area. The CT Department transfers 90 percent of the total tax collection to the MC, and
retains 10 percent towards management charges. Entertainment tax accounts for
around 3.78 percent of total revenue income.
Stamp Duty: Surcharge on stamp duty is another assigned revenue source, accounting
for 11 percent of revenue income during the assessment period. It is levied in the form
of a surcharge on stamp duty applicable on all properties registered or transferred
within MC limits. The Registration Department collects and 90 percent of the
collections are transferred to the MC.
Revenue Grants and Contribution: This item mainly comprises revenue grants and
compensations from the State Government under various heads. The regular grants
include the SFC grants and the others include aid grants, grants for services like roads,
buildings, maternity and child welfare, public health, contributions for elementary and
secondary schools and etc. Grants which are for specific purposes are ad-hoc in nature. In
case of MC, revenue grants and contributions constitute about 25 percent of the total
revenue income. SFC Devolution is major item of grants, which is transferred as part SFC
recommendation. The fluctuation in SFC grant is due to delay and deduction at source.
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Revenue Expenditure
Revenue expenditure of the MC has been analyzed based on expenditure heads broadly
classified under the following departments - General Administration and Tax Collection,
Public Works and Roads, Street Lighting, Public Health & Conservancy, Town Planning
and Miscellaneous Items. Water supply and drainage revenue expenditure is analyzed
separately and the same is presented. Revenue expenditure is further classified under
Establishment, Operation & Maintenance and Debt Servicing.
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Note: Above figures exclude Water Drainage Account

Source: Madurai Corporation; 2006
Trends in Revenue Expenditure from
Establishment Expenditure: Establishment FY 2000-01 to FY 2004-05
expenditure alone accounts for about 65
5000
percent of revenue expenditure, excluding
4000
water supply and drainage account. Debt 3000
servicing of the Corporation accounts for 2000
around 12.41 percent of the revenue 1000
expenditure was made from general fund during 0
the review period. For the assessment period, 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
F i nanci al Y ear
revenue expenditure has grown at an average
rate of 6.67 percent. Though the growth rate of Establishment Operat ion & M aint enance Debt Servicing
establishment expenses has been falling, the
actual results of privatisation efforts are yet to reflect on accounts. In the coming years,
these expenses are expected to go down due to the reforms taken up by the MC. It is
necessary that the MC goes ahead with such privatization initiatives so as to improve upon
and allocate more amounts for the O&M and debt servicing.
Operations and Maintenance: Operation and

Source-Wise Revenue Expenditure
maintenance expenditure of all sections together (Avg. of 2000-01 to 2004-05)
accounts for 23 percent of revenue expenditure and Debt
Servicing
had increased at an average rate of 9.36 percent per 14%
annum. General Administration, Public Health &
Conservancy, Street Lighting are the major
expenditure items. O&M expenses are dominated by
power charges for street lighting and that for general Operat ion
administration, while that for the upkeep of roads has &
M aint enanc
been very minimal. Street lighting sector can be put for e
Est ablishm
privatisation and implement energy conservation 23%
ent
measures to curtail the costs on repairs, replacements 63%
and power charges.
Debt Servicing: A review of the outstanding loan statement of the MC, as on March 31,
2005, i.e., at the start of the FY 2004-05 reveals that the net outstanding debt liabilities of
MC are at Rs. 9838.53 lakhs. The total amount of loans drawn by the MC till date is Rs.
10,123.08 Lakhs, majority of it from TWAD Board. It needs mention that the ratio of
outstanding loans to current demand of property tax is about 408.92 percent. The ratio in
terms of ARV (estimated at Rs. 6,824) is 0.91; thereby indicating that the MC is capable of
leveraging additional debt to finance its projects as this is below the threshold of 2 to 3

(generally considered by Financial Institutions). The table below presents the agency wise
outstanding loans of the MC.
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Debt servicing accounted for around 12.41 percent of revenue expenditure during the
review period and the DSR (as percentage of revenue income) is around 15.10 percent,
which is below the threshold level of 25 percent, as considered by financial institutions. The
MC has to start to focus upon sustainable debt servicing after having cut down
establishment costs to improve its credit rating and capability towards leveraging additional
debts.
: 6
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As mentioned earlier, urban local bodies in Tamil Nadu maintain a separate water supply
and drainage fund. In order to maintain the consistency and also to assess the cost
recovery aspect, the water fund has been analyzed separately. The details are provided in
the following table.
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Source: Madurai Corporation; 2006
Salaries of staff directly working in the water supply department are booked under this
head, while salaries of other engineering staff performing administrative functions related
to water supply are booked under the engineering section of general fund. Expenditures
incurred under this account comprised of 64 percent on establishment costs, 14 percent
power charges and other operation & maintenance expenses accounts 22 percent. No
debt servicing was made during the assessment period. The cost recovery in case of only
water charge to expenditure incurred for water supply work out to about 54 percent on an
average. Thus, the above analysis indicates that the current tariff is not able to fully recover
the O&M expenses, when it is compared with only water and sewerage charges. Major
share of water supply income is derived by way of water and drainage taxes (as part of

property tax), which account for around 64 percent of water supply and drainage income.
There are a total of 76,700 water supply service

connections as of 2004-05 provided by the MC in the Source-Wise Capital Incom e
city. The average collection performance of water (Average of 2000-01 to 2004-05)
charges for the review period is about 70 percent for
the current demand. The collection performance for Grant -in-
the arrears is about 56 percent while the overall Aid f rom
GoTN
average collection performance for both current and 27%
arrear demand is about 62 percent. The cost recovery
in the sector is about 64 percent with regard to only
Loan
water and drainage charges, indicating low coverage. Account
Grants from
Cent ral
The numbers of House Service Connections stand at 64%
Government
60 percent of the property tax assessments. The 9%
unauthorized connections and un-assessed
properties need to be brought under the user charges and property tax gambit to effect
cost recovery on the investments.
&$3,7$/ $ &&2817

Capital income comprises of loans, grants and own contributions. The detailed
components of capital income are detailed in the table below. An analysis of this account
indicates that grants & contributions have contributed the maximum share of income under
this account. While on an average 51 percent of the capital income is in the form of grants
and contributions like 11th and 12th Finance Commission grants for public works and roads,
about 30 percent from revenue account transfer for capital works and 19 percent is in the
form of loans from various agencies. New loans were acquired during the assessment
period for public works and roads.
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The majority of capital expenditure has been Source-Wise Capital Expenditure

directed towards public works and roads, (Average of 2000-01 to 2004-05)
Others
sewerage and general purpose over the past five 22%
years. This is due to fact TNUDF/TUFIDCO had
Public
funded most of the roads and sewerage works Healt h and Roads and
during the assessment period. Sanit at ion Culvert s
1% 40%
Analysis of capital income and capital Street

expenditure indicates that the account was in Lighting
1%
surplus during the FY 2001-02 and FY 2002-03, Storm
Sewerage
Wat er
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Community23% er
India Private
Drains
Limited
Supply
9% 4%
indicating lesser utilization of allocated funds or just start of utilization of allocated funds.
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The revenue account of the MC shows a deficit only during 2001-02 and the operating ratio
is almost touching two during that year due to swift increase in debt servicing. The MC is
able to maintain the operating ratio below unity even after increase in debt servicing
payments and O&M on general administration and new projects taken up over the past five
years.
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The MC has generated over 67 percent of revenue income through its own sources, which
is a commendable feat. Dependency on grants and assigned revenue is only to the extent
of 21 percent. 11 percent is by way of assignments or transfers from GoTN, which is an
indirect form of own-source revenues, however realisation of which amounts is dependent
on timely transfers from GoTN.
Expenditure towards debt servicing has been inconsistent while the average is about 16
percent of revenue income during the review period, which is below the accepted threshold
level of 25 percent. This figure might require review in light of overdue and/ or unaccounted
figures due to deduction at source by GoTN. It is observed that about 67 percent of
revenue income is spent on salaries, which is very high considering the average or
threshold generally considered at 35 to 40 percent of revenue income.
Though the operating ratio is below unity, the actual situation would vary on inclusion of
any major outstanding liabilities. This is because some of the heads of the municipal
accounts are still under a cash system and in order to derive the true operating ratio a
critical assessment of outstanding receivables and payments needs to be carried out.
Moreover, debt servicing payments are not made as per schedule and hence are overdue,
which if accounted might change these ratios.
While the capital account has been consistently in deficit, indicating any meagre revenue
surplus available being utilized to fund the capital works. However, the available revenue
surplus would be under strain if debt servicing is done as per schedule under the current
resource mobilization pattern.
Following are some of the key issues and conclusions based on the review and
assessment MC finances and discussions with relevant MC officials.
Maintenance and Reporting of Accounts: The State Government deducts debt due by
the MC and then transfers funds (SFC devolution) while the MC records do not capture
such apportionment. Also, the MC does not maintain department/sector wise salary
expenditure as mentioned in the Accounting Manual.
Revenue Realization: Taxes and charges are major own sources of revenue income.
Being more dynamic in nature and within the control of the MC, these revenue incomes
have potential to contribute more to the Corporation Fund. Besides low tax rates and
charges levied, the actual demand itself is not established. Key issues regarding the
above comprise of a) low water supply and drainage coverage witnessed there are
chances of illegal or unauthorized connections in the city; and b) financial transaction
trends not commensurate with population growth trends, resulting in reduction in per
capita expenditure levels
Fund Application: About 67 percent of the total expenditure is on establishment-related
heads, leaving relatively lower amounts for expenditure on operation and maintenance
of services.
6 75$7(*,(6 ) ,
25 03529(0(17
Start Planning
Revise the existing action plan for solid wastes management and prepare similar plan
every year
Break this action plan into monthly activity schedule and prepare estimate of expenses
keeping provision of unforeseen expenses and tourist season
Assess requirements of funds for each ward every month and then have a
consolidated figure for each Zone every month and maintain the same
Prioritization
Prioritize activities in each so that funds can be allocated accordingly
Avoid wasteful expenditure or expenses for non-prioritized activities

& 2675 (&29(5< 6 <67(0
The cost recovery systems as suggested earlier are:
Adopt cost recovery system for SWM services provided by MC.
Fix administrative charges or sanitation taxes, which are service specific.
Closely monitor collection of such charges. Revise the charges if required, so that no
one is undercharged or overcharged.
3 8%/,& 3 5,9$7( 3

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No waste management system can be successful without public private partnership.

The MC should list out all activities, which can be performed by NGOs or private sector
The expenses for such involvement of NGOs and private section should be assessed
and mechanism has to be formulated for recovering these expenses from the public,
who are being provided service
Let the public monitor and control these NGOs and private sector by allowing direct
interface between them
Private sector could be invited to take up the compost plant and Landfill O&M activities
on a contractual basis as per prevailing categories such as BOT etc.
10.2 FINANCIAL VIABILITY ANALYSIS
,
1752'8&7,21
The objective of a financial viability analysis is to ensure that the proposed scheme can be
implemented in a sustainable manner without unduly burdening the urban local body.
Project and financial aspects have been designed in such a way that they address the
concerns of various stakeholders and provide sufficient information about financial viability
of the project including pertinent risk factors. Key issues that shall be addressed for project
implementation on a sustainable format include the below listed parameters:
Certainty of revenue flow
Project costing and financing structure
Perceived risks of the project

Sensitivity to cost and revenue flow

The proposed underground sewerage scheme has been designed and costing performed
for an optimum level of service based on the target design population. A cost estimate has
been made for various components of the project including capital cost and annual O&M
charges.
& $3,7$/ & 267 ²3

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Per JnNURM, the proposed capital investment is funded by the Central Government (50%)
and State Government (20%) and the investment required is given in the Table 10.10. MC
has to obtain a loan support from any financial institutions to an amount of Rs. 6.28 crores
to support the estimated capital investment. Accordingly, cash flow statement is made
considering 20 year repayment period at an interest rate of 8.25% with 3 year moratorium
period.

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Costs include price escalation, physical contingency and supervision charges. No working
capital margin has been made in the project cost as the project relies on the monthly
charges from domestic and commercial consumers based on the usage and thus assumed
that there will be regular flow of cash and therefore does not necessitate such provision.
$ 118$/ 2 0 & 267

Annual maintenance cost of the proposed scheme under expenditure heads of
establishment costs, energy charges and repairs/replacements has been estimated and
listed below:
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Financial viability analysis has been performed for the proposed scheme based on Central
Govt. Grant from JnNURM @50%, State Govt. Contribution @ 20%, ULB contribution @
20%. The debt contribution has been assumed at 10% of the total project cost. Financial
viability has been assessed based on one debt source at 8.25% interest per annum
repayable over a period of 20 years with a initial moratorium of three years during the
implementation and commission stages. Phase-I project components are phased over a
two year period. Phase II and III have been stipulated for implementation with a time-lag of
three (2009) and five years (2011) respectively from the present stage, but falling within the
JnNURM (“Mission”) period.

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Revenue flow for the proposed scheme shall be in the form of conservancy service
charges, sale proceeds from compost and recyclable materials. Proposed tariff and
revenues have been considered based on the prevailing nominal charges that are levied in
similar towns and prevalent sale value of finished compost obtained from processing MSW.
Details of revenue assumptions are presented in Table 10.13.
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Financial viability analysis of the proposed scheme has been performed based on the
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method. Analysis reveals that, based on the estimated
Capital and O&M Costs, and a collection efficiency of 100%, the project viability3 is
medium and is a viable proposition over the loan repayment period. However, in the interim
period (first 5 to 8 years), the project requires moderate budgetary support towards
managing the annual O&M costs, debt servicing and unexpected contingencies.
The project IRR and cash flow was subjected to a sensitivity analysis of different scenarios
as outlined below. It was observed that under all scenarios simulated, the project viability
continued to remain medium as shown in Table 10.14.
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Although the financial viability analysis points to a healthy proposition, it is imperative to

mention that the viability is completely hinged on the optimum scenario and necessary
financial discipline on part of the ULB. Financial viability is only specified in this report as a
simulation and is to be utilized only for research and project report preparation purposes.
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The MC should treat SWM as a specific exclusive project, which requires a large dose of
capital investment and continuously increasing operation and maintenance costs over the
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If the IRR is > 18%, then the project viability is rated high, if IRR is between 12% -18%, it is rated medium and if
less than 12%, the project viability is rated low.

years. Hence there has to be specific plan for raising the necessary funds for this purpose.
In previous chapters, some of the ways and means by which the required finances can be
raised to operationalize the SWM project are discussed. The income / expenditure
statement for the proposed SWM department for primary and secondary collection
including the supervisory cost for the compost plant and sanitary landfill and the likely
surplus / deficit during the year 2009 is given in Table 10.15. This deficit can be offset by
further cost recover system in processing and disposal systems through private
participation. It is strongly recommended that the running and maintenance of compost
plant and sanitary landfill may be given on BOOT basis. The profitability for compost plant
and sanitary landfill is given in other section of this Chapter.
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The salary and wages component for the proposed separate SWM Department is given in
the Table 10.16 for each personnel together with their designation and the department.
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The following Table 10.17 gives the operation and maintenance cost of the vehicles
involved in Primary & Secondary collection and at processing and disposal site.
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Cash Flow Statement for the proposed scheme including loan repayment schedule
suggested is enclosed as Tables 10.18 and 10.19.

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Cash-flow statement has been made considering the probable revenue and expenditures heads and it is presented in the Table 10.19. From the following table it is observed that during 2013 the project shall be self-
sustained in its operation also it starts accumulating revenue surpluses for the development of the scheme. During 2010 project shall face a high cumulative deficit of Rs. 2.87 crores and it starts turn from this deficit position
to surplus till the year 2012. At the end of the repayment period 2029, this project will fetch a cumulative revenue surplus of Rs. 55.45 crores.
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10.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

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Analysis of the resultant socio-economic benefits from implementing a project and the
capital and maintenance costs incurred are as critical as the financial viability analysis.
Economic Analysis basically enables the project implementing/ facilitating agency and the
pertinent government authority to grasp the significance and need of a utilities project, such
as an underground sewerage scheme.
In estimating the Economic Rate of Return (ERR), pertinent and tangible economic
benefits have been evaluated and corresponding annual cost savings compared with the
project capital and annual O&M costs.
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Cost Savings from Recovered Labor Days
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The aforementioned estimate of cost savings has been made based on the following
parameters, data and assumptions:
Average of 8 days of hospitalization and/or absence from work per year per person of
15% of the workforce has been adopted based on sample data collected from medical
institutions
A nominal wage of Rs.175.00 per person based on prevailing pattern of the workforce
in the project area and the Government stipulated Minimum Wages Act
Cost Savings across Health Care Sector

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The aforementioned estimate of cost savings across the health sector is basically the
reduced spending through subsidies in the form of medicines, hospital maintenance,
energy charges and related that will be achieved through improved sanitation condition and
health scenario. The following assumptions have been made in estimating cost savings:
Approximately 15% of total population is assumed to need health related services.
Around 60% of the population that requires health related services are assumed to
utilize the government run facilities.
After the project, only around 5% of the population that uses public health facilities is
assumed to utilize the services.
On average medical expenditure per person is assumed to be Rs.600 per year.
Cost Savings in Personal Expenditure on Health Care

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The cost savings estimated above relates to the reduction in annual personal spending of
the affected population in the form of medicines, day-care, medical fee etc that is expected
to be achieved post implementation of the proposed scheme. The following parameters
and assumptions have been considered in estimating the cost savings:
The average expenditure per family per month expended for treatment of sanitation
related diseases is assumed to be Rs.80.00
More than 60% of personal expenditure is expected to be reduced post implementation
Reduced expenditure on sanitation and conservancy by ULB - Madurai Corporation - i.e.,

Drain and Water Body Cleaning for MSW Removal
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Increased Employment Opportunities
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Based on total annual savings in cost through implementation of the proposed

underground sewerage scheme and the pertinent Capital and Annual O&M costs, the
Economic Rate of Return (ERR) for the project has been estimated over the design period
as 18.67%.
Other socio-economic benefits that are non-tangible and that could not be quantified as
part of this study include general enhancement in the environmental profile of the town,
other employment opportunities created due to project implementation, increase in land
value and standard of living due to an improved environment and related. It is expected
that the ERR will be much higher than indicated above if all the aforementioned benefits
were considered.
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Based on the viability analysis performed and the present condition of the Solid Waste
Management System in Madurai Corporation that requires imminent improvement,
therefore implementation of the scheme is amply justified from the technical, financial and
socio-economic standpoints.

11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

11.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Madurai Corporation has proposed a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and Composting
Complex at its site located in Vellakal, Madurai South Taluk, Madurai District in the State of
Tamil Nadu. The land proposed for the landfill project is 110 acres and is owned by
Madurai Corporation (MC). The proposed site for the development is located at a distance
of 6 km South of Madurai City.
Madurai Corporation has engaged Community Consulting India Pvt. Ltd. Chennai for
carrying out the Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) study and to prepare the
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed scheme, specifically, the
Sanitary Landfill and Composting Complex development.
Accordingly, reconnaissance survey of the region was carried out and various sampling
locations were identified to monitor the environmental parameters. Subsequently,
monitoring has been performed for Meteorology, Ambient Air Quality, Water Quality, Soil
Characteristics, Ecology and Noise Levels at the specified locations. The other studies
such as Demography, Socio-economic profile, Land use pattern, Hydro Geological features
etc. are based on secondary data collected from various government and non government
agencies.
The fieldwork to study all the above environmental attributes was carried out during the
post monsoon months from November 2006 to January 2007 as per the guidelines
specified by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). The Rapid Environmental Impact
Assessment (REIA) report is prepared based on the primary data generated from the study
area and the data collected from the secondary sources.
11.2 PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTION
The proposed MSW landfill and composting complex will be located at the aforementioned
site in Vellakal in Madurai south Taluk of Madurai district. Topographically the area is of flat
terrain and the climatic condition of this area is semi arid. The maximum temperature goes
upto 41.6oC during summer in the month of April and the minimum temperature goes down
to 20.9oC during winter in the month of December. The average humidity in the area
ranges from 69 to 77%. The average annual rainfall in the region is about 850 mm. The
maximum rainfall in the area is from the northeast monsoon. The winds in the area are light
to moderate during summer and winter. However, the speed of the wind increases during
the end of the summer season. The details of the environmental setting are given in Table
11.1.
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11.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS

The proposed Sanitary Landfill is based on the base line features of the identified site at
Velakkal. The overall approach to the development of the sanitary landfill for MC is
formulated to satisfy the regulatory requirements of MoEF, CPHEEO guidelines and with
the objective of implementing an environmentally responsible and effective system of non-
biodegradable and non-recyclable solid waste from the municipal system in accordance
with the MSW Handling Rules 2000.
Two landfills are proposed for implementation. The first landfill shall be constructed to
essentially dispose the existing waste (mixed and contaminated) that has been
accumulated over the past nearly 15 years without any level of sorting and/or processing.
This measure is recommended to achieve the dual objectives of compliance with the
aforementioned rules and to reclaim valuable land for construction of the landfill for future
waste, compost facility and other related utilities.
11.4 WASTE VOLUME AND LANDFILL CAPACITY
The MC generates about 450 MT of solid waste every day at a per capita generation of
about 0.382 kg/cap/day and is projected to generate about 517 MT of solid waste by the
year 2016 and during ultimate stage of 2026 it is projected that about 650 MT of solid
waste is likely to be generated in a day.
The quantum of biodegradable MSW, to be processed at the compost facility, has been
estimated at approximately 250T per day during 2006 and 300 MT per day during 2016 for
which compost plant is designed. The quantum of non-biodegradable MSW and the inert
rejects of the compost facility for Land filling have been estimated at 185 MT per day as on
2006 and 296 MT per day after 16 years i.e. design period for the landfill as per CPHEEO
Manual. Details of the landfill design and phasing are furnished in earlier section on
Sanitary Landfill as part of this report.
11.5 COMPOST YARD FACILITY
The MC has earmarked a site of 110 Acres in Vellakkal in Avaniyapuram Village for
Compost Yard and Landfill Complex. Out of this, the MC has allotted 30 Acres for
development of Compost Yard. The total land requirement for landfill for 16 years design
period would be 40 acres. The balance land of 40 acres could be utilized for future
expansion of Compost Yard as and when required. Design details of the proposed
composting facility are furnished in earlier section of this report.
11.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THE STUDY AREA
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The baseline environmental studies serve to assess existing environmental conditions of
the study area and identify critical environmental attributes. This would facilitate
comparison of the resultant environmental conditions in the post project scenario with
present day conditions and would help in preserving the environment without any further
deterioration and at the same time, safeguarding the interest of the study area. The
existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline conditions which are
described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water
quality, soil quality, ecology, socio-economic profile, land use, places of archaeological
importance etc.
The present study incorporates the data generated during November 2006 -January 2007
and the secondary data collected from various Government, Semi-Government and Public
sector organizations. Secondary data has also been collected from various scientific
studies done in the study area by different organizations.
Baseline environmental status has been established for various environmental attributes
within a study area of 10 km radius around the project site and an Environmental
Management Plan has been prepared for the project. The major environmental disciplines
covered in the EMP include Ambient Air Quality, Water Quality, Soil Quality, Noise Levels,
Ecology (terrestrial and aquatic), Land Use, Geology, Hydrogeology and Socio-Economic
conditions in the study area.
The baseline status of major environmental disciplines and the findings are presented
below in Table 11.2.
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During this observation period, the maximum temperature recorded was 41.6oC and
minimum temperature was 20.9oC. During the study period the relative humidity recorded
ranged from 69% to 77%. The skies for the most part of the study period were observed to
be clear.
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The ambient air quality has been monitored at six locations in the study area. The
monitored ambient air quality data indicates that the concentrations of SPM, RPM, SO2,
NOx, and Co at site are above the limits specified by the National Ambient Air Quality
(NAAQ) standards for residential and rural areas.
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To assess the physical and chemical properties of surface and ground water, surface water
and ground water samples from the study area were collected. The results of analysis
indicated that the surface and ground water quality is not in conformity with the specified
standards indicating potential contamination from the disposal of mixed and contaminated
MSW.
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Six soil samples from the pipeline corridor were collected and analyzed for physical and
chemical characteristics. The pH of soil indicates to be ‘neutral’ to ‘slightly alkaline’. The
soils in the area are reported to be moderately fertile on account of the prevailing levels of
NPK contents.
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Ambient noise levels were measured at six locations in the study area. The monitored day
and night noise levels in the areas indicated that daytime noise level and nighttime noise
levels were within the prescribed noise limits.
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There are no significant agricultural crops in the study area. There is no patch of reserved
forest in the study area. A few types of birds, few species of mammals and reptiles have
been observed in the study area. Based on the field studies and review of published
literature, it is established that there are no endangered and protected flora and fauna in
the study area.

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About 169 villages that are covered under the study area consisted of 11,30,611 souls in
2001. The study area consists of a variety of health and educational facilities of different
kinds. The study area has a well-developed communication network consisting of national
highways and state highways and other district roads and railways.
11.7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The Environmental Impact Assessment during construction as well as the operational
phases of the project is summarized in the Table 11.3.
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11.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environment Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development
in the area of the proposed project. Adequate environmental management measures need
to be incorporated during the entire planning, construction and operating stages of the
project to minimize any adverse environmental impact and assure sustainable
development of the area. The proposed project is likely to provide new economical uplift,
not only in the study area but also for the region as a whole. An overall Environmental
Management Plan for the project can improve the supportive capacity of the study area
and also to preserve it.
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Construction Phase
During construction period, there is likely generation of dust and NOx emissions. This can
be attributed to construction activity and vehicular movement. The transport vehicles using
petrol or diesel would be properly maintained to minimize smoke in the exhaust. Water
sprinkling is required to be performed to reduce the dust emission.
The dust rising out of the construction area shall be contained within the project site by
providing a screen all round the construction area. The temporary roads to be laid during
construction will be sprinkled with water to negate any dust rising out of the same due to
movement of vehicles. Electrically operated construction equipments are recommended
over the diesel-operated equipments in reducing the air emissions. Also offsite structural
fabrication and rapid on site construction shall contribute to the reduction in emissions at
the construction site.
Operation Phase
There is no major pollutant envisaged from the proposed sanitary landfill but during
composting the smell nuisance is like to arise which would not be higher than the present
condition of open dumping of waste. The emissions from generator sets proposed for the
power backup and the Fugitive emissions from the landfill are two sources, which are to be
mitigated, and the following mitigation measures are proposed to reduce the dust levels in
the ambient air environment:
Maintaining and / or reestablishment of a grass cover on area where there is no On-
going activity.
Frequent watering of unpaved roads and stockpile areas – cover material.
Using dust control sprays during loading and unloading of waste.
Minimizing working distances for internal transport of wastes.
Installation of a metrological station
Periodical monitoring of ambient air quality
Odor control by rapid stabilization and disposal of wastes at the along with daily cover
placement
Landfill Gas (LFG) results from the bio-degradation of wastes at elevated temperatures.
There is a need for landfill gas management to minimize the risk of migration of this LFG
beyond the perimeter of the site and to reduce the same into services and buildings on
site. It not only avoids unnecessary ingress of air into the landfill but also minimizes the risk
of landfill fires, damage to soils and vegetation within the restored landfill area.
For the safe release of this gas, an active gas venting system is recommended. This would
comprise a gas-venting layer of 200 mm thick granular soil on top of the solid waste and
gas vents of 150 mm diameter perforated HDPE pipes (15 Nos.) for venting the gas
collected. The entire infrastructure will be developed to cater the requirements of MSW
Rules, 2000
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Construction Phase
The noise impact on the surrounding population during the construction phase should be
within the acceptable limits. High noise generating equipment, if used, should not be
operated during the night to eliminate any possible discomfort to the nearby residents.
Community noise levels are not likely to be affected due to the physical barriers. Earmuffs
should be provided to the workers and it should be enforced to use them.
Operation Phase
The ambient noise level in the project site is well within the prescribed limits. During the
operation phase the routine movement of vehicles is likely to generate noise. Adequate
steps to maintain the noise levels within the prescribed limits should be taken. For the
same all the DG set facilities shall be insulated and acoustic measures should be followed.

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Construction Phase
The required water quantity for construction will be utilized from the available resource in
the project area. Impact on water quality during construction phase may be due to non-
point discharge of sewage generated from the construction workforce stationed at the site.
Construction activities for the proposed development can have minor impact on hydrology
and ground water quality of the area if the construction waste leaches into ground.
Potential sources of impacts on the hydrology and ground water quality during the
construction phase would be soil runoff, improper disposal of construction debris and
Spillage of oil and grease from the vehicles and wastewater stream generated from on site
activities such as vehicles washing, workshop etc. Precautions and preventive measure
will be taken at the site during construction to avoid any ground and surface water
contamination; hence the overall impact on water environment during construction phase
due to proposed project is likely to be insignificant.
Operation Phase
During the operation phase the projected use of groundwater will be within the capacity of
the natural system to replenish itself and groundwater mining will be avoided particularly in
dry season. The water required for increasing the moisture content of the composting
material will be recycled after treatment. To ensure that the impacts are minimized the
following general measures in addition to water minimization practices as to be followed.
Clear Water Diversion: Since a major portion of the landfill is in the open environment,
there is a potential for contamination. To minimize the wastewater/ leachate
generation, it is proposed that water from all over the site shall be removed through
surface drains. In addition, runoff water from the capped portion of the landfill and
temporary cap of the landfill shall be carefully diverted to the storm water stream to
ensure that the wastewater generated is minimized.
Further to this, the storm water/ runoff collected from potential areas of contamination
shall be collected through a controlled leak proof channel and shall be stored in a first
flush retention pond-lined and the same shall be tested to meet the storm water quality
prior to discharge the same into the water courses.
To minimize the leachate generation, temporary cap shall be provided during monsoon
period and the clear water shall be diverted beyond the bunds.
Proper care shall be taken to ensure that all waters coming in contact with the wastes
shall be considered as leachate and will be treated/ disposed off accordingly.
Ensuring that there is no movement of waters through the lined areas and bunds, that
will isolate work areas from the surrounding environment. This will be made possible by
using compacted clay or similar material for bunding.
Periodical monitoring of surface and groundwater quality through network of monitoring
wells.
Leachate Collection and Treatment System
An inert landfill that implements strict waste acceptance criteria may not require an
Leachate collection and Removal System (LCRS). The purpose of the leachate collection
layer is to allow the removal of leachate from the landfill and to control the depth of the
leachate above the liner. The Municipal Solid Waste Rules 2000, stipulate a minimum liner
of composite barrier of 1.5 mm High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane or its
equivalent overlaid by 900 mm of soil (clay or amended soil) of permeability co-efficient not
greater than 1 x 10-9 m/s with the water table at least 2 m below the base of clay or
amended soil. Considering these specifications the following containment measures are
recommended at Velakkal landfill site.

Drainage layer of 150 mm thick granular soil permeability value of 1 x 10-4 m/s;
Slotted HDPE pipes of 200 mm diameter and using 2 % lateral slope with 1 %
longitudinal slope and 25 m c/c spacing
900 mm thick compacted clay liner of permeability 1.00 x 10-9 m/s (native soil
amended with additives such as Bentonite to reach the desired level of permeability);
and
150 mm thick daily cover primarily extracted from the native soil and compacted to the
permeability level of native soil.
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Medical Checkup of workers: All the employees shall be required to undergo a medical
checkup before joining the facility. Medical checkup will be conducted on a monthly basis
and the health conditions monitored.
Safety Equipment: The employees shall be supplied with hand gloves mask, safety suites
and make it mandatory for them during handling the waste from collection point to disposal
in landfill.
First Aid Facilities: All the first aid facilities for immediate mitigation of emergency situation
shall be made available at the facility.
Nutritional Feed Plan: During routine medical checkup a nutritional feed plan shall be
provided to employees recommending them for proper nutrition.
Restriction in work period: No employee shall be made to work beyond 8-hrs/ day and shall
have one day off in a week. Each employee shall be eligible for leaves as per the
prevailing industrial laws. Further, restrictions shall be placed on pregnant women, old
people and child labour working at the MSW landfill site.
Insurance of Employee: ESI and other GIC insurance shall be provided for employees to
cover their health care expenses.
11.9 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT
Green belt has been recommended as one of the major component of EMP, which will
further enhance environment quality through:
Mitigation of fugitive emissions including odor
Attenuation of noise levels
Wastewater reuse
Creation of an aesthetic environment.
Prevent spreading of particulate and other atmospheric pollutants in the nearby areas
Provide resting, feeding and breeding site for fauna.
The green belt development around the site area will control the soil erosion due to run-off
and improve visual amenity. The various measures proposed to mitigate the potential
impacts include:
Landscaping and re-vegetation to ensure the final landform is compatible with existing
landscape of the surrounding area.
Development of wood–lot greenbelt will mask the landfill activities from surrounding
settlements existing now and in the future.
The access road to the landfill is designed in such away as not to have a direct view of the
landfill operations, thus not creating any negative visual impacts.
The impact on flora and fauna are negligible. The proposed activities actually improves the
flora and fauna of the region by way of a well planned and planted vegetation over 110
acres of the project site.

11.10 SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The establishment of the proposed MSW landfill project at this place will generate direct,
indirect and self-employment opportunities in this area and improve their economic. The
following principles would be followed to ensure socio economic development in the project
area,
Labourers shall be given medical facilities
Proper sanitation facilities shall be provided at working spot
Facilities like first aid need to be provided
Employment strategy would include preferential employment of local labour.
General recruitment procedures shall be transparent, public and open to all.
Recruitment procedure shall be publicized in advance.
11.11 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

The frequency of monitoring may be decided in consultation with the TNPCB. Sampling
ports in the stacks/vents should be provided in accordance with CPCB guidelines.
Monitoring and auditing of the facility shall, in conjunction with QA/ QC procedures assist
the operation of the facility by:
Providing an early warning of potential liabilities.
Reducing operational costs.
Training the staff and defining the responsibilities.
Facilitate the equipment and materials requirement adequate for the required program.
Providing up to date procedure specifying operational methods.
Maintenance and calibration of the equipment both for operations and monitoring,
Retention of records
On going monitoring of the various components of the physical environment is

recommended to be performed during the operational period of the facility and also during
the post-closure period. It is proposed to undertake the monitoring as a part of the normal
operation of the facility
Leachate quantity and quality
Surface quantity up and down- gradient
Groundwater levels and chemical quality immediately surrounding, up gradient and
down- gradient of the facility and in all nearby village water supply bores
Air quality within and immediately surrounding the site, and in nearby villages
11.12 MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SITE CLOSURE

At the end of the useful life of the landfill, it should be closed and associated treatment and
storage facilities are to be decontaminated in a safe and environmentally acceptable
manner. The post closure plan should provide care for an extended period of time after
closure such as for at least 25 years. This is an arbitrary time period, which can be
lengthened or reduced depending on the technical information related to post closure
pollutant migration. The following aspects should be taken into consideration for the
closure of the facilities: -
Decontaminate and decommission any waste treatment and storage facilities say
leachate treatment facility
Provide a final cover for the landfill
Control pollutant migration from the landfill via surface water, ground water and air.
Maintain the existing ground water monitoring network for the required period of post-
closure maintenance.
Continue to divert runoff from the landfill.
Prevent soil and wind erosion by a vegetative cover

Control surface water infiltration and ponding at the closed site

Maintain leachate collection, removal and treatment system
Maintain the integrity of the final cover and any liners
Note in a document examines in a title search such as deed, that the land has been
used to deposit solid wastes and that its use without consulting MC is strictly
prohibited.
Restrict access to the Landfill as appropriate for the post-closure area.
11.13 POST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Post closure monitoring of the landfill will be done primarily as a compliance requirement in
addition to social responsibility, this also provides an early warning towards possible
adverse impacts on human health and the environment.
The Post-Closure program of monitoring for water quality in the groundwater and surface
waters down gradient of the landfill will be similar to the established operational stage of
the facility. The frequency of monitoring may be varied from time to time depending on
changing circumstances. There shall be post-closure monitoring of air quality, noise, visual
effects, etc. during the post-closure period however this need will be reviewed periodically.

12.0 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT & CAPACITY BUILDING

12.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter highlights the issues in institutional arrangements for solid waste management
in MC. Direct and indirect financial instruments of cost recovery and generation control are
advocated, taking into account their operational hurdles in capacity building of the local
urban body. It is suggested that the in-formal sector be organized and that the private
sector participate more widely in collection and recycling. It is also suggested that
nongovernmental organizations begin to train marginal workers and build awareness
among the poor as to the techniques and opportunities of solid waste collection.
12.2 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

Though MC has been doing solid waste management since its establishment, it has not
been felt that subject of solid waste management requires adequate knowledge and skill
along with updated information about relevant techniques and technologies. Therefore, no
proper systems have been developed to improve the service. In order to implement the
provisions of Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, knowledge
of new technology and methods coupled with training at all levels are necessary.
It is recommended that while implementing improved solid waste management system,

dedicated efforts should be made by MC to inculcate among its officers and staff a sense
of pride in the work they do and to motivate them to perform and give their optimum output
to improve the level of services of the city and the image of the local body.
12.3 TRAINING
Municipal solid waste management activities involves composting facilities landfills
transportation and routing of vehicles, street sweeping primary collection and secondary
collection including effective segregation it is very important to impart knowledge to the
waste generators especially the ladies and children’s who are responsible for segregation
at source thereby composting quality and recovery of revenue through valuable recyclable
waste are achieved. To achieve imparting training to primary collection personals and
supervisory employees is a must. Similarly the importance of the segregation usage of the
recyclable shall also be made known through workshops and as well as conducting
competition among the school children. Dos and dons shall also be printed and should be
supplied to the each residence. As most of the activities are additional the personal likely to
be involved in each are shall be subjected to advance training exposing the facts and
figures from construction phase to operational phase, to facilitate proper training to each
set of personal proper training programmers shall be formulated in local language, the
executive level people should also get trained. The training should also contain a checking
mechanism with this the knowledge gained and performance
Based on the assessments and requirements comprehensive training schedule for

providing training to the Corporation officials SHG’s rag pickers are suggested and given in
Table 12.1.
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12.4 WORK NORMS

Work norms as described in Table 12.2 may be considered by MC.
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12.5 A SEPARATE SWM DEPARTMENT

In MC, the administration of SWM department is solely under the Health Department
headed by the City Health Officer reporting to the Commissioner. However, engineering
aspects of SWM are under the Engineering Department. This sometimes causes lack of
coordination. Further, the Health officers are handling a part of the Solid waste
management in addition to their principal function of taking preventive health measures.
Hence these health officers can be gradually made free from this responsibility and
replaced by Environmental or Public health engineers. It is recommended that entire
administration including engineering aspect should be under only one officer, in the cadre
of an Executive Engineer who is directly under the control of Commissioner. A typical
organization structure for the proposed SWM department is given in Figure 12.2. It is
based on the norms given in the CPHEEO manual on MSW.
Central workshop:
The central workshop shall be under the control of one assistant engineer who should
responsible for the keeping all the automobiles and earth moving vehicles under road
worthy and reporting to AEE (waste processing) site.
Transportation:
Routing of vehicles collecting the waste from various location distribution of vehicles for the
secondary collection, distribution of vehicles for emergency work, distribution of storage
containers maintenance of all the transportation vehicles and containers and water
washing vehicles and containers will be under the control of an assistant engineer and he
shell reporting to AEE operation 1& 2.
Primary and secondary collection operations:
The Madurai Corporation at present divided into four operation zones. An Assistant
executive engineer may be exclusively engaged for primary collection of entire city. He will
be assisted by two AE’s. Each should under the control of who is responsible for the entire
operation in the juristiction and ensure and responsible for door to door collection , primary

and secondary transportation, ensuring supply of adequate community containers for

regular operation and for public functions, marriage halls etc. coordinate with the AEE
waste processing site and also responsible for effective segregation of waste and clearing
the waste from vegetable markets and commercial areas increasing the frequencies so as
to avoid public complaints due to stagnation of odourable waste. The Assistant Engineers
in charge of Collection, one in each zone, shall be responsible for the collection in their
respective zones with the assistance of sanitation officers, sanitary inspectors, etc., and
monitor the secondary collection, movements of dumper bins and street sweepings and
administration. For every ward, there can be one sanitary sub-inspector/sanitary inspector
in each ward and he can be assisted with two sanitary supervisors (a person who can
read, write and report).
An another AEE shall be responsible for Routing, transportation and vehicle maintenance.
He will be assisted by two AE’s one for transportation and one for workshop. The AEE
(Collection) shall coordinate with AEE’s (Transportation, Processing & Disposal) and both
should discuss & program the schedules so that waste reaches the Site segregated and
vehicle reaches the site staggered manner. The Assistant Engineers in charge of
Processing and Disposal look after both processing and disposal sites to be supported by
lower level of supervisors at the site.
For waste processing site another AEE shall be engaged, he will be assisted by two AE’s.
The roles and responsibilities of the staffs at various levels are described in the Table 12.3.
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12.6 INTER DEPARTMENTAL CO-ORDINATION

The Commissioner is the occupier of the total operations and responsible for obtaining
adequate funds and assistance from govts. He is responsible for legal compliances.

12.7 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

Privatization, a more economic approach is considered as one option to improve the
collection process and success in segregation. Compost operations and land fill operations
are other major activities should be considered for priviatisation Madurai Corporation
should encourage SHGs and reputed NGOs and where ever necessary sponsors to
involve all labour intensive operations. Incentives may be encouraged to the highly
performing sections will further improve the quality of solid waste segregation and
collection process.
12.8 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS)

The NGOs play a crucial role in reaching the communities helping to create awareness
about the environmental impacts associated with the disposal of wastes. A well-organized
environmental program by NGOs can initiate motivation for involvement in the MSWM
program thus ensuring a continuous participation. They can also ensure a user-free based
waste disposal system that would enable the continuity of operation. Some Voluntary
organizations and NGOs are already active in MC. A list of NGOs active in the city of
Madurai is provided in the Annexure - 18.
Particularly for ensuring 100% door-to-door collection, it is strongly recommended that the
MC should adopt following methodology:
Select the Divisions to be handed over to

NGOs/Voluntary organizations /SHGs
Select Each Division based on their

Knowledge of the area and experience.
Advise to prepare cost recovery

Formula for providing their service
Including sweepers’ salary
Gradually extend the NGOs work to other stages

of MSW management and monitor them
12.9 LEVY OF ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES

It is high time to begin levying administrative charges in the form of sanitation tax to make
the system of solid waste management sustainable. The Corporation should estimate the
expenses proposed to be incurred on overall solid waste management in compliance with
the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and handling) Rules, 2000 and accordingly divide
it among various areas like residential (posh/medium class/slum) market, hotels and
restaurants etc and work out sanitation tax to be recovered from these establishments.
Littering should be banned in the city and there should be penal provision on the part of
residents or anybody who indulges in littering. Servicing to the commercial and trade
activities shall be stopped. It is suggested that provision should be made in the relevant by-

laws, rules etc. to levy taxes on pay and use principles All Trading activities shall be taxed
such a way the entire cost of operations are met with.
12.10 SANITATION GRIEVANCE CELL

Municipal solid waste (Management and Handling) Rules should be implemented in letter
and spirit and clean and green city concept should be driven home by ensuring efficient
services and redressing grievances of public about sanitation. The grievances should not
only be restricted to the Corporation officials but if there is any complaint against any
resident or tourist or hotelier littering waste, it should be attended immediately and punitive
measures should be taken. In order to materialize this, a dedicated sanitation grievance
cell should be opened. The City health officer should head the sanitation grievance cell.
The contract numbers and the punitive measures for various categories of offences should
be publicized widely. The operation and maintenance expenses of such grievance cell
should be met through amount gathered as fines.

13.0 HEALTH ASPECTS

13.1 SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SLUMS
There are 216 slum pockets in the city of Madurai. Waste management in the slum areas
is not satisfactory and needs to be corrected with immediate effect. Though it was informed
by the MC that there has not been any case of severe health problems due to unsanitary
conditions so far, it is strongly suggested that specific and discreet measures are required
to be taken for improving waste collection, sweeping and temporary waste storage at slum
areas. The slum dwellers are also need to be educated about the health impact of solid
wastes. Following measures need to be taken immediately for the slum areas:
• Organize awareness program in each slum area.

• Formulate group of slum dwellers consisting of youngster and provide them with
necessary information on waste management.
• Identify a suitable NGO, which can work with slum dwellers for improving sanitary
conditions in the slum.
• Organize health check up camps with the help of health department of corporation and
Chief District Medical Officer’s offices especially for slum areas.
• Instruct the sanitary workers not to neglect slum areas and provide good services.
• Instruct the concerned sanitary inspector to take special care of slum areas under their
division.
• Instruct sanitary workers not to litter wastes at and around the waste collection centers.
• Increase the collection frequencies so that community bins with waste shall not be kept
for longer durations
13.2 LOW COST SANITATION PROGRAM TO PREVENT OPEN DEFECATION

Open defecation is rampant in the areas where low-income group people reside. The
corporation has taken some measures for setting up public toilets, however, the number of
public toilet set up is still less. It is strongly recommended to establish free public toilets in
all the slum areas and more of pay and use toilets at tourist places like areas close to
temple, commercial areas and other religious locations on. Mobile toilets are other options
which can be put up during festivals.
13.3 TEMPORARY TOILETS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES

Madurai being a large city, there are many construction sites. So, infrastructure
development projects involving construction of road, commercial complexes etc are in
pipeline. This means that significant number of construction sites will be operative in near
future involving group of construction workers and laborers. It is recommended that MC
should be in touch with the authorities and contractors and enforce setting up of temporary
toilets/Mobile toilets for construction workers and laborers at these sites. on cost recovery
basis.
13.4 COVERING OF BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

It is recommended that MC should enforce rule of covering of buildings under construction
so as to avoid dust and particulate matter in the surrounding areas. This should be made
applicable to only large construction sites like construction of commercial complex,
multistory building or multiplex.
13.5 CATTLE NUISANCE

. The cattle deteriorate the sanitary conditions by moving in and around the waste and
spreading it on the larger area. Punitive measures should be put into practice for owners
of such cattles. Pay and use cattle sheds are also considered away from the living areas

13.6 HEALTH MONITORING FOR SANITARY WORKERS

The MC organizes health check up camps for the sanitary workers. Public living close to
the processing site and to sanitary labourers and their families should get the medical
attention free of cost in addition to the regular health check up. More importantly, these
should be documented with spirit for long term planning and shared with other local bodies
and international bodies. More and more awareness programs shall be conducted to
impart the importance of cleanliness, causes due to not wearing the safety and health
wares during handling of waste.
13.7 PREVENT INDISCRIMINATE USE OF PESTICIDES

Use of pesticides particularly in domestic areas should be banned. However, in gardens &
public parks use of pesticides may be allowed in a scientific manner. The Managers of
such gardens and public parks should be asked to maintain records to type and amount of
pesticides they have used.

14.0 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION ASPECTS

14.1 INTRODUCTION
As generators of MSW, the public must be aware of the hazards posed by ineffective
management of the refuse. Hence the government, environmental organizations and
other groups are required to play a key role in bringing about this awareness through role
play in the MSWM programs which in turn creates a sense of ownership among the
individuals thus developing keen interest for shouldering responsibilities. Unless the
public are involved throughout the MSWM programs by the implementing agencies,
awareness cannot be achieved.
The participation of the Public is an underlying principle of the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000.
Citizens have to take an interest in solving the problem of solid waste. The corporation
should emphasize on spreading awareness in general public on this account.
14.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

No efforts towards reduction or recycling of wastes can be successful without effective
public involvement. The corporation should target school children and women and
involve them in waste management activities. The mechanism based on information,
education and effective communication should be formulated for ensuring public
participation.
The Corporation may evolve schemes like “Bhagidari” presently active in Delhi at pilot
scale. Formation of resident welfare associations in residential areas will be the first step
in this direction. It is to be noted that once public is aware about such issues, the
corporation can be best assured that they would be getting adequate public participation
in their endeavour for scientific waste management. Once the public comprehend and
acknowledge the main constraints and challenges in the system, participation can be
noticed in forms like:
• Voluntary involvement in MSWM campaigns;

• Following of rules and regulations concerning waste disposal;
• Willingness to pay adequate fees and charges;
• Source separation and effective use of the facilities; and
• Voicing any environmentally unethical behavior on the part of the pubic or the
government.
14.3 PUBLIC INFORMATION, EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND AWARENESS

PROGRAMS
Various measures which were discussed with corporation and can be taken up for public
educations and information are as following:
1. Involve professional agencies for preparing strategy for effective and easy to
understand communication.
2. Public should be made aware about the fact that sanitary officer is in charge of
solid waste management department and he can be consulted on all issues related
to waste management and on all the grievances may be directed to him. His office
phone number should be widely publicized.
3. Use hoardings at public places displaying messages requesting public

participation.
4. Display board can be placed or passed on public transport system like cycle
rickshaws, which is highly utilized by the tourists.

5. Print and electronic media can be utilized for passing information to public
messages form the Mayor of corporation can be telecast on local cable TV.
6. All councilors should be made responsible in their respective areas for

disseminating information about reduction, reuse and recycling of wastes.
7. A short training may be provided to schoolteacher, who in turn will teach school
children for minimization of wastes in their homes.
8. Ward level committees may be formed under the supervision of respective

councilor to ensure public involvement and rewards like “ward of the month” may
be announced.
9. NGOs should be called upon for playing vital role in communicating with public and
guiding them for waste management related issues. Rewards like “NGO of the
year” may also be instituted to encourage them.
10. Those hotels and restaurants, which are in forefront in ensuring proper waste
management and in reduction of waste generation, may be rewarded.
11. The Mayor and the Commissioner themselves should become examples by
following the best waste management practices in their homes as well as offices.
14.4 AWARENESS OF SOURCE SEGREGATION TO PUBLIC

The term sorting indicates separation and storage of individual constituents of waste
material so as to facilitate material and energy recovery and reduce the load on the final
disposal of MSW in the landfill. The public should be educated about the desirable
sorting stream, the following could be educated to the public and households which will
help the corporation to achieve better management of Solid Waste.
1. Dry recyclable materials – Paper, plastic, cardboard and cartons, containers,

packaging, glass, metals, tags, rubber wood, foils, wrappings, pouches, sachets,
tetra packs (rinsed), cassettes, computer diskettes, printer cartridges and
electronic parts, discarded clothing, furniture and equipment.
2. Bio-waste and Horticultural waste – Food waste (including eggshells and

bones), flower and food wastes, house sweepings, vegetable peelings.
3. Hazardous materials in household waste: Aerosol cans, batteries from

flashlights and button cells, bleaches and household kitchen and drain cleaning
agents, car batteries, oil filters and car care products and consumables, cosmetic
items (Chemical based), Insecticides and their empty containers, light bulbs, tube
lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), containers of Paint, oils, lubricants,
glues, thinner etc., pesticides and their empty containers, photographic chemicals,
Styrofoam and soft foam packing from new equipment, thermometers and
mercury-containing products.
Apart from the scientifically proven ideas, citizens can generate innovative ideas in day-
to-day life to reduce the total quantity of waste generated.
14.5 AWARENESS ABOUT REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE WASTE TO PUBLIC

The corporation should emphasize on spreading awareness in general public on
reduction of waste generation at source; reuse it by making some other useful product
out of the waste or in the same form but with different application or hand in over to
recyclers for recycling. The following measures may be taken to reduce, reuse and
recycle of waste generation:

1. All residents should be asked to reduce generation of food waste as far as

possible. They should be asked to hand over food waste to animal breeders for
feeding animals, if possible.
2. All hoteliers should be asked to put signboards or display notices to the visitors
advising them not to generate waste or minimize waste generation.
3. Traders who are collecting recyclable waste from citizens should be encouraged
and should be given incentives in terms of reduction in taxation fee or license fee
per ton of recyclable waste collected by them.
4. Usage of hard to recycle packaging material like PET bottles, metal coated plastic
films and multi film packs should be discouraged.
5. Usage of thin polythene bags (less than 20 micron) should be prohibited.
6. All floating population should be instructed not to liter any waste and minimize
waste generation in the city to keep it clean and green. Such instructions may be
given at bus stands, railway stations and other public places through display
boards.
7. Temple management should be asked to advise devotees not to generate waste in

the temple premises.
8. NGOs and voluntary organizations should be encouraged to organize awareness

programs and campaigns for reuse and recycle of waste. The corporation may
even think of extending nominal financial support to such NGOs.

15.0 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

15.1 INTRODUCTION
It is suggested that MC can go for carbon credits under Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM). A brief note on this process for preparing project design document (PDD) under
CDM is covered in this section.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was established under the 1997 Kyoto
Protocol as a way of promoting sustainable development while minimizing the costs of
limiting greenhouse gas emissions. In return for investing in a CDM sustainable
development project, companies or project proponents will earn "certified emission
reductions" that developed countries may use to meet their Kyoto commitments. It is
supervised by an Executive Board, which is responsible to the Conference of the Parties to
the UNFCCC.
In order to qualify, a CDM project must deliver multiple benefits: credits for reducing GHG
emissions to the investors and sustainable development to the developing country which
hosts the project and contributes to stabilizing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere
below dangerous levels. A successful CDM energy project can, for example, earn certified
emission reductions (CERs) during a minimum of seven and a maximum of 21 years. By
using CERs, industrialized countries and companies can comply with their Kyoto and/or
national targets at costs below those commonly encountered for domestic projects. By
being mutually beneficial, the CDM can break new ground in North-South collaboration for
the global commons.
15.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adopted in 1992 and
ratified in 1994, established an international legal framework to address global climate
change. Parties to the Convention agreed to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG)
concentrations in the Earth’s atmosphere by returning to 1990 GHG emissions levels.
At the 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP 3), held in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, the parties
adopted the Kyoto Protocol, which commits industrialized countries (defined as Annex I
countries in the Protocol) to attaining legally binding GHG reduction targets during the
period between 2008 and 2012. These commitments are an average of 5% below 1990
GHG emissions levels. In November 2001, at COP 7 in Marrakech, Morocco, the parties
reached an agreement on the legal text needed to implement the Protocol.
In industrialized countries, most GHG emissions are produced by private companies and
individuals. Each country will, therefore, have to either regulate or encourage large GHG
emitters to reduce these emissions. However, the Kyoto Protocol provides for a variety of
measures to achieve GHG reductions through three special “Flexibility Mechanisms” — the
Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, and International Emissions
Trading.
15.3 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides a means for countries or companies
to financially contribute towards GHG reduction measures — and a limited number of
sequestration projects — in developing countries, provided that these projects also result in
sustainable development, as defined by the host country, and are implemented in an
environmentally benign manner. In return, the investing company receives a “certified
emissions reduction” (CER). Under CDM MC can make revenue receipt of carbon credits
towards GHG reduction from MSW by having compost plant.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is expected to bring both technological and
financial resources to the success of proposed composting and Landfill project at Vellakkal.
From our initial study it was noticed that the revenue generation through Certified
Emissions Reductions (CER) is substantial for MC, which would be an additional income
enough to develop the compost plant and Sanitary Landfill.
From an environmental perspective, the project helps in avoidance of methane (a

greenhouse gas with high global warming potential) as well as any leachate that would
otherwise have generated from the current practice of waste disposal. By producing
manure through the aerobic decomposition, the project helps in replacing the use of
chemical Fertilizers and hence contributes to environmental and health of the general
public in many ways.
From social perspective, the project helps in bettering the environmental conditions in the
city of Madurai by Hygienic treatment of Solid Waste resulting in improvement. The project
proposes to provide employment opportunity to about 30 persons directly, whereas a large
number of persons would be directly involved in the waster collection, marketing of
fertilizers etc.
From an economic angle, the project by converting the waste into valuable products i.e.,
Manure, helps in reducing the demand on the limited natural resources.
Being a project that contributes significantly to environmental improvement and social

development in many ways while deriving the economic value of wastes can be considered
to contribute to sustainable development. Hence it is eligible as a CDM project.
15.4 METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED FOR PREPARATION OF PDD

The methodology to be adopted for preparing PDD under CDM process is as follows:
Baseline methodology: Avoided emissions from organic waste through composting.
This baseline methodology shall be used in conjunction with the approved monitoring
methodology (“Avoided emissions from organic waste composting at landfill sites”). This
methodology is selected since this project activity produces compost from the waste
originally intended for landfill. This project activity avoids methane emissions by diverting
organic waste from dumping at a landfill, where methane emissions are caused by
anaerobic processes, to a composting plant. Because the composting process is basically
aerobic, methane generation is avoided. The GHG involved in the baseline and project
emissions are CO2, CH4 and N2O. The Figure 15.1 gives the overview of the project cycle
showing official timelines and responsibilities

),*85(29(59,(:2)352-(&7&<&/(6+2:,1*2)),&,$/7,0(/,1(6$1'5(63216,%,/,7,(6
The development of Project design document involves the following steps
,'(17,),&$7,212) % $6(/,1(6&(1$5,2

All realistic and credible baseline alternatives will be identified and in doing so, relevant
policies and regulations related to the MSW rules, 2000 will be taken into account. In
addition, the assessment of alternative scenarios will take into account local economic and
technological circumstances.
6
(/(&7,212) 3 52-(&7%281'$5<
The project boundary will be selected. The spatial extent of the project boundary is the site
of the project activity where the waste is composted. This includes the facilities for sorting,
aerobic conversion and composting and on-site electricity transport fuel use, and the
landfill site.
(
67,0$7,212) % $6(/,1((0,66,21
The various emission sources of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) as listed below will be identified
from the project boundary and included for estimation of carbon emission reduction
• Emission from electricity use

• Emission from fuel from on-site use.
• Emission from composting
&
$/&8/$7,212) (
0,66,215('8&7,21
The emission reductions from the project activity will be calculated in terms of total carbon
equivalents (t CO2.e) by the following equation
ERy = BEy – PEy – Ly
Where:
ERy is emissions reductions in year y (t CO2e)
BEy is emissions in the baseline scenario in year y (t CO2e)
PEy is emissions in the project scenario in year y (t CO2e)
Ly is leakage in year y (t CO2e)
The carbon credit generated from this CDM project, called Certified Emissions Reductions
(CER) (equal to one ton of CO2). This is a marketable commodity that may be exchanged
with other corporations or national governments. The MC may also choose to bank these
CERs so they can be traded in future commitment periods after 2012. It is recommended
that MC may take steps to prepare the PDD documents to obtain the carbon credits under
CDM process on the lines mentioned above.

urai District, TN, India i
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
1.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - OVERVIEW ..................................................................1
1.1.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 CATEGORIZATION & CLASSIFICATION OF MSW .................................................................................................. 1
1.1.3 PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MSW................................................................................................. 2
1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................2
1.3 OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................................3
2.0 PROJECT AREA PROFILE ..................................................................................................4

2.1 MADURAI - HISTORY & GROWTH ...........................................................................................................4
2.2 MADURAI CORPORATION – REGIONAL SETTING................................................................................4
2.2.1 REGIONAL LINKS ................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.2 PHYSICAL FEATURES ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.3 CITY MANAGEMENT & GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.4. DEMOGRAPHY AND DENSITY ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 POPULATION PROJECTION........................................................................................................................6
3.0 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...................................................8

3.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................................................8
3.2 SOURCE & WASTE CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................................8
3.2.1 SOURCE ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................... 10
3.2.3 SOLID WASTE DENSITY ..................................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 ESTIMATED PER CAPITA GENERATION...............................................................................................11
3.4 PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM) SYSTEM................................................................13
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.4.2 PRESENT ORGANIZATION STRENGTH ................................................................................................................. 13
3.4.3 STORAGE AT SOURCE ......................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.4 PRIMARY COLLECTION SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.4.5 STREET SWEEPING ............................................................................................................................................. 15
3.4.6 COLLECTION BINS FOR SECONDARY TRANSPORTATION .................................................................................... 16
.4.7 WASTE TRANSPORTATION TO DUMPING SITE .................................................................................................... 17
3.4.8 PRESENT SYSTEM OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ..................................................................................................... 19
3.5 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS .................................................................................................................19
3.5.1 GENERATION OF SOLID WASTE .......................................................................................................................... 20
3.5.2 STORAGE AT SOURCE ......................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5.3 PRIMARY COLLECTION SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 21
3.5.4 STREET CLEANSING ........................................................................................................................................... 22
3.5.5 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WASTES.................................................................................................................... 23
3.5.6 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................ 23
3.5.7 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES............................................................................................................ 24
3.6 OBSERVATIONS, ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................25
3.6.2 SEGREGATION AT THE SOURCE .......................................................................................................................... 26
3.6.3 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE........................................................................................................... 26
3.6.4 STREET CLEANSING ........................................................................................................................................... 26
3.6.5 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WASTES.................................................................................................................... 27
3.6.6 TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES TO DUMP SITE ................................................................................................... 27
3.7 KEY ISSUES/ PROBLEMS..........................................................................................................................28
4.0 LEGAL ASPECTS.................................................................................................................31

4.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................31
4.2 LEGAL PROVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION ......................................................................................31
4.3 MSW (M & H) RULES, 2000 .......................................................................................................................31
4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH MSW (M & H) RULES, 2000 .................................................................................32
5.0 MSW COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION – PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS33

5.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................33
5.1.2 SEGREGATION AND STORAGE OF WASTE AT THE SOURCE OF GENERATION....................................................... 33
5.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE ..........................................................................................36
5.3 STREET SWEEPING....................................................................................................................................39
5.4 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WASTES.....................................................................................................41
5.5 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE.........................................................................................................41
5.5.1 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE ....................................................................................... 41
5.5.2 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 45
5.5.3 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF MSW BY SOURCE OF GENERATION ............................................................ 47
5.6 PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR IMPROVING SWM SYSTEM........................................................................51
urai District, TN, India ii
5.6.1 CONTROL OF PLASTIC WASTES ......................................................................................................................... 51

5.6.2 LEVY OF SERVICE CHARGES .............................................................................................................................. 52
5.6.3 MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY ....................................................................................................................... 54
6.0 WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL – TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS...............55

6.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................55
6.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION......................................................................................................................55
6.3 REVIEW OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES .......................................................................................55
6.3.1 SANITARY LANDFILL DISPOSAL ......................................................................................................................... 55
6.3.2 INCINERATION .................................................................................................................................................... 56
6.3.3 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ..................................................................................................................................... 56
6.3.4 GASIFICATION/ PYROLYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 57
6.3.5 REFUSE DERIVED FUEL - RDF ........................................................................................................................... 57
6.3.6 COMPOSTING ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
6.3.7 OTHER AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................................. 58
6.3.8 CHOICE OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................................................... 58
6.4 RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL ..............................60
6.5 DISPOSAL OF NON-EASILY BIODEGRADABLE & NON-RECYCLABLE WASTES .........................60
7.0 BIODEGRADABLE WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL .....................................61

7.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................................................61
7.2 OPERATION DETAILS ...............................................................................................................................62
7.3 FINISHED COMPOST STORAGE & HANDLING ....................................................................................63
7.3.1 DETERMINING WHEN THE COMPOST IS DONE ..................................................................................................... 63
7.3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURE COMPOST ......................................................................................................... 64
7.3.3 FINISHED COMPOST STORAGE & HANDLING...................................................................................................... 64
7.4 SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROPOSED COMPOST YARD AT VELAKKAL .........................64
7.4.1 LOCATION AND AREA ........................................................................................................................................ 64
7.4.2 TOPOGRAPHY & SOIL LITHOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 64
7.5 DESIGN OF COMPOST YARD...................................................................................................................66
7.6 EQUIPMENT FOR COMPOST YARD........................................................................................................67
7.7 OPERATIONAL CONTROLS......................................................................................................................67
7.7.1 PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL .............................................................................................................. 67
7.7.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................................. 68
7.7.3 TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................................................................... 69
7.7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................................. 69
7.8 RECORD KEEPING .....................................................................................................................................69
8.0 PROPOSED SANITARY LANDFILL.................................................................................71

8.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................71
8.2 SITE CHARACTERISTICS..........................................................................................................................71
8.2.1 LOCATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
8.2.2 GEOLOGY AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................ 71
8.3 LANDFILL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................71
8.3.1 WASTE VOLUME AND LANDFILL CAPACITY ...................................................................................................... 71
8.3.2 DESIGN PERIOD .................................................................................................................................................. 72
8.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF LANDFILL COMPONENTS .....................................................................72
8.4.1 LANDFILL FOOT PRINT ....................................................................................................................................... 72
8.4.2 PROFILE AND CROSS SECTION OF LANDFILL SITE .............................................................................................. 72
8.5 LANDFILL DESIGN ....................................................................................................................................74
8.5.1 DATA FOR LANDFILL DESIGN ............................................................................................................................ 74
8.5.2 MASS BALANCE OF MSW MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MADURAI ....................................................................... 74
8.5.3 LANDFILL PHASES.............................................................................................................................................. 75
8.6 LEACHATE MANAGEMENT.....................................................................................................................75
8.6.1 LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................................................... 75
8.6.2 LEACHATE VOLUME AND QUANTITY ................................................................................................................. 76
8.6.3 LEACHATE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM (LCRS).................................................................................. 77
8.6.4 LEACHATE STORAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 79
8.6.5 RE-CIRCULATION OF LEACHATE ......................................................................................................................... 79
8.7 GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT ..............................................................79
8.7.1 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................ 79
8.7.2 SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 80
8.7.3 DESIGN OF SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE AT VELLAKKAL SITE ......................................................................... 80
8.8 LINING SYSTEM .........................................................................................................................................80
8.8.1 CRITERIA FOR LINING SYSTEM FOR SANITARY LANDFILL ................................................................................... 80
8.9 LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................81
8.9.1 QUANTITY OF LANDFILL GAS GENERATED ......................................................................................................... 81
8.9.2 LANDFILL GAS CONTROL .................................................................................................................................... 81
8.10 CONSTRUCTION PHASING ......................................................................................................................82
8.10.1 PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF DAILY ACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN IN THE LANDFILL SITE ........................ 84
8.10.2 WASTE DISCHARGE AND INSPECTION ................................................................................................................ 84
8.10.3 POLLUTION PREVENTION DURING OPERATION .................................................................................................. 84
8.11 FINAL COVER SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................86
urai District, TN, India iii
8.12 SITE INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED ..................................................................87

8.12.1 SITE INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................................... 87
8.13 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM..........................................................................................87
8.13.1 POST CLOSURE PLANS ....................................................................................................................................... 88
8.13.2 POST CLOSURE AMENITIES AT VELLAKKAL SITE ................................................................................................ 88
8.14 PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT.........................................................................................................90
8.15 DISPOSAL OF ACCUMULATED WASTE AND LAND RECLAMATION .............................................90
8.15.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................... 90
8.15.2 DEFINITION ........................................................................................................................................................ 90
8.15.3 NEED FOR RECLAMATION AND ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................. 90
8.15.4 ESTIMATED QUANTITY ...................................................................................................................................... 90
8.15.5 SCREENING PROCESS ......................................................................................................................................... 91
8.15.6 SECURED LAND FILL .......................................................................................................................................... 91
8.15.7 RECOVERY OF MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................. 92
8.15.8 OPERATIONAL RISKS AND HAZARDS ................................................................................................................. 92
9.0 CAPITAL AND ANNUAL O&M COST .............................................................................93

9.1 BASIS OF COST ESTIMATION..................................................................................................................93
9.2 PHASING OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT ....................................................................................................93
9.3 CAPITAL COST ...........................................................................................................................................93
9.4 CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN.................................................................................................................96
10.0 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY ANALYSIS ..............................................97

10.1 ULB FINANCES...........................................................................................................................................97
10.1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 97
10.1.2 FINANCIAL STATUS ............................................................................................................................................ 97
10.1.3 REVENUE ACCOUNT ........................................................................................................................................... 98
10.1.4 WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE ACCOUNT ..................................................................................................... 102
10.1.5 CAPITAL ACCOUNT .......................................................................................................................................... 103
10.1.6 KEY FINANCIAL INDICATORS AND ISSUES........................................................................................................ 104
10.1.7 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 105
10.1.8 COST RECOVERY SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................ 105
10.1.9 PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP ........................................................................................................................ 105
10.2 FINANCIAL VIABILITY ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................105
10.2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 105
10.2.2 CAPITAL COST – PROPOSED FUNDING PATTERN .............................................................................................. 106
10.2.3 ANNUAL O&M COST ....................................................................................................................................... 106
10.2.4 PROJECT FINANCING & PHASING ..................................................................................................................... 106
10.2.5 REVENUE FLOW – ASSUMPTIONS & BASIS ....................................................................................................... 107
10.2.6 ASSESSMENT OF PROJECT FINANCIAL VIABILITY ............................................................................................ 107
10.2.7 ANNUAL O&M COST ....................................................................................................................................... 107
10.2.8 CASH – FLOW STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 113
10.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................................................114
10.3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 114
10.3.2 ECONOMIC BENEFITS ....................................................................................................................................... 114
10.3.3 ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN (ERR)................................................................................................................ 115
10.3.4 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 115
11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...............................................................116

11.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................116
11.2 PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................116
11.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS.........................................................................................................................117
11.4 WASTE VOLUME AND LANDFILL CAPACITY ...................................................................................117
11.5 COMPOST YARD FACILITY ...................................................................................................................117
11.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THE STUDY AREA ..........................................................................117
11.6.1 PRESENT STATUS ............................................................................................................................................. 117
11.6.2 METEOROLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 118
11.6.3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ................................................................................................................................... 118
11.6.4 WATER QUALITY ............................................................................................................................................. 118
11.6.5 SOIL QUALITY .................................................................................................................................................. 118
11.6.6 NOISE LEVELS .................................................................................................................................................. 118
11.6.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................ 118
11.6.8 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................... 119
11.7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT.........................................................................................119
11.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ..........................................................................................119
11.8.1 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 119
11.8.2 NOISE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 120
11.8.3 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 121
11.8.4 MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HEALTH RISK FACTORS .......................................................................................... 122
11.9 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT................................................................................................................122
11.10 SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN..........................................................................................123
11.11 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ........................................................................................................123
11.12 MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SITE CLOSURE ........................................................................................123
urai District, TN, India iv
11.13 POST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ............................................................................124
12.0 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT & CAPACITY BUILDING .......................125

12.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................125
12.2 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................125
12.3 TRAINING ..................................................................................................................................................125
12.4 WORK NORMS ..........................................................................................................................................126
12.5 A SEPARATE SWM DEPARTMENT .......................................................................................................127
12.6 INTER DEPARTMENTAL CO-ORDINATION ........................................................................................128
12.7 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION .....................................................................................................129
12.8 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS)...........................................................................129
12.9 LEVY OF ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES ..............................................................................................129
12.10 SANITATION GRIEVANCE CELL ..........................................................................................................130
13.0 HEALTH ASPECTS............................................................................................................131

13.1 SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SLUMS .........................................................................................................131
13.2 LOW COST SANITATION PROGRAM TO PREVENT OPEN DEFECATION .....................................131
13.3 TEMPORARY TOILETS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES ..........................................................................131
13.4 COVERING OF BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ......................................................................131
13.5 CATTLE NUISANCE .................................................................................................................................131
13.6 HEALTH MONITORING FOR SANITARY WORKERS .........................................................................132
13.7 PREVENT INDISCRIMINATE USE OF PESTICIDES ............................................................................132
14.0 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION ASPECTS .....................133

14.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................133
14.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ........................................................................................................................133
14.3 PUBLIC INFORMATION, EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND AWARENESS PROGRAMS....133
14.4 AWARENESS OF SOURCE SEGREGATION TO PUBLIC ....................................................................134
14.5 AWARENESS ABOUT REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE WASTE TO PUBLIC...............................134
15.0 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM.......................................................................136

15.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................136
15.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL .................................................................................................................................136
15.3 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM.................................................................................................136
15.4 METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED FOR PREPARATION OF PDD...................................................137
15.4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF BASELINE SCENARIO ......................................................................................................... 138
15.4.2 SELECTION OF PROJECT BOUNDARY................................................................................................................. 138
15.4.3 ESTIMATION OF BASELINE EMISSION ............................................................................................................... 138
15.4.4 CALCULATION OF EMISSION REDUCTION ......................................................................................................... 139

urai District, TN, India v
LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Average Per-capita Solid Waste Generation in Indian Cities 1

1.2 Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian Cities 2
1.3 Chemical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian Cities 2
2.1 Madurai Corporation – Salient Features 5
2.2 Population Growth in Madurai 5
2.3 Corporation of Madurai – Zone Level Information 6
2.4 Ward-level Density Pattern 6
2.5 Zone wise Slum Population 6
2.6 Projected Design Population 7
2.7 Ward wise Population Projection for Solid Waste Management 7
3.1 Sources of Solid Waste Generation 8
3.2 Waste Characterization - Physical 10
3.3 Waste Characterization – Chemical 11
3.4 Ward wise Population & Solid Waste Generation 12
3.5 Potential Sources 13
3.6 Salient Features of Solid Waste Generation 13
3.7 Status of Present Manpower 14
3.8 Description of MS Waste Container 16
3.9 Description of MS Dumper Bins 17
3.10 Description of SS Dumper Bins 17
3.11 Temporary Storage Points for Collection of Solid Waste 17
3.12 Vehicle Fleet and Transportation Capacity 18
3.13 Per- Capita Generation of Solid Waste in Indian Cities 20
Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Storage of Wastes with the
3.14 21
Standards/Norms Prescribed in the Manual
Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Primary Collection with the
3.15 22
Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Street Cleansing with the
3.16 22
Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Temporary Storage Points with the
3.17 23
Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Transportation of Wastes with the
3.18 23
Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Disposal of Wastes with the
3.19 25
5.1 Recommended Source Storage Requirements 34
5.2 Specifications and Usage of Tools for Street Cleansing Process 42
5.3 Vehicle Requirement for Collection and Transportation 46
5.4 Trend in Demolition Activity in MC 51
5.5 Details of Sanitary Workers and Mechanical Sweeping Machines 53
5.6 Present Service Charges 56

urai District, TN, India vi
5.7 Revised Service Charges 57

5.8 Revenue Generation from Selling Recyclable Waste 57
7.1 Water Requirement (L) per cubic meter of Waste 67
7.2 Specification for Compost Quality 68
7.3 List of Equipments to be used in the composting operation 71
7.4 Record Form formats for monitoring at a Compost Site 74
8.1 Typical Chemical Characteristics of Leachate 80
8.2 Ambient Air Quality Standards at the Landfill Site 86
8.3 Landfill Design Summary 86
8.4 Components of Environmental Monitoring 91
8.5 Disposal Standards for Treated Leachate 92
8.6 Landfill Design Summary – For Accumulated Waste 95
9.1 Abstract Cost of Proposed Improvements 97
9.2 Proposed Capital Investment – Phase-wise Cost Estimate 98
9.3 Capital Investment Plan – Phase I 100
10.1 Summary of Finances of the Madurai Corporation 101
10.2 Summary of Revenue Income of the Madurai Corporation 102
10.3 Revenue Income from Own Sources (Tax and Non -Tax) 103
10.4 Revenue Income from Grants and Contributions of the Madurai Corporation 104
10.5 Summary of Revenue Expenditure of the Madurai Corporation 105
10.6 Outstanding Loan Statement of the Madurai Corporation 106
10.7 Summary of Water Supply and Drainage Account of the Madurai Corporation 106
10.8 Summary of Capital Account of the Madurai Corporation 107
10.9 Performance of Key Revenue Indicators of the Madurai Corporation 108
10.11 Proposed Funding Mechanism 110
10.12 Proposed Scheme O&M Cost - 2008 110
10.13 Revenue Assumptions 111
10.14 Sensitivity Analysis 111
10.15 Income/Expenditure Statement for Proposed SWM – 2009 112
10.16 Annual Salary of Personnel for the Proposed SWM Department 113
10.17 Annual Operation & Maintenance Cost 114
10.18 Repayment Schedule 116
10.19 Cash Flow Statement 117
11.1 Details of Environmental Setting 120
11.2 Baseline Environmental Status in Project Area 122
11.3 Pollution Sources and Frequency of Generation 123
12.1 Training Need Assessment 129
12.2 Work Norms 130
12.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Various Staff in SWM Department 131

urai District, TN, India vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AHO Asst. Health officer

BDW Biodegradable wastes
CAA Constitutional Amendment Act
CHO City Health Officer
CSO Circle Sanitary Officer
CII Confederation of Indian Industries
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CH4 Methane
CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environment Engineering Organization
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
EPA Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
GoI Government of India
GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu
GL Ground Level
HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene
IMA Indian Medical Association
K Potassium
LDPE Low Density Poly-Ethylene
LCRS Leachate collection and removal system
LFG Landfill Gas
MC Madurai Corporation
MSW Municipal solid wastes
MS Mild Steel
MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
MT Metric Tons
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests
NBDW Non Biodegradable Waste
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
N Nitrogen
NO2 Nitrous Oxide
O2 Oxygen
O&M Operation & Maintenance
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
P Phosphorus
PWD Public Works Department
SHGs Self Help Groups
SSOR Standard Schedule of Rates
SCC Supreme Court Committee
SI Sanitary Inspector
TPD Tons per day
TOR Terms of Reference
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
ULBs Urban Local Bodies

SWMDPR

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Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report

Madurai District, TN, India -1-

MSW is usually categorized as follows:

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1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND

2 NEERI Reports; Strategy Paper on SWM in India; August 1995

Design of the aforementioned components has been performed in accordance with

Corporation of Madurai Community Consulting India Private Limited

2.0 PROJECT AREA PROFILE

Meenakshi Amman Temple on the

2.2 MADURAI CORPORATION – REGIONAL SETTING

Madurai is well connected by Rail, Road and Air

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Corporation of Madurai Community Consulting India Private Limited

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